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Scott JS, Li A, Wardill HR. Role of mucositis in predicting gut microbiota composition in people with cancer. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2024; 18:73-77. [PMID: 38652454 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disruption of the precious ecosystem of micro-organisms that reside in the gut - the gut microbiota - is rapidly emerging as a key driver of the adverse side effects/toxicities caused by numerous anti-cancer agents. Although the contribution of the gut microbiota to these toxicities is understood with ever increasing precision, the cause of microbial disruption (dysbiosis) remains poorly understood. Here, we discuss current evidence on the cause(s) of dysbiosis after cancer therapy, positioning breakdown of the intestinal mucosa (mucositis) as a central cause. RECENT FINDINGS Dysbiosis in people with cancer has historically been attributed to extensive antibiotic use. However, evidence now suggests that certain antibiotics have minimal impacts on the microbiota. Indeed, recent evidence shows that the type of cancer therapy predicts microbiota composition independently of antibiotics. Given most anti-cancer drugs have modest effects on microbes directly, this suggests that their impact on the gut microenvironment, in particular the mucosa, which is highly vulnerable to cytotoxicity, is a likely cause of dysbiosis. Here, we outline evidence that support this hypothesis, and discuss the associated clinical implications/opportunities. SUMMARY The concept that mucositis dictates microbiota compositions provides two important implications for clinical practice. Firstly, it reiterates the importance of prioritising the development of novel mucoprotectants that preserve mucosal integrity, and indirectly support microbial stability. Secondly, it provides an opportunity to identify dysbiotic events and associated consequences using readily accessible, minimally invasive biomarkers of mucositis such as plasma citrulline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui S Scott
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anna Li
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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2
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Subramaniam S, Elz A, Wignall A, Kamath S, Ariaee A, Hunter A, Newblack T, Wardill HR, Prestidge CA, Joyce P. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) disrupt the gut microbiota and trigger an intestinal inflammatory response in rats. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123614. [PMID: 37979632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (i.e. SEDDS, SMEDDS and SNEDDS) are widely employed as solubility and bioavailability enhancing formulation strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the capacity for SEDDS to effectively facilitate oral drug absorption, tolerability concerns exist due to the capacity for high concentrations of surfactants (typically present within SEDDS) to induce gastrointestinal toxicity and mucosal irritation. With new knowledge surrounding the role of the gut microbiota in modulating intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury, there is a clear need to determine the impact of SEDDS on the gut microbiota. The current study is the first of its kind to demonstrate the detrimental impact of SEDDS on the gut microbiota of Sprague-Dawley rats, following daily oral administration (100 mg/kg) for 21 days. SEDDS comprising a lipid phase (i.e. Type I, II and III formulations according to the Lipid Formulation Classification Scheme) induced significant changes to the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, evidenced through a reduction in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and alpha diversity (Shannon's index), along with statistically significant shifts in beta diversity (according to PERMANOVA of multi-dimensional Bray-Curtis plots). Key signatures of gut microbiota dysbiosis correlated with the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines within the jejunum, while mucosal injury was characterised by significant reductions in plasma citrulline levels, a validated biomarker of enterocyte mass and mucosal barrier integrity. These findings have potential clinical ramifications for chronically administered drugs that are formulated with SEDDS and stresses the need for further studies that investigate dose-dependent effects of SEDDS on the gastrointestinal microenvironment in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhni Subramaniam
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aurelia Elz
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Wignall
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Srinivas Kamath
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amin Ariaee
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander Hunter
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tahlia Newblack
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hannah R Wardill
- Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Cancer Medicine (Theme), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia.
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3
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Gall L, Jardi F, Lammens L, Piñero J, Souza TM, Rodrigues D, Jennen DGJ, de Kok TM, Coyle L, Chung S, Ferreira S, Jo H, Beattie KA, Kelly C, Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM, Pin C. A dynamic model of the intestinal epithelium integrates multiple sources of preclinical data and enables clinical translation of drug-induced toxicity. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2023; 12:1511-1528. [PMID: 37621010 PMCID: PMC10583244 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have built a quantitative systems toxicology modeling framework focused on the early prediction of oncotherapeutic-induced clinical intestinal adverse effects. The model describes stem and progenitor cell dynamics in the small intestinal epithelium and integrates heterogeneous epithelial-related processes, such as transcriptional profiles, citrulline kinetics, and probability of diarrhea. We fitted a mouse-specific version of the model to quantify doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced toxicity, which included pharmacokinetics and 5-FU metabolism and assumed that both drugs led to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in stem cells and proliferative progenitors. The model successfully recapitulated observations in mice regarding dose-dependent disruption of proliferation which could lead to villus shortening, decrease of circulating citrulline, increased diarrhea risk, and transcriptional induction of the p53 pathway. Using a human-specific epithelial model, we translated the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin and 5-FU quantified in mice into human intestinal injury and predicted with accuracy clinical diarrhea incidence. However, for gefitinib, a specific-molecularly targeted therapy, the mice failed to reproduce epithelial toxicity at exposures much higher than those associated with clinical diarrhea. This indicates that, regardless of the translational modeling approach, preclinical experimental settings have to be suitable to quantify drug-induced clinical toxicity with precision at the structural scale of the model. Our work demonstrates the usefulness of translational models at early stages of the drug development pipeline to predict clinical toxicity and highlights the importance of understanding cross-settings differences in toxicity when building these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Gall
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Ferran Jardi
- Preclinical Sciences & Translational SafetyJanssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Lieve Lammens
- Preclinical Sciences & Translational SafetyJanssen Pharmaceutica NVBeerseBelgium
| | - Janet Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM)UPFBarcelonaSpain
| | - Terezinha M. Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Daniela Rodrigues
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Danyel G. J. Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental BiologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Luke Coyle
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbHRidgefieldConnecticutUSA
| | | | | | - Heeseung Jo
- Simcyp DivisionCertara UK LimitedSheffieldUK
| | - Kylie A. Beattie
- Target and Systems Safety, Non‐Clinical Safety, In Vivo/In Vitro TranslationGSKStevenageUK
| | - Colette Kelly
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Carrie A. Duckworth
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&DAstraZenecaCambridgeUK
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4
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Märtson AG, da Silva Ferreira AR, Veringa A, Liu L, Wardill HR, Junier LAT, van der Werf TS, Harmsen HJM, Sturkenboom MGG, Span LF, Tissing WJE, Alffenaar JWC. Exposure of anti-infective drugs and the dynamic changes of the gut microbiota during gastrointestinal mucositis in autologous stem cell transplant patients: a pilot study. Ann Hematol 2023; 102:421-427. [PMID: 36648505 PMCID: PMC9844184 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucositis could potentially compromise drug absorption due to functional loss of mucosa and other pathophysiological changes in the gastrointestinal microenvironment. Little is known about this effect on commonly used anti-infectives. This study aimed to explore the association between different stages of gastrointestinal mucositis, drug exposure, and gut microbiota. A prospective, observational pilot study was performed in HSCT patients aged ≥ 18 years receiving anti-infectives orally. Left-over blood samples and fecal swabs were collected from routine clinical care until 14 days after HSCT to analyze drug and citrulline concentrations and to determine the composition of the gut microbiota. 21 patients with a median age of 58 (interquartile range 54-64) years were included with 252 citrulline, 155 ciprofloxacin, 139 fluconazole, and 76 acyclovir concentrations and 48 fecal swabs obtained. Severe gastrointestinal mucositis was observed in all patients. Due to limited data correlation analysis was not done for valacyclovir and fluconazole, however we did observe a weak correlation between ciprofloxacin and citrulline concentrations. This could suggest that underexposure of ciprofloxacin can occur during severe mucositis. A follow-up study using frequent sampling rather than the use of left-over would be required to investigate the relationship between gastrointestinal mucositis, drug exposure, and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Grete Märtson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita da Silva Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anette Veringa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah R. Wardill
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia ,Precision Medicine (Cancer), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lenneke A. T. Junier
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjip S. van der Werf
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermie J. M. Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke G. G. Sturkenboom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lambert F. Span
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. E. Tissing
- Department of Pediatrics (Oncology and Hematology), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,Princess Maxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem C. Alffenaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands ,School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW Australia ,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia
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5
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Tyszka M, Maciejewska-Markiewicz D, Biliński J, Lubas A, Stachowska E, Basak GW. Increased Intestinal Permeability and Stool Zonulin, Calprotectin and Beta-Defensin-2 Concentrations in Allogenic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Recipients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415962. [PMID: 36555600 PMCID: PMC9781277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the connection between intestinal barrier function and allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients' outcomes. The purpose of this study was to further evaluate gut barrier permeability and other potential intestinal barrier disruption markers in the allo-HCT setting. Fifty-one patients were enrolled in the study. Intestinal permeability was assessed with the sugar absorption test and faecal concentrations of the zonulin, calprotectin and beta-defensin-2 levels in the peri-transplantation period. Most patients undergoing allo-HCT in our department had a disrupted intestinal barrier at the baseline, which was associated with older age and higher Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation-specific Comorbidity Index (HCT-CI). Regardless of this, we observed a further increase in gut barrier permeability after allo-HCT in most patients. However, there was no association between permeability assay and other markers (zonulin, calprotectin and beta-defensin-2). Patients with acute GVHD had significantly higher median calprotectin concentrations after allo-HCT compared with the patients without this complication. Our findings indicate that gut barrier damage develops prior to allo-HCT with progression after the procedure and precedes further complications, but did not prove other markers to be useful surrogates of intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Tyszka
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (D.M.-M.)
| | - Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (D.M.-M.)
| | - Jarosław Biliński
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Lubas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Dialysis, Military Institute of Medicine, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz W. Basak
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Chen W, Zhao Y, Dai Y, Nie K. Gastrointestinal inflammation plays a critical role in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 936:175379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Rashidi A, Ebadi M, Rehman TU, Elhusseini H, Halaweish H, Kaiser T, Holtan SG, Khoruts A, Weisdorf DJ, Staley C. Compilation of longitudinal gut microbiome, serum metabolome, and clinical data in acute myeloid leukemia. Sci Data 2022; 9:468. [PMID: 35918343 PMCID: PMC9346123 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction chemotherapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a unique clinical scenario. These patients spend several weeks in the hospital, receiving multiple antibiotics, experiencing gastrointestinal mucosal damage, and suffering severe impairments in their immune system and nutrition. These factors cause major disruptions to the gut microbiota to a level rarely seen in other clinical conditions. Thus, the study of the gut microbiota in these patients can reveal novel aspects of microbiota-host relationships. When combined with the circulating metabolome, such studies could shed light on gut microbiota contribution to circulating metabolites. Collectively, gut microbiota and circulating metabolome are known to regulate host physiology. We have previously deposited amplicon sequences from 566 fecal samples from 68 AML patients. Here, we provide sample-level details and a link, using de-identified patient IDs, to additional data including serum metabolomics (260 samples from 36 patients) and clinical metadata. The detailed information provided enables comprehensive multi-omics analysis. We validate the technical quality of these data through 3 examples and demonstrate a method for integrated analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rashidi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tauseef Ur Rehman
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Heba Elhusseini
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hossam Halaweish
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shernan G Holtan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Wardill HR, de Mooij CEM, Da Silva Ferreira AR, Havinga H, Harmsen HJM, van der Velden WJFM, van Groningen LFJ, Tissing WJE, Blijlevens NMA. Supporting the gastrointestinal microenvironment during high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation by inhibiting IL-1 signaling with anakinra. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6803. [PMID: 35546555 PMCID: PMC9095632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10700-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy causes intestinal inflammation and subsequent breakdown of the mucosal barrier, permitting translocation of enteric pathogens, clinically manifesting as fever. Antibiotics are mainstay for controlling these complications, however, they are increasingly recognized for their detrimental effects, including antimicrobial resistance and dysbiosis. Here, we show that mucosal barrier injury induced by the mucotoxic chemotherapeutic agent, high-dose melphalan (HDM), is characterized by hyper-active IL-1b/CXCL1/neutrophil signaling. Inhibition of this pathway with IL-1RA, anakinra, minimized the duration and intensity of mucosal barrier injury and accompanying clinical symptoms, including diarrhea, weight loss and fever in rats. 16S analysis of fecal microbiome demonstrated a more stable composition in rats receiving anakinra, with reduced pathogen expansion. In parallel, we report through Phase IIA investigation that anakinra is safe in stem cell transplant patients with multiple myeloma after HDM. Ramping-up anakinra (100–300 mg administered intravenously for 15 days) did not cause any adverse events or dose limiting toxicities, nor did it change time to neutrophil recovery. Our results reinforce that strengthening the mucosal barrier may be an effective supportive care strategy to mitigate local and systemic clinical consequences of HDM. We are now conducting a Phase IIB multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial to assess clinical efficacy of anakinra (AFFECT-2). Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03233776.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Wardill
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,The Supportive Oncology Research Group, Precision Medicine Theme (Cancer), The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia. .,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - C E M de Mooij
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A R Da Silva Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Havinga
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - L F J van Groningen
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Princes Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N M A Blijlevens
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Decreased Plasma Level of Cytokeratin 20 (KRT20) Is Indicative of the Emergence and Severity of Acute GvHD Irrespective to the Type of Organ Involvement. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030519. [PMID: 35327321 PMCID: PMC8945709 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate risk prediction of acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) is currently an unmet clinical need. This study sought to analyze whether three plasma proteins expressed in a largely skin- and gut-restricted manner would be affected by the development of acute cutaneous and gastrointestinal aGvHD. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and prognostic value of plasma cytokeratin-15 (KRT15) cytokeratin-20 (KRT20), and occludin (OCLN) were evaluated in a discovery and a validation cohort using ELISA in comparison with elafin (PI3) and regenerating family member 3 alpha (REG3A), two established markers of skin- and gut aGvHD. The discovery cohort (n = 39) revealed that at the time of diagnosis, plasma KRT20 showed a progressive decrease from unaffected individuals to patients with single-, and patients with multi-organ aGvHD. KRT20 was affected by cutaneous (p = 0.0263) and gastrointestinal aGvHD (p = 0.0242) independently and in an additive manner. Sensitivity and specificity of KRT20 for aGvHD involving both target organs (AUC = 0.852) were comparable to that of PI3 for skin-aGvHD (AUC = 0.708) or that of REG3A for gut-aGvHD (AUC = 0.855). Patient follow-up in the validation cohort (n = 67) corroborated these observations (p < 0.001), and linked low KRT20 to grade 2+ disease (p < 0.001), but failed to confirm low KRT20 as an independent risk factor. These data established a link between low plasma KRT20 levels and moderate to severe aGvHD involving multiple target organs.
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10
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Jansen AME, Muilwijk EW, van der Velden WJFM, Maertens JA, Aerts R, Colbers A, Burger D, Verweij PE, Ter Heine R, Blijlevens NMA, Brüggemann RJM. Posaconazole bioavailability of the solid oral tablet is reduced during severe intestinal mucositis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1003-1009. [PMID: 35150880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the absolute oral bioavailability of the solid oral formulation of posaconazole and the impact of severe intestinal mucositis in haematology patients. Further, to describe posaconazole protein binding in haematology patients. METHODS A pharmacokinetic study was performed where patients receiving induction chemotherapy or a haematopoietic cell transplantation were randomized to receive 7 days of intravenous posaconazole therapy followed by 9 days of oral therapy or vice versa. Patients received posaconazole licensed dose until day 12, thereafter a reduced once daily dose of 200 mg was given. At days 7, 12, and 16 blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic curves, trough samples were collected on all other days. Total and unbound posaconazole pharmacokinetics were analysed by population pharmacokinetic modelling. The presence of severe intestinal mucositis was assessed by plasma citrulline levels and analysed as a binary covariate using 10 μmol/L as cut-off. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to simulate posaconazole exposure at steady state. RESULTS Twenty-three patients were included for analysis with 581 total posaconazole concentrations and 91 paired unbound concentrations. Absolute bioavailability in the final model was estimated at 51.4% (%relative standard error (RSE) 56.5) and 67.6% (%RSE 75.0) in patients with and without severe intestinal mucositis, respectively. Posaconazole unbound fraction was estimated at 2.7% (%RSE 3.9). CONCLUSIONS Posaconazole bioavailability is reduced in haematological patients with severe intestinal mucositis, requiring an increase in oral posaconazole dose to 400 mg twice daily on day 1 followed by 400 mg once daily or a switch to intravenous therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk M E Jansen
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Eline W Muilwijk
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Walter J F M van der Velden
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan A Maertens
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robina Aerts
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela Colbers
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Heine
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole M A Blijlevens
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roger J M Brüggemann
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Citrulline, Biomarker of Enterocyte Functional Mass and Dietary Supplement. Metabolism, Transport, and Current Evidence for Clinical Use. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082794. [PMID: 34444954 PMCID: PMC8398474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Citrulline is a non-essential but still important amino acid that is released from enterocytes. Because plasma levels are reduced in case of impaired intestinal function, it has become a biomarker to monitor intestinal integrity. Moreover, oxidative stress induces protein citrullination, and antibodies against anti-citrullinated proteins are useful to monitor rheumatoid diseases. Citrullinated histones, however, may even predict a worse outcome in cancer patients. Supplementation of citrulline is better tolerated compared to arginine and might be useful to slightly improve muscle strength or protein balance. The following article shall provide an overview of L-citrulline properties and functions, as well as the current evidence for its use as a biomarker or as a therapeutic supplement.
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No effect of deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 deficiency on chemotherapy induced murine intestinal mucositis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14687. [PMID: 34282203 PMCID: PMC8289998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94076-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucositis is a serious adverse effect of chemotherapeutic treatment. During intestinal mucositis, the mucosal barrier is compromised, increasing the risk of severe infections. Mucositis necessitates dose reduction or pauses in treatment, which affect the outcome of the treatment. Deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) is a secreted scavenger protein with effects on innate immunity and epithelial regeneration. We have previously shown that jejunal DMBT1 expression is increased in piglets during chemotherapeutic treatment. We hypothesized that DMBT1 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced mucositis. Individually-caged Dmbt1+/+ (WT) and Dmbt1-/- (KO) female mouse littermates received intraperitoneal injections of either doxorubicin or saline. They were euthanized after three (D3) or seven days (D7). Weight loss was monitored every day, and serum citrulline levels were measured at termination. Intestinal tissue was analyzed for the expression of DMBT1 and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF). Specimens from the small intestines and colon were scored for inflammation and epithelial and mucosal architecture changes. We detected no effect of DMBT1 on weight loss, serum citrulline levels, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, or histologic damage. We detected a significant increase in crypt depth in WT mice compared to that in KO mice on D3. In conclusion, DMBT1 does not affect doxorubicin-induced mucositis in mice.
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Antibiotic-induced disruption of the microbiome exacerbates chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea and can be mitigated with autologous faecal microbiota transplantation. Eur J Cancer 2021; 153:27-39. [PMID: 34130227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is well documented to disrupt the gut microbiome, leading to poor treatment outcomes and a heightened risk of adverse toxicity. Although strong associations exist between its composition and gastrointestinal toxicity, its causal contribution remains unclear. Our inability to move beyond association has limited the development and implementation of microbial-based therapeutics in chemotherapy adjuncts with no clear rationale of how and when to deliver them. METHODS/RESULTS Here, we investigate the impact of augmenting the gut microbiome on gastrointestinal toxicity caused by the chemotherapeutic agent, methotrexate (MTX). Faecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) delivered after MTX had no appreciable impact on gastrointestinal toxicity. In contrast, disruption of the microbiome with antibiotics administered before chemotherapy exacerbated gastrointestinal toxicity, impairing mucosal recovery (P < 0.0001) whilst increasing diarrhoea severity (P = 0.0007) and treatment-related mortality (P = 0.0045). Importantly, these detrimental effects were reversed when the microbiome was restored using autologous FMT (P = 0.03), a phenomenon dictated by the uptake and subsequent expansion of Muribaculaceae. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data to show that clinically impactful symptoms of gastrointestinal toxicity are dictated by the microbiome and provide a clear rationale for how and when to target the microbiome to mitigate the acute and chronic complications caused by disruption of the gastrointestinal microenvironment. Translation of this new knowledge should focus on stabilising and strengthening the gut microbiome before chemotherapy and developing new microbial approaches to accelerate recovery of the mucosa. By controlling the depth and duration of mucosal injury, secondary consequences of gastrointestinal toxicity may be avoided.
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14
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Advances in Intestinal Barrier Preservation and Restoration in the Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Setting. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112508. [PMID: 34204044 PMCID: PMC8201017 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier consists of an epithelial lining covered with specialized mucus inhabited by intestinal microbiota. An intact gut barrier ensures a resistance to bacteria and toxins translocation. On the other hand, gut permeability allows the absorption of essential nutrients, fluids and ions. This balance is achieved only by the complex structure and functional characteristics of the intestinal barrier. Allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation remains the only curative treatment for many hematological diseases, but its application is limited because of possible transplant-related mortality mainly due to graft-versus-host disease and infectious complications. The intestinal barrier has been extensively studied in recent years as the primary site of graft-versus-host disease initiation and propagation. In the present review, we focused on the physiological structure and function of the gut barrier and the evidence of how the disruption of the gut barrier and increased intestinal permeability affects transplant recipients. Finally, therapeutic strategies aiming at intestinal barrier protection with a special focus on microbiome preservation and restoration in the allogenic hematopoietic cell transplantation setting are discussed.
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15
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Translational model of melphalan-induced gut toxicity reveals drug-host-microbe interactions that drive tissue injury and fever. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:173-188. [PMID: 33877390 PMCID: PMC8236460 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Conditioning therapy with high-dose melphalan (HDM) is associated with a high risk of gut toxicity, fever and infections in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. However, validated preclinical models that adequately reflect clinical features of melphalan-induced toxicity are not available. We therefore aimed to develop a novel preclinical model of melphalan-induced toxicity that reflected well-defined clinical dynamics, as well as to identify targetable mechanisms that drive intestinal injury. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with 4-8 mg/kg melphalan intravenously. The primary endpoint was plasma citrulline. Secondary endpoints included survival, weight loss, diarrhea, food/water intake, histopathology, body temperature, microbiota composition (16S sequencing) and bacterial translocation. RESULTS Melphalan 5 mg/kg caused self-limiting intestinal injury, severe neutropenia and fever while impairing the microbial metabolome, prompting expansion of enteric pathogens. Intestinal inflammation was characterized by infiltration of polymorphic nuclear cells in the acute phases of mucosal injury, driving derangement of intestinal architecture. Ileal atrophy prevented bile acid reabsorption, exacerbating colonic injury via microbiota-dependent mechanisms. CONCLUSION We developed a novel translational model of melphalan-induced toxicity, which has excellent homology with the well-known clinical features of HDM transplantation. Application of this model will accelerate fundamental and translational study of melphalan-induced toxicity, with the clinical parallels of this model ensuring a greater likelihood of clinical success.
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Di Gregorio E, Miolo G, Saorin A, Muraro E, Cangemi M, Revelant A, Minatel E, Trovò M, Steffan A, Corona G. Radical Hemithoracic Radiotherapy Induces Systemic Metabolomics Changes That Are Associated with the Clinical Outcome of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030508. [PMID: 33572739 PMCID: PMC7866164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radical hemithoracic radiotherapy represents a promising new advance in the field of radiation oncology and encouraging results have been achieved in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma patients. This study showed that this radiotherapy modality produces significant changes in serum metabolomics profile mainly affecting arginine and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. Interestingly, individual metabolomics alterations were found associated with the clinical overall survival outcome of the radiotherapy treatment. These results highlight metabolomics profile analysis as a powerful prognostic tool useful to better understand the mechanisms underlying the interpatients variability and to identify patients who may receive the best benefit from this specific radiotherapy treatment. Abstract Radical hemithoracic radiotherapy (RHRT) represents an advanced therapeutic option able to improve overall survival of malignant pleural mesothelioma patients. This study aims to investigate the systemic effects of this radiotherapy modality on the serum metabolome and their potential implications in determining the individual clinical outcome. Nineteen patients undergoing RHRT at the dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions were enrolled. Serum targeted metabolomics profiles were investigated at baseline and the end of radiotherapy by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Univariate and multivariate OPLS-DA analyses were applied to study the serum metabolomics changes induced by RHRT while PLS regression analysis to evaluate the association between such changes and overall survival. RHRT was found to affect almost all investigated metabolites classes, in particular, the amino acids citrulline and taurine, the C14, C18:1 and C18:2 acyl-carnitines as well as the unsaturated long chain phosphatidylcholines PC ae 42:5, PC ae 44:5 and PC ae 44:6 were significantly decreased. The enrichment analysis showed arginine metabolism and the polyamine biosynthesis as the most perturbed pathways. Moreover, specific metabolic changes encompassing the amino acids and acyl-carnitines resulted in association with the clinical outcome accounting for about 60% of the interpatients overall survival variability. This study highlighted that RHRT can induce profound systemic metabolic effects some of which may have a significant prognostic value. The integration of metabolomics in the clinical assessment of the malignant pleural mesothelioma could be useful to better identify the patients who can achieve the best benefit from the RHRT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Di Gregorio
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Gianmaria Miolo
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Asia Saorin
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Michela Cangemi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Alberto Revelant
- Radiation Oncology Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Emilio Minatel
- Radiation Oncology Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (A.R.); (E.M.)
| | - Marco Trovò
- Radiation Oncology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Integrata, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0434-659-666
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de Mooij CEM, van Groningen LFJ, de Haan AFJ, Biemond BJ, Bakker M, van der Velden WJFM, Blijlevens NMA. Anakinra: efficacy in the management of fever during neutropenia and mucositis in autologous stem cell transplantation (AFFECT-2)-study protocol for a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2020; 21:948. [PMID: 33225965 PMCID: PMC7681989 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since decades, fever and infections have been the most important complications of intensive chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Neutropenia has long been considered to be the most important risk factor for these complications. However, recent studies have shown that not neutropenia, but the development of mucositis is the most important cause of these complications. Currently, limited options for the prevention and treatment of mucositis are available, of which most are only supportive. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of mucositis. Pre-clinical studies of chemotherapy-induced mucositis have shown that recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra significantly ameliorated intestinal mucositis. In our pilot study AFFECT-1, we examined the safety and maximal tolerated dose of anakinra in patients with multiple myeloma, treated with high-dose melphalan (HDM) and autologous HSCT, selecting a dose of 300 mg daily for the phase IIb trial. The aim of the AFFECT-2 study is to determine the efficacy of anakinra in preventing fever during neutropenia (FN) and mucositis in this study population. Methods/design A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase IIb trial will be conducted. Ninety patients with multiple myeloma scheduled for treatment with HDM and autologous HSCT will be included. Patients will be randomized between intravenous treatment with anakinra (300 mg) or placebo. Each group will be treated from day − 2 (day of HDM; day 0 is HSCT) up until day + 12. Outcome measures will be assessed at baseline, during admission, at discharge or day + 30, at day + 90, and + 1 year. The primary outcome will be reduction of FN. Secondary outcome measures include mucositis scores, bloodstream infections, citrulline levels, quality of life, and fatigue severity. Discussion The AFFECT-2 trial will examine the efficacy of anakinra in the management of fever during neutropenia and mucositis in patients with multiple myeloma treated with HDM and autologous HSCT. The results of this study may provide a new treatment option for these important complications. Also, this study will give us more insight in the pathophysiology of mucositis, including the role of IL-1 and the role of the microbiota in mucositis. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04099901. Registered on September 23, 2019. EudraCT: 2018-005046-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E M de Mooij
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Lenneke F J van Groningen
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anton F J de Haan
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart J Biemond
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Bakker
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter J F M van der Velden
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole M A Blijlevens
- Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Integration of Serum Metabolomics into Clinical Assessment to Improve Outcome Prediction of Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients Treated with Trabectedin. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071983. [PMID: 32708128 PMCID: PMC7409362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a group of rare and heterogeneous cancers with few diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. This metabolomics study aimed to identify new serum prognostic biomarkers to improve the prediction of overall survival in patients with metastatic STS. The study enrolled 24 patients treated with the same trabectedin regimen. The baseline serum metabolomics profile, targeted to 68 metabolites encompassing amino acids and bile acids pathways, was quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Correlations between individual metabolomics profiles and overall survival were examined and a risk model to predict survival was built by Cox multivariate regression. The median overall survival of the studied patients was 13.0 months (95% CI, 5.6–23.5). Among all the metabolites investigated, only citrulline and histidine correlated significantly with overall survival. The best Cox risk prediction model obtained integrating metabolomics and clinical data, included citrulline, hemoglobin and patients’ performance status score. It allowed to distinguish patients into a high-risk group with a low median overall survival of 2.1 months and a low- to moderate-risk group with a median overall survival of 19.1 months (p < 0.0001). The results of this metabolomics translation study indicate that citrulline, an amino acid belonging to the arginine metabolism, represents an important metabolic signature that may contribute to explain the high inter-patients overall survival variability of STS patients. The risk prediction model based on baseline serum citrulline, hemoglobin and performance status may represent a new prognostic tool for the early classification of patients with metastatic STS, according to their overall survival expectancy.
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De Pietri S, Nielsen BN, Ifversen M, Kielsen K, Müller KG. Morphine consumption is associated with systemic inflammation in children undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:285-291. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1590846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Pietri
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bettina Nygaard Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Ifversen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Kielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Gottlob Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rashidi A, Shanley R, Holtan SG, MacMillan ML, Blazar BR, Khoruts A, Weisdorf DJ. Pretransplant Serum Citrulline Predicts Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:2190-2196. [PMID: 30454871 PMCID: PMC6251308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant biomarkers of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) and nonrelapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) have been extensively studied. However, pretransplant biomarkers may provide a greater window of opportunity to intervene. We measured serum biomarkers of various aspects of gut barrier physiology before HCT (median, day -7) and 7 and 28 days post-HCT in 95 consecutive allo-HCT recipients enrolled in an open-label biorepository protocol. Biomarkers included citrulline for total functional enterocyte mass, Reg3a for antibacterial activity of the gut, and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) for enterocyte turnover. Compared to 16 healthy control subjects, we demonstrated that patients came to transplant with abnormal levels of all 3 biomarkers (P < .05), reflecting residual damage from prior chemotherapy. All 3 biomarkers initially declined from pre-HCT to day +7 (more pronounced after myeloablative than reduced-intensive conditioning) followed by a recovery phase and return toward pre-HCT values by day +28. A lower pre-HCT citrulline was independently associated with a higher risk of aGVHD grades II to IV (hazard ratio, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.69; P = .02), and this association was not specific to gut GVHD. The strongest correlate of NRM was a higher level of Reg3a at day +7 (P < .001). I-FABP did not predict transplant outcomes. In conclusion, pre-HCT serum citrulline levels identify patients at high risk for developing aGVHD. Our results suggest that pre-HCT interventions to augment the gut barrier may decrease the risk of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rashidi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Ryan Shanley
- Masonic Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shernan G Holtan
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Margaret L MacMillan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexander Khoruts
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Murgia A, Hinz C, Liggi S, Denes J, Hall Z, West J, Santoru ML, Piras C, Manis C, Usai P, Atzori L, Griffin JL, Caboni P. Italian cohort of patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease is characterised by variation in glycerophospholipid, free fatty acids and amino acid levels. Metabolomics 2018; 14:140. [PMID: 30830399 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of pathologies characterised by chronic inflammation of the intestine and an unclear aetiology. Its main manifestations are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Currently, biopsies are the most used diagnostic tests for these diseases and metabolomics could represent a less invasive approach to identify biomarkers of disease presence and progression. OBJECTIVES The lipid and the polar metabolite profile of plasma samples of patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease have been compared with healthy individuals with the aim to find their metabolomic differences. Also, a selected sub-set of samples was analysed following solid phase extraction to further characterise differences between pathological samples. METHODS A total of 200 plasma samples were analysed using drift tube ion mobility coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography for the lipid metabolite profile analysis, while liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for the polar metabolite profile analysis. RESULTS Variations in the lipid profile between inflammatory bowel disease and healthy individuals were highlighted. Phosphatidylcholines, lyso-phosphatidylcholines and fatty acids were significantly changed among pathological samples suggesting changes in phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid metabolic pathways. Variations in the levels of cholesteryl esters and glycerophospholipids were also found. Furthermore, a decrease in amino acids levels suggests mucosal damage in inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS Given good statistical results and predictive power of the model produced in our study, metabolomics can be considered as a valid tool to investigate inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Murgia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christine Hinz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sonia Liggi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jùlìa Denes
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zoe Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James West
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Usai
- Department of Public Health, Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Association Between Low Plasma Level of Citrulline Before Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and Severe Gastrointestinal Graft vs Host Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 16:908-917.e2. [PMID: 29258901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gastrointestinal form of acute graft vs host disease increases morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Plasma levels of citrulline, a non-proteinogenic amino acid, indicate functional enterocyte mass. We measured citrulline in patients before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and investigated its association with incidence and severity of gastrointestinal graft vs host disease. METHODS We performed a retrospective study with 191 patients (69 women, 122 men; median age of 52 years) who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for hematological malignancies at a tertiary center of France from January 2013 through April 2015. Levels of citrulline in plasma samples collected 30 days before graft infusion were measured by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. We assigned patients to groups with a high level of citrulline (>26 μmol/L) or low level of citrulline (≤26 μmol/L). The primary outcomes were difference between groups in incidence of stage 2-4 gastrointestinal graft vs host disease, death without hematological disease relapse (non-relapse mortality), relapse of the hematological disease, and overall survival through 2 years after transplantation. RESULTS Ninety-six patients (50%) developed acute graft vs host disease and 37 (19%) developed a gastrointestinal form. Among patients with gastrointestinal involvement, 33 patients (89%) had stage 2-4 gastrointestinal graft vs host disease. In univariable analysis, low level of citrulline associated with higher cumulative incidence of stage 2-4 gastrointestinal graft vs host disease, non-relapse mortality, and shorter overall survival. In multivariable analysis, low level of citrulline was the only risk factor independently associated with stage 2-4 gastrointestinal graft vs host disease (hazard ratio, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.37-6.85; P = .007); it also associated with increased non-relapse mortality (hazard ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.24-4.22; P = .008). CONCLUSIONS In a retrospective study with 191 patients, we associated a low plasma level of citrulline before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with a higher risk for stage 2-4 gastrointestinal graft vs host disease and non-relapse mortality. This marker might be used to manage patients before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.
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Sangild PT, Shen RL, Pontoppidan P, Rathe M. Animal models of chemotherapy-induced mucositis: translational relevance and challenges. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G231-G246. [PMID: 29074485 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00204.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy for cancer patients induces damaging tissue reactions along the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). This chemotherapy-induced mucositis (CIM) is a serious side effect of cytotoxic drugs, and several animal models of CIM have been developed, mainly in rodents and piglets, to help understand the progression of CIM and how to prevent it. Animal models allow highly controlled experimental conditions, detailed organ (e.g., GIT) insights, standardized, clinically relevant treatment regimens, and discovery of new biomarkers. Still, surprisingly few results from animal models have been translated into clinical CIM management and treatments. The results obtained from specific animal models can be difficult to translate to the diverse range of CIM manifestations in patients, which vary according to the antineoplastic drugs, dose, underlying (cancer) disease, and patient characteristics (e.g., age, genetics, and body constitution). Another factor that hinders the direct use of results from animals is inadequate collaboration between basic science and clinical science in relation to CIM. Here, we briefly describe CIM pathophysiology, particularly the basic knowledge that has been obtained from CIM animal models. These model studies have indicated potential new preventive and ameliorating interventions, including supplementation with natural bioactive diets (e.g., milk fractions, colostrum, and plant extracts), nutrients (e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids, and glutamine), and growth factor peptides (e.g., transforming growth factor and glucagon-like peptide-2), as well as manipulations of the gut microbiota (e.g., prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics). Rodent CIM models allow well-controlled, in-depth studies of animals with or without tumors while pig models more easily make clinically relevant treatment regimens possible. In synergy, animal models of CIM provide the basic physiological understanding and the new ideas for treatment that are required to make competent decisions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per T Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark.,Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
| | - René Liang Shen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark
| | - Peter Pontoppidan
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Mathias Rathe
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital , Odense , Denmark
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Schellekens DHSM, Hundscheid IHR, Leenarts CAJI, Grootjans J, Lenaerts K, Buurman WA, Dejong CHC, Derikx JPM. Human small intestine is capable of restoring barrier function after short ischemic periods. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:8452-8464. [PMID: 29358855 PMCID: PMC5752707 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess intestinal barrier function during human intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR).
METHODS In a human experimental model, 6 cm of jejunum was selectively exposed to 30 min of ischemia (I) followed by 30 and 120 min of reperfusion (R). A sham procedure was also performed. Blood and tissue was sampled at all-time points. Functional barrier function was assessed using dual-sugar absorption tests with lactulose (L) and rhamnose (R). Plasma concentrations of citrulline, an amino acid described as marker for enterocyte function were measured as marker of metabolic enterocytes restoration. Damage to the epithelial lining was assessed by immunohistochemistry for tight junctions (TJs), by plasma marker for enterocytes damage (I-FABP) and analyzed by electron microscopy (EM) using lanthanum nitrate as an electrondense marker.
RESULTS Plasma L/R ratio’s were significantly increased after 30 min of ischemia (30I) followed by 30 min of reperfusion (30R) compared to control (0.75 ± 0.10 vs 0.20 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). At 120 min of reperfusion (120R), ratio’s normalized (0.17 ± 0.06) and were not significantly different from control. Plasma levels of I-FABP correlated with plasma L/R ratios measured at the same time points (correlation: 0.467, P < 0.01). TJs staining shows distortion of staining at 30I. An intact lining of TJs was again observed at 30I120R. Electron microscopy analysis revealed disrupted TJs after 30I with paracellular leakage of lanthanum nitrate, which restored after 30I120R. Furthermore, citrulline concentrations closely paralleled the histological perturbations during intestinal IR.
CONCLUSION This study directly correlates histological data with intestinal permeability tests, revealing that the human gut has the ability of to withstand short episodes of ischemia, with morphological and functional recovery of the intestinal barrier within 120 min of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk HSM Schellekens
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Inca HR Hundscheid
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Claire AJI Leenarts
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Grootjans
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Kaatje Lenaerts
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Wim A Buurman
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- MHeNs School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis HC Dejong
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Joep PM Derikx
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6200 MD, the Netherlands
- Pediatric Surgical Center of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1100 DE, the Netherlands
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McCullough RW. US oncology-wide incidence, duration, costs and deaths from chemoradiation mucositis and antimucositis therapy benefits. Future Oncol 2017; 13:2823-2852. [PMID: 29192505 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximate oncology-wide incidence, duration, costs and deaths associated with mucositis and identify health economic benefits of antimucositis therapies. Review the literature relevant to the clinical experience of mucositis by pathophysiology, incidence, duration, costs and deaths. Use US insurance actuarial and epidemiology on cancer to generalize an oncology-wide impact of toxic mucositis. Toxic mucositis causes oropharyngoesophageal ulcerations, chemo-induced nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Acutely, it lasts 102 days/six cycles of chemotherapy, 60 days in human stem-cell transplantation patients and 70-84 days in head and neck cancer patients at annual costs of US$13.23 billion/522,166 treated patients (US$20,892/erosive-type mucositis patient, US$25,337/physiologic mucositis patient) and 46,699 deaths. Using antimucositis therapies prior to 2013 provided fractional benefits at high costs. By completely preventing and rapidly reversing mucositis, high-potency polymerized cross-linked sucralfate promises superior health economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky W McCullough
- Translational Medicine Clinic & Research Center, Department of Medical Research, 1768 Storrs Road, Storrs, CT 06268, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center Providence, Brown University Teaching Affliate, 830 Chaulkstone Ave, Providence, RI 02804, USA
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26
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Inhibitor Etanercept Does Not Alter Methotrexate-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis in Rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 65:e28-e34. [PMID: 27861204 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis is a severe adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Proinflammatory cytokines are thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of GI mucositis. We aimed to determine the effect of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitor etanercept on the severity of mucositis in a previously established methotrexate (MTX)-induced GI mucositis rat model. METHODS Male Wistar rats received 60 mg/kg MTX on day 0 intravenously. Rats were treated daily with either etanercept (TNF-α inhibitor) 5 mg/kg or NaCl 0.9% subcutaneously from day -3 till day 3. Control rats received NaCl 0.9% intravenously and etanercept subcutaneously. The severity of mucositis was determined by intake, bodyweight, plasma citrulline, and by a function test (absorption of an oral glucose bolus). On day 4 and day 10 rats were terminated. Villus length, crypt length, intestinal myeloperoxidase, and plasma etanercept levels were determined. RESULTS The administration of MTX induced mucositis in all rats. Etanercept did not cause a change in the degree of mucositis. Bodyweight, intake, and glucose levels were not altered by etanercept; villus length was comparable; and there was no difference in myeloperoxidase and citrulline level. Etanercept levels in plasma were significantly increased in the etanercept rats (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TNF-α inhibitor etanercept did not alter the severity of mucositis in the rat, suggesting that targeting only the inflammatory pathway of TNF-α is not effective for decreasing the severity of GI mucositis induced by high-dose MTX. Etanercept alone is not useful for the treatment of MTX-induced GI mucositis.
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Jordan K, Pontoppidan P, Uhlving HH, Kielsen K, Burrin DG, Weischendorff S, Christensen IJ, Jørgensen MH, Heilmann C, Sengeløv H, Müller K. Gastrointestinal Toxicity, Systemic Inflammation, and Liver Biochemistry in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 23:1170-1176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Walton BM, Jackson GW, Deutz N, Cote G. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy competitive binding biosensor development utilizing surface modification of silver nanocubes and a citrulline aptamer. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:75002. [PMID: 28732094 PMCID: PMC5521305 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A point-of-care (PoC) device with the ability to detect biomarkers at low concentrations in bodily fluids would have an enormous potential for medical diagnostics outside the central laboratory. One method to monitor analytes at low concentrations is by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this preliminary study toward using SERS for PoC biosensing, the surface of colloidal silver (Ag) nanocubes has been modified to test the feasibility of a competitive binding SERS assay utilizing aptamers against citrulline. Specifically, Ag nanocubes were functionalized with mercaptobenzoic acid, as well as a heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol linker that forms an amide bond with the amino acid citrulline. After the functionalization, the nanocubes were characterized by zeta-potential, transmission electron microscopy images, ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, and by SERS. The citrulline aptamers were developed and tested using backscattering interferometry. The data show that our surface modification method does work and that the functionalized nanoparticles can be detected using SERS down to a 24.5 picomolar level. Last, we used microscale thermophoresis to show that the aptamers bind to citrulline with at least a 50 times stronger affinity than other amino acids. Download PDF SAVE FOR LATER
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Walton
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - George W. Jackson
- BioTex, Inc., Houston, Texas, United States
- Base Pair Biotechnologies, Inc., Pearland, Texas, United States
| | - Nicolaas Deutz
- Texas A&M University, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas, United States
| | - Gerard Cote
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
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Kuiken NSS, Rings EHHM, Blijlevens NMA, Tissing WJE. Biomarkers and non-invasive tests for gastrointestinal mucositis. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:2933-2941. [PMID: 28536886 PMCID: PMC5527064 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucositis is a complex inflammatory reaction of the mucous membranes, a side effect of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Currently, assessment scales are used to diagnose mucositis. However, a biomarker which would determine whether there is mucositis and thereby establish the severity objectively would be very useful. This will give the opportunity to evaluate studies, to determine risk factors and incidence, and it will make it possible to compare studies. Moreover, this biomarker might improve clinical management for patients. In this paper, we reviewed studies concerning potential biomarkers in blood samples and fecal samples, and potential tests in breath samples and urine samples. We include biomarkers and tests studied in animal models and/or in clinical trials, and discuss the validity, diagnostic accuracy, and applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S S Kuiken
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E H H M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N M A Blijlevens
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Feeding strategies in pediatric cancer patients with gastrointestinal mucositis: a multicenter prospective observational study and international survey. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:3075-3083. [PMID: 28447222 PMCID: PMC5577052 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3715-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently, there is no adequate prevention or treatment for both oral and gastrointestinal mucositis induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Supportive care of symptoms plays a primary role during mucositis in the pediatric clinical setting. We aimed to get insight in the currently used feeding strategies in clinical practice in pediatric cancer patients with chemotherapy-induced mucositis. METHODS A prospective observational study was performed to identify feeding strategies after chemotherapy courses causing mucositis in almost all patients at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), the Academic Medical Center Amsterdam (AMC), and the Princess Maxima Center Utrecht (PMC). Consecutive patients, aged 0-18 years, either diagnosed with B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) or scheduled for autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) between April 2015 and September 2016 were included in this study. In addition to the observational study in the Netherlands, an international online questionnaire was conducted for pediatric oncology centers. RESULTS A total of 13 patients were included, after 21 chemotherapy courses. No nutritional support was administered after 23.8% courses, tube feeding after 19.0% of the courses, TPN in 19.0% of courses, and 38.1% received a combination of tube feeding and TPN. The international survey revealed that 63.2% of the centers administered tube feeding as first choice, 31.6% administered only TPN as first choice, and one center administered a combination as first choice. CONCLUSIONS There is a variability in feeding strategies in the clinical practice both in the Netherlands as well as worldwide. This study is a basis for future studies in this important clinical field to develop clinical trials comparing tube feeding and TPN both in adult and pediatric patients.
