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Veider F, Zöller K, Saleh A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Overcoming intestinal barriers by heparanase-responsive charge-converting nanocarriers. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123817. [PMID: 38237708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a novel approach for overcoming intestinal barriers by utilizing heparanase-responsive charge-converting nanocarriers (NCs). These NCs are designed to undergo charge conversion in response to the activity of heparanase (HPSE), an enzyme commonly overexpressed in cancer cells. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and solid lipid nanocarriers (SLNs) with a positively charged core were coated with heparin (Hep), resulting in a negative surface charge and a size between 195 and 220 nm. However, upon encountering heparanase, heparin undergoes enzymatic cleavage, resulting in zeta potential shift from -22.1 to +8.3 mV for NLC-Hep and from -19.8 to +5.1 mV for SLN-Hep. Heparin-coated NCs showed more than 6-fold higher mucus permeating properties compared to the uncoated NCs. In vitro experiments using the heparanase-expressing cancer cell line HT29 demonstrated an up to 4-fold improved cellular uptake of the heparin coated NCs compared to co-incubation with the HPSE inhibitor suramin. Furthermore, cellular uptake was investigated on Caco-2 cells and on a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture. Overall, this study highlights the potential of heparanase-responsive charge-converting NCs as a promising strategy for overcoming intestinal barriers and enhancing cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Veider
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Zöller
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ahmad Saleh
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Mandala Waluya, A.H. Nasution, Kendari 93231, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Li L, Barash U, Ilan N, Farhoud M, Zhang X, Vlodavsky I, Li JP. A New Synthesized Dicarboxylated Oxy-Heparin Efficiently Attenuates Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Cells 2024; 13:211. [PMID: 38334603 PMCID: PMC10854774 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is expressed by tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment and functions to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate the bioavailability of ECM-bound factors that support tumor growth. Heparanase expression is upregulated in human carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies, correlating with increased tumor metastasis, vascular density, and shorter postoperative survival of cancer patients, and encouraging the development of heparanase inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs. Among these are heparin/HS mimetics, the only heparanase-inhibiting compounds that are being evaluated in clinical trials. We have synthesized dicarboxylated oxy-heparins (DCoxHs) containing three carboxylate groups per split residue (DC-Hep). The resulting lead compound (termed XII) was upscaled, characterized, and examined for its effectiveness in tumor models. Potent anti-tumorigenic effects were obtained in models of pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, mesothelioma, and myeloma, yielding tumor growth inhibition (TGI) values ranging from 21 to 70% and extending the survival time of the mice. Of particular significance was the inhibition of spontaneous metastasis in an orthotopic model of breast carcinoma following resection of the primary tumor. It appears that apart from inhibition of heparanase enzymatic activity, compound XII reduces the levels of heparanase protein and inhibits its cellular uptake and activation. Heparanase-dependent and -independent effects of XII are being investigated. Collectively, our pre-clinical studies with compound XII strongly justify its examination in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Shenzhen Hepalink Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China;
| | - Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525422, Israel; (U.B.); (N.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525422, Israel; (U.B.); (N.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Malik Farhoud
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525422, Israel; (U.B.); (N.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3525422, Israel; (U.B.); (N.I.); (M.F.)
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Vlodavsky I, Kayal Y, Hilwi M, Soboh S, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase-A single protein with multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2023; 1:e6. [PMID: 37547889 PMCID: PMC10398610 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is expressed by tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment and functions extracellularly to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate the bioavailability of ECM-bound factors, augmenting, among other effects, gene transcription, autophagy, exosome formation, and heparan sulfate (HS) turnover. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The enzyme appears to fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, autophagy, HS turnover, and gene transcription. It activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive tumor growth, dissemination, and drug resistance as well as inflammatory responses. The emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a key regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a valid target for therapy. So far, however, antiheparanase-based therapy has not been implemented in the clinic. Unlike heparanase, heparanase-2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase (Hpa1), does not undergo proteolytic processing and hence lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase. Hpa2 retains the capacity to bind heparin/HS and exhibits an even higher affinity towards HS than heparanase, thus competing for HS binding and inhibiting heparanase enzymatic activity. It appears that Hpa2 functions as a natural inhibitor of Hpa1 regulates the expression of selected genes that maintain tissue hemostasis and normal function, and plays a protective role against cancer and inflammation, together emphasizing the significance of maintaining a proper balance between Hpa1 and Hpa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Maram Hilwi
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Soaad Soboh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
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4
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Feng F, Wang LJ, Li JC, Chen TT, Liu L. Role of heparanase in ARDS through autophagy and exosome pathway (review). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200782. [PMID: 37361227 PMCID: PMC10285077 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common respiratory disease in ICU. Although there are many treatment and support methods, the mortality rate is still high. The main pathological feature of ARDS is the damage of pulmonary microvascular endothelium and alveolar epithelium caused by inflammatory reaction, which may lead to coagulation system disorder and pulmonary fibrosis. Heparanase (HPA) plays an significant role in inflammation, coagulation, fibrosis. It is reported that HPA degrades a large amount of HS in ARDS, leading to the damage of endothelial glycocalyx and inflammatory factors are released in large quantities. HPA can aggrandize the release of exosomes through syndecan-syntenin-Alix pathway, leading to a series of pathological reactions; at the same time, HPA can cause abnormal expression of autophagy. Therefore, we speculate that HPA promotes the occurrence and development of ARDS through exosomes and autophagy, which leads to a large amount of release of inflammatory factors, coagulation disorder and pulmonary fibrosis. This article mainly describes the mechanism of HPA on ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Feng
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin-Jun Wang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian-Chun Li
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liping Liu
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Departments of Emergency Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Jin H, Li M, Tian F, Yu F, Zhao W. An Overview of Antitumour Activity of Polysaccharides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228083. [PMID: 36432183 PMCID: PMC9692906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly increasing worldwide; therefore, effective therapies are required in the current scenario of increasing cancer cases. Polysaccharides are a family of natural polymers that hold unique physicochemical and biological properties, and they have become the focus of current antitumour drug research owing to their significant antitumour effects. In addition to the direct antitumour activity of some natural polysaccharides, their structures offer versatility in synthesizing multifunctional nanocomposites, which could be chemically modified to achieve high stability and bioavailability for delivering therapeutics into tumor tissues. This review aims to highlight recent advances in natural polysaccharides and polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Maohua Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Feng Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (W.Z.)
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6
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Betriu N, Bertran-Mas J, Andreeva A, Semino CE. Syndecans and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030349. [PMID: 33669066 PMCID: PMC7996579 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease with poor prognosis because patients rarely express symptoms in initial stages, which prevents early detection and diagnosis. Syndecans, a subfamily of proteoglycans, are involved in many physiological processes including cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Syndecans are physiologically found in many cell types and their interactions with other macromolecules enhance many pathways. In particular, extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and integrins collect the majority of syndecans associations acting as biochemical, physical, and mechanical transducers. Syndecans are transmembrane glycoproteins, but occasionally their extracellular domain can be released from the cell surface by the action of matrix metalloproteinases, converting them into soluble molecules that are capable of binding distant molecules such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factor receptors, and integrins from other cells. In this review, we explore the role of syndecans in tumorigenesis as well as their potential as therapeutic targets. Finally, this work reviews the contribution of syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 in PDAC progression and illustrates its potential to be targeted in future treatments for this devastating disease.
