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Peștean C, Pavel A, Piciu D. Clinical and Paraclinical Considerations Regarding ki67's Role in the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma-A Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:769. [PMID: 38792952 PMCID: PMC11123096 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60050769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The ki67 nuclear protein is a tool for diagnosis and prognosis in oncology that is used to evaluate cell proliferation. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is usually a slow-growing neoplasm, the most common type being the papillary form. Some clinical and pathological aspects may predict aggressive behaviour. There are reported cases of recurrence without clinico-pathological findings of aggressiveness. To obtain better predictions of the disease outcome in thyroid carcinoma, many immunohistochemical markers have been studied. The aim of this narrative literature review is to identify the benefits that ki67 may add to the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, according to the latest evidence. Materials and Methods: We performed a search on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using controlled vocabulary and keywords to find the most suitable published articles. A total number of sixty-eight items were identified, and five other articles were selected from other sources. After refining the selection, the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were applied, and a total number of twenty-nine articles were included in this literature review. Results and Discussion: The studies consist of retrospective studies (89.66%), case reports (6.9%) and literature reviews (3.45%), evaluating the role, implications and other parameters of ki67 as a diagnostic and/or prognostic tool. The statistical correlations between ki67 and other features were systematized as qualitative results of this review in order to improve the treatment strategies presented in the included articles. Conclusions: The included studies present converging data regarding most of the aspects concerning ki67. The ki67 proliferation index is a diagnostic/prognostic tool of interest in differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a good predictor of disease-free survival, disease recurrence and metastatic development. Prospective studies on large cohorts may add value for ki67 as a specific tool in the management strategy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu Peștean
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuță Institute of Oncology, Department of Nuclear Medicine, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Affidea CT Clinic, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Pavel
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Affidea CT Clinic, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Doina Piciu
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Affidea CT Clinic, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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2
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Tian Z, Li X, Yu X, Yan S, Sun J, Ma W, Zhu X, Tang Y. The role of primary cilia in thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1306550. [PMID: 38260150 PMCID: PMC10801159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are non-motile and microtube-based organelles protruding from the surface of almost all thyroid follicle cells. They maintain homeostasis in thyrocytes and loss of PC can result in diverse thyroid diseases. The dysfunction of structure and function of PC are found in many patients with common thyroid diseases. The alterations are associated with the cause, development, and recovery of the diseases and are regulated by PC-mediated signals. Restoring normal PC structure and function in thyrocytes is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat thyroid diseases. This review explores the function of PC in normal thyroid glands. It summarizes the pathology caused by PC alterations in thyroid cancer (TC), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), hypothyroidism, and thyroid nodules (TN) to provide comprehensive references for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Accattatis FM, Caruso A, Carleo A, Del Console P, Gelsomino L, Bonofiglio D, Giordano C, Barone I, Andò S, Bianchi L, Catalano S. CEBP-β and PLK1 as Potential Mediators of the Breast Cancer/Obesity Crosstalk: In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Nutrients 2023; 15:2839. [PMID: 37447165 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, obesity has reached pandemic proportions in several countries, and expanding evidence is showing its contribution to several types of malignancies, including breast cancer (BC). The conditioned medium (CM) from mature adipocytes contains a complex of secretes that may mimic the obesity condition in studies on BC cell lines conducted in vitro. Here, we report a transcriptomic analysis on MCF-7 BC cells exposed to adipocyte-derived CM and focus on the predictive functional relevance that CM-affected pathways/processes and related biomarkers (BMs) may have in BC response to obesity. CM was demonstrated to increase cell proliferation, motility and invasion as well as broadly alter the transcript profiles of MCF-7 cells by significantly modulating 364 genes. Bioinformatic functional analyses unraveled the presence of five highly relevant central hubs in the direct interaction networks (DIN), and Kaplan-Meier analysis sorted the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (CEBP-β) and serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1 (PLK1) as clinically significant biomarkers in BC. Indeed, CEBP-β and PLK1 negatively correlated with BC overall survival and were up-regulated by adipocyte-derived CM. In addition to their known involvement in cell proliferation and tumor progression, our work suggests them as a possible "deus ex machina" in BC response to fat tissue humoral products in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Maria Accattatis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Amanda Caruso
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carleo
- Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Piercarlo Del Console
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Luca Gelsomino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Bonofiglio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giordano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Ines Barone
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Section of Functional Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences, Via Aldo Moro, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
- Centro Sanitario, Via P. Bucci, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), 87036 Cosenza, Italy
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Wu K, Chen H, Fu Y, Cao X, Yu C. Insulin promotes the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells by up-regulating the expression of PLK1 through the PI3K/AKT pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 648:21-27. [PMID: 36724556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a particularly poor prognosis compared to other tumors. The peculiar hyperinsulin microenvironment of the pancreas is formed due to the endocrine secretion of islets in the pancreas. This study focused on the effect of insulin on the migration and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and its molecular mechanisms. We found that insulin promotes the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells. At the same time, it can up-regulate the expression of PLK1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Knocking down the expression of PLK1 in pancreatic cancer cells can inhibit the effect of insulin on the biological behavior of pancreatic cancer. In addition, we found that insulin activates the PI3K/AKT pathway in pancreatic cancer cells, and that inhibition of this pathway suppresses PLK1 expression. The PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 inhibits the effects of insulin on the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. This study shows that insulin up-regulates PLK1 expression in pancreatic cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway, which in this way enhances the migration and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. This may be one of the important reasons for the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Departments of General Surgery, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China
| | - Yue Fu
- Departments of General Surgery, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Departments of General Surgery, Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, China.
| | - Chunzhao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors: EZH2 and Its Downstream Targets as Potential Therapeutic Options in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031963. [PMID: 36768289 PMCID: PMC9916477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating BRAF mutations occurs in 50-60% of malignant melanomas. Although initially treatable, the development of resistance to BRAF-targeted therapies (BRAFi) is a major challenge and limits their efficacy. We have previously shown that the BRAFV600E signaling pathway mediates the expression of EZH2, an epigenetic regulator related to melanoma progression and worse overall survival. Therefore, we wondered whether inhibition of EZH2 would be a way to overcome resistance to vemurafenib. We found that the addition of an EZH2 inhibitor to vemurafenib improved the response of melanoma cells resistant to BRAFi with regard to decreased viability, cell-cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. By next-generation sequencing, we revealed that the combined inhibition of BRAF and EZH2 dramatically suppresses pathways of mitosis and cell cycle. This effect was linked to the downregulation of Polo-kinase 1 (PLK1), a key regulator of cell cycle and proliferation. Subsequently, when we inhibited PLK1, we found decreased cell viability of melanoma cells resistant to BRAFi. When we inhibited both BRAF and PLK1, we achieved an improved response of BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells, which was comparable to the combined inhibition of BRAF and EZH2. These results thus reveal that targeting EZH2 or its downstream targets, such as PLK1, in combination with BRAF inhibitors are potential novel therapeutic options in melanomas with BRAF mutations.
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Pei Z, Ning J, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang R. Genetic instability of lung induced by carbon black nanoparticles is related with Plk1 signals changes. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100400. [PMID: 35560285 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a possible carcinogen, carbon black has threatened public health. However, the evidences are insufficient and the mechanism of carcinogenesis is still not specified. Thirty rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, namely 0, 5 and 30 mg/m3 Carbon Black nanoparticles (CBNPs) groups, respectively. Rats were treated with CBNPs by nose-only inhalation for 28 days, 6 h/day. The human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells were treated with 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg/mL CBNPs for 24 h. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) overexpression cell line was established by pcDNA3.1-PLK1 stable transfection. Our results showed that CBNPs exposure could induce DNA damage and genetic changes as well as apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The DNA repair ability increased after CBNPs exposure. Cell cycle process was retarded at the G2/M phases in 16HBE cells after CBNPs treatment. The PLK1, ChK2 GADD45α and XRCC1 expression levels changed in rat lung and 16HBE cells after CBNPs treatment. Compared with NC 16HBE cells, DNA damage and repair, numbers of apoptotic cells and micronucleus (MN) rates, as well as the ChK2, GADD45α, XRCC1 expression levels decreased, whereas cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI) and replicative index (RI) increase in PLK overexpression (PLK+/+) cells after CBNPs treatment. This study highlighted that PLK1 related with the genetic toxicity of CBNPs in vitro and in vivo. Our results provided evidences supporting reclassification of carbon black as a human possible carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Pei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jie Ning
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Helin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.
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7
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Qian Y, Li Y, Chen K, Liu N, Hong X, Wu D, Xu Z, Zhou L, Xu L, Jia R, Ge YZ. Pan-Cancer Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies PLK1 Crucial for the Tumorigenesis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1099-1116. [PMID: 35210814 PMCID: PMC8859474 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s347732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiguan Qian
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Hong
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuhua Zhou
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luwei Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruipeng Jia
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ruipeng Jia; Yu-Zheng Ge, Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-15850675660, Email ;
| | - Yu-Zheng Ge
- Department of Urology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Kudo M, Zalles N, Distefano R, Nigita G, Veneziano D, Gasparini P, Croce CM. Synergistic apoptotic effect of miR-183-5p and Polo-Like kinase 1 inhibitor NMS-P937 in breast cancer cells. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:407-419. [PMID: 34561554 PMCID: PMC8816952 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that act as endogenous regulatory molecules targeting specific mRNAs for translational repression. Studies of breast cancer genomics indicate that breast cancer subtypes are distinguished and regulated by specific sets of miRNAs which affect activities such as tumor initiation, progression, and even drug response. Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) is widely considered to be a proto-oncogene due to its increased expression in multiple tumor types, as well as its crucial role in regulating mitosis. Pharmacological inhibition of PLK1 can reduce tumor volume and induce tumor cell death in solid and hematologic malignancies. This prompted us to investigate how PLK1 inhibition with the target-specific inhibitor NMS-P937 would impact breast cancer cells, and how miRNAs may influence the overall response of these cells to this inhibition. We found that miR-183-5p targets PLK1 gene, effectively reducing its protein expression. Such miRNA-driven regulation of PLK1 expression sensitizes breast cancer cells to NMS-P937, resulting in synergistically increased apoptosis. We also show that the miRNA-regulated reduction of PLK1 influences the expression of apoptosis-related key proteins and possibly inducing further indirect PLK1 downmodulation through a DNMT1-p53 axis. These results suggest a potential biologically significant link between the expression of miR-183-5p and the efficacy of PLK1-specific inhibitors in breast cancer cells. Our work further elucidates how miR-183-5p regulates PLK1 gene while also enhancing NMS-P937 effect in breast cancer. Future studies assessing the role of miR-183-5p as a novel biomarker for anti-PLK1 chemotherapy agents are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Kudo
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicole Zalles
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosario Distefano
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Giovanni Nigita
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dario Veneziano
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gasparini
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Shakeel I, Basheer N, Hasan GM, Afzal M, Hassan MI. Polo-like Kinase 1 as an emerging drug target: structure, function and therapeutic implications. J Drug Target 2021; 29:168-184. [PMID: 32886539 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1818760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a conserved mitotic serine-threonine protein kinase, functions as a regulatory protein, and is involved in the progression of the mitotic cycle. It plays important roles in the regulation of cell division, maintenance of genome stability, in spindle assembly, mitosis, and DNA-damage response. PLK1 is consist of a N-terminal serine-threonine kinase domain, and a C-terminal Polo-box domain (regulatory site). The expression of PLK1 is controlled by transcription repressor in the G1 stage and transcription activators in the G2 stage of the cell cycle. Overexpression of PLK1 results in undermining of checkpoints causes excessive cellular division resulting in abnormal cell growth, leading to the development of cancer. Blocking the expression of PLK1 by an antibody, RNA interference, or kinase inhibitors, causes a subsequent reduction in the proliferation of tumour cells and induction of apoptosis in tumour cells without affecting the healthy cells, suggesting an attractive target for drug development. In this review, we discuss detailed information on expression, gene and protein structures, role in different diseases, and progress in the design and development of PLK1 inhibitors. We have performed an in-depth analysis of the PLK1 inhibitors and their therapeutic implications with special focus to the cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Neha Basheer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Republic Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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10
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Ma CX, Ma XN, Li YD, Fu SB. The Role of Primary Cilia in Thyroid Cancer: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:685228. [PMID: 34168619 PMCID: PMC8218906 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.685228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based organelles that are present on nearly all thyroid follicle cells and play an important role in physiological development and in maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of thyroid follicles. PC are generally lost in many thyroid cancers (TCs), and this loss has been linked to the malignant transformation of thyrocytes, which is regulated by PC-mediated signaling reciprocity between the stroma and cancer cells. Restoring PC on TC cells is a possible promising therapeutic strategy, and the therapeutic response and prognosis of TC are associated with the presence or absence of PC. This review mainly discusses the role of PC in the normal thyroid and TC as well as their potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying-Dong Li
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Song-Bo Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Song-Bo Fu,
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Sinha D, Nag P, Nanayakkara D, Duijf PHG, Burgess A, Raninga P, Smits VAJ, Bain AL, Subramanian G, Wall M, Finnie JW, Kalimutho M, Khanna KK. Cep55 overexpression promotes genomic instability and tumorigenesis in mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:593. [PMID: 33087841 PMCID: PMC7578791 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of centrosomal protein CEP55 has been correlated with clinico-pathological parameters across multiple human cancers. Despite significant in vitro studies and association of aberrantly overexpressed CEP55 with worse prognosis, its causal role in vivo tumorigenesis remains elusive. Here, using a ubiquitously overexpressing transgenic mouse model, we show that Cep55 overexpression causes spontaneous tumorigenesis and accelerates Trp53+/− induced tumours in vivo. At the cellular level, using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we demonstrate that Cep55 overexpression induces proliferation advantage by modulating multiple cellular signalling networks including the hyperactivation of the Pi3k/Akt pathway. Notably, Cep55 overexpressing MEFs have a compromised Chk1-dependent S-phase checkpoint, causing increased replication speed and DNA damage, resulting in a prolonged aberrant mitotic division. Importantly, this phenotype was rescued by pharmacological inhibition of Pi3k/Akt or expression of mutant Chk1 (S280A) protein, which is insensitive to regulation by active Akt, in Cep55 overexpressing MEFs. Moreover, we report that Cep55 overexpression causes stabilized microtubules. Collectively, our data demonstrates causative effects of deregulated Cep55 on genome stability and tumorigenesis which have potential implications for tumour initiation and therapy development. Sinha et al. demonstrate that overexpression of centrosomal protein Cep55 in mice is sufficient to cause a wide-spectrum of cancer via multiple mechanisms including hyperactivation of the Pi3k/Akt pathway, stabilized microtubules and a defective replication checkpoint response. These findings are relevant to human cancers as high CEP55 expression is associated with worse prognosis across multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Sinha
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia.,School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, QLD, Australia
| | - Purba Nag
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia.,School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, QLD, Australia.,Conjoint Internal Medicine Laboratory, Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland and Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - Devathri Nanayakkara
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Pascal H G Duijf
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, 4102, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Burgess
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Prahlad Raninga
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Veronique A J Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Amanda L Bain
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Goutham Subramanian
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia
| | - Meaghan Wall
- Victorian Cancer Cytogenetics Service, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John W Finnie
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Murugan Kalimutho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia.
