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Zakharova EV, Demyanchuk IS, Sobolev DS, Golivanov YY, Baranova EN, Khaliluev MR. Ac-DEVD-CHO (caspase-3/DEVDase inhibitor) suppresses self-incompatibility-induced programmed cell death in the pollen tubes of petunia (Petunia hybrida E. Vilm.). Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:59. [PMID: 38287001 PMCID: PMC10825214 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is relevant to many aspects in the growth and development of a plant organism. In their reproduction, many flowering plant species possess self-incompatibility (SI), that is an intraspecific reproductive barrier, which is a genetic mechanism ensuring the avoidance of inbreeding depression by preventing self-pollination. This phenomenon enhances intraspecific variation; however, SI is rather a hindrance for some fruit plant species (such as plum, cherry, and peer trees) rather than an advantage in farming. PCD is a factor of the S-RNase-based SI in Petunia hybrida E. Vilm. The growth of self-incompatible pollen tubes (PTs) is arrested with an increase in the activity of caspase-like proteases during the first hours after pollination so that all traits of PCD-plasma membrane integrity damage, DNA degradation/disintegration, and damage of PT structural organization (absence of vacuoles, turgor disturbance, and separation of cell plasma membrane from the cell wall)-are observable by the moment of PT growth arrest. We succeeded in discovering an additional cytological PCD marker, namely, the formation of ricinosomes in self-incompatible PTs at early stages of PCD. SI is removable by treating petunia stigmas with Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde (Ac-DEVD-CHO), an inhibitor of caspase-3/DEVDase, 2 h before a self-incompatible pollination. In this process, the level of caspase-3-like protease activity was low, DNA degradation was absent, PTs grew to the ovary, fertilization was successful, and full-fledged seeds were formed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya Sergeevich Demyanchuk
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Sergeevich Sobolev
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow, Russia
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Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Pizarro L, Bar M. The LeEIX Locus Determines Pathogen Resistance in Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:277-285. [PMID: 36044638 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-22-0035-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the ability of plants to differentiate between pathogens and commensals in their environment are currently unresolved. It has been suggested that spatiotemporal regulation of pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) content could be one of the components providing plants with the ability to distinguish between pathogens and nonpathogenic microbes. The LeEIX PRRs recognize xylanases derived from beneficial or commensal plant colonizers of Trichoderma species, including the xylanase known as EIX. Here, we investigated possible general roles of PRRs from the LeEIX locus in immunity and pathogen resistance in tomato. Mutating the inhibitory PRR LeEIX1, or overexpressing the activating PRR LeEIX2, resulted in resistance to a wide range of pathogens and increased basal and elicited immunity. LeEIX1 knockout caused increases in the expression level of several tested PRRs, including FLS2, as well as bacterial pathogen resistance coupled with an increase in flg22-mediated immunity. The wild tomato relative Solanum pennellii contains inactive LeEIX PRR variants. S. pennellii does not respond to elicitation with the LeEIX PRR ligand EIX. Given that EIX is derived from a mostly nonpathogenic microbe, the connection of its PRRs to disease resistance has not previously been investigated directly. Here, we observed that compared with S. lycopersicum cultivar M82, S. pennellii was more sensitive to several fungal and bacterial pathogens. Our results suggest that the LeEIX locus might determine resistance to fungal necrotrophs, whereas the resistance to biotrophs is effected in combination with a gene/quantitative trait locus not within the LeEIX locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirav Leibman-Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Chronological transcriptome changes induced by exposure to cyanoacrylate resin nanoparticles in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with a focus on ROS development and cell wall lysis-related genes. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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In silico insight of cell-death-related proteins in photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:511. [PMID: 35864385 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a large group of ubiquitously found photosynthetic prokaryotes that are constantly exposed to different kinds of stressors of varying intensities and seem to overcome these in a precise and regulated manner. However, a high dose and duration of given stress induce cell death in a few select cyanobacteria, mainly to protect other cells (altruism). Despite the recent findings for the presence of biochemical and molecular hallmarks of cell death in cyanobacteria, it is yet a sketchily understood phenomenon. Regulation of metacaspase-like genes during Programmed Cell Death suggests it to be a genetically controlled mechanism like other eukaryotes. In addition to providing a comprehensive understanding of the current status of cell death in cyanobacteria, this review has used in silico analyses to directly compare the existence of some important molecular players operating in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Phylogenetic trees for all sequences indicate a cluster with a common ancestry and also a divergence from sequences of eukaryotic origin. To the best of our knowledge, such a comparison (except for orthocaspases) has not been attempted earlier and hopes to encourage workers in the field to investigate this altruistic phenomenon in detail.