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Abstract
Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme that cleaves heparan sulphate, an important component of the extracellular matrix. This leads to the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, whilst liberating growth factors and cytokines bound to heparan sulphate. This in turn promotes both physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, immune cell migration, inflammation, wound healing and metastasis. Furthermore, heparanase exhibits non-enzymatic actions in cell signalling and in regulating gene expression. Cancer is underpinned by key characteristic features that promote malignant growth and disease progression, collectively termed the 'hallmarks of cancer'. Essentially, all cancers examined to date have been reported to overexpress heparanase, leading to enhanced tumour growth and metastasis with concomitant poor patient survival. With its multiple roles within the tumour microenvironment, heparanase has been demonstrated to regulate each of these hallmark features, in turn highlighting the need for heparanase-targeted therapies. However, recent discoveries which demonstrated that heparanase can also regulate vital anti-tumour mechanisms have cast doubt on this approach. This review will explore the myriad ways by which heparanase functions as a key regulator of the hallmarks of cancer and will highlight its role as a major component within the tumour microenvironment. The dual role of heparanase within the tumour microenvironment, however, emphasises the need for further investigation into defining its precise mechanism of action in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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8
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Teixeira FCOB, Götte M. Involvement of Syndecan-1 and Heparanase in Cancer and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:97-135. [PMID: 32274708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1 acts as an important co-receptor for receptor tyrosine kinases and chemokine receptors, and as an adhesion receptor for structural glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. It serves as a substrate for heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase that degrades specific domains of heparan sulfate carbohydrate chains and thereby alters the functional status of the proteoglycan and of Syndecan-1-bound ligands. Syndecan-1 and heparanase show multiple levels of functional interactions, resulting in mutual regulation of their expression, processing, and activity. These interactions are of particular relevance in the context of inflammation and malignant disease. Studies in animal models have revealed a mechanistic role of Syndecan-1 and heparanase in the regulation of contact allergies, kidney inflammation, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Moreover, functional interactions between Syndecan-1 and heparanase modulate virtually all steps of tumor progression as defined in the Hallmarks of Cancer. Due to their prognostic value in cancer, and their mechanistic involvement in tumor progression, Syndecan-1 and heparanase have emerged as important drug targets. Data in preclinical models and preclinical phase I/II studies have already yielded promising results that provide a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C O B Teixeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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Heparanase-The Message Comes in Different Flavors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:253-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Role of Heparanase in Macrophage Activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:445-460. [PMID: 32274721 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages represent one of the most diverse immunocyte populations, constantly shifting between various phenotypes/functional states. In addition to execution of vital functions in normal physiological conditions, macrophages represent a key contributing factor in the pathogenesis of some of the most challenging diseases, such as chronic inflammatory disorders, diabetes and its complications, and cancer. Macrophage polarization studies focus primarily on cytokine-mediated mechanisms. However, to explore the full spectrum of macrophage action, additional, non-cytokine pathways responsible for altering macrophage phenotype have to be taken into consideration as well. Heparanase, the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans, has been shown to contribute to the altered macrophage phenotypes in vitro and in numerous animal models of inflammatory conditions, occurring either in the presence of microbial products or in the setting of non-infectious "aseptic" inflammation. Here we discuss the involvement of heparanase in shaping macrophage responses and provide information that may help to establish the rationale for heparanase-targeting interventions aimed at preventing abnormal macrophage activation in various disorders.
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Wu L, Davies GJ. An Overview of the Structure, Mechanism and Specificity of Human Heparanase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:139-167. [PMID: 32274709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The retaining endo-β-D-glucuronidase Heparanase (HPSE) is the primary mammalian enzyme responsible for breakdown of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). HPSE activity is essential for regulation and turnover of HS in the extracellular matrix, and its activity affects diverse processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis and cell migration. Aberrant heparanase activity is strongly linked to cancer metastasis, due to structural breakdown of extracellular HS networks and concomitant release of sequestered HS-binding growth factors. A full appreciation of HPSE activity in health and disease requires a structural understanding of the enzyme, and how it engages with its HS substrates. This chapter summarizes key findings from the recent crystal structures of human HPSE and its proenzyme. We present details regarding the 3-dimensional protein structure of HPSE and the molecular basis for its interaction with HS substrates of varying sulfation states. We also examine HPSE in a wider context against related β-D-glucuronidases from other species, highlighting the structural features that control exo/endo - glycosidase selectivity in this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, UK.