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, 4006, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Xu J, Lu W. FAM83A exerts tumor‑suppressive roles in cervical cancer by regulating integrins. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:509-521. [PMID: 32626940 PMCID: PMC7307588 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Family with sequence similarity 83 member A (FAM83A) has been recently observed to be upregulated in various types of cancer and hypothesized to be serve as an oncogene. The present study aimed to determine the functional roles and the underlying molecular mechanism of FAM83A in cervical cancer. The results demonstrated that although FAM83A expression was increased in cervical cancer compared with normal tissues, the expression levels of FAM83A were decreased in patients with advanced FIGO stage, deep stromal invasion, poor differentiation and/or lymph node metastasis and negatively associated with short survival time of patients with cervical cancer. FAM83A knockdown promoted cell proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of CaSki and HeLa cells. A mouse xenograft model demonstrated that FAM83A knockdown promoted tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing results revealed that knockdown of FAM83A increased the transcription of genes mainly associated with oncogenesis-associated pathways. In addition, FAM83A knockdown increased the protein levels of α1, α3, α5, β4 and β5 integrins in vitro and in vivo, and the expression of FAM83A was also negatively associated with the levels of these proteins in human cervical cancer tissue samples. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that FAM83A may exert a tumor-suppressive role in cervical cancer by suppressing the expression of integrins, which may offer new insight into the biological basis of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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13
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Kalimutho M, Sinha D, Jeffery J, Nones K, Srihari S, Fernando WC, Duijf PH, Vennin C, Raninga P, Nanayakkara D, Mittal D, Saunus JM, Lakhani SR, López JA, Spring KJ, Timpson P, Gabrielli B, Waddell N, Khanna KK. CEP55 is a determinant of cell fate during perturbed mitosis in breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708566. [PMID: 30108112 PMCID: PMC6127888 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosomal protein, CEP55, is a key regulator of cytokinesis, and its overexpression is linked to genomic instability, a hallmark of cancer. However, the mechanism by which it mediates genomic instability remains elusive. Here, we showed that CEP55 overexpression/knockdown impacts survival of aneuploid cells. Loss of CEP55 sensitizes breast cancer cells to anti‐mitotic agents through premature CDK1/cyclin B activation and CDK1 caspase‐dependent mitotic cell death. Further, we showed that CEP55 is a downstream effector of the MEK1/2‐MYC axis. Blocking MEK1/2‐PLK1 signaling therefore reduced outgrowth of basal‐like syngeneic and human breast tumors in in vivo models. In conclusion, high CEP55 levels dictate cell fate during perturbed mitosis. Forced mitotic cell death by blocking MEK1/2‐PLK1 represents a potential therapeutic strategy for MYC‐CEP55‐dependent basal‐like, triple‐negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Kalimutho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia .,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
| | - Debottam Sinha
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
| | - Jessie Jeffery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Katia Nones
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Pascal Hg Duijf
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Prahlad Raninga
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | | | - Deepak Mittal
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Jodi M Saunus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia.,Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - J Alejandro López
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia.,School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
| | - Kevin J Spring
- Liverpool Clinical School, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Gabrielli
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Nicola Waddell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
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14
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de Cárcer G, Venkateswaran SV, Salgueiro L, El Bakkali A, Somogyi K, Rowald K, Montañés P, Sanclemente M, Escobar B, de Martino A, McGranahan N, Malumbres M, Sotillo R. Plk1 overexpression induces chromosomal instability and suppresses tumor development. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3012. [PMID: 30069007 PMCID: PMC6070485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is overexpressed in a wide spectrum of human tumors, being frequently considered as an oncogene and an attractive cancer target. However, its contribution to tumor development is unclear. Using a new inducible knock-in mouse model we report here that Plk1 overexpression results in abnormal chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, generating polyploid cells with reduced proliferative potential. Mechanistically, these cytokinesis defects correlate with defective loading of Cep55 and ESCRT complexes to the abscission bridge, in a Plk1 kinase-dependent manner. In vivo, Plk1 overexpression prevents the development of Kras-induced and Her2-induced mammary gland tumors, in the presence of increased rates of chromosome instability. In patients, Plk1 overexpression correlates with improved survival in specific breast cancer subtypes. Therefore, despite the therapeutic benefits of inhibiting Plk1 due to its essential role in tumor cell cycles, Plk1 overexpression has tumor-suppressive properties by perturbing mitotic progression and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sharavan Vishaan Venkateswaran
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorena Salgueiro
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aicha El Bakkali
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kalman Somogyi
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konstantina Rowald
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Montañés
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Sanclemente
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Escobar
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba de Martino
- Histopathology Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Center of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Pereira SS, Monteiro MP, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A, Pignatelli D. MECHANISMS OF ENDOCRINOLOGY: Cell cycle regulation in adrenocortical carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:R95-R110. [PMID: 29773584 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) are rather rare endocrine tumors that often have a poor prognosis. The reduced survival rate associated with these tumors is due to their aggressive biological behavior, combined with the scarcity of effective treatment options that are currently available. The recent identification of the genomic alterations present in ACC have provided further molecular mechanisms to develop consistent strategies for the diagnosis, prevention of progression and treatment of advanced ACCs. Taken together, molecular and genomic advances could be leading the way to develop personalized medicine in ACCs similarly to similar developments in lung or breast cancers. In this review, we focused our attention to systematically compile and summarize the alterations in the cell cycle regulation that were described so far in ACC as they are known to play a crucial role in cell differentiation and growth. We have divided the analysis according to the major transition phases of the cell cycle, G1 to S and G2 to M. We have analyzed the most extensively studied checkpoints: the p53/Rb1 pathway, CDC2/cyclin B and topoisomerases (TOPs). We reached the conclusion that the most important alterations having a potential application in clinical practice are the ones related to p53/Rb1 and TOP 2. We also present a brief description of on-going clinical trials based on molecular alterations in ACC. The drugs have targeted the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, TOP 2, polo-like kinase1, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p53 reactivation and CDC25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia S Pereira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS/UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS/UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Bourdeau
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - André Lacroix
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Duarte Pignatelli
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Combination of PI3K/Akt Pathway Inhibition and Plk1 Depletion Can Enhance Chemosensitivity to Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:852-863. [PMID: 29753186 PMCID: PMC6052177 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic cancer (PC) remains pessimistic because of the difficulty in early diagnosis as well as the little advance in chemotherapy. Although being the first-line chemotherapy drug for PC at present, gemcitabine still has some disadvantages, such as low drug sensitivity and significant side effects. Thus, how to further improve the sensitivity of PC cells to gemcitabine is still a difficult subject in the field of pancreatic cancer-treatment. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is closely related to poor outcome in many malignant tumors and its high expression is linked to chemoresistance in PC. As a downstream gene activated by PI3K/Akt signal pathway, we assumed that the targeted depletion of Plk1 could contribute to the chemosensitization induced by synergistic drug interaction of PI3K inhibitor LY294002 together with gemcitabine. To analyze effect of Plk1 in chemotherapy, we constructed two recombinant adenoviral vectors which carry enhanced green fluorescent protein (rAd-EGFP) and Plk1-shRNA (rAd-shPlk1), respectively. Both inhibition of PI3K/Akt signal pathway through PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and targeted depletion of Plk1 via recombinant adenoviral shRNA can cause chemosensitization, and the targeted depletion of Plk1 can enhance the chemosensitization of LY294002. Thus, the gene therapy like targeted depletion of Plk1 may create new perspectives for chemosensitization of PC.
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17
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Li M, Sun Q, Wang X. Transcriptional landscape of human cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:34534-34551. [PMID: 28427185 PMCID: PMC5470989 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The homogeneity and heterogeneity in somatic mutations, copy number alterations and methylation across different cancer types have been extensively explored. However, the related exploration based on transcriptome data is lacking. In this study we explored gene expression profiles across 33 human cancer types using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. We identified consistently upregulated genes (such as E2F1, EZH2, FOXM1, MYBL2, PLK1, TTK, AURKA/B and BUB1) and consistently downregulated genes (such as SCARA5, MYOM1, NKAPL, PEG3, USP2, SLC5A7 and HMGCLL1) across various cancers. The dysregulation of these genes is likely to be associated with poor clinical outcomes in cancer. The dysregulated pathways commonly in cancers include cell cycle, DNA replication, repair, and recombination, Notch signaling, p53 signaling, Wnt signaling, TGFβ signaling, immune response etc. We also identified genes consistently upregulated or downregulated in highly-advanced cancers compared to lowly-advanced cancers. The highly (low) expressed genes in highly-advanced cancers are likely to have higher (lower) expression levels in cancers than in normal tissue, indicating that common gene expression perturbations drive cancer initiation and cancer progression. In addition, we identified a substantial number of genes exclusively dysregulated in a single cancer type or inconsistently dysregulated in different cancer types, demonstrating the intertumor heterogeneity. More importantly, we found a number of genes commonly dysregulated in various cancers such as PLP1, MYOM1, NKAPL and USP2 which were investigated in few cancer related studies, and thus represent our novel findings. Our study provides comprehensive portraits of transcriptional landscape of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qingrong Sun
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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18
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Baldini E, Sorrenti S, Tartaglia F, Catania A, Palmieri A, Pironi D, Filippini A, Ulisse S. New perspectives in the diagnosis of thyroid follicular lesions. Int J Surg 2018; 41 Suppl 1:S7-S12. [PMID: 28506417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are very common, affecting 19%-67% of the adult population. However, about 10% of them harbor a malignant lesion. Consequently, the first aim in their clinical evaluation is to exclude malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) represents the main diagnostic tool for the evaluation of thyroid nodules. However, FNAC has a main diagnostic limit, namely cellular atypias of indeterminate significance, which require surgical excision and histological examination to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Histology reports show that approximately 80% of these patients harbor a benign lesion. Therefore, in order to reduce unnecessary thyroidectomy, over the last years, the cytological classification of thyroid nodules has been revised and a number of new instrumental and molecular approaches have been proposed. In the present article, we will attempt to summarize the most recent cytological, molecular and echographic strategies to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative thyroid follicular lesions. In particular, we will discuss the new cytological classifications from the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC), the British Thyroid Association-Royal College of Pathologists (PTA-RCPath) and the new Italian Society for Anatomic Pathology and Cytology (SIAPEC 2014. We will review molecular tests evaluated to ameliorate follicular lesion diagnosis as well as the clinical utility of the new echographic Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Palmieri
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Filippini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
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19
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Shin CH, Lee H, Kim HR, Choi KH, Joung JG, Kim HH. Regulation of PLK1 through competition between hnRNPK, miR-149-3p and miR-193b-5p. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1861-1871. [PMID: 28708135 PMCID: PMC5635212 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a critical regulator of cell cycle progression and apoptosis. However, its regulation remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the post-transcriptional regulation of PLK1. We observed that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) and PLK1 were positively associated in several different cancers and high expression levels of them correlated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Knockdown of hnRNPK resulted in reduced expression of PLK1, whereas conversely, PLK1 expression was increased in hnRNPK-overexpressing cells. We found that hnRNPK regulated PLK1 expression through KH1- and KH2-dependent interactions with the 3'UTR of PLK1 mRNA. In addition, microRNA-149-3p (miR-149-3p) and miR-193b-5p suppressed PLK1 expression by targeting the 3'UTR of PLK1 mRNA. MicroRNA-elicited enrichment of PLK1 mRNA in Ago2 immunoprecipitation was altered by the presence or absence of hnRNPK. Furthermore, the deletion of the cytosine (C)-rich sequences of the 3'UTR of PLK1 mRNA abolished the decreased PLK1 expression observed via hnRNPK silencing and administration of miRNAs, a finding that suggests that hnRNPK shares this C-rich motif with miR-149-3p and miR-193b-5p. We also found that downregulation of PLK1 by either silencing hnRNPK or overexpression of miR-149-3p and miR-193b-5p decreased clonogenicity and induced apoptosis. Our findings from this study demonstrate that hnRNPK regulates PLK1 expression by competing with the PLK1-targeting miRNAs, miR-149-3p and miR-193b-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Shin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Ree Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Gun Joung
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ho Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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20
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The Emerging Role of Polo-Like Kinase 1 in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100131. [PMID: 28953239 PMCID: PMC5664070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. PLK1 is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, and its expression level often correlates with increased cellular proliferation and poor prognosis in cancer patients. It has been suggested that PLK1 controls cancer development through multiple mechanisms that include canonical regulation of mitosis and cytokinesis, modulation of DNA replication, and cell survival. However, emerging evidence suggests novel and previously unanticipated roles for PLK1 during tumor development. In this review, we will summarize the recent advancements in our understanding of the oncogenic functions of PLK1, with a focus on its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor invasion. We will further discuss the therapeutic potential of these functions.
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21
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Sorrenti S, Baldini E, Tartaglia F, Catania A, Arcieri S, Pironi D, Calò PG, Filippini A, Ulisse S. Nodular thyroid disease in the elderly: novel molecular approaches for the diagnosis of malignancy. Aging Clin Exp Res 2017; 29:7-13. [PMID: 27832468 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial thyroid cancers (TC) comprise two differentiated histotypes (DTC), the papillary (PTC) and the follicular (FTC) thyroid carcinomas which, following dedifferentiation, are assumed to give rise to the poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas and the rare, but highly aggressive and invariably fatal, anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Although thyroid cancer mortality has not been changed, its annual incidence has increased over the last two decades, mainly because of the improved ability to diagnose malignant transformation in small non-palpable thyroid nodules. Despite DTC patients have a favorable prognosis, aggressive disease is more frequently observed in the elderly showing a higher disease-specific mortality. Of relevance is the high prevalence of nodular thyroid disease in aged patients being higher than 90%, in women older than 60 year, and 60% in men older than 80 year. This implies a careful evaluation of thyroid nodules in this group of patients in order to exclude malignancy. In fact, despite the tremendous progress in the comprehension of the underlying molecular mechanisms deregulated in DTC progression, several aspects of their clinical management remain to be solved and novel diagnostic strategies are sorely needed. Here, we will attempt to review new molecular approaches, which are currently being exploited in order to ameliorate the diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
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22
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Pajtler KW, Sadowski N, Ackermann S, Althoff K, Schönbeck K, Batzke K, Schäfers S, Odersky A, Heukamp L, Astrahantseff K, Künkele A, Deubzer HE, Schramm A, Sprüssel A, Thor T, Lindner S, Eggert A, Fischer M, Schulte JH. The GSK461364 PLK1 inhibitor exhibits strong antitumoral activity in preclinical neuroblastoma models. Oncotarget 2017; 8:6730-6741. [PMID: 28036269 PMCID: PMC5351666 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes G2/M-phase transition, is expressed in elevated levels in high-risk neuroblastomas and correlates with unfavorable patient outcome. Recently, we and others have presented PLK1 as a potential drug target for neuroblastoma, and reported that the BI2536 PLK1 inhibitor showed antitumoral actvity in preclinical neuroblastoma models. Here we analyzed the effects of GSK461364, a competitive inhibitor for ATP binding to PLK1, on typical tumorigenic properties of preclinical in vitro and in vivo neuroblastoma models. GSK461364 treatment of neuroblastoma cell lines reduced cell viability and proliferative capacity, caused cell cycle arrest and massively induced apoptosis. These phenotypic consequences were induced by treatment in the low-dose nanomolar range, and were independent of MYCN copy number status. GSK461364 treatment strongly delayed established xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, and significantly increased survival time in the treatment group. These preclinical findings indicate PLK1 inhibitors may be effective for patients with high-risk or relapsed neuroblastomas with upregulated PLK1 and might be considered for entry into early phase clinical trials in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian W Pajtler
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Core Center Heidelberg), Germany
| | - Natalie Sadowski
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ackermann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Althoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schönbeck
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Batzke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Schäfers
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Odersky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heukamp
- NEO New Oncology, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Hematopathology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathy Astrahantseff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Hedwig E Deubzer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Schramm
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Annika Sprüssel
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Berlin), Germany
| | - Theresa Thor
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Essen), Germany
- Translational Neuro-Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Lindner
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children`s Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Berlin), Germany
| | - Matthias Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, University Children's Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes H Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK Berlin), Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Liu Z, Sun Q, Wang X. PLK1, A Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Transl Oncol 2016; 10:22-32. [PMID: 27888710 PMCID: PMC5124362 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays an important role in the initiation, maintenance, and completion of mitosis. Dysfunction of PLK1 may promote cancerous transformation and drive its progression. PLK1 overexpression has been found in a variety of human cancers and was associated with poor prognoses in cancers. Many studies have showed that inhibition of PLK1 could lead to death of cancer cells by interfering with multiple stages of mitosis. Thus, PLK1 is expected to be a potential target for cancer therapy. In this article, we examined PLK1’s structural characteristics, its regulatory roles in cell mitosis, PLK1 expression, and its association with survival prognoses of cancer patients in a wide variety of cancer types, PLK1 interaction networks, and PLK1 inhibitors under investigation. Finally, we discussed the key issues in the development of PLK1-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qingrong Sun
- School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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24
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Cristóbal I, Rojo F, Madoz-Gúrpide J, García-Foncillas J. Cross Talk between Wnt/β-Catenin and CIP2A/Plk1 Signaling in Prostate Cancer: Promising Therapeutic Implications. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1734-9. [PMID: 27090640 PMCID: PMC4907099 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00130-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) overexpression represent two common events in prostate cancer with relevant functional implications. This minireview analyzes their potential therapeutic significance in prostate cancer based on their role as androgen receptor (AR) signaling regulators and the pivotal role of the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) modulating these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Cristóbal
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Pathology Department, IIS Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
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Zhang Z, Zhang G, Kong C. FOXM1 participates in PLK1-regulated cell cycle progression in renal cell cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2685-2691. [PMID: 27073539 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of entry into and progression through mitosis is important for cell proliferation. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is involved in multiple stages of mitosis. Forkhead box protein M1 (FOXM1) has multiple functions in tumorigenesis and, in elevated levels, is frequently associated with cancer progression. The present study reports that FOXM1, a substrate of PLK1, controls the transcription mechanism that mediates the PLK1-dependent regulation of the cell cycle. The present study investigated the expression of PLK1 and FOXM1 in the clear renal cell carcinoma 769-P and ACHN cell lines, and indicated that the expression of PLK1 and FOXM1 are correlated in human renal cell cancer cell lines and that the suppression of PLK1 may decrease the expression of FOXM1. The knockdown of FOXM1 or PLK1 in renal cell cancer cell lines caused cell cycle progression to be blocked. As a result, the present study indicated the involvement of FOXM1 in PLK1-regulated cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Chuize Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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26
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Hascoet P, Chesnel F, Le Goff C, Le Goff X, Arlot-Bonnemains Y. Unconventional Functions of Mitotic Kinases in Kidney Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2015; 5:241. [PMID: 26579493 PMCID: PMC4621426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumors exhibit a variety of genetic alterations, including point mutations, translocations, gene amplifications and deletions, as well as aneuploid chromosome numbers. For carcinomas, aneuploidy is associated with poor patient outcome for a large variety of tumor types, including breast, colon, and renal cell carcinoma. The Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous carcinoma consisting of different histologic types. The clear renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype and represents 85% of the RCC. Central to the biology of the ccRCC is the loss of function of the Von Hippel–Lindau gene, but is also associated with genetic instability that could be caused by abrogation of the cell cycle mitotic spindle checkpoint and may involve the Aurora kinases, which regulate centrosome maturation. Aneuploidy can also result from the loss of cell–cell adhesion and apical–basal cell polarity that also may be regulated by the mitotic kinases (polo-like kinase 1, casein kinase 2, doublecortin-like kinase 1, and Aurora kinases). In this review, we describe the “non-mitotic” unconventional functions of these kinases in renal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hascoet
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
| | - Franck Chesnel
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
| | - Cathy Le Goff
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
| | - Xavier Le Goff
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
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27
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Singh L, Pushker N, Sen S, Singh MK, Chauhan FA, Kashyap S. Prognostic significance of polo-like kinases in retinoblastoma: correlation with patient outcome, clinical and histopathological parameters. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 43:550-7. [PMID: 25754767 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma is evolving, but it is still a therapeutic challenge for pediatric oncologists. Polo-like kinases (PLKs) plays an important role in cell cycle events. They play a crucial role in cell proliferation which may lead to tumour formation. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of PLK1 and PLK3 proteins in human retinoblastoma tissues. DESIGN Non-randomized, prospective study was performed in the Dr R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. PARTICIPANTS This study included 74 primary enucleated retinoblastoma tissues. METHODS Expression of PLK1 and PLK3 protein were assessed in primary enucleated retinoblastoma tissues by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Expression of PLK1 and PLK3 protein were correlated with clinical and histopathological parameters, tumour staging and overall survival of patients. RESULTS Immunohistochemical results revealed expression of PLK1 in 47/74 (63.51%) cases and PLK3 in 31/74 (41.89%) cases. Western blotting confirmed the immunoreactivity results. Expression of PLK1 showed correlation with poor differentiation and tumour invasion. In addition, PLK1 was statistically significant with massive choroidal invasion, whereas PLK3 did not correlate with any of the clinical or histopathological parameters. There was no statistical correlation in the overall survival of patients with PLK1 and PLK3 expression. CONCLUSIONS PLK1 expression was associated with poor tumour differentiation and histopathological high-risk factors. These proteins may be involved in tumorigenesis and progression of disease. These results suggest that PLK1 may act as a potential therapeutic target and a promising marker for developing potent small molecule inhibitors of PLK isoforms in retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lata Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neelam Pushker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Sen
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mithalesh K Singh
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Feeroj A Chauhan
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kashyap
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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28
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Tut TG, Lim SHS, Dissanayake IU, Descallar J, Chua W, Ng W, de Souza P, Shin JS, Lee CS. Upregulated Polo-Like Kinase 1 Expression Correlates with Inferior Survival Outcomes in Rectal Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129313. [PMID: 26047016 PMCID: PMC4457812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) expression has been associated with inferior outcomes in colorectal cancer. Our aims were to analyse PLK1 in rectal cancer, and its association with clinicopathological variables, overall survival as well as tumour regression to neoadjuvant treatment. METHODS PLK1 expression was quantified with immunohistochemistry in the centre and periphery (invasive front) of rectal cancers, as well as in the involved regional lymph nodes from 286 patients. Scores were based on staining intensity and percentage of positive cells, multiplied to give weighted scores from 1-12, dichotomised into low (0-5) or high (6-12). RESULTS PLK1 scores in the tumour periphery were significantly different to adjacent normal mucosa. Survival analysis revealed that low PLK1 score in the tumour periphery had a hazard ratio of death of 0.59 in multivariate analysis. Other predictors of survival included age, tumour depth, metastatic status, vascular and perineural invasion and adjuvant chemotherapy. There was no statistically significant correlation between PLK1 score and histological tumour regression in the neoadjuvant cohort. CONCLUSION Low PLK1 score was an independent predictor of superior overall survival, adjusting for multiple clinicopathological variables including treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. G. Tut
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - S. H. S. Lim
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - I. U. Dissanayake
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - J. Descallar
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - W. Chua
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - W. Ng
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - P. de Souza
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - J-S. Shin
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
| | - C. S. Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales 2170, Australia
- Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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29
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Huang B, Shang ZF, Li B, Wang Y, Liu XD, Zhang SM, Guan H, Rang WQ, Hu JA, Zhou PK. DNA-PKcs associates with PLK1 and is involved in proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1077-88. [PMID: 24166892 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate mitotic regulation is as important as intrinsic DNA repair for maintaining genomic stability. It is believed that these two cellular mechanisms are interconnected with DNA damage. DNA-PKcs is a critical component of the non-homologous end-joining pathway of DNA double-stranded break repair, and it was recently discovered to be involved in mitotic processing. However, the underlying mechanism of DNA-PKcs action in mitotic control is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that depletion of DNA-PKcs led to the dysregulation of mitotic progression in response to DNA damage, which eventually resulted in multiple failures, including failure to segregate sister chromatids and failure to complete cytokinesis, with daughter cells becoming fused again. The depletion of DNA-PKcs resulted in a notable failure of cytokinesis, with a high incidence of multinucleated cells. There were also cytoplasmic bridges containing DNA that continuously connected the daughter cells after DNA damage was induced. Phosphorylated DNA-PKcs (T2609) colocalizes with PLK1 throughout mitosis, including at the centrosomes from prophase to anaphase and at the kinetochores from prometaphase to metaphase, with accumulation at the midbody during cytokinesis. Importantly, DNA-PKcs was found to associate with PLK1 in the mitotic phase, and the depletion of DNA-PKcs resulted in the overexpression of PLK1 due to increased protein stability. However, deficiency in DNA-PKcs attenuated the recruitment of phosphorylated PLK1 to the midbody but not to the kinetochores and centrosomes. Our results demonstrate the functional association of DNA-PKcs with PLK1, especially in chromosomal segregation and cytokinesis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- School of Public Heath, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410078, P.R. China; Department of Radiation Toxicology and Oncology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China; Institute for Environmental Medicine and Radiation Hygiene, The College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, 421000, P.R. China
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30
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Baldini E, Sorrenti S, Tuccilli C, Prinzi N, Coccaro C, Catania A, Filippini A, Bononi M, De Antoni E, D'Armiento M, Ulisse S. Emerging molecular markers for the prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. Int J Surg 2014; 12 Suppl 1:S52-6. [PMID: 24862669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial thyroid cancers are represented by the differentiated papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas which, following dedifferentiation, are thought to give rise to the highly aggressive and incurable anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. Although derived from the same cell type, the different thyroid tumors show specific histological features, biological behavior and degree of differentiation as a consequence of different genetic alterations. Over the last few years, our knowledge regarding the molecular alterations underlying thyroid cell malignant transformation and cancer progression has considerably increased; however, the prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer patients still relies on high-risk clinic-pathological variables. In particular, the actual staging systems provides only a rough prediction for cancer mortality and risk of recurrences, including in each risk group patients with highly different tumor-specific progression, disease-free interval and survival time. In order to improve DTC patient's risk stratification, both the European and the American Thyroid Associations proposed practical guidelines to integrate the actual staging systems with additional clinical features such as the tumor histological variant, the results of post-ablative whole body scan and the serum thyroglobulin levels. Despite that, patients within the same risk group still show a very heterogeneous behavior in terms of disease-free interval. As a consequence, the identification of new prognostic molecular biomarkers able to testify tumor aggressiveness is highly required. Here we'll review recently characterized new molecular markers potentially able to ameliorate the prognosis in DTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enke Baldini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Tuccilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Coccaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Catania
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Filippini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bononi
- Department of Surgery "Pietro Valdoni", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Antoni
- Department of Surgical Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimino D'Armiento
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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31
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Iyer RS, Nicol SM, Quinlan PR, Thompson AM, Meek DW, Fuller-Pace FV. The RNA helicase/transcriptional co-regulator, p68 (DDX5), stimulates expression of oncogenic protein kinase, Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1), and is associated with elevated PLK1 levels in human breast cancers. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1413-23. [PMID: 24626184 PMCID: PMC4050139 DOI: 10.4161/cc.28415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p68 (DDX5) acts both as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase and as a transcriptional co-activator of several cancer-associated transcription factors, including the p53 tumor suppressor. p68 is aberrantly expressed in a high proportion of cancers, but the oncogenic drive for, or the consequences of, these expression changes remain unclear. Here we show that elevated p68 expression in a cohort of human breast cancers is associated significantly with elevated levels of the oncogenic protein kinase, Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1). Patients expressing detectable levels of both p68 and PLK1 have a poor prognosis, but only if they also have mutation in the TP53 gene (encoding p53), suggesting that p68 can regulate PLK1 levels in a manner that is suppressed by p53. In support of this hypothesis, we show that p68 stimulates expression from the PLK1 promoter, and that silencing of endogenous p68 expression downregulates endogenous PLK1 gene expression. In the absence of functional p53, p68 stimulates the expression of PLK1 both at basal levels and in response to the clinically relevant drug, etoposide. In keeping with a role as a transcriptional activator/co-activator, chromatin immuno-precipitation analysis shows that p68 is associated with the PLK1 promoter, irrespective of the p53 status. However, its recruitment is stimulated by etoposide in cells lacking p53, suggesting that p53 can oppose association of p68 with the PLK1 promoter. These data provide a model in which p68 and p53 interplay regulates PLK1 expression, and which describes the behavior of these molecules, and the outcome of their interaction, in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip R Quinlan
- Division of Cancer Research; University of Dundee; Ninewells Hospital & Medical School; Dundee, UK
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32
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a well-established mitotic regulator with a diverse range of biologic functions continually being identified throughout the cell cycle. Preclinical evidence suggests that the molecular targeting of Plk1 could be an effective therapeutic strategy in a wide range of cancers; however, that success has yet to be translated to the clinical level. The lack of clinical success has raised the question of whether there is a true oncogenic addiction to Plk1 or if its overexpression in tumors is solely an artifact of increased cellular proliferation. In this review, we address the role of Plk1 in carcinogenesis by discussing the cell cycle and DNA damage response with respect to their associations with classic oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways that contribute to the transcriptional regulation of Plk1. A thorough examination of the available literature suggests that Plk1 activity can be dysregulated through key transformative pathways, including both p53 and pRb. On the basis of the available literature, it may be somewhat premature to draw a definitive conclusion on the role of Plk1 in carcinogenesis. However, evidence supports the notion that oncogene dependence on Plk1 is not a late occurrence in carcinogenesis and it is likely that Plk1 plays an active role in carcinogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Cholewa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital, Madison, WI
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33
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Kim HJ, Cho JH, Kim JR. Downregulation of Polo-like kinase 1 induces cellular senescence in human primary cells through a p53-dependent pathway. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 68:1145-56. [PMID: 23525475 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) plays a key role in various stages of mitosis from entry into M phase to exit from mitosis. However, its role in cellular senescence remains to be determined. Therefore, the effects of PLK1 on cellular senescence in human primary cells were investigated. We found that expression of PLK1 decreased in human dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells under replicative senescence and premature senescence induced by adriamycin. PLK1 knockdown with PLK1 small interfering RNAs in young cells induced premature senescence. In contrast, upregulation of PLK1 in old cells partially reversed senescence phenotypes. Cellular senescence by PLK1 inhibition was observed in p16 knockdown cells but not in p53 knockdown cells. Our data suggest that PLK1 repression might result in cellular senescence in human primary cells via a p53-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Kim
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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Zhao XY, Nie CL, Liang SF, Yuan Z, Deng HX, Wei YQ. Enhanced gemcitabine-mediated cell killing of human lung adenocarcinoma by vector-based RNA interference against PLK1. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:597-602. [PMID: 23153503 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific PLK1 silencing may be an effective gene therapy modality of treating PLK1-overexpressed cancers. In this study, we first explored the anticancer efficacy of three different short hairpin-expressing plasmids targeting PLK1 in animal model, and then determined the combination therapy effect of gemcitabine with PLK1-shRNA as an adjuvant. Transfection of the PLK1-shRNAs to A549 lung cancer cells induced significant PLK1 depletion, growth inhibition and apoptosis. In vivo administration of PLK1-shRNA constructs to tumor-bearing mice resulted in xenograft regression. Moreover, the combination of PLK1-shRNA plus low-dose gemcitabine (GEM) produced an additive antitumor activity on the lung tumors owing to an inhibition of cancer cell survival and augmented apoptosis. These results indicated a feasible bio-chemotherapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Cheng MW, Wang BC, Weng ZQ, Zhu XW. Clinicopathological significance of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) expression in human malignant glioma. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:503-9. [PMID: 22000864 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a variety of serine/threonine-protein kinase, has been reported to play important roles in malignant transformation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinicopathological significance of PLK1 expression in malignant glioma. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay was performed to detect the expression of PLK1 mRNA in 68 cases of glioma tissues and corresponding non-cancerous brain tissues. Additionally, the correlation of PLK1 mRNA expression with clinicopathological factors or prognosis of glioma patients was statistically analyzed. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Small interfering RNA was used to knockdown PLK1 expression in a glioma cell line and analyze the effects of PLK1 inhibition on growth, cell cycle, apoptosis and chemo- or radiosensitivity of glioma cells. Results showed that the expression of PLK1 mRNA was significantly higher in glioma tissues than in corresponding normal brain tissues. The expression of PLK1 mRNA was closely correlated with WHO grade, KPS and tumor recurrence of glioma patients (P=0.022, 0.030 and 0.041, respectively). Meanwhile, the disease-free and overall survival rates of patients with high PLK1 mRNA expression were obviously lower than those of patients with low PLK1 mRNA expression. Multivariate analysis showed that high PLK1 mRNA expression was a poor prognostic factor for glioma patients (P=0.028). The expression of PLK1 mRNA and protein was significantly down-regulated in stably transfected U251-S cells. PLK1 down-regulation could inhibit growth, induce cell arrest in G2/M phase of cell cycle and apoptosis enhancement in glioma cells. Further, PLK1 down-regulation could enhance the sensitivity of glioma cells to cisplatin or irradiation. Thus, the status of PLK1 mRNA expression might be an independent prognostic factor for glioma patients and targeting PLK1 could be a novel strategy for chemo- or radiosensitization of human malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Wei Cheng
