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Palmer M, Katanoda K, Saito E, Acuti Martellucci C, Tanaka S, Ikeda S, Sakamoto H, Machelek D, Ml Brotherton J, Hocking JS. Genotype prevalence and age distribution of human papillomavirus from infection to cervical cancer in Japanese women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:5971-5996. [PMID: 36085257 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National HPV vaccination coverage in Japan is less than one percent of the eligible population and cervical cancer incidence and mortality are increasing. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive estimate of HPV genotype prevalence for Japan. METHODS English and Japanese databases were searched to March 2021 for research reporting HPV genotypes in cytology and histology samples from Japanese women. Summary estimates were calculated by disease stage from cytology only assessment - Normal, ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL and from histological assessment - CIN1, CIN2, CIN3/AIS, ICC (ICC-SCC, and ICC-ADC), and other. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to calculate summary prevalence estimates of any-HPV, high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) vaccine types, and vaccine genotypes (bivalent, quadrivalent, or nonavalent). This study was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42018117596. RESULTS A total of 57759 women with normal cytology, 1766 ASCUS, 3764 LSIL, 2017 HSIL, 3130 CIN1, 1219 CIN2, 869 CIN3/AIS, and 4306 ICC (which included 1032 ICC-SCC, and 638 ICC-ADC) were tested for HPV. The summary estimate of any-HPV genotype in women with normal cytology was 15·6% (95% CI: 12·3-19·4) and in invasive cervical cancer (ICC) was 85·6% (80·7-89·8). The prevalence of HR-HPV was 86·0% (95% CI: 73·9-94·9) for cytological cases of HSIL, 76·9% (52·1-94·7) for histological cases of CIN3/AIS, and 75·7% (68·0-82·6) for ICC. In women with ICC, the summary prevalence of bivalent vaccine genotypes was 58·5% (95% CI: 52·1-64·9), for quadrivalent genotypes was 58·6% (52·2-64·9) and for nonavalent genotypes was 71·5% (64·9-77·6), and of ICC cases that were HPV positive over 90% of infections are nonavalent vaccine preventable. There was considerable heterogeneity in all HPV summary estimates and for ICC, this heterogeneity was not explained by variability in study design, sample type, HPV assay type, or HPV DNA detection method, although studies published in the 1990s had lower prevalence estimates of any-HPV and HR HPV genotypes. INTERPRETATIONS HPV prevalence is high among Japanese women. The nonavalent vaccine is likely to have the greatest impact on reducing cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Palmer
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia; Division of Surveillance and Policy Evaluation, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kota Katanoda
- Division of Surveillance and Policy Evaluation, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiko Saito
- Institute for Global Health Policy Research, National Center for Global Health Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shiori Tanaka
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Teokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Prevention, Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ikeda
- Division of Surveillance and Policy Evaluation, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakamoto
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Teokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Julia Ml Brotherton
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia; Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer, Carlton, Australia
| | - Jane S Hocking
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Australia
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Mizutani N, Mochizuki M, Toki M. Assessment of preoperative pancreatic biopsy, cytological/histological review of cell-block-specimens obtained by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: Laboratory-based study. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 48:408-413. [PMID: 31825182 PMCID: PMC7079018 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is among the most lethal cancers worldwide due to the limited availability of techniques for early detection of signs and symptoms. Reportedly, it is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related mortality among Japanese adults. With the advent of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) for diagnosing pancreatic cancer, the rate of the cytological and histological diagnoses of cell-block-specimens has significantly increased in Japan. METHODS The cytological specimens of 165 patients with pancreatic lesions obtained using EUS-FNA between January 2010 and July 2016 at the Kyorin University Hospital were investigated. The clinical course of 153 patients was assessed from their clinical records, which included information on their imaging diagnosis, laboratory data, final clinical diagnosis and treatment; moreover, the accuracy of the cytological/histological examination and clinical diagnosis at our hospital were analysed. RESULTS The number of cells in cell-block-specimens was too small to estimate data. However, cytological specimens were sufficient to observe the findings of suspected malignancy such as necrosis. Biopsy was deemed necessary for diagnosis using both histological and cytological specimens. CONCLUSION EUS-FNA can be used not only to diagnose benign or malignant types of pancreatic cancers but also to assess the sensitivity of molecular target drugs and chemotherapy methods. Therefore, both histological and cytological diagnoses are required to enhance diagnostic precision both in our hospital and at other institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Mizutani
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Mochizuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Toki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsuo Y, Yoshida T, Yamashita K, Satoh Y. Reducing DNA damage by formaldehyde in liquid-based cytology preservation solutions to enable the molecular testing of lung cancer specimens. Cancer Cytopathol 2018; 126:1011-1021. [PMID: 30343520 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is a useful cytopathological method, and LBC lung adenocarcinoma specimens may be used for genetic analysis in the near future. In the current study, the authors determined whether LBC specimens can be used for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation analysis in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from 3 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines that were fixed in LBC preservation solution using 2 protocols (one for cultured cells and one for tissues) of a DNA extraction kit. Different fixation times were tested for each protocol: 30 minutes, 1 hour, and 1 to 9 days. As controls, cells also were fixed in 10% formalin or 95% ethanol. The authors investigated the effect of fixation time on DNA fragmentation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and EGFR mutation detection. RESULTS The DNA yield of LBC specimens tended to decrease depending on fixation time. When using the DNA extraction protocol for tissues, PCR amplification was successful after 9 days of fixation, although extracted genomic DNA that was fixed for >1 hour demonstrated fragmentation. Mutation analyses using the Cycleave PCR method were successful after 7 days of fixation. The DNA extraction protocol for tissues was appropriate for lung adenocarcinoma cell lines that were stored for >1 day in a preservative solution. The results of the current study demonstrated that EGFR mutations can be detected on day 7 using lung adenocarcinoma cell lines fixed in CytoRich Red preservative. CONCLUSIONS When LBC specimens are used for targeted molecular genetic testing, the appropriate preservative solution and extraction protocol first should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsuo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Kitasato University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Kitasato University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Satoh
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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Koliopoulos G, Nyaga VN, Santesso N, Bryant A, Martin‐Hirsch PPL, Mustafa RA, Schünemann H, Paraskevaidis E, Arbyn M. Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8:CD008587. [PMID: 28796882 PMCID: PMC6483676 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008587.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer screening has traditionally been based on cervical cytology. Given the aetiological relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical carcinogenesis, HPV testing has been proposed as an alternative screening test. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic accuracy of HPV testing for detecting histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) of grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+), including adenocarcinoma in situ, in women participating in primary cervical cancer screening; and how it compares to the accuracy of cytological testing (liquid-based and conventional) at various thresholds. SEARCH METHODS We performed a systematic literature search of articles in MEDLINE and Embase (1992 to November 2015) containing quantitative data and handsearched the reference lists of retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA We included comparative test accuracy studies if all women received both HPV testing and cervical cytology followed by verification of the disease status with the reference standard, if positive for at least one screening test. The studies had to include women participating in a cervical cancer screening programme who were not being followed up for previous cytological abnormalities. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We completed a 2 x 2 table with the number of true positives (TP), false positives (FP), true negatives (TN), and false negatives for each screening test (HPV test and cytology) used in each study. We calculated the absolute and relative sensitivities and the specificities of the tests for the detection of CIN 2+ and CIN 3+ at various thresholds and computed sensitivity (TP/(TP + TN) and specificity (TN/ (TN + FP) for each test separately. Relative sensitivity and specificity of one test compared to another test were defined as sensitivity of test-1 over sensitivity of test-2 and specificity of test-1 over specificity of test-2, respectively. To assess bias in the studies, we used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic test Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool. We used a bivariate random-effects model for computing pooled accuracy estimates. This model takes into account the within- and between-study variability and the intrinsic correlation between sensitivity and