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, UK
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Goldberg R, Meirovitz A, Abecassis A, Hermano E, Rubinstein AM, Nahmias D, Grinshpun A, Peretz T, Elkin M. Regulation of Heparanase in Diabetes-Associated Pancreatic Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1405. [PMID: 31921662 PMCID: PMC6914686 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While at least six types of cancer have been associated with diabetes, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and diabetes exhibit a unique bidirectional relationship. Recent reports indicate that majority of PDAC patients display hyperglycemia, and ~50% have concurrent diabetes. In turn, hyperglycemic/diabetic state in PDAC patients fosters enhanced growth and dissemination of the tumor. Heparanase enzyme (the sole mammalian endoglycosidase degrading glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate) is tightly implicated in PDAC progression, aggressiveness, and therapy resistance. Overexpression of heparanase is a characteristic feature of PDAC, correlating with poor prognosis. However, given the lack of heparanase expression in normal pancreatic tissue, the regulatory mechanisms responsible for induction of the enzyme in PDAC have remained largely unknown. Previously reported inducibility of heparanase gene by diabetic milieu components in several non-cancerous cell types prompted us to hypothesize that in the setting of diabetes-associated PDAC, hyperglycemic state may induce heparanase overexpression. Here, utilizing a mouse model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome/diabetes, we found accelerated PDAC progression in hyperglycemic mice, occurring along with induction of heparanase in PDAC. In vitro, we demonstrated that advanced glycation end-products (AGE), which are largely thought as oxidative derivatives resulting from chronic hyperglycemia, and the receptor for AGE (RAGE) are responsible for heparanase induction in PDAC cells. These findings underscore the new mechanism underlying preferential expression of heparanase in pancreatic cancer. Moreover, taken together with the well-established causal role of the enzyme in PDAC progression, our findings indicate that heparanase may sustain (at least in part) reciprocal causality between diabetes and pancreatic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexia Abecassis
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Hermano
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniela Nahmias
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albert Grinshpun
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Xu L, Tang L, Zhang L. Proteoglycans as miscommunication biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 162:59-92. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics in Cancer Therapy: The Challenge to Define Structural Determinants and the Relevance of Targets for Optimal Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2915. [PMID: 30413079 PMCID: PMC6278363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond anticoagulation, the therapeutic potential of heparin derivatives and heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics (functionally defined HS mimetics) in oncology is related to their ability to bind and modulate the function of a vast array of HS-binding proteins with pivotal roles in cancer growth and progression. The definition of structural/functional determinants and the introduction of chemical modifications enabled heparin derivatives to be identified with greatly reduced or absent anticoagulant activity, but conserved/enhanced anticancer activity. These studies paved the way for the disclosure of structural requirements for the inhibitory effects of HS mimetics on heparanase, selectins, and growth factor receptor signaling, as well as for the limitation of side effects. Actually, HS mimetics affect the tumor biological behavior via a multi-target mechanism of action based on their effects on tumor cells and various components of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that immunomodulation can participate in the antitumor activity of these agents. Significant ability to enhance the antitumor effects of combination treatments with standard therapies was shown in several tumor models. While the first HS mimetics are undergoing early clinical evaluation, an improved understanding of the molecular contexts favoring the antitumor action in certain malignancies or subgroups is needed to fully exploit their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Wu W, Zhao L, Yu Y, Hu H, Shi H, Jia Q, Du L. Heparanase expression in blood is sensitive to monitor response to anticancer treatment in pancreatic cancer, a pilot study. Pancreatology 2018; 18:100-105. [PMID: 29153700 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND /Objectives: High heparanase level was shown in maliganant tumor; however, whether or not heparanase may serve as a sensitive marker to monitor response to anticancer treatment is still unknown. METHODS In the pilot study, heparanase mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction (PBMC) and activity in plasma and urine were detected by quantitative real time RT-PCR and heparan-degrading enzyme assay in 31 pancreatic cancer patients. RESULTS Heparanase mRNA and activity in samples from cancer patients were significantly higher than that in healthy donors. Both heparanase mRNA and activity in plasma and urine decreased significantly in 17 patients who underwent R0 resection, but increased remarkably in 6 patients when recurrence or metastasis occurred (P < 0.05). However, those who underwent R1 or R2 resection in 6 patients kept stable. For 8 patients who received chemotherapy, heparanase mRNA and activity in plasma and urine decreased in each of the samples (P < 0.05). Patients with high heparanase mRNA (≥a cutoff value of 1.84) in PBMC and activity in plasma (≥1.30U/ml) were associated with a poor postoperative survival (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Heparanase mRNA in PBMC and activity in plasma are closely correlated with therapeutic responsiveness and survival time, indicating that heparanase level in blood might be a sensitive but non-specific marker to monitor patients' response to anticancer treatment and to predict survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yongtian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Haitian Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Huaiping Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qian'an Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Lixue Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
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16
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Song JW, Tan YX, Li SB, Zhang SK, Wan LM, Ji SP, Zhou H, Zhou ZH, Gong F. Gemcitabine-induced heparanase promotes aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer cells via activating EGFR signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58417-58429. [PMID: 28938567 PMCID: PMC5601663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC), characterized by aggressive local invasion and metastasis, is one of the most malignant cancers. Gemcitabine is currently used as the standard drug for the treatment of advanced and metastatic PC, but with limited efficacy. In this study, we demonstrated that gemcitabine increased the expression of heparanase (HPA1), the only known mammalian endoglycosidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, overexpression of HPA1 in PC cell lines enhanced proliferation and invasion, accompanied with elevated phosphorylation of EGFR. In addition, we showed that the NF-κB pathway mediated the gemcitabine-induced HPA1 expression. Importantly, we found that an HPA1 inhibitor attenuated gemcitabine-induced invasion of PC cells. Finally, we showed that HPA1 was of negative prognostic value for PC patients. Taken together, our results demonstrated that gemcitabine-induced HPA1 promotes proliferation and invasion of PC cells through activating EGFR, implying that HPA1 may serve as promising therapeutic target in the treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xia Tan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Su-Bo Li
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Kun Zhang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Ming Wan
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shou-Ping Ji
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Blood Products and Substitutes, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The 309th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gong
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
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17
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Symington M, Davies L, Kaltsas G, Weickert MO. Malignant hypercalcaemia related to parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) secretion from a metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET). BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr2017219692. [PMID: 28331027 PMCID: PMC5372178 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-219692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 54-year-old woman presented to our centre with acute abdominal pain and vomiting. Routine blood tests showed severe hypercalcaemia (>4 mmol/L). Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was suppressed. CT scan detected a pancreatic mass and some liver lesions, initially suspicious for metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Liver biopsy however revealed the presence of a well-differentiated, grade 1, metastatic neuroendocrine tumour (NET) where prognosis is considerably better. Serum PTHrP was raised, indicating paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia, most likely secondary to the pancreatic NET. Following injection of a short-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide, serum PTHrP levels normalised within 24 hours, causing a rapid drop of serum calcium below the lower limit of normal and an immediate compensatory rise of serum PTH. Ongoing treatment with long-acting somatostatin analogues together with replacement with calcium carbonate, vitamin D3 and once weekly alendronic acid resulted in stable normal adjusted calcium levels over a 3-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Symington
- The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Louise Davies
- The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Martin O Weickert