- Department of Internal Neurology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, China
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King SI, Purdie CA, Bray SE, Quinlan PR, Jordan LB, Thompson AM, Meek DW. Immunohistochemical detection of Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) in primary breast cancer is associated with TP53 mutation and poor clinical outcom. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R40. [PMID: 22405092 PMCID: PMC3446374 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) is a crucial driver of cell cycle progression and its down-regulation plays an important checkpoint role in response to DNA damage. Mechanistically, this is mediated by p53 which represses PLK1 expression through chromatin remodelling. Consistent with this model, cultured cells lacking p53 fail to repress PLK1 expression. This study examined PLK1 expression, p53 mutation and clinical outcome in breast cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to PLK1, MDM2 and Ki67 on Tissue Micro-Array (TMA) slides of a cohort of 215 primary breast cancers. The TP53 gene (encoding p53) was sequenced in all tumour samples. Protein expression scored using the "Quickscore" method was compared with clinical and pathological data, including survival. RESULTS Staining of PLK1 was observed in 11% of primary breast tumours and was significantly associated with the presence of TP53 mutation (P = 0.0063). Moreover, patients with both PLK1 expression and TP53 mutation showed a significantly worse survival than those with either PLK1 expression or TP53 mutation alone. There was also a close association of elevated PLK1 with triple negative tumours, considered to be poor prognosis breast cancers that generally harbour TP53 mutation. Further association was observed between elevated PLK1 levels and the major p53 negative regulator, MDM2. CONCLUSIONS The significant association between elevated PLK1 and TP53 mutation in women with breast cancer is consistent with escape from repression of PLK1 expression by mutant p53. Tumours expressing elevated PLK1, but lacking functional p53, may be potential targets for novel anti-PLK1-targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon I King
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Colin A Purdie
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Susan E Bray
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Philip R Quinlan
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lee B Jordan
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Alastair M Thompson
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David W Meek
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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Luo J, Liu X. Polo-like kinase 1, on the rise from cell cycle regulation to prostate cancer development. Protein Cell 2012; 3:182-97. [PMID: 22447658 PMCID: PMC4875424 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a well-characterized member of serine/threonine kinases Plk family, has been shown to play pivotal roles in mitosis and cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies suggest that Plk1 not only controls the process of mitosis and cytokinesis, but also, going beyond those previously described functions, plays critical roles in DNA replication and Pten null prostate cancer initiation. In this review, we briefly summarize the functions of Plk1 in mitosis and cytokinesis, and then mainly focus on newly discovered functions of Plk1 in DNA replication and in Pten-null prostate cancer initiation. Furthermore, we briefly introduce the architectures of human and mouse prostate glands and the possible roles of Plk1 in human prostate cancer development. And finally, the newly chemotherapeutic development of small-molecule Plk1 inhibitors to target Plk1 in cancer treatment and their translational studies are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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Duffey MO, Vos TJ, Adams R, Alley J, Anthony J, Barrett C, Bharathan I, Bowman D, Bump NJ, Chau R, Cullis C, Driscoll DL, Elder A, Forsyth N, Frazer J, Guo J, Guo L, Hyer ML, Janowick D, Kulkarni B, Lai SJ, Lasky K, Li G, Li J, Liao D, Little J, Peng B, Qian MG, Reynolds DJ, Rezaei M, Scott MP, Sells TB, Shinde V, Shi QJ, Sintchak MD, Soucy F, Sprott KT, Stroud SG, Nestor M, Visiers I, Weatherhead G, Ye Y, D'Amore N. Discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable benzolactam-derived inhibitor of Polo-like kinase 1 (MLN0905). J Med Chem 2012; 55:197-208. [PMID: 22070629 DOI: 10.1021/jm2011172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the discovery of a series of potent inhibitors of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Optimization of this benzolactam-derived chemical series produced an orally bioavailable inhibitor of PLK1 (12c, MLN0905). In vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic experiments demonstrated prolonged mitotic arrest after oral administration of 12c to tumor bearing nude mice. A subsequent efficacy study in nude mice achieved tumor growth inhibition or regression in a human colon tumor (HT29) xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew O Duffey
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.
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Burnett JC, Rossi JJ, Tiemann K. Current progress of siRNA/shRNA therapeutics in clinical trials. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:1130-46. [PMID: 21744502 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Through a mechanism known as RNA interference (RNAi), small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules can target complementary mRNA strands for degradation, thus specifically inhibiting gene expression. The ability of siRNAs to inhibit gene expression offers a mechanism that can be exploited for novel therapeutics. Indeed, over the past decade, at least 21 siRNA therapeutics have been developed for more than a dozen diseases, including various cancers, viruses, and genetic disorders. Like other biological drugs, RNAi-based therapeutics often require a delivery vehicle to transport them to the targeted cells. Thus, the clinical advancement of numerous siRNA drugs has relied on the development of siRNA carriers, including biodegradable nanoparticles, lipids, bacteria, and attenuated viruses. Most therapies permit systemic delivery of the siRNA drug, while others use ex vivo delivery by autologous cell therapy. Advancements in bioengineering and nanotechnology have led to improved control of delivery and release of some siRNA therapeutics. Likewise, progress in molecular biology has allowed for improved design of the siRNA molecules. Here, we provide an overview of siRNA therapeutics in clinical trials, including their clinical progress, the challenges they have encountered, and the future they hold in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Burnett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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McInnes C, Wyatt MD. PLK1 as an oncology target: current status and future potential. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:619-25. [PMID: 21601650 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Polo-like kinases (PLKs) have been investigated as oncology targets for several years; however, only recently have potent inhibitors been described. Here, we report on progress in the clinical validation of the PLKs as antitumor drug targets as well as recent understanding gained regarding their synergistic roles in the context of other molecular defects occurring in tumors. Also relevant to the development of PLK inhibitors as therapeutics are the putative roles of other members of this family as tumor suppressors. The resulting potential drawbacks of non-isoform selective compounds are presented. As an alternative approach to achieving PLK1 specificity, we discuss prospects for developing small molecule inhibitors of the crucial regulatory and subcellular targeting domain containing the Polo-boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell McInnes
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has multiple functions throughout mitosis. Plk1 levels are high in a number of cancers and haematological malignancies while being low in most differentiated tissues. OBJECTIVES To assess the immunoreactivity of Plk1 in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) as a potential therapeutic target, to differentiate Plk1 levels among lesion types and to compare the detection level of Plk1 in fresh frozen (f) vs. paraffin-embedded (p) tissue. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of CTCL skin lesions with anti-Plk1 antibody was performed in a total of 65 biopsies from 49 patients with CTCL. Both f and p tissue was available for comparison in 46 biopsies. RESULTS Tumour-stage CTCL lesions displayed significantly more Plk1 (mean f 7·7%, p 8·8%) than patch (mean f 0·7%, p 2·0%) and plaque-stage lesions (mean f 1·1%, p 2·0%) (P < 0·05). Plk1 ranged from 0% to 18% in f and 0% to 24% in p samples. p tissue revealed a higher mean Plk1 detection rate of 4·4% compared with 2·9% in f tissue with no statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in CTCL, Plk1 is increased mainly in advanced lesions. Several Plk1 inhibitors have already shown promising results in preclinical and clinical phase I and II trials for different types of cancers with low adverse effects. Immunohistochemical detection of high Plk1 levels in patients with CTCL could help select individuals who might benefit from treatment with small molecule Plk1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stutz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Chopra P, Sethi G, Dastidar SG, Ray A. Polo-like kinase inhibitors: an emerging opportunity for cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:27-43. [PMID: 20001553 DOI: 10.1517/13543780903483191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The Polo-like kinase (Plk) family has emerged as an important regulator in cell cycle progression. Plks belong to a family of serine/threonine kinases and exist in four isoforms Plk1- 4. However, only one of these isoforms, Plk1, is shown to be involved in the activation of Cdc2, chromosome segregation, centrosome maturation, bipolar spindle formation and execution of cytokinesis. The activity of Plk1 is elevated in tissues and cells with a high mitotic index. In patients, Plk1 is overexpressed in tumors including those derived from lung, breast, colon, pancreas, prostate and ovary. Plk1 depletion is associated with the decrease in cell viability and induction of apoptosis in various cancerous cells. Several Plk1 inhibitors are in different phases of clinical development for anticancer therapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The focus of present review is to highlight Plk1 as a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. The review discusses the role of Plk1 in cancer and the current status of Plk1 inhibitors, as well as highlighting the possible beneficial effect of inhibition of Plk1 as compared to other mitotic targets. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will get a comprehensive overview of Plk1 as a novel anticancer drug target. This review will also update readers about the progress made in the field of Plk1 inhibitors. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The current literature about Plk1 inhibitors and knockout studies favor Plk1 inhibition as a potential antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Chopra
- New Drug Discovery Research, Department of Pharmacology, Ranbaxy Research Laboratories, Gurgaon-122001-Haryana, India.
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Schmit TL, Zhong W, Setaluri V, Spiegelman VS, Ahmad N. Targeted depletion of Polo-like kinase (Plk) 1 through lentiviral shRNA or a small-molecule inhibitor causes mitotic catastrophe and induction of apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2843-53. [PMID: 19554017 PMCID: PMC2799787 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, one of the most lethal forms of skin cancer, remains resistant to currently available treatments. Therefore, additional target-based approaches are needed for the management of this neoplasm. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) has been shown to be a crucial regulator of mitotic entry, progression, and exit. Elevated Plk1 level has been associated with aggressiveness of several cancer types and with poor disease prognosis. However, the role of Plk1 in melanoma is not well established. Here, we show that Plk1 is overexpressed in both clinical tissue specimens and cultured human melanoma cells (WM115, A375, and HS294T) when compared with normal skin tissues and cultured normal melanocytes, respectively. Furthermore, Plk1 gene knockdown through Plk1-specific shRNA or its activity inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor resulted in a significant decrease in the viability and growth of melanoma cells without affecting normal human melanocytes. In addition, Plk1 inhibition resulted in a significant (i) decrease in clonogenic survival, (ii) multiple mitotic errors, (iii) G(2)/M cell-cycle arrest, and (iv) apoptosis of melanoma cells. This study suggests that Plk1 may have a functional relevance toward melanoma development and/or progression. We suggest that the targeting of Plk1 may be a viable approach for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L. Schmit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Vladimir S. Spiegelman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Lu H, Lou DH, Zhu LL. Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction study of polo-like kinase-1 in pterygia. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:1851-8. [PMID: 20146883 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the expression of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) mRNA in 16 pterygia and 13 normal conjunctival tissue specimens using real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as the housekeeping gene. The difference in threshold cycle value (DeltaC(t)) was derived for PLK1 and GAPDH for each sample assayed, and the difference between the paired samples (DeltaDeltaC(t)) was calculated. The mean +/- SD DeltaC(t) of PLK1 mRNA was 9.56 +/- 1.30 in pterygia compared with 10.71 +/- 1.39 in normal conjunctiva. The expression of PLK1 mRNA in pterygium was 2.08 - 2.36 times that in normal conjunctiva; this difference was statistically significant. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis appears to be effective and sensitive when determining the level of PLK1 mRNA expression. Using this method, it was demonstrated that PLK1 mRNA is over-expressed in pterygia, indicating a probable role for PLK1 in their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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He ZL, Zheng H, Lin H, Miao XY, Zhong DW. Overexpression of polo-like kinase1 predicts a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4177-82. [PMID: 19725153 PMCID: PMC2738815 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To elucidate the role of overexpressed polo-like kinase1 (PLK1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We prospectively collected clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) data from 135 HCC patients undergoing successful hepatectomy. The correlations between PLK1 mRNA expression and clinicopathologic variables were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Immunohistochemical results showed overexpression of PLK1 was mainly found in tumor tissues compared with tumor-free tissue. A similar mRNA result was obtained by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. A total of 111 samples were positive for PLK1 mRNA expression. The positive expression was correlated with venous invasion, tumor nodules and Edmondson grade. Furthermore, 1, 3, 5-year survival rates in the positive expression group were significantly lower than the negative control group. Multivariate analysis showed that positive PLK1 expression was an independent risk factor for HCC. CONCLUSION PLK1 could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis and therapy for HCC.
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Lu LY, Yu X. The balance of Polo-like kinase 1 in tumorigenesis. Cell Div 2009; 4:4. [PMID: 19161615 PMCID: PMC2642809 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) belongs to a family of conserved serine/threonine kinases with a polo-box domain, which have similar but non-overlapping functions in the cell cycle progression. Plk1 plays a key role to ensure the normal mitosis. Interestingly, overexpression of Plk1 is associated with tumor development and could serve as a prognostic marker for many cancers. Due to Plk1 overexpression, several Plk1 inhibitors have been developed and tested for the cancer treatment. However, in a recent study, it has been suggested that down-regulation of Plk1 could also induce aneuploidy and tumor formation in vivo. Therefore, a normal level of Plk1 is important for mitosis. And caution should be taken when Plk1 inhibitors are used in the clinical trial and their side effects including tumorigenesis should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yu Lu
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, BSRB 1520, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA.
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Liu L, Zhang M, Zou P. Expression of PLK1 and survivin in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with CHOP. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:371-5. [PMID: 18298903 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study was designed to investigate the expression of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and survivin in non-Hodgkinos lymphoma (NHL). METHODS The expression of PLK1 and survivin were detected with immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS The expression rate of PLK1 and survivin were 63.6% (56/88) and 79.5% (70/88) in NHL, respectively. PLK1 expression correlated with systemic symptoms, lactate dehydrogenase levels, and international prognostic index scores in B-NHL and T-NHL, while survivin did not. CONCLUSION PLK1 and survivin are both overexpressed in NHL. There is a significant relationship between the overexpression of PLK1 and clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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48
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Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) belongs to a conservative family of serine/threonine kinase and plays an important role in the process of cell cycle. Survivin is a member of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. We investigated the expression of PLK1 and survivin with immunohistochemical techniques in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and assessed their significance as a potent new tumor marker. The expression rate of PLK1 and survivin were 66.7% (26/39) and 82.1% (32/39), respectively. PLK1 expression correlated with systemic symptom, LDH level, IPI scores and therapeutic effect in DLBCL, while survivin did not. PLK1 expression correlated with shortened event-free survival (EFS) using the Log-rank test in DLBCL, but survivin did not. Cox regression analysis identified the independent prognostic significance for PLK1. The results suggest that there is a significant relationship between over expression of PLK1, the clinical features and survival time. Compared with survivin, PLK1 seems to be a better independent prognostic factor for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Sheils O. Molecular classification and biomarker discovery in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2007; 5:927-46. [PMID: 16255634 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.6.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy, with an incidence of approximately 22,000 cases in 2004 in the USA. Incidence is increasing, with a global estimate of half a million new cases this year. PTC is found in a variety of morphologic variants, usually grows slowly and is clinically indolent, although rare, aggressive forms with local invasion or distant metastases can occur. In recent years, thyroid cancer has been at the forefront of molecular pathology as a result of the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster and the recognition of the role of Ret/PTC rearrangements in PTC. Nonetheless, the molecular pathogenesis of this disease remains poorly characterized. In the clinical setting, benign thyroid nodules are far more frequent, and distinguishing between them and malignant nodules is a common diagnostic problem. It is estimated that 5-10% of people will develop a clinically significant thyroid nodule during their lifetime. Although the introduction of fine-needle aspiration has made PTC identification more reliable, clinicians often have to make decisions regarding patient care on the basis of equivocal information. Thus, the existing diagnostic tools available to distinguish benign from malignant neoplasms are not always reliable. This article will critically evaluate recently described putative biomarkers and their potential future role for diagnostic purposes in fine-needle aspiration cytology samples. It will highlight the evolution of our understanding of the molecular biology of PTC, from a narrow focus on specific molecular lesions such as Ret/PTC rearrangements to a pan-genomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Garland LL, Taylor C, Pilkington DL, Cohen JL, Von Hoff DD. A phase I pharmacokinetic study of HMN-214, a novel oral stilbene derivative with polo-like kinase-1-interacting properties, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5182-9. [PMID: 16951237 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE HMN-214 is an oral prodrug of HMN-176, a stilbene derivative that interferes with the subcellular spatial location of polo-like kinase-1, a serine/threonine kinase that regulates critical mitotic events. We conducted a dose escalation study of HMN-214 in patients with advanced cancer to assess the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of HMN-214 and to establish the maximum tolerated dose. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Thirty-three patients were enrolled onto four dosing cohorts of HMN-214 from 3 to 9.9 mg/m2/d using a continuous 21-day dosing schedule every 28 days, with pharmacokinetic sampling during cycle 1. RESULTS A severe myalgia/bone pain syndrome and hyperglycemia were dose-limiting toxicities at 9.9 mg/m2/d. A dose reduction and separate enrollment by pretreatment status (lightly versus heavily pretreated) was undertaken, with one dose-limiting toxicity (grade 3 bone pain) at 8 mg/m2/d. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 8 mg/m2/d for both treatment cohorts. Dose-proportional increases were observed in AUC but not Cmax. There was no accumulation of HMN-176, the metabolite of HMN-214, with repeated dosing. Seven of 29 patients had stable disease as best tumor response, including 6-month stable disease in a heavily pretreated breast cancer patient. A transient decline in carcinoembryonic antigen in a patient with colorectal cancer was noted. CONCLUSIONS The maximum tolerated dose and recommended phase II dose of HMN-214 when administered on this schedule was 8 mg/m2/d regardless of pretreatment status. Further development of HMN-214 will focus on patient populations for which high expression of polo-like kinase-1 is seen (i.e., prostate and pancreatic cancer patients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Garland
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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