specificity. MAIN RESULTS We included a total of 40 studies in the review, with more than 140,000 women aged between 20 and 70 years old. Many studies were at low risk of bias. There were a sufficient number of included studies with adequate methodology to perform the following test comparisons: hybrid capture 2 (HC2) (1 pg/mL threshold) versus conventional cytology (CC) (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)+ and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL)+ thresholds) or liquid-based cytology (LBC) (ASCUS+ and LSIL+ thresholds), other high-risk HPV tests versus conventional cytology (ASCUS+ and LSIL+ thresholds) or LBC (ASCUS+ and LSIL+ thresholds). For CIN 2+, pooled sensitivity estimates for HC2, CC and LBC (ASCUS+) were 89.9%, 62.5% and 72.9%, respectively, and pooled specificity estimates were 89.9%, 96.6%, and 90.3%, respectively. The results did not differ by age of women (less than or greater than 30 years old), or in studies with verification bias. Accuracy of HC2 was, however, greater in European countries compared to other countries. The results for the sensitivity of the tests were heterogeneous ranging from 52% to 94% for LBC, and 61% to 100% for HC2. Overall, the quality of the evidence for the sensitivity of the tests was moderate, and high for the specificity.The relative sensitivity of HC2 versus CC for CIN 2+ was 1.52 (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.86) and the relative specificity 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92 to 0.96), and versus LBC for CIN 2+ was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.10 to 1.26) and the relative specificity 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95 to 0.97). The relative sensitivity of HC2 versus CC for CIN 3+ was 1.46 (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.91) and the relative specificity 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93 to 0.97). The relative sensitivity of HC2 versus LBC for CIN 3+ was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.28) and the relative specificity 0.96 (95% CI: 0.95 to 0.97). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Whilst HPV tests are less likely to miss cases of CIN 2+ and CIN 3+, these tests do lead to more unnecessary referrals. However, a negative HPV test is more reassuring than a negative cytological test, as the cytological test has a greater chance of being falsely negative, which could lead to delays in receiving the appropriate treatment. Evidence from prospective longitudinal studies is needed to establish the relative clinical implications of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Koliopoulos
- Elena Venizelou Maternity HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology1 Elena Venizelou SquareAthensGreece11521
| | - Victoria N Nyaga
- Scientific Institute of Public HealthUnit of Cancer EpidemiologyJuliette Wytsmanstraat 14BrusselsBelgium1050
| | - Nancy Santesso
- McMaster UniversityDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics1200 Main Street WestHamiltonONCanadaL8N 3Z5
| | - Andrew Bryant
- Newcastle UniversityInstitute of Health & SocietyMedical School New BuildRichardson RoadNewcastle upon TyneUKNE2 4AX
| | - Pierre PL Martin‐Hirsch
- Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS TrustGynaecological Oncology UnitSharoe Green LaneFullwoodPrestonLancashireUKPR2 9HT
| | - Reem A Mustafa
- McMaster UniversityDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics1200 Main Street WestHamiltonONCanadaL8N 3Z5
| | - Holger Schünemann
- McMaster UniversityDepartments of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact and of Medicine1280 Main Street WestHamiltonONCanadaL8N 4K1
| | | | - Marc Arbyn
- SciensanoUnit of Cancer Epidemiology, Belgian Cancer CentreJuliette Wytsmanstreet 14BrusselsBelgiumB‐1050
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Fujii T, Asano A, Shimada K, Tatsumi Y, Obayashi C, Konishi N. Evaluation of RNA and DNA extraction from liquid-based cytology specimens. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:833-40. [PMID: 27357064 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnosis using DNA and RNA derived from malignant tumors and molecular biological tools such as the quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) is a commonly used technique in clinical pathology. In this report, we compared the qualitative extraction of RNA and DNA from cancer cells fixed using several liquid-based cytology (LBC) kits. Ten to 1,000 cells from the T24 urinary bladder cancer cell line and SKG-II cervical cancer cell line were fixed with 55% methanol and three different methanol-based LBC solutions. The mRNA levels of CD44 in T24 cells and E7 in SKG-II cells and DNA levels of p53 in T24 cells and E7 in SKG-II cells were analyzed by qPCR. mRNA and DNA extracted from T24 and/or SKG-II cells fixed with methanol-based LBC solutions were efficiently detected, but to differing degrees, by qPCR. mRNA, and DNA from cells fixed with a formaldehyde-containing fixative liquid were detected at significantly low copy numbers by qPCR. Our results demonstrate that LBC systems are powerful tools for cytopathology and immunocytochemistry applications. However, the appropriate fixative must be selected for cell preservation when a small number of LBC samples is used for molecular testing, particularly in RNA-based molecular analyses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:833-840. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan.