- The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
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18
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. This activity is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We have earlier demonstrated that apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We showed that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator-tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity, which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. In patients with cancer, increased heparanase procoagulant activity appeared to be a potential predictor of survival. We have also shown that JAK-2 is involved in heparanase up-regulation via the erythropoietin receptor, a finding that may point to a new mechanism of thrombosis in JAK-2 positive patents with essential thrombocytosis. Recently, we found that the solvent accessible surface of TFPI-2 first Kunitz domain had a role in TF/heparanase complex inhibition. Peptides derived from TFPI-2 inhibitory site were shown to reduce coagulation activation induced by heparanase and to attenuate sepsis severity and tumor growth in a mouse model, without predisposing to significant bleeding tendency. These data imply that inhibition of heparanase procoagulant domain is potentially a good target for sepsis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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19
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Seib FP, Tsurkan M, Freudenberg U, Kaplan DL, Werner C. Heparin-Modified Polyethylene Glycol Microparticle Aggregates for Focal Cancer Chemotherapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:2287-2293. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
- Max
Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Mikhail Tsurkan
- Max
Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Uwe Freudenberg
- Max
Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Carsten Werner
- Max
Bergmann Centre for Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Strasse 6, Dresden 01069, Germany
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20
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Heyman B, Yang Y. Mechanisms of heparanase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1002-1012. [PMID: 27576132 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains contributing to breakdown of the extracellular matrix. Increased expression of heparanase has been observed in numerous malignancies and is associated with a poor prognosis. It has generated significant interest as a potential antineoplastic target because of the multiple roles it plays in tumor growth and metastasis. The protumorigenic effects of heparanase are enhanced by the release of heparan sulfate side chains, with subsequent increase in bioactive fragments and cytokine levels that promote tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Preclinical experiments have found heparanase inhibitors to substantially reduce tumor growth and metastasis, leading to clinical trials with heparan sulfate mimetics. In this review, we examine the role of heparanase in tumor biology and its interaction with heparan surface proteoglycans, specifically syndecan-1, as well as the mechanism of action for heparanase inhibitors developed as antineoplastic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heyman
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix, activity that is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase was noted to exert also enzymatic-independent functions. Among these are the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C and activation of intra-cellular signaling involved in cell survival and proliferation. We had earlier demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We had shown that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator- tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we have demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. Taking into account the prometastatic, pro-angiogenic and pro-coagulant functions of heparanase, over-expression in human malignancies and abundance in platelets, implies that heparanase is potentially a good target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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22
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Hermano E, Meirovitz A, Meir K, Nussbaum G, Appelbaum L, Peretz T, Elkin M. Macrophage polarization in pancreatic carcinoma: role of heparanase enzyme. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju332. [PMID: 25326645 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor microenvironment, and particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), represent a key contributing factor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) pathogenesis. Here we report that heparanase (predominant enzyme degrading heparan sulfate, the main polysaccharide found at the cell surface and extracellular matrix) directs tumor-promoting behavior of TAM in PDAC. METHODS A mouse model of heparanase-overexpressing pancreatic carcinoma (n = 5 mice/group), tumor-associated macrophages ex vivo, primary wild-type and heparanase-null macrophages, and histological specimens from PDAC patients (n = 16), were analyzed, applying immunostaining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cell proliferation, and heparanase activity assays. All statistical tests are two-sided. RESULTS We found that overexpression of heparanase is associated with increased TAM infiltration in both experimental (P = .002) and human (P = .01) PDAC. Moreover, macrophages derived from heparanase-rich tumors (which grew faster in mouse hosts), display pronounced procancerous phenotype, evidenced by overexpression of MSR-2, IL-10, CCL2, VEGF, and increased production of IL-6, an important player in PDAC pathogenesis. Furthermore, in vitro heparanase enzyme-rendered macrophages (stimulated by necrotic cells which are often present in PDAC tissue) procancerous, as exemplified by their enhanced production of key cytokines implicated in PDAC (including IL-6), as well as by their ability to induce STAT3 signaling and to augment pancreatic carcinoma cell proliferation. In agreement, we observed activation of STAT3 in experimental and clinical specimens of heparanase-overexpressing PDAC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore a novel function of heparanase in molecular decision-making that guides cancer-promoting action of TAM and imply that heparanase expression status may become highly relevant in defining a target patient subgroup that is likely to benefit the most from treatment modalities targeting TAM/IL-6/STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hermano
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN).
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN).
| | - Karen Meir
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN)
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN)
| | - Limor Appelbaum
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN)
| | - Tamar Peretz
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN)
| | - Michael Elkin
- : Department of Oncology, Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (EH, AM, LA, TP, ME); Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (KM); Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel (GN).
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23
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Abstract
Heparanase, a β-D-endoglucuronidase abundant in platelets that was discovered 30 years ago, is an enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. It was later recognized as being a pro-inflammatory and pro-metastatic protein. We had earlier demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We had shown that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we have demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. Recently, heparanase inhibitory peptides derived of TFPI-2 were demonstrated by us to inhibit heparanase procoagulant activity and attenuate sepsis in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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24
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Hammond E, Khurana A, Shridhar V, Dredge K. The Role of Heparanase and Sulfatases in the Modification of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans within the Tumor Microenvironment and Opportunities for Novel Cancer Therapeutics. Front Oncol 2014; 4:195. [PMID: 25105093 PMCID: PMC4109498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are an integral and dynamic part of normal tissue architecture at the cell surface and within the extracellular matrix. The modification of HSPGs in the tumor microenvironment is known to result not just in structural but also functional consequences, which significantly impact cancer progression. As substrates for the key enzymes sulfatases and heparanase, the modification of HSPGs is typically characterized by the degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) chains/sulfation patterns via the endo-6-O-sulfatases (Sulf1 and Sulf2) or by heparanase, an endo-glycosidase that cleaves the HS polymers releasing smaller fragments from HSPG complexes. Numerous studies have demonstrated how these enzymes actively influence cancer cell proliferation, signaling, invasion, and metastasis. The activity or expression of these enzymes has been reported to be modified in a variety of cancers. Such observations are consistent with the degradation of normal architecture and basement membranes, which are typically compromised in metastatic disease. Moreover, recent studies elucidating the requirements for these proteins in tumor initiation and progression exemplify their importance in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, as the influence of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression becomes more apparent, the focus on targeting enzymes that degrade HSPGs highlights one approach to maintain normal tissue architecture, inhibit tumor progression, and block metastasis. This review discusses the role of these enzymes in the context of the tumor microenvironment and their promise as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester, MN , USA
| | - Keith Dredge
- Progen Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Brisbane, QLD , Australia
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25
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Zhao CY, Guo ZJ, Dai SM, Zhang Y, Zhou JJ. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 protein expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2983-7. [PMID: 23696030 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibrillogenesis regulator-1 (MR-1) expression was detected in different malignancies and is associated with poor prognosis. However, its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has not been fully elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of MR-1 expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis in patients with PDAC. Immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the protein expression of MR-1 and epithelial (E)-cadherin in 87 patients with PDAC. Results showed that MR-1 expression was correlated with histologic grade, tumor stage, and lymph node metastasis (all P <0.05). In addition, MR-1 expression showed a significant inverse correlation with E-cadherin expression (P = 0.002). Furthermore, the variables associated with prognosis were analyzed by Cox's proportional hazards model. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to plot survival curves according to different expression levels of MR-1. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that MR-1 expression was significantly associated with worse disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates in patients with PDAC (both P <0.001). Finally, multivariate analysis demonstrated that MR-1 expression, together with histologic grade, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, was an independent prognostic factor for both DFS and OS rates in patients with PDAC. MR-1 overexpression was tightly associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and a poor prognosis, indicating that MR-1 is a valuable molecular biomarker for PDAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi No. 4 People's Hospital, Wuxi Hospital of Oncology, No. 200, Huihe Road, Wuxi, 214062, China,
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26
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Ostapoff KT, Awasthi N, Cenik BK, Hinz S, Dredge K, Schwarz RE, Brekken RA. PG545, an angiogenesis and heparanase inhibitor, reduces primary tumor growth and metastasis in experimental pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1190-201. [PMID: 23696215 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to conventional therapies lead to an extremely poor prognosis for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Heparanase, an enzyme expressed by multiple cell types, including tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment, has been implicated in angiogenesis and metastasis, and its expression correlates with decreased overall survival in PDAC. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of PG545, an angiogenesis and heparanase inhibitor, in experimental PDAC. PG545 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and colony formation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Heparanase inhibition also reduced the proliferation of fibroblasts but had only modest effects on endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, PG545 significantly prolonged animal survival in intraperitoneal and genetic models (mPDAC: LSL-Kras(G12D); Cdkn2a(lox/lox); p48(Cre)) of PDAC. PG545 also inhibited primary tumor growth and metastasis in orthotopic and genetic endpoint studies. Analysis of tumor tissue revealed that PG545 significantly decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, reduced microvessel density, disrupted vascular function, and elevated intratumoral hypoxia. Elevated hypoxia is a known driver of collagen deposition and tumor progression; however, tumors from PG545-treated animals displayed reduced collagen deposition and a greater degree of differentiation compared with control or gemcitabine-treated tumors. These results highlight the potent antitumor activity of PG545 and support the further exploration of heparanase inhibitors as a potential clinical strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Ostapoff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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27
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Riaz A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Johansson S. Characterization of heparanase-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT activation and its integrin dependence. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12366-75. [PMID: 23504323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase functions as a heparan sulfate-degrading enzyme and as a ligand for an unidentified signaling receptor(s). Here, several reactions involved in the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway by latent heparanase were characterized. Protein suppression using specific siRNAs revealed that heparanase-induced phosphorylation of AKT at Ser-473 was RICTOR-mTOR-dependent, whereas ILK and PAK1/2 were dispensable. p110α was the PI3K catalytic isoform preferred by heparanase for AKT activation and cell proliferation because the p110α inhibitor YM024 blocked these processes. Heparanase-induced AKT phosphorylation was low in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing a RAS interaction-defective p110α compared with wild type cells, indicating that RAS has an important role in the PI3K-AKT activation. The response to heparanase was also inefficient in suspension cultures of several cell lines, suggesting a requirement of integrins in this pathway. Adhesion via either αVβ3 or α5β1 promoted heparanase-induced AKT phosphorylation, and a stronger effect was seen when both integrins were engaged. Simultaneous inhibition of FAK and PYK2 using a chemical inhibitor, or suppression of their expression, inhibited heparanase-induced AKT activation and cell proliferation. Stimulation of cells with heparanase enhanced their resistance against oxidative stress- or growth factor starvation-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that there is an intimate cross-talk between the heparanase receptor(s) and integrins during induction of the prosurvival PI3K-AKT pathway by heparanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Riaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Vlodavsky I, Beckhove P, Lerner I, Pisano C, Meirovitz A, Ilan N, Elkin M. Significance of heparanase in cancer and inflammation. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2012; 5:115-32. [PMID: 21811836 PMCID: PMC3399068 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-011-0082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are primary components at the interface between virtually every eukaryotic cell and its extracellular matrix. HSPGs not only provide a storage depot for heparin-binding molecules in the cell microenvironment, but also decisively regulate their accessibility, function and mode of action. As such, they are intimately involved in modulating cell invasion and signaling loops that are critical for tumor growth, inflammation and kidney function. In a series of studies performed since the cloning of the human heparanase gene, we and others have demonstrated that heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, is causally involved in cancer progression, inflammation and diabetic nephropathy and hence is a valid target for drug development. Heparanase is causally involved in inflammation and accelerates colon tumorigenesis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Notably, heparanase stimulates macrophage activation, while macrophages induce production and activation of latent heparanase contributed by the colon epithelium, together generating a vicious cycle that powers colitis and the associated tumorigenesis. Heparanase also plays a decisive role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, degrading heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane and ultimately leading to proteinuria and kidney dysfunction. Notably, clinically relevant doses of ionizing radiation (IR) upregulate heparanase expression and thereby augment the metastatic potential of pancreatic carcinoma. Thus, combining radiotherapy with heparanase inhibition is an effective strategy to prevent tumor resistance and dissemination in IR-treated pancreatic cancer patients. Also, accumulating evidence indicate that peptides derived from human heparanase elicit a potent anti-tumor immune response, suggesting that heparanase represents a promising target antigen for immunotherapeutic approaches against a broad variety of tumours. Oligosaccharide-based compounds that inhibit heparanase enzymatic activity were developed, aiming primarily at halting tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Some of these compounds are being evaluated in clinical trials, targeting both the tumor and tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel,
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29
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Hermano E, Lerner I, Elkin M. Heparanase enzyme in chronic inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2501-13. [PMID: 22331282 PMCID: PMC11114524 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is the sole mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate, the key polysaccharide of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes. Enzymatic cleavage of heparan sulfate profoundly affects a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including morphogenesis, neovascularization, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Critical involvement of heparanase in colorectal tumor progression and metastatic spread is widely documented; however, until recently a role for heparanase in the initiation of colon carcinoma remained underappreciated. Interestingly, the emerging data that link heparanase to chronic inflammatory bowel conditions, also suggest contribution of the enzyme to colonic tumor initiation, at least in the setting of colitis-associated cancer. Highly coordinated interplay between intestinal heparanase and immune cells (i.e., macrophages) preserves chronic inflammatory conditions and creates a tumor-promoting microenvironment. Here we review the action of heparanase in colon tumorigenesis and discuss recent findings, pointing to a role for heparanase in sustaining immune cell-epithelial crosstalk that underlies intestinal inflammation and the associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Hermano
- Tumor Biology Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Immanuel Lerner