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Zn 2+-Dependent Nuclease Is Involved in Nuclear Degradation during the Programmed Cell Death of Secretory Cavity Formation in Citrus grandis 'Tomentosa' Fruits. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113222. [PMID: 34831444 PMCID: PMC8622950 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Zn2+- and Ca2+-dependent nucleases exhibit activity toward dsDNA in the four classes of cation-dependent nucleases in plants. Programmed cell death (PCD) is involved in the degradation of cells during schizolysigenous secretory cavity formation in Citrus fruits. Recently, the Ca2+-dependent DNase CgCAN was proven to play a key role in nuclear DNA degradation during the PCD of secretory cavity formation in Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ fruits. However, whether Zn2+-dependent nuclease plays a role in the PCD of secretory cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified a Zn2+-dependent nuclease gene, CgENDO1, from Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’, the function of which was studied using Zn2+ ions cytochemical localization, DNase activity assays, in situ hybridization, and protein immunolocalization. The full-length cDNA of CgENDO1 contains an open reading frame of 906 bp that encodes a protein 301 amino acids in length with a S1/P1-like functional domain. CgENDO1 degrades linear double-stranded DNA at acidic and neutral pH. CgENDO1 is mainly expressed in the late stage of nuclear degradation of secretory cells. Further spatiotemporal expression patterns of CgENDO1 showed that CgENDO1 is initially located on the endoplasmic reticulum and then moves into intracellular vesicles and nuclei. During the late stage of nuclear degradation, it was concentrated in the area of nuclear degradation involved in nuclear DNA degradation. Our results suggest that the Zn2+-dependent nuclease CgENDO1 plays a direct role in the late degradation stage of the nuclear DNA in the PCD of secretory cavity cells of Citrus grandis ‘Tomentosa’ fruits.
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Leibman-Markus M, Gupta R, Pizarro L, Gershony O, Rav-David D, Elad Y, Bar M. Gene Editing of the Decoy Receptor LeEIX1 Increases Host Receptivity to Trichoderma Bio-Control. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:678840. [PMID: 37744104 PMCID: PMC10512410 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.678840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Fungal and bacterial pathogens generate devastating diseases and cause significant tomato crop losses worldwide. Due to chemical pesticides harming the environment and human health, alternative disease control strategies, including microorganismal bio-control agents (BCAs), are increasingly sought-after in agriculture. Bio-control microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp. have been shown to activate induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host. However, examples of highly active bio-control microorganisms in agricultural settings are still lacking, due primarily to inconsistency in bio-control efficacy, often leading to widespread disease prior to the required ISR induction in the host. As part of its plant colonization strategy, Trichoderma spp. can secrete various compounds and molecules, which can effect host priming/ISR. One of these molecules synthesized and secreted from several species of Trichoderma is the family 11 xylanase enzyme known as ethylene inducing xylanase, EIX. EIX acts as an ISR elicitor in specific plant species and varieties. The response to EIX in tobacco and tomato cultivars is controlled by a single dominant locus, termed LeEIX, which contains two receptors, LeEIX1 and LeEIX2, both belonging to a class of leucine-rich repeat cell-surface glycoproteins. Both receptors are able to bind EIX, however, while LeEIX2 mediates plant defense responses, LeEIX1 acts as a decoy receptor and attenuates EIX induced immune signaling of the LeEIX2 receptor. By mutating LeEIX1 using CRISPR/Cas9, here, we report an enhancement of receptivity to T. harzianum mediated ISR and disease bio-control in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Plant Protection Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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7
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Gupta R, Pizarro L, Leibman‐Markus M, Marash I, Bar M. Cytokinin response induces immunity and fungal pathogen resistance, and modulates trafficking of the PRR LeEIX2 in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1287-1306. [PMID: 32841497 PMCID: PMC7488468 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity is often defined by the immunity hormones: salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET). These hormones are well known for differentially regulating defence responses against pathogens. In recent years, the involvement of other plant growth hormones such as auxin, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and cytokinins (CKs) in biotic stresses has been recognized. Previous reports have indicated that endogenous and exogenous CK treatment can result in pathogen resistance. We show here that CK induces systemic immunity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), modulating cellular trafficking of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) LeEIX2, which mediates immune responses to Xyn11 family xylanases, and promoting resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici in an SA- and ET-dependent mechanism. CK perception within the host underlies its protective effect. Our results support the notion that CK promotes pathogen resistance by inducing immunity in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Gupta
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Lorena Pizarro
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Present address:
Institute of Agri‐food, Animal and Environmental SciencesUniversidad de O'HigginsChile
| | - Meirav Leibman‐Markus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
| | - Iftah Marash
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
- School of Plant Sciences and Food SecurityTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed ResearchInstitute of Plant ProtectionAgricultural Research OrganizationRishon LeZionIsrael
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8