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Effect of Oral Insulin on the Severity and Recovery of Methotrexate-Induced Gastrointestinal Mucositis in the Rat. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:e27-e32. [PMID: 27111340 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis is an adverse-effect of chemo- and radiotherapy. Oral insulin has been suggested as possible intestinal growth factor and possible intervention for GI mucositis. We aimed to determine the effect of oral insulin on the severity and recovery of mucositis in a methotrexate (MTX)-induced GI mucositis rat model. METHODS Male Wistar rats (n = 24) received a single injection of 60 mg/kg MTX intravenously at day 0. From day -3 oral insulin was added to the drinking water. Group MTX received normal drinking water, group MTX+INS0.5 received 0.5 U/mL insulin, and group MTX+INS1 received 1 U/mL insulin in drinking water. The severity of mucositis was determined by intake, bodyweight, illness, and plasma citrulline. In the recovery phase, the function of the gut was tested with an oral glucose tolerance test, and villus and crypt length of the small intestine were measured. RESULTS MTX-induced mucositis in all 3 groups and oral insulin did not cause a change in the severity of mucositis, with comparable bodyweight, food intake, and water intake. Oral insulin did not alter the enterocyte mass, determined with plasma citrulline. The glucose level after bolus was higher in the MTX group than the MTX+INS1 group (P < 0.05). Histology was not significant different between all groups. CONCLUSIONS Oral insulin does not alter the severity or the acceleration of recovery of mucositis. Therefore, we conclude that it is not useful to further study oral insulin as possible intervention to prevent or treat chemotherapy-induced GI mucositis.
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Balasubramaniam S, Lewis B, Mock DM, Said HM, Tarailo-Graovac M, Mattman A, van Karnebeek CD, Thorburn DR, Rodenburg RJ, Christodoulou J. Leigh-Like Syndrome Due to Homoplasmic m.8993T>G Variant with Hypocitrullinemia and Unusual Biochemical Features Suggestive of Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency (MCD). JIMD Rep 2016; 33:99-107. [PMID: 27450367 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2016_559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leigh syndrome (LS), or subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, is a genetically heterogeneous, relentlessly progressive, devastating neurodegenerative disorder that usually presents in infancy or early childhood. A diagnosis of Leigh-like syndrome may be considered in individuals who do not fulfil the stringent diagnostic criteria but have features resembling Leigh syndrome.We describe a unique presentation of Leigh-like syndrome in a 3-year-old boy with elevated 3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine (C5-OH) on newborn screening (NBS). Subsequent persistent plasma elevations of C5-OH and propionylcarnitine (C3) as well as fluctuating urinary markers were suggestive of multiple carboxylase deficiency (MCD). Normal enzymology and mutational analysis of genes encoding holocarboxylase synthetase (HLCS) and biotinidase (BTD) excluded MCD. Biotin uptake studies were normal excluding biotin transporter deficiency. His clinical features at 13 months of age comprised psychomotor delay, central hypotonia, myopathy, failure to thrive, hypocitrullinemia, recurrent episodes of decompensation with metabolic keto-lactic acidosis and an episode of hyperammonemia. Biotin treatment from 13 months of age was associated with increased patient activity, alertness, and attainment of new developmental milestones, despite lack of biochemical improvements. Whole exome sequencing (WES) analysis failed to identify any other variants which could likely contribute to the observed phenotype, apart from the homoplasmic (100%) m.8993T>G variant initially detected by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing.Hypocitrullinemia has been reported in patients with the m.8993T>G variant and other mitochondrial disorders. However, persistent plasma elevations of C3 and C5-OH have previously only been reported in one other patient with this homoplasmic mutation. We suggest considering the m.8993T>G variant early in the diagnostic evaluation of MCD-like biochemical disturbances, particularly when associated with hypocitrullinemia on NBS and subsequent confirmatory tests. An oral biotin trial is also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Balasubramaniam
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Rheumatology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Western Sydney Genetics Program, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - B Lewis
- PathWest Laboratories WA, Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - D M Mock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - H M Said
- Department of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Tarailo-Graovac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Mattman
- Adult Metabolic Diseases Clinic, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vancouver General Hospital, UBC, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C D van Karnebeek
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - D R Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R J Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Christodoulou
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Posaconazole plasma exposure correlated to intestinal mucositis in allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:953-63. [PMID: 27066958 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Low posaconazole plasma concentrations (PPCs) are frequently encountered in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients, due to variable gastrointestinal absorption. In this study, the impact of intestinal mucositis on posaconazole exposure is investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective pharmacokinetic study was performed including allogeneic HSCT patients receiving posaconazole prophylaxis with the oral suspension or tablets. Steady state PPCs were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection at the day of transplantation (=day 0), day +7, and +14. Citrulline was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate severity of mucositis, at baseline (day -7 or -6), and at day 0, +7 and +14. Additionally, citrulline plasma concentrations and steady state trough PPCs were determined in hematological patients without HSCT or mucositis. RESULTS Thirty-four HSCT patients received posaconazole oral suspension together with 25 cL of Coca Cola, 6 HSCT patients received posaconazole tablets and 33 hematological patients not receiving HSCT received posaconazole oral suspension. The median (interquartile range) average PPC was 0.26 mg/L (0.17-0.43), 0.67 mg/L (0.27-1.38), and 1.08 mg/L (0.96-1.38), with suspension in HSCT patients, suspension in hematological patients and tablets in HSCT patients, respectively. A higher trough PPC was encountered with the oral suspension when citrulline plasma concentrations were above 10 μmol/L compared to values below 10 μmol/L (p < 0.001), whereas for tablets, average PPCs remained high with citrulline plasma concentrations below or above 10 μmol/L (p = 0.64). CONCLUSION Posaconazole tablets should be preferred to suspension in HSCT patients immediately after transplantation to prevent insufficient plasma exposure due to intestinal mucositis.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Antifungal prophylaxis remains challenging in immunocompromised children as no clear consensus has yet been reached about which drug to be used. Posaconazole has a broad spectrum of activity, a favorable safety profile and excellent prophylactic activity in adults. However, a lack of pharmacokinetic studies in pediatric patients hampers routine implementation. This study investigates the pharmacokinetics of a newly introduced posaconazole dosing regimen based on the body surface area in pediatric hematologic patients. METHODS In this prospective pharmacokinetic study, 8 blood samples were taken during 1 dosing interval at steady state in children aged 13 years or younger with hematologic malignancy, who were treated prophylactically with posaconazole oral suspension at a dose of 120 mg/m 3 times daily. Posaconazole plasma concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detection. RESULTS One hundred twelve samples were taken from 14 patients with a mean age of 6.7 ± 2.8 years. A median posaconazole daily dose of 100.0 mg (77.3-100.0) 3 times daily (tid), corresponding to a median of 117.9 mg/m (112.2-120.4) tid, resulted in mean trough posaconazole plasma concentrations of 0.85 ± 0.56 mg/L. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a clearance of 0.8 L/(h kg) (0.5-1.4). No invasive fungal infections or adverse events were encountered during treatment. CONCLUSIONS Posaconazole is a promising antifungal agent to be used prophylactically in hematologic patients aged 13 years or younger. Administering posaconazole oral suspension in a dosage of 120 mg/m tid results in adequate posaconazole plasma exposure, without significant adverse events.
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Khayyal MT, El-Hazek RM, El-Ghazaly MA. Propolis aqueous extract preserves functional integrity of murine intestinal mucosa after exposure to ionizing radiation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 40:901-906. [PMID: 26498266 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of a specially prepared water propolis extract (PWE) to preserve the functional activity of the intestinal mucosa after radiation exposure was studied. PWE was given orally (650 mg/kg) to rats five days prior to irradiation by 6 Gy and continued for further two days. Rats were sacrificed 24h later, intestinal segments were examined histologically and homogenates were used to assess relevant biochemical parameters reflecting intestinal injury. Irradiation led to a rise in the histological damage score, a rise in tissue TNF-α and TBARS, and a decrease in sucrase, alkaline phosphatase, GSH and cholecystokinin as well as a decrease in plasma citrulline. The findings reflect a decrease in intestinal functional activity. PWE preserved the intestinal integrity and largely protected against the changes induced in the histology damage score and all parameters measured, possibly as a result of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of its caffeic acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed T Khayyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Rania M El-Hazek
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Ghazaly
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Kuiken NSS, Rings EHHM, Havinga R, Groen AK, Tissing WJE. Effect of minimal enteral feeding on recovery in a methotrexate-induced gastrointestinal mucositis rat model. Support Care Cancer 2015; 24:1357-64. [PMID: 26335404 PMCID: PMC4729808 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-015-2911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients suffering from gastrointestinal mucositis often receive parenteral nutrition as nutritional support. However, the absence of enteral nutrition might not be beneficial for the intestine. We aimed to determine the feasibility of minimal enteral feeding (MEF) administration in a methotrexate (MTX)-induced mucositis rat model and thereby determine the effect of MEF on recovery. METHODS Male Wistar rats were attached to swivel systems from day 1 to 5 after 45 mg/kg MTX IV injection. The MTX group continued ad libitum feeding, and the MTX + MEF group continued ad libitum feeding and received from day 1 to 5 continuously MEF. MEF consisted of 20% of their normal caloric intake. We measured body weight, intake, and plasma citrulline. At day 10, the rats were terminated and villus and crypt length were measured. RESULTS The administration of MEF caused no increased severity of mucositis phenotype, with comparable caloric intake, body weight, and plasma citrulline during mucositis. The recovery of plasma citrulline levels was not different between both groups. At day 7 and 8, the MTX + MEF group gained significantly more weight (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), and at day 8 and 9 the total caloric intake was significantly increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) compared to the MTX group. At day 10, the rats from the MTX + MEF group showed a significant increase in jejunal villus length compared to the MTX group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study in which the feasibility of MEF administration during chemotherapy-induced mucositis was determined. This study indicates that MEF administration is feasible during mucositis and suggests that MEF accelerates recovery after MTX-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline S S Kuiken
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Montassier E, Gastinne T, Vangay P, Al-Ghalith GA, Bruley des Varannes S, Massart S, Moreau P, Potel G, de La Cochetière MF, Batard E, Knights D. Chemotherapy-driven dysbiosis in the intestinal microbiome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 42:515-28. [PMID: 26147207 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy is commonly used as myeloablative conditioning treatment to prepare patients for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Chemotherapy leads to several side effects, with gastrointestinal (GI) mucositis being one of the most frequent. Current models of GI mucositis pathophysiology are generally silent on the role of the intestinal microbiome. AIM To identify functional mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome may play a key role in the pathophysiology of GI mucositis, we applied high-throughput DNA-sequencing analysis to identify microbes and microbial functions that are modulated following chemotherapy. METHODS We amplified and sequenced 16S rRNA genes from faecal samples before and after chemotherapy in 28 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who received the same myeloablative conditioning regimen and no other concomitant therapy such as antibiotics. RESULTS We found that faecal samples collected after chemotherapy exhibited significant decreases in abundances of Firmicutes (P = 0.0002) and Actinobacteria (P = 0.002) and significant increases in abundances of Proteobacteria (P = 0.0002) compared to samples collected before chemotherapy. Following chemotherapy, patients had reduced capacity for nucleotide metabolism (P = 0.0001), energy metabolism (P = 0.001), metabolism of cofactors and vitamins (P = 0.006), and increased capacity for glycan metabolism (P = 0.0002), signal transduction (P = 0.0002) and xenobiotics biodegradation (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies a severe compositional and functional imbalance in the gut microbial community associated with chemotherapy-induced GI mucositis. The functional pathways implicated in our analysis suggest potential directions for the development of intestinal microbiome-targeted interventions in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Montassier
- EA 3826 Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - T Gastinne
- Department of Hematology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - P Vangay
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - G A Al-Ghalith
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - S Bruley des Varannes
- Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - S Massart
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - P Moreau
- Department of Hematology, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - G Potel
- EA 3826 Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M F de La Cochetière
- EA 3826 Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - E Batard
- EA 3826 Thérapeutiques Cliniques et Expérimentales des Infections, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Knights
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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El-Ghazaly MA, El-Hazek RM, Khayyal MT. Protective effect of the herbal preparation, STW 5, against intestinal damage induced by gamma radiation in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:150-6. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.954059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Antunes MM, Leocádio PCL, Teixeira LG, Leonel AJ, Cara DC, Menezes GB, Generoso SDV, Cardoso VN, Alvarez-Leite JI, Correia MITD. Pretreatment With L-Citrulline Positively Affects the Mucosal Architecture and Permeability of the Small Intestine in a Murine Mucositis Model. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 40:279-86. [PMID: 25573703 DOI: 10.1177/0148607114567508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucositis is a common complication in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It is associated with pain, poor quality of life, and malnutrition, leading to an increased number of hospital admissions and prolonged hospitalization. The use of immunonutrients may be an alternative treatment option, which may help to improve patient outcome. OBJECTIVE Here we assessed the impact of L-citrulline (CIT) on a murine model of 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-induced mucositis. METHODS Swiss male mice were randomized into 4 groups: control, CIT, 5FU, and 5FU+CIT. Mice were fed with commercial chow and supplemented with an oral solution of alanine (control and 5FU groups) or CIT (CIT and 5FU+CIT groups). On the seventh day, mice received intraperitoneal phosphate-buffered saline or 5FU (200 mg/kg, single dose) to induce mucositis. On the 10th day, mice were euthanized, and the blood and small intestines were harvested. Body weight, morphology, histopathology score (hematoxylin and eosin) of the small intestine (from 0-12), myeloperoxidase activity, oxidative stress level, and intestinal permeability were assessed. RESULTS We observed significant weight loss after the administration of 5FU in both treated and control animals. CIT administration contributed to a partial recovery of the mucosal architecture as well as an intermediate reduction of the histopathologic score, and functional intestinal permeability was partially rescued. CONCLUSIONS CIT administration attenuated 5FU-mediated damage to the mucosal architecture of the small intestine, decreasing the size of the injured areas and promoting decreased intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Mota Antunes
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Paola Caroline Lacerda Leocádio
- Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Lílian Gonçalves Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciência dos Alimentos, Setor de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras-MG, Brazil
| | - Alda Jusceline Leonel
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Denise Carmona Cara
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | | | - Valbert Nascimento Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Isaura Alvarez-Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
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Kuiken NSS, Rings EHHM, Tissing WJE. Risk analysis, diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal mucositis in pediatric cancer patients. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 94:87-97. [PMID: 25560731 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucositis is a complex inflammatory reaction of the mucous membranes of the alimentary tract upon chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment in oncology patients. Mucositis can be subdivided in oral and gastrointestinal mucositis (GI mucositis). The damage to the gastrointestinal tract compromises the intestinal function and thereby the nutritional status and the quality of life, and eventually affects survival. The literature on GI mucositis focuses mainly on adults. This review focuses on data available on GI mucositis in pediatric cancer patients. An evaluation of the clinical presentation and consequences of GI mucositis in children is outlined. The review summarizes key issues for clinicians with respect to risk analysis for developing mucositis and the diagnosis of this condition in children. Information on these issues is obtained from clinical trials in children and adults, and from animal models. Diagnostic tools and assessment of severity of GI mucositis in children is elaborated on. Furthermore, the clinical management of the symptoms and consequences of GI mucositis in children, with specific focus on nutritional support, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline S S Kuiken
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond H H M Rings
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Moroni M, Elliott TB, Deutz NE, Olsen CH, Owens R, Christensen C, Lombardini ED, Whitnall MH. Accelerated hematopoietic syndrome after radiation doses bridging hematopoietic (H-ARS) and gastrointestinal (GI-ARS) acute radiation syndrome: early hematological changes and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in minipig. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:363-72. [PMID: 24524283 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.892226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize acute radiation syndrome (ARS) sequelae at doses intermediate between the bone marrow (H-ARS) and full gastrointestinal (GI-ARS) syndrome. METHODS Male minipigs, approximately 5 months old, 9-12 kg in weight, were irradiated with Cobalt-60 (total body, bilateral gamma irradiation, 0.6 Gy/min). Endpoints were 10-day survival, gastrointestinal histology, plasma citrulline, bacterial translocation, vomiting, diarrhea, vital signs, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), febrile neutropenia (FN). RESULTS We exposed animals to doses (2.2-5.0 Gy) above those causing H-ARS (1.6-2.0 Gy), and evaluated development of ARS. Compared to what was observed during H-ARS (historical data: Moroni et al. 2011a , 2011c ), doses above 2 Gy produced signs of increasingly severe pulmonary damage, faster deterioration of clinical conditions, and faster increases in levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). In the range of 4.6-5.0 Gy, animals died by day 9-10; signs of the classic GI syndrome, as measured by diarrhea, vomiting and bacterial translocation, did not occur. At doses above 2 Gy we observed transient reduction in circulating citrulline levels, and animals exhibited earlier depletion of blood elements and faster onset of SIRS and FN. CONCLUSIONS An accelerated hematopoietic subsyndrome (AH-ARS) is observed at radiation doses between those producing H-ARS and GI-ARS. It is characterized by early onset of SIRS and FN, and greater lung damage, compared to H-ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moroni
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda
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August KJ, Chiang KY, Qayed M, Dulson A, Worthington-White D, Cole CR, Horan JT. Relative defects in mucosal immunity predict acute graft-versus-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 20:1056-9. [PMID: 24641826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of gut mucosal immunity by the transplant process could facilitate translocation of commensal bacteria and thereby augment the graft-versus-host response. To begin to assess the influence of gut mucosal immunity on the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we conducted a prospective study in 24 pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients, assessing 4 fecal markers of mucosal immunity: calprotectin, soluble CD8 (sCD8), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and β-defensin-2. Stool samples were collected prospectively on transplant days 0, +5, +10, and +15 and analyzed by ELISA. Lower levels on day +5 (calprotectin and β-defensin-2) and day +10 (calprotectin, β-defensin-2, and sCD8) were associated with subsequent acute GVHD. The most striking difference was with calprotectin on day +10. Patients with levels below 424 mg/kg had an incidence of 77.8%, whereas those with levels above this threshold had a cumulative incidence of 0% (P = .002). Relative defects in gut mucosal immunity may be important in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J August
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - K-Y Chiang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Muna Qayed
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ashley Dulson
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Diana Worthington-White
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Conrad R Cole
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John T Horan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University/Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Herbers AHE, de Haan AFJ, van der Velden WJFM, Donnelly JP, Blijlevens NMA. Mucositis not neutropenia determines bacteremia among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:279-85. [PMID: 24621081 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the 1960s, it was reported that infectious complications were the main cause of fever during neutropenia that followed hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). More recently, mucositis has become recognized as an important determinant of the inflammatory response and infectious complications. METHODS The objective of this prospective study was to determine the impact of intestinal mucositis, as measured by plasma citrulline, and neutropenia on the systemic inflammatory response (C-reactive protein) and the occurrence of bacteremia among 2 cohorts of HSCT recipients: 1 composed of 18 patients who had been treated with a myeloablative (MA) regimen (high-dose melphalan) and the other involving 19 patients who had received the non-myeloablative (NMA) regimen (fludarabine and cyclophosphamide). Blood cultures were obtained for surveillance from admission onwards as well as at the onset of fever. RESULTS The MA regimen induced severe intestinal mucositis manifest by citrullinemia <10 μmol/L, which was accompanied by an inflammatory response, and bacteremia affected 8 (44%) of 18 patients and coincided with the nadir of citrullinemia. By contrast, those who had been treated with the NMA regimen did not develop severe intestinal mucositis, had a moderate inflammatory response, and only 2 (11%) of the 19 patients developed bacteremia. However, both groups experienced profound neutropenia and its duration was significantly longer for those receiving the NMA regimen. CONCLUSION This study suggests that severe intestinal mucositis, i.e., citrullinemia <10 μmol/L, defines the period of risk of bacteremia better than does neutropenia, and that measuring plasma citrulline may prove useful in deciding who needs empirical antimicrobial therapy and when.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H E Herbers
- Department of Hematology, Nijmegen Institute for Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (N4i), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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The urgent need for an effective biomarker for cytotoxic therapy-induced adverse effects. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2014; 7:153-4. [PMID: 23632770 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32835e7f73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Healthy individuals possess an immune system comprising physical barriers, innate and acquired immunity as well as the indigenous microflora that populate the body surfaces. The immune system maintains constant vigilance over the body at the cellular level as well as at the interface between the host integument and the resident microflora. However, neoplastic diseases and their treatment often lead to impaired immunity resulting in an increased risk of infections due to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. This chapter explores the various aspects of host impairment focusing on the components of immunity and the interplay between them to explain why it is that these patients succumb to infections per se. In so doing, we hope that the reader will be better equipped to understand the risks patients face so as to anticipate potential infectious complications and implement appropriate measures to help attain successful remission of the neoplastic diseases and maintain the best quality of life for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Stosor
- Div. Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois USA
| | - Teresa R. Zembower
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois USA
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Plasma citrulline as a biomarker for enterocyte integrity in pediatric blood and BMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 49:449-50. [PMID: 24185591 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2013.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Wardill HR, Bowen JM, Gibson RJ. Biomarkers of small intestinal mucosal damage induced by chemotherapy: an emerging role for the 13C sucrose breath test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 11:61-7. [PMID: 23158908 DOI: 10.1016/j.suponc.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucosal toxicity is extremely common following cytotoxic therapies. The alimentary mucosa is particularly susceptible to injury and dysfunction, leading to many debilitating complications. Despite much research, there is currently no single noninvasive biomarker to detect gut injury. Several biomarkers have been investigated in the context of gastrointestinal diseases, which may prove useful in the oncology arena. Identification of a biomarker that is easy to obtain and measure and that accurately identifies mucosal damage would allow for improved patient diagnosis of toxicities and for personalized treatment regimens. In this review, we highlight the effectiveness of urine and breath tests as potential clinically effective biomarkers, with significant focus placed on the emerging role of the carbon-13 sucrose breath test (13C SBT). The 13C SBT provides a simple, noninvasive, and integrated measure of gut function. The 13C SBT also has the potential to monitor gut function in the setting of cytotoxic therapy-induced mucositis, or in the assessment of the efficacy of antimucositis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Wardill
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia
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Vos FJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Oyen WJ. The Use of FDG-PET/CT in Patients With Febrile Neutropenia. Semin Nucl Med 2013; 43:340-8. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Impact of palifermin on intestinal mucositis of HSCT recipients after BEAM. Bone Marrow Transplant 2013; 49:8-10. [DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Vokurka S, Svoboda T, Rajdl D, Sedláčková T, Racek J, Koza V, Trefil L. Serum citrulline levels as a marker of enterocyte function in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells transplantation - a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 2013; 19:81-5. [PMID: 23369891 PMCID: PMC3628888 DOI: 10.12659/msm.883755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citrulline is an amino acid produced by enterocytes. Serum citrulline concentration has been proposed as a marker of enterocyte mass and function. Our study focused on evaluation of citrulline levels in patients with diarrhea related to toxic intestinal damage (mucositis), intestinal graft versus host disease (GVHD), and other etiology of diarrhea (e.g., dysmicrobia) after allogeneic stem cells transplantation (SCT). Material/Methods This was a prospective study in 11 adults (18 blood samples) with diarrhea developed after allogeneic SCT in 4/2011–1/2012 compared to twenty healthy control samples. Results The median (interquartile range) of citrulline levels was significantly lower in the transplanted patients group compared to healthy controls: 9.3 (3.62–15.38) vs. 33.3 (26.82–36.23) μmol/L, p<0.0001. The median values of citrulline in patients with post-transplant toxic intestinal mucositis (n=8, days 1–22 post-transplant) vs. intestinal GVHD (n=7, day 43–142) vs. other etiology of diarrhea (e.g., dysmicrobia) (n=3, day 120–127) were: 9.55 (2.95–12.03) vs. 5 (3.85–9.05) vs. 15.6 (15.45–18.3) μmol/L resp. Serum citrulline levels were significantly higher in other (eg, dysmicrobic) etiology of diarrhea in comparison with mucositis (p=0.0336) and GVHD (p=0.0152). Conclusions Citrulline levels are very low shortly after the myeloablative FLU/MEL or BuCY2 conditioning allogeneic SCT due to the toxic intestinal damage. Significantly low levels of citrulline were also in patients with intestinal GVHD later on. Other observations in larger groups of patients are necessary before any specific recommendation for citrulline levels monitoring in intestinal GVHD can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Vokurka
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Faculty Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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