| | - Aya Asano
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Keiji Shimada
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara City Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tatsumi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Chiho Obayashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
| | - Noboru Konishi
- Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Nara, Japan
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Mijit F, Ablimit T, Abduxkur G, Abliz G. Distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes detected by routine pap smear in Uyghur-Muslim women from Karasay Township Hotan (Xinjiang, China). J Med Virol 2015; 87:1960-5. [PMID: 26081269 PMCID: PMC5033003 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
HPV infection is an important public health problem in developing countries. We investigated HPV genotypes in the Uyghur female population of Karasay Township, Hotan region. A population-based cervical cancer screening was conducted for 4,500 women in Karasay Township, Xinjiang Hotan, China. A total of 900 women were selected by systematic sampling with a 5:1 proportion (ages 20-69). The subjects completed a questionnaire and consented to HPV typing and Pap smear examination. Colposcopic biopsies were performed for patients with cytological abnormalities (≥ ASCUS). A total of 117 of the 900 women (13%) assessed were infected with HPV. The most common subtype was HPV-16, and other common high-risk types included HPV-58 and HPV-39. A total of 40 women (4.44%) were identified with abnormal cytology (≥ ASCUS) by Pap smear. A significant link was found between HPV prevalence and cytological diagnosis. The HPV infection rates for the patients with cervical inflammation, CIN, and cancer were 18.18%, 64.71%, and 100%, respectively. Significant differences in HPV infection rates were found among the patients with the three groups of pathological results. In Karasay, the HPV infection rate in Uyghur women is lower than previously reported; however, the proportion infected with HR-HPV is higher. HPV-16, HPV-58, and HPV-39 are the most prevalent genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mijit
- 5th Department of the Gynecological SurgeryXinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor HospitalPeople's Republic of China
| | - Tangnur Ablimit
- 5th Department of the Gynecological SurgeryXinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor HospitalPeople's Republic of China
| | - Guzalnur Abduxkur
- 5th Department of the Gynecological SurgeryXinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor HospitalPeople's Republic of China
| | - Guzalnur Abliz
- 5th Department of the Gynecological SurgeryXinjiang Medical University Affiliated Tumor HospitalPeople's Republic of China
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Murakami I, Fujii T, Dan K, Saito M, Ohno A, Iwata T, Aoki D. Methylation of human papillomavirus-52 and -58 is a candidate biomarker in cervical neoplasia. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:149-54. [PMID: 23871162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of human papillomavirus (HPV)16/18 genome methylation have concluded that methylation status of the L1 gene might act as a biomarker for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). OBJECTIVES We investigated the correlation between methylation status in the L1 gene and the long control region (LCR) of HPV52/58 and CIN. STUDY DESIGN Exfoliated cervical cells were taken from 54 HPV52-positive and 41 HPV58-positive women. The HPV genome was examined using bisulfite modification, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and sequencing. RESULTS The CpGs were unmethylated or hypomethylated in the HPV52/58 LCR. In contrast, the methylation status of the HPV52 L1 gene was correlated with the severity of cervical neoplasia, with average percentages of 15%, 34%, and 52% for cervicitis/CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3, respectively (P<0.05). Methylation status of the HPV52 L1 gene was also correlated with the prognosis of CIN1/2, with median percentages of 15% and 35% for regression and persistence/progression, respectively (P<0.05). The methylation status of the HPV58 L1 gene was correlated with the severity of cervical neoplasia, with average percentages of 12%, 38%, and 61% for cervicitis/CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3, respectively (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The increased methylation at the CpG sites in the HPV52/58 L1 gene was correlated with the severity of cervical neoplasia, similar to HPV16/18 in previous studies. These data suggest that HPV methylation status of the L1 gene is a candidate biomarker of CIN for detecting CIN2 and CIN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Murakami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Nishio S, Fujii T, Nishio H, Kameyama K, Saito M, Iwata T, Kubushiro K, Aoki D. p16(INK4a) immunohistochemistry is a promising biomarker to predict the outcome of low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: comparison study with HPV genotyping. J Gynecol Oncol 2013; 24:215-21. [PMID: 23875070 PMCID: PMC3714458 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2013.24.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), p16INK4a immunohistochemistry has been reported to be a useful diagnostic biomarker. However, limited information is available about the association between the p16INK4a immunohistochemistry and the outcomes of CIN. Here, we report p16INK4a immunohistochemistry as an effective biomarker to predict the outcomes of CIN. Methods p16INK4a immunohistochemistry was performed in patients with CIN from January 2000 to August 2009. Among these patients, we have performed a retrospective analysis of the medical records to evaluate the outcome of CIN 1-2 and performed statistical analysis to determine the correlation between p16INK4a expression and the outcomes. We also performed HPV genotyping and analyzed the relation between the infecting human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype and the outcomes. Results A total of 244 patients, including 82 with CIN 1, 60 with CIN 2, and 102 with CIN 3, were examined. The rate of p16INK4a overexpression increased with increasing CIN grade, 20.7% for CIN 1, 80.0% for CIN 2, and 89.2% for CIN 3, with significant differences between CIN 1 and CIN 2-3 group. In the 131 CIN 1-2 patients, the progression rate was significantly higher for the patients showing p16INK4a overexpression than for those not showing p16INK4a overexpression (p=0.005); the regression rate was also found to be significantly lower for the patients showing p16INK4a overexpression (p=0.003). High-risk HPV genotypes were detected in 73 patients (73.7%). Both progression and regression rates were not significantly different between the high-risk HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups (p=0.401 and p=0.381, respectively). Conclusion p16INK4a overexpression was correlated with the outcome of CIN 1-2, and p16INK4a is considered to be a superior biomarker for predicting the outcome of CIN 1-2 compared with HPV genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Nishio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Newly developed liquid-based cytology. TACAS™: cytological appearance and HPV testing using liquid-based sample. Hum Cell 2011; 24:115-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-011-0020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mori S, Nakao S, Kukimoto I, Kusumoto-Matsuo R, Kondo K, Kanda T. Biased amplification of human papillomavirus DNA in specimens containing multiple human papillomavirus types by PCR with consensus primers. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:1223-7. [PMID: 21388488 PMCID: PMC11159067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping human papillomavirus (HPV) in clinical specimens is important because each HPV type has different oncogenic potential. Amplification of HPV DNA by PCR with the consensus primers that are derived from the consensus sequences of the L1 gene has been used widely for the genotyping. As recent studies have shown that the cervical specimens often contain HPV of multiple types, it is necessary to confirm whether the PCR with the consensus primers amplifies multiple types of HPV DNA without bias. We amplified HPV DNA in the test samples by PCR with three commonly used consensus primer pairs (L1C1/L1C2+C2M, MY09/11, and GP5+/6+), and the resultant amplicons were identified by hybridization with type-specific probes on a nylon membrane. L1C1/L1C2+C2M showed a higher sensitivity than the other primers, as defined by the ability to detect HPV DNA, on test samples containing serially diluted one of HPV16, 18, 51, 52, and 58 plasmids. L1C1/L1C2+C2M failed to amplify HPV16 in the mixed test samples containing HPV16, and either 18 or 51. The three consensus primers frequently caused incorrect genotyping in the selected clinical specimens containing HPV16 and one or two of HPV18, 31, 51, 52, and 58. The data indicate that PCR with consensus primers is not suitable for genotyping HPV in specimens containing multiple HPV types, and suggest that the genotyping data obtained by such a method should be carefully interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Mori
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo NTT Medical Center Tokyo, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Taoka H, Yamamoto Y, Sakurai N, Fukuda M, Asakawa Y, Kurasaki A, Oharaseki T, Kubushiro K. Comparison of conventional and liquid-based cytology, and human papillomavirus testing using SurePath preparation in Japan. Hum Cell 2010; 23:126-33. [PMID: 21166883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-0774.2010.00093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We compared the detection rate of cervical neoplasias between a liquid-based cytology (LBC) method using SurePath and the conventional method. We also studied the feasibility of human papillomavirus (HPV) typing by linear array assay. Cytological specimens from 1551 Japanese women were prepared using the conventional and SurePath methods; the cytological and histological results from biopsy samples were compared. HPV typing using an HPV linear array assay was carried out on residual specimens using the SurePath method. The cytodiagnostic results showed a concordance rate of 85.3% (Κ= 0.46) between the two methods. The sensitivity of lesions histopathologically diagnosed as CIN1 or above was not significantly different between the two methods (P = 0.575-1.000). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the detectability in CIN2 or above revealed no significant difference between the two methods (P = 0.096). Among the 44 patients who underwent HPV typing using a linear array assay, 33 samples were eligible for HPV testing and were stored at ambient temperature. In conclusion, the SurePath and conventional methods have equivalent abilities for detecting cervical lesions. After preparation for cytological diagnosis, use of the remaining cells from the SurePath specimens to perform HPV typing using the linear array method could be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Taoka
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toho University School of Medicine Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsiodras S, Georgoulakis J, Chranioti A, Voulgaris Z, Psyrri A, Tsivilika A, Panayiotides J, Karakitsos P. Hybrid capture vs. PCR screening of cervical human papilloma virus infections. Cytological and histological associations in 1270 women. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:53. [PMID: 20175884 PMCID: PMC2838821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated two molecular methods of HPV detection and their correlation with cytological and histological diagnosis in a large sample of Greek women. METHODS All women with liquid-based cytology performed at a University Hospital between 2000 and 2003 were included. The Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) kit and in house Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were used for HPV DNA detection. Cervical biopsy was performed for women with ASCUS+ cytology, HPV detection, or abnormal colposcopy. Positive (PLR) and negative (NLR) likelihood ratios were calculated for cytology and HPV molecular testing for the prediction of CIN2 and greater histology. RESULTS Of the 1270 women evaluated 241 (18.5%) had abnormal cytology. Cytology diagnosed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or invasive carcinoma in 21(1.7%) cases whereas 26 (2%) women had CIN2+ or greater histology. PCR detected HPV in 397/1270 (31.3%) and HC2 in 260/1270 (20.4%) samples. Both molecular tests exhibited high reproducibility (Cohen's kappa value 0.691, 95% CI: 0.664 - 0.718). Positive likelihood ratios (PLR) of 9.4, 3.8 and 3.4 and negative likelihood ratios of 0.13, 0.21, and 0 were noted for >or= LSIL, any positive HC2 or any positive PCR-HPV testing, for predicting CIN2+ histology, respectively. All CIN 3+ lesions harbored high risk oncogenic HPV type infections. CONCLUSIONS HPV infection was found in a large proportion of this population and was associated with CIN 2/3 lesions and infiltrating carcinomas. Thin prep testing and HPV detection by HC2 or PCR performed very well with regards to identifying high grade lesions in an environment with experienced examiners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsiodras
- Department of Cytopathology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Med, Sch, Athens, Greece
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13
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Nishino K, Sekine M, Kodama S, Sudo N, Aoki Y, Seki N, Tanaka K. Cigarette smoking and glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism associated with risk for uterine cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 34:994-1001. [PMID: 19012698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the role of tobacco smoking and polymorphisms of carcinogen metabolism genes in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS We analyzed genotypes of nine genes, 11 polymorphisms encoding carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, information on smoking, and the presence of human papillomavirus in 124 Japanese cervical cancer patients and 125 healthy controls. RESULTS The incidence of human papillomavirus infection (95.5% vs 9.9%; P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR), 231.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 57.17-941.22), and smoking (41.1% vs 18.4%; P < 0.001; OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.88-6.17) were both significantly higher in patients than in controls. The genotype distributions of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2A6, NQO1, NAT2, mEH, MPO and GSTT1 genes were not statistically different; however, the ratio of the GSTM1 null genotype was significantly higher in patients than in controls (62.1% vs 47.2%; P = 0.019; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.04). The incidence of GSTM1 null was significantly higher in the non-smoking group (63.0% vs 47.1%; P = 0.038; OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.04-3.54), and not in the smoking group (60.8% vs 47.8%; P = 0.300; OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.63-4.56). CONCLUSIONS In the current study, risk factors for developing cervical cancer were tobacco smoking and GSTM1 null; however, no association was observed between these two factors. We could not prove that smoking-GSTM1 null interaction was responsible for the increase in cervical cancer among young Japanese, and further studies with more detailed smoking status, not only active but passive smoking, will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nishino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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14
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Fujii T, Saito M, Iwata T, Hirao N, Nishio H, Ohno A, Tsukazaki K, Mukai M, Kameyama K, Aoki D. Ancillary testing of liquid-based cytology specimens for identification of patients at high risk of cervical cancer. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:545-55. [PMID: 18936966 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Integration of human papillomavirus DNAs into the host genome is crucial to the development of cervical cancer. Overexpression of the P16 protein has been reported in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) as well as cervical cancer. Such molecular biomarkers have been utilized for ancillary testing of liquid-based cytology specimens; however, their clinical application remains controversial. To detect CIN 2 or more advanced lesions, 153 liquid-based cytology (LBC) specimens were investigated to determine the physical status of the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) and to detect overexpression of the P16 protein by immunocytochemistry combined with HPV genotyping by polymerase chain reaction. The combination of ISH, P16 immunocytochemistry, and LBC showed high sensitivity (89.3%) as well as high specificity (92.6%). We confirmed the usefulness of P16 immunocytochemistry combined with ISH and HPV genotyping as ancillary molecular-biological tests of LBC specimens for identifying patients at high risk of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University, School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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15
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Ishikawa M, Fujii T, Saito M, Nindl I, Ono A, Kubushiro K, Tsukazaki K, Mukai M, Nozawa S. Overexpression of p16 INK4a as an indicator for human papillomavirus oncogenic activity in cervical squamous neoplasia. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:347-53. [PMID: 16445657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of p16(INK4a) has been observed when retinoblastoma protein is inactivated by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoprotein E7. We investigated overexpression of p16(INK4a) and HPV infection in cervical squamous neoplasia to evaluate the oncogenic potential among various HPV subtypes. The high-risk HPV was detected by PCR in 69.8% (37/53), 97.5% (39/40), 91.7% (44/48), and 100% (16/16) of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1, CIN2, CIN3, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), respectively. The p16(INK4a) overexpression was investigated immunohistochemically using a p16(INK4a)-specific monoclonal antibody (clone E6H4). In high-risk HPV positive cases, 32.4% (12/37) of CIN1, 82.1% (32/39) of CIN2, 93.2% (41/44) of CIN3, and all (16/16) SCC showed p16(INK4a) overexpression. The incidence of p16(INK4a) overexpression was significantly different between CIN1 and CIN2, suggesting that the disorder of cell cycle regulation by HPV frequently occurred from CIN2. As for CIN1 cases, p16(INK4a) overexpression was observed more frequently in HPV16 and HPV52 than in HPV51 and HPV35. Using p16(INK4a) as a bio marker of HPV oncogenic activity, we demonstrate that the level of pRb dysfunction by high-risk HPV varied from subtypes and was getting more frequent from CIN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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16
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Miura S, Matsumoto K, Oki A, Satoh T, Tsunoda H, Yasugi T, Taketani Y, Yoshikawa H. Do we need a different strategy for HPV screening and vaccination in East Asia? Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2713-5. [PMID: 16929495 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Fujii T, Masumoto N, Saito M, Hirao N, Niimi S, Mukai M, Ono A, Hayashi S, Kubushiro K, Sakai E, Tsukazaki K, Nozawa S. Comparison between in situ hybridization and real-time PCR technique as a means of detecting the integrated form of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical neoplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 14:103-8. [PMID: 15905694 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000162755.84026.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Integration of the human papillomavirus (HPV) genome is thought to be one of the causes of cancer progression. However, there is controversy concerning the physical status of HPV 16 in premalignant cervical lesions, and there have been no reports on the concordance between detection of the integrated form of HPV16 by real-time PCR and by in situ hybridization. We investigated specimens of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive carcinomas for the physical status of HPV 16 by real-time PCR and in situ hybridization. The presence of the integrated form was detected by both real-time PCR and in situ hybridization in zero of four cases of CIN1, three of six cases of CIN2, nine of 27 cases of CIN3, and two of six cases of invasive carcinomas. Integrated HPV 16 was present in some premalignant lesions but was not always present in carcinomas. The concordance rate between the two methods for the detection of the presence of the integrated form was 37 of 43 (86%) cases. Real-time PCR and in situ hybridization were found to be complementary and convenient techniques for determining the physical status of the HPV genome. We conclude that a combination of both methods is a more reliable means of assessing the physical status of the HPV genome in cervical neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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18
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Golijow CD, Abba MC, Mourón SA, Laguens RM, Dulout FN, Smith JS. Chlamydia trachomatis and Human papillomavirus infections in cervical disease in Argentine women. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:181-6. [PMID: 15589598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence of Human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis DNA in cervical samples among women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology from La Plata, Argentina. METHODS Two hundred and seventy-nine women (200 with cervical neoplasia or ICC and 79 women with normal cytology) provided cervical samples for the detection of HPV and C. trachomatis DNA by PCR-based assays. RESULTS HPV DNA increased with the cervical lesion severity, ranging from 30% among women with normal cytology to 99-100% among women with HSIL or ICC. C. trachomatis DNA prevalence increased from low levels in women with normal cytology (11%) to 47% in those with HSIL, but was uncommon among ICC patients (20%). Among women with normal cytology, C. trachomatis prevalence was higher in HPV DNA positive (12.5%) than HPV DNA negative women (10.9%), but this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS HPV prevalence in the general population is slightly higher than those reported for other developing countries. C. trachomatis DNA positivity was associated with a higher risk of both LSIL and HSIL lesions, but not with ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos D Golijow
- Centro de Investigaciones en Genética Básica y Aplicada (CIGEBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNLP.Calle 60 y 118 s/n, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
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Hwang HS, Park M, Lee SY, Kwon KH, Pang MG. Distribution and Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Routine Pap Smear of 2,470 Korean Women Determined by DNA Chip. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.2153.13.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: We examined human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution and prevalence from routine Pap smear cases in Korean women using DNA Chip.
Patients and Methods: A total of 2,470 cervical specimens from women attending routine Pap smear cytology screening in local hospitals was subjected to HPV test. HPV detection and genotyping were done using DNA Chip.
Results: HPV DNA was detected in 44.8% of the patients and in 58.7% of the 861 atypical lesions based on the Bethesda system, including 52.6% of 627 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), 69.0% of 168 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 89.4% of 66 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) cases. The most frequently found genotypes in all HPV-positive cases were HPV-16, HPV-52, and HPV-58. HPV-16 was the most prevalent type in within normal limits, ASCUS, and HSIL categories, whereas HPV-51 was most frequently found in LSIL. Multiple infection was identified in about 20% of HPV-positive cases and most of them were that by two different types. HPV-16 was present in the majority of multiple infection cases. A significant decrease in the percentage of multiple infection was observed in HSIL cases compared with ASCUS and LSIL.
Conclusions: The distribution of HPV genotypes in Korean women was revealed to have differences to that of other regions, showing higher frequencies of HPV-52, HPV-58, and HPV-51. HSIL cases were mostly infected by sole HPV-16 whereas LSIL that by various HPV types, suggesting a certain type may become dominant over others as the disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sung Hwang
- 1Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University
| | | | - Sei-Young Lee
- 1Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University
| | | | - Myung-Geol Pang
- 4Department of Animal Science and Technology and
- 5BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
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Masumoto N, Fujii T, Ishikawa M, Mukai M, Ono A, Iwata T, Kubushiro K, Nozawa S. Dominant human papillomavirus 16 infection in cervical neoplasia in young Japanese women; study of 881 outpatients. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:509-14. [PMID: 15297196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is reported to be related to carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix. In Japan, screening for cervical cancer by cytology is performed in women over 30 years old. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an association between patient age and cervical neoplasia or HPV infection in Japanese women. METHODS Specimens from 881 randomly selected patients who came to our clinic were tested for HPV DNA by using Hybrid Capture II, whereas specimens from a 204-patient randomly selected subset diagnosed with cervical neoplasia were tested for HPV DNA by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV typing was performed in all the PCR-positive cases. RESULTS The HPV-positive rate in the 20- to 29-year-old patients (29.0% in the normal cytology/histology group and 85.5% in the abnormal group) was higher than in the 30- to 59-year-old patients, and the rate declined until age 60 when age increased. While HPV 18, HPV 52, other HPV types, and HPV types as a whole were frequently detected in 30- to 49-year-old patients, HPV 16 was detected more frequently in the younger group than the other HPV types (P = 0.03). Among the HPV 16-positive patients with cervical neoplasia, the proportion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 cases was high (44%) in the 20- to 29-year-old group. CONCLUSIONS Screening for cervical neoplasia by cytology should also be performed in women under 30 years old in Japan. The HPV typing could be a tool to strictly follow-up younger women who were diagnosed with CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Masumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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