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Moyano L, Lopéz-Fernández MP, Carrau A, Nannini JM, Petrocelli S, Orellano EG, Maldonado S. Red light delays programmed cell death in non-host interaction between Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 and tobacco plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110361. [PMID: 31928670 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Light modulates almost every aspect of plant physiology, including plant-pathogen interactions. Among these, the hypersensitive response (HR) of plants to pathogens is characterized by a rapid and localized programmed cell death (PCD), which is critical to restrict the spread of pathogens from the infection site. The aim of this work was to study the role of light in the interaction between Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and non-host tobacco plants. To this end, we examined the HR under different light treatments (white and red light) by using a range of well-established markers of PCD. The alterations found at the cellular level included: i) loss of membrane integrity and nuclei, ii) RuBisCo and DNA degradation, and iii) changes in nuclease profiles and accumulation of cysteine proteinases. Our results suggest that red light plays a role during the HR of tobacco plants to Pto DC3000 infection, delaying the PCD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moyano
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P Lopéz-Fernández
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Analía Carrau
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Julián M Nannini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Silvana Petrocelli
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G Orellano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sara Maldonado
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Caro MDP, Holton N, Conti G, Venturuzzi AL, Martínez‐Zamora MG, Zipfel C, Asurmendi S, Díaz‐Ricci JC. The fungal subtilase AsES elicits a PTI-like defence response in Arabidopsis thaliana plants independently of its enzymatic activity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:147-159. [PMID: 31769595 PMCID: PMC6988430 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acremonium strictum elicitor subtilisin (AsES) is a 34-kDa serine-protease secreted by the strawberry fungal pathogen A. strictum. On AsES perception, a set of defence reactions is induced, both locally and systemically, in a wide variety of plant species and against pathogens of alternative lifestyles. However, it is not clear whether AsES proteolytic activity is required for triggering a defence response or if the protein itself acts as an elicitor. To investigate the necessity of the protease activity to activate the defence response, AsES coding sequences of the wild-type gene and a mutant on the active site (S226A) were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Our data show that pretreatment of Arabidopsis plants with inactive proteins, i.e. inhibited with phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and mutant, resulted in an increased systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea and expression of defence-related genes in a temporal manner that mimics the effect already reported for the native AsES protein. The data presented in this study indicate that the defence-eliciting property exhibited by AsES is not associated with its proteolytic activity. Moreover, the enhanced expression of some immune marker genes, seedling growth inhibition and the involvement of the co-receptor BAK1 observed in plants treated with AsES suggests that AsES is being recognized as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern by a leucine-rich repeat receptor. The understanding of the mechanism of action of AsES will contribute to the development of new breeding strategies to confer durable resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Pilar Caro
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTSan Miguel de TucumánArgentina
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park, NorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Conti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular – IABiMo – INTA – CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaHurlinghamArgentina
| | - Andrea Laura Venturuzzi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular – IABiMo – INTA – CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaHurlinghamArgentina
| | - Martin Gustavo Martínez‐Zamora
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTSan Miguel de TucumánArgentina
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research Park, NorwichUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich‐Basel Plant Science CenterUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Asurmendi
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular – IABiMo – INTA – CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaHurlinghamArgentina
| | - Juan Carlos Díaz‐Ricci
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET‐UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTSan Miguel de TucumánArgentina
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10
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Cevher-Keskin B, Selçukcan-Erol Ç, Yüksel B, Ertekin Ö, Yıldızhan Y, Onarıcı S, Kulen O, Memon AR. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Zea mays in response to petroleum hydrocarbon stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32660-32674. [PMID: 30242659 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of plants for the improvement of soils contaminated with hydrocarbons has been a primary research focus in phytoremediation studies. Obtaining insights regarding genes that are differentially induced by petroleum hydrocarbon stress and understanding plant response mechanisms against petroleum hydrocarbons at molecular level is essential for developing better phytoremediation strategies to remove these hazardous contaminants. The purpose of this study was to analyze the transcriptomal profile changes under hydrocarbon stress in maize plants and identify the genes associated with the phytoremediative capacity. Zea mays GeneChips were used to analyze the global transcriptome profiles of maize treated with different concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons. In total, 883, 1281, and 2162 genes were differentially induced or suppressed in the comparisons of 0 (control) vs. 1% crude petroleum, 1 vs. 5% crude petroleum, and 0 vs. 5% crude petroleum, respectively. The differentially expressed genes were functionally associated with the osmotic stress response mechanism, likely preventing the uptake of water from the roots, and the phytoremediative capacity of plants, e.g., secretory pathway genes. The results presented here show the regulatory mechanisms in the response to petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in soil. Our study provides global gene expression data of Z. mays in response to petroleum hydrocarbon stress that could be useful for further studies investigating the biodegradation mechanism in maize and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birsen Cevher-Keskin
- Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , P O Box, 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Çiğdem Selçukcan-Erol