- Tumor Biology Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Tumor Biology Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Heparanase that was cloned from and is abundant in the placenta is implicated in cell invasion, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. Recently we have demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. Heparanase was shown to up-regulate tissue factor (TF) expression and interact with tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface, leading to dissociation of TFPI from the cell membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. More recently, we have shown that heparanase directly enhances TF activity, resulting in increased factor Xa production and activation of the coagulation system. Data indicate increased levels and possible involvement of heparanase in vascular complications in pregnancy. Taking into account the prometastatic and proangiogenic functions of heparanase, overexpression in human malignancies, and abundance in platelets and placenta, its involvement in the coagulation machinery is an intriguing novel arena for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Mogler C, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Jenetzky E, Beckhove P, Helmke BM. Heparanase expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas is associated with reduced proliferation and improved survival. Histopathology 2011; 58:944-52. [PMID: 21585429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cellular expression of heparanase, a degrading enzyme of the extracellular matrix, is associated with poorer prognosis in several cancers. The present analysis, has studied the role of heparanase in tumour growth and clinical outcome in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS AND RESULTS We analysed the cellular expression of the active form of heparanase in 71 human HNSCCs, using immunohistochemistry. The results were compared with clinicopathological data and, in 65 cases with immunoreactivity for the proliferation marker, MIB1. Cellular heparanase expression was detected in 41 of 71 (57.74%) cases; in particular, UICC IV-stage tumours showed high heparanase levels. Heparanase was localized mainly in the cytoplasm and, to a lesser extent, at the cell membrane. High levels of heparanase were significantly correlated with an almost four-fold decrease in MIB1 labelling (P = 0.006). Comparison with clinical outcome by multivariate analysis revealed that patients with high-level heparanase expression had prolonged overall survival (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Although heparanase was mainly found in late-stage HNSCCs, cellular heparanase expression in HNSCCs was associated with prolonged overall survival. We propose that the proliferation-reducing effect of high heparanase levels might outweigh the tumour-promoting effects of heparanase, especially in advanced tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Meirovitz A, Hermano E, Lerner I, Zcharia E, Pisano C, Peretz T, Elkin M. Role of heparanase in radiation-enhanced invasiveness of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2772-80. [PMID: 21447736 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by very low survival rates because of high intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies. Ionizing radiation (IR)-enhanced tumor invasiveness is emerging as one mechanism responsible for the limited benefit of radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we establish the role of heparanase-the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate-in modulating the response of pancreatic cancer to radiotherapy. We found that clinically relevant doses of IR augment the invasive capability of pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by upregulating heparanase. Changes in the levels of the transcription factor Egr-1 occurred in pancreatic cancer cells following radiation, underlying the stimulatory effect of IR on heparanase expression. Importantly, the specific heparanase inhibitor SST0001 abolished IR-enhanced invasiveness of pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro, whereas combined treatment with SST0001 and IR, but not IR alone, attenuated the spread of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that combining radiotherapy with heparanase inhibition is an effective strategy to prevent tumor resistance and dissemination, observed in many IR-treated pancreatic cancer patients. Further, the molecular mechanism underlying heparanase upregulation in pancreatic cancer that we identified in response to IR may help identify patients in which radiotherapeutic intervention may confer increased risk of metastatic spread, where antiheparanase therapy may be particularly beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Csíki Z, Fügedi P. Synthesis of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Part 4: Synthesis of aza-l-iduronic acid-containing analogs of heparan sulfate oligosaccharides as heparanase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix, activity that is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Evidence was provided that heparanase over-expression in cancer cells results in a marked increase in tissue factor (TF) levels. Likewise, TF was induced by exogenous addition of recombinant heparanase to tumor cells and primary endothelial cells, induction that was mediated by p38 phosphorylation and correlated with enhanced procoagulant activity. TF induction was further confirmed in heparanase over-expressing transgenic mice and correlated with heparanase expression levels in leukemia patients. Heparanase was also found to be involved in the regulation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). A physical interaction between heparanase and TFPI was demonstrated, suggesting a mechanism by which secreted heparanase interacts with TFPI on the cell surface, leading to dissociation of TFPI from the cell membrane and increased coagulation activity, thus further supporting the local pro-thrombotic function of heparanase. Data indicate a possible involvement of heparanase in early miscarriages and point to a regulatory effect on TFPI and TFPI-2 in trophoblasts. As heparins are strong inhibitor of heparanase, in view of the effect of heparanase on TF, the role of heparins anticoagulant-activity may potentially be expanded. Taking into account the pro-metastatic and pro-angiogenic functions of heparanase, its over-expression in human malignancies and abundance in platelets, its involvement in the coagulation machinery is an intriguing novel arena for further research.
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Wang GB, Zhou XY, Wang XQ. Relationship between serum heparanase and microscopic venous invasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2010; 134:242-8. [PMID: 20660327 DOI: 10.1309/ajcppjm6vhg4lpjx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The serum heparanase level of 92 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (median, 91.4 U/mL) was higher than that of 19 healthy control subjects. Serum heparanase levels were higher in patients with HCC characterized by large tumors (>5 cm), advanced pTNM stage (III and IV), tumor capsule absence, and portal vein invasion. Positive correlations between serum heparanase and tumor heparanase expression were observed in 92 patients with HCC, 53 among them treated with tumor resection. In these 53 patients, the rate of microscopic venous invasion was significantly higher in 18 cases with high serum heparanase levels (>91.4 U/mL) than in the other 35 cases with low heparanase levels (14/18 vs 10/35; P = .001). Serum heparanase and vascular endothelial growth factor were identified as independent predictive factors for HCC microscopic venous invasion. The postoperative recurrence-free time (median, 8.7 months; range, 4.1-22.9 months), recurrence rate (72% [13/18]), 1.5-year disease-free survival rate (29.7%) were significantly worse in these 18 patients.
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The 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl group as a convenient N-protecting group for iminosugars—synthesis of oligosaccharide inhibitors of heparanase. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer represents a major challenge for research studies and clinical management. No specific tumor marker for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer exists. Therefore, extensive genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies are being developed to identify candidate markers for use in high-throughput systems capable of large cohort screening. Understandably, the complex pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer requires sensitive and specific biomarkers that can improve both early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. The lack of a single diagnostic marker makes it likely that only a panel of biomarkers is capable of providing the appropriate combination of high sensitivity and specificity. Biomarker discovery using novel technology can improve prognostic upgrading and pinpoint new molecular targets for innovative therapy.
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Hammond E, Li CP, Ferro V. Development of a colorimetric assay for heparanase activity suitable for kinetic analysis and inhibitor screening. Anal Biochem 2009; 396:112-6. [PMID: 19748475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role that heparanase plays during metastasis and angiogenesis in tumors makes it an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Despite this enzyme's significance, most of the assays developed to measure its activity are complex. Moreover, they usually rely on labeling variable preparations of the natural substrate heparan sulfate, making comparisons across studies precarious. To overcome these problems, we have developed a convenient assay based on the cleavage of the synthetic heparin oligosaccharide fondaparinux. The assay measures the appearance of the disaccharide product of heparanase-catalyzed fondaparinux cleavage colorimetrically using the tetrazolium salt WST-1. Because this assay has a homogeneous substrate with a single point of cleavage, the kinetics of the enzyme can be reliably characterized, giving a K(m) of 46 microM and a k(cat) of 3.5 s(-1) with fondaparinux as substrate. The inhibition of heparanase by the published inhibitor, PI-88, was also studied, and a K(i) of 7.9 nM was determined. The simplicity and robustness of this method, should, not only greatly assist routine assay of heparanase activity but also could be adapted for high-throughput screening of compound libraries, with the data generated being directly comparable across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hammond
- Drug Design Group, Progen Pharmaceuticals, Toowong, Qld 4066, Australia.
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Quan H, Zhu F, Han X, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Miao Z. Mechanism of anti-angiogenic activities of chitooligosaccharides may be through inhibiting heparanase activity. Med Hypotheses 2009; 73:205-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Zheng LD, Tong QS, Tang ST, Du ZY, Liu Y, Jiang GS, Cai JB. Expression and clinical significance of heparanase in neuroblastoma. World J Pediatr 2009; 5:206-10. [PMID: 19693465 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-009-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that heparanase (HPA), an endoglycosidase involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, is up-regulated in a variety of malignancies. However, the expression of HPA in neuroblastoma (NB), one of the most common extra cranial solid tumors in children, remains unknown. This study was undertaken to explore the expression and clinical significance of HPA in NB. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect the expression of HPA in 42 cases of NB. The relationships among HPA expression, international neuroblastoma staging system (INSS) stages, histopathological classification, and postoperative survival of the NB patients were analyzed. RESULTS The expression rate of HPA in NB was 61.9% (26/42), mainly in the cytoplasm of neuroblastoma cells. The expression rates of stage 1-2, stage 3-4 and stage 4S were 35.7%, 80.0% and 62.5%, respectively. The differences between stage 1-2 and stage 3-4 were significant (P<0.01). The expression of HPA was significantly higher in the NB cases that had one of the histopathological factors: age more than 1 year (P<0.01), poorer differentiation (P<0.01), and higher mitosis karyorrhexis index (P<0.01). The survival time of HPA-negative patients was significantly longer than that of HPA-positive patients (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Although these results indicate that heparanase might be correlated with development and progression of NB, a larger series of patients with a longer follow-up are probably needed to strengthen its role in assessment of NB prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Duan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulphate (HS) side chains of heparan sulphate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix; activity that is strongly implicated in tumour metastasis and angiogenesis. It has been shown that heparanase overexpression in human leukaemia, glioma and breast carcinoma cells results in a marked increase in tissue factor (TF) levels. In addition, TF was induced by exogenous addition of recombinant heparanase to tumour cells and primary endothelial cells; induction that was mediated by p38 phosphorylation and correlated with enhanced procoagulant activity. TF induction was further confirmed in transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase, and correlated with heparanase expression levels in leukaemia patients. Heparanase was also found to be involved in the regulation of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). It has been shown that heparanase overexpression or exogenous addition induces a two- to three-fold increase in TFPI expression. Similarly, heparanase stimulated accumulation of TFPI in the cell culture medium. However, extracellular accumulation exceeded the observed increase in TFPI at the protein level, and appeared to be independent of HS and heparanase enzymatic activity. Instead, a physical interaction between heparanase and TFPI was demonstrated, suggesting a mechanism by which secreted heparanase interacts with TFPI on the cell surface, leading to dissociation of TFPI from the cell membrane and increased coagulation activity, thus further supporting the local prothrombotic function of heparanase. As heparins are strong inhibitors of heparanase, in view of the effect of heparanase on the TF/TFPI pathway, the role of anticoagulant activity of heparin may potentially be expanded. Taking into account the prometastatic and pro-angiogenic functions of heparanase, its overexpression in human malignancies and abundance in platelets, its involvement in the coagulation machinery is an intriguing novel arena for further research.
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42
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Inamine M, Nagai Y, Hirakawa M, Mekaru K, Yagi C, Masamoto H, Aoki Y. Heparanase expression in endometrial cancer: analysis of immunohistochemistry. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009; 28:634-7. [PMID: 19003663 DOI: 10.1080/01443610802323542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human enzyme heparanase has been shown to function in tumour progression, metastatic spread and tumour angiogenesis. The aim of the present study was to assess heparanase expression assessed by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) in endometrial cancer in correlation with clinicopathological factors. A total of 52 endometrial cancers were obtained from previously untreated patients (median age, 56 years, range, 35-80 years). The expression of heparanase was evaluated by using IHC with anti-heparanase polyclonal antibody. This antibody was raised by immunising a rabbit with a peptide containing the amino acid residues from 238 to 250 of the heparanase. The IHC data were used to determine the relationship between heparanase expression, and clinicopathological parameters. IHC showed that the heparanase was expressed in 23 of 52 (44.2%) endometrial cancers. Heparanase was abundantly and equally expressed in both the cytoplasm and the cell membrane of the cells in endometrial cancer. Strong heparanase-positive staining was also seen at the invasive front of the tumour into myometrium. The expression was significantly related to lymph-vascular space involvement (p = 0.0028), depth of myometrial invasion (p = 0.0026), and histological tumour grade (p = 0.0135). In six tumours with positive lymph nodes, the heparanase expression was observed as being higher compared with tumours with negative lymph nodes, which was not significant (p = 0.2349). In terms of peritoneal cytology, ovarian metastasis, and cervical invasion, we observed no significant difference in the heparanase expression assessed by IHC. These results suggest that the expression of heparanase may promote tumour invasion into myometrium and lymph vascular space in endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Inamine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Increased chemotactic migration and growth in heparanase-overexpressing human U251n glioma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2008; 27:23. [PMID: 18647407 PMCID: PMC2499998 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-27-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate, the main polysaccharide constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane. Expression of the heparanase gene is associated with the invasion and metastatic potential of a variety of tumor-derived cell types. However, the roles of heparanase in the regulation of gene expression and the subsequent cell function changes other than invasion are not clear. In the current study, we overexpressed the human heparanase gene in a human U251n glioma cell line. We found that heparanase-overexpression significantly increased cell invasion, proliferation, anchorage-independent colony formation and chemotactic migration towards fetal bovine serum (FBS)-supplied medium and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). These phenotypic appearances were accompanied by enhanced protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) signaling were not altered by heparanase-overexpression. These results indicate that heparanase has pleiotropic effects on tumor cells.
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Zhou Y, Song B, Qin WJ, Zhang G, Zhang R, Luan Q, Pan TJ, Yang AG, Wang H. Heparanase promotes bone destruction and invasiveness in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2008; 268:252-9. [PMID: 18487013 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that plays an important role in angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer. Herein we evaluate the effect of heparanase overexpression on invasiveness and bone destruction in prostate cancer bone metastases. The human prostate cancer cell line PC-3 was stably transfected with a plasmid containing the cDNA for human heparanase or with the vector alone as a control. Overexpression of heparanase did not affect the growth of PC-3 cells, but did promote invasiveness of the cells in an in vitro assay. Both cell types were injected into the tibias of nude mice. Four weeks later, the mice were examined radiologically prior to sacrifice and samples of leg tissue were taken to investigate bone destruction and metastasis. Mice injected with PC-3 cells overexpressing heparanase had more severe bone destruction and larger, more invasive, tumors. These results demonstrate that heparanase overexpression can facilitate tumor invasion and accelerate bone destruction caused by prostate cancer bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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45
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Wu W, Pan C, Yu H, Gong H, Wang Y. Heparanase expression in gallbladder carcinoma and its correlation to prognosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23:491-7. [PMID: 17524042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate and has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The present study was to analyze the expression of and explore the prognostic value of heparanase and two important transcriptional factors, namely hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and nuclear transcriptional factor kappa B p65 (NF-kappaB p65) in gallbladder cancer. METHODS Heparanase, HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB p65 protein levels in 38 patients with gallbladder carcinoma were detected by immunohistochemistry and analyzed for clinicopathological significance. RESULTS The heparanase, HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB p65 proteins were found in 24 (63.2%), 13 (34.2%) and 22 (57.9%) specimens, respectively. High heparanase expression was closely related to advanced TNM stage (P = 0.007), depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.016), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.040) and decreased postoperative survival at 3 years (50.0% vs 20.8%, P = 0.001). Both HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB p65 proteins were correlated with tumor size (P = 0.039 and P = 0.027, respectively) and patients positive for HIF-1alpha expression had a decreased survival rate compared with those negative for HIF-1alpha expression (40.0% vs 15.4%, P = 0.035). In addition, heparanase-positive cases had high expression of NF-kappaB p65 compared with the heparanase-negative cases (P = 0.047). CONCLUSION Heparanase and HIF-1alpha are frequently expressed in gallbladder carcinoma and are associated with decreased survival. High expression of heparanase, combined with NF-kappaB p65, may contribute to the highly invasive and metastatic behavior of gallbladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Hepatobiliary surgery, Jiankang Road, Xi'an, China.
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Wood RJ, Hulett MD. Cell Surface-expressed Cation-independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor (CD222) Binds Enzymatically Active Heparanase Independently of Mannose 6-Phosphate to Promote Extracellular Matrix Degradation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:4165-76. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708723200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Nagler R, Ben-Izhak O, Cohen-Kaplan V, Shafat I, Vlodavsky I, Akrish S, Ilan N. Heparanase up-regulation in tongue cancer: tissue and saliva analysis. Cancer 2008; 110:2732-9. [PMID: 17955520 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparanase up-regulation has been correlated with reduced postoperative survival in various cancers. METHODS Heparanase expression was analyzed in 60 consenting tongue (mobile) cancer patients by means of immunohistochemistry. Heparanase levels were also analyzed in the saliva of both healthy controls and tongue cancer patients using a novel heparanase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS Heparanase staining was positive (>0) in 92% and negative (=0) in 8% of the tumors and staining intensity correlated with tumor size and tumor stage. Moreover, the survival probability of patients negative for heparanase (=0) at 60 months was 100%, compared with only 41% for patients positive for heparanase (>0), suggesting that heparanase may serve as a prognostic factor for this malignancy and an attractive target for anticancer drug development. Heparanase was detected in the saliva of healthy controls and the mean concentration was determined as 119 +/- 37 pg/mL. Importantly, a nearly 3-fold increase of heparanase levels was detected in saliva collected from tongue cancer patients (334 +/- 69 pg/mL), a difference that is statistically highly significant (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS These findings support heparanase up-regulation in tongue cancer and raise the possibility of using this simple test as a diagnostic tool to monitor tongue cancer progression and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nagler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Biochemistry Laboratory, Rambam Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Komatsu N, Waki M, Sue M, Tokuda C, Kasaoka T, Nakajima M, Higashi N, Irimura T. Heparanase expression in B16 melanoma cells and peripheral blood neutrophils before and after extravasation detected by novel anti-mouse heparanase monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2007; 331:82-93. [PMID: 18162185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of extracellular matrix is associated with extravasation of metastatic tumor cells and inflammatory cells. Heparanase, the heparan sulfate-specific endo-beta-glucuronidase, is a key enzyme for the matrix degradation, yet its involvement in extravasation and invasion during pathological processes was not fully clarified in vivo. In the present study, we examined heparanase expression in mouse experimental models, lung metastasis of melanoma and skin infiltration of neutrophils. Sixteen novel monoclonal antibodies specific for mouse heparanase were established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a recombinant mouse proheparanase, immunocytochemical staining of B16F10 melanoma cells cultured in vitro, and immunoprecipitation of the lysate of heparanase transfectant cells. Heparanase expression in metastatic nodules of B16F10 melanoma cells and in neutrophils localized in the inflamed skin was immunohistochemically detected using a monoclonal antibody RIO-1 that recognized the C-terminus of mouse heparanase. Homogeneous and strong heparanase staining was observed in 46% of the lung micrometastases of B16F10 melanoma cells. The staining was intensely positive on the invasive front of larger established metastasis nodules, but it was weak or heterogeneous inside the nodules. Heparanase expression in skin-infiltrating neutrophils was examined after inducing local inflammation with croton oil. The monoclonal antibody stained a significant portion of neutrophils inside and along the blood vessels, whereas it did not stain dermal neutrophils located distant from the vasculatures. The present study strongly suggests that both melanoma cells and neutrophils transiently express heparanase before and during the invasive process in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Komatsu
- The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Cohen I, Maly B, Simon I, Meirovitz A, Pikarsky E, Zcharia E, Peretz T, Vlodavsky I, Elkin M. Tamoxifen induces heparanase expression in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4069-77. [PMID: 17634531 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammalian heparanase degrades heparan sulfate, the main polysaccharide of the basement membrane. Heparanase is an important determinant in cancer progression, acting via the breakdown of extracellular barriers for invasion, as well as release of heparan sulfate-bound angiogenic and growth-promoting factors. The present study was undertaken to elucidate molecular mechanisms responsible for heparanase overexpression in breast cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To characterize heparanase regulation by estrogen and tamoxifen and its clinical relevance for breast tumorigenesis, we applied immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarray combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, reverse transcription-PCR, and Western blot analysis. RESULTS A highly significant correlation (P<0.0001) between estrogen receptor (ER) positivity and heparanase overexpression was found in breast cancer. Binding of ER to heparanase promoter accompanied estrogen-induced increase in heparanase expression by breast carcinoma cells. Surprisingly, heparanase transcription was also stimulated by tamoxifen, conferring a proliferation advantage to breast carcinoma cells grown on a naturally produced extracellular matrix. Heparanase overexpression was invariably detected in ER-positive second primary breast tumors, developed in patients receiving tamoxifen for the initial breast carcinoma. The molecular mechanism of the estrogenlike effect of tamoxifen on heparanase expression involves recruitment of transcription coactivator AIB1 to the heparanase promoter. CONCLUSIONS Heparanase induction by ligand-bound ER represents an important pathway in breast tumorigenesis and may be responsible, at least in part, for the failure of tamoxifen therapy in some patients. Our study provides new insights on breast cancer progression and endocrine therapy resistance, offering future strategies for delaying or reversing this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Cohen
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Doviner V, Maly B, Reinhartz T, Vlodavsky I, Sherman Y. Heparanase expression: a potential ancillary diagnostic tool for distinguishing between malignant cells and reactive mesothelium in body cavity effusions. Cytopathology 2007; 18:13-9. [PMID: 17250598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2006.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heparanase, an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulphate, is frequently expressed in carcinomas and was suggested to play a role in cell invasion and metastasis. We investigated whether heparanase expression may serve as a reliable marker to discriminate benign mesothelial cells from malignant cells shed into body cavities. METHODS AND RESULTS Cytological smears of effusions from 51 hospitalized patients were immunostained for heparanase. Strong immunoreactivity was noted in 35 of 40 (88%) carcinoma samples and in all three malignant mesothelioma cases. Only rare (<3%) reactive mesothelial cells were noted showing a faint negligible staining. Specificity was 100%, sensitivity 88%, and positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 89% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that heparanase may be of value as a complementary component in a diagnostic panel of markers, contributing to its reliability and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Doviner
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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