- Faculty of Science, Department of Informatics, Istanbul University, Beyazıt/Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bayram Yüksel
- Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , P O Box, 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Özlem Ertekin
- Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , P O Box, 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Yıldızhan
- Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , P O Box, 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Selma Onarıcı
- Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , P O Box, 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Oktay Kulen
- Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Plant Molecular Biology & Genetics Laboratory, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) , P O Box, 21, 41470, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Abdul Razaque Memon
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Uşak University, Bir Eylul Kampus, 64200, Uşak, Turkey
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Makavitskaya M, Svistunenko D, Navaselsky I, Hryvusevich P, Mackievic V, Rabadanova C, Tyutereva E, Samokhina V, Straltsova D, Sokolik A, Voitsekhovskaja O, Demidchik V. Novel roles of ascorbate in plants: induction of cytosolic Ca2+ signals and efflux from cells via anion channels. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3477-3489. [PMID: 29471538 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate is not often considered as a signalling molecule in plants. This study demonstrates that, in Arabidopsis roots, exogenous l-ascorbic acid triggers a transient increase of the cytosolic free calcium activity ([Ca2+]cyt.) that is central to plant signalling. Exogenous copper and iron stimulate the ascorbate-induced [Ca2+]cyt. elevation, while cation channel blockers, free radical scavengers, low extracellular [Ca2+], transition metal chelators, and removal of the cell wall inhibit this reaction. These data show that apoplastic redox-active transition metals are involved in the ascorbate-induced [Ca2+]cyt. elevation. Exogenous ascorbate also induces a moderate increase in programmed cell death symptoms in intact roots, but it does not activate Ca2+ influx currents in patch-clamped root protoplasts. Intriguingly, the replacement of gluconate with ascorbate in the patch-clamp pipette reveals a large ascorbate efflux current, which shows sensitivity to the anion channel blocker, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A9C), indicative of the ascorbate release via anion channels. EPR spectroscopy measurements demonstrate that salinity (NaCl) triggers the accumulation of root apoplastic ascorbyl radicals in an A9C-dependent manner, confirming that l-ascorbate leaks through anion channels under depolarization. This mechanism may underlie ascorbate release, signalling phenomena, apoplastic redox reactions, iron acquisition, and control the ionic and electrical equilibrium (together with K+ efflux via GORK channels).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makavitskaya
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - D Svistunenko
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | - I Navaselsky
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - P Hryvusevich
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - V Mackievic
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - C Rabadanova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - E Tyutereva
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Samokhina
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - D Straltsova
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - A Sokolik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
| | - O Voitsekhovskaja
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - V Demidchik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Bioengineering, Biological Faculty, Belarusian State University, Independence Square, Minsk, Belarusian
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Komarov Botanical Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Avni A. SlPRA1A/RAB attenuate EIX immune responses via degradation of LeEIX2 pattern recognition receptor. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1467689. [PMID: 29944445 PMCID: PMC6103275 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1467689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) are plasma membrane (PM) proteins that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), triggering an immune response. PRR are classified as receptor like kinases (RLKs) or receptor like proteins (RLPs). The PM localization of PRRs, which is crucial for their availability to sense MAMPs, depends on their appropriate trafficking through the endomembrane system. Recently, we have identified SlPRA1A, a prenylated RAB acceptor type-1 (PRA1) from S. lycopersicum, as a regulator of RLP-PRR localization and protein levels. SlPRA1A overexpression strongly decreases RLP-PRR protein levels, particularly those of LeEIX2, redirecting it to the vacuole for degradation. Interestingly, SlPRA1A does not affect RLK-PRRs, indicating its activity to be specific to RLP-PRR systems. As PRA1 proteins stabilize RABs on membranes, promoting RABs activity, we aimed to identify a RAB target of SlPRA1A. Screening of a set of A. thaliana RABs revealed that AtRABA1e is able to mimic SlPRA1A activity. Through live cell imaging, we observed that SlPRA1A enhances AtRABA1e localization on SlPRA1A positive punctuated structures. These results indicate that AtRABA1e is a putative target of SlPRA1, and a co-regulator of LeEIX2 trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Leibman-Markus
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S. Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - M. Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - A. Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- CONTACT A. Avni School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Pizarro L, Leibman-Markus M, Schuster S, Bar M, Meltz T, Avni A. Tomato Prenylated RAB Acceptor Protein 1 Modulates Trafficking and Degradation of the Pattern Recognition Receptor LeEIX2, Affecting the Innate Immune Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:257. [PMID: 29545816 PMCID: PMC5838007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize microbial/pathogen associated molecular patterns (MAMP/PAMP) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering an immune response against pathogen progression. MAMP/PAMP triggered immune response requires PRR endocytosis and trafficking for proper deployment. LeEIX2 is a well-known Solanum lycopersicum RLP-PRR, able to recognize and respond to the fungal MAMP/PAMP ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX), and its function is highly dependent on intracellular trafficking. Identifying protein machinery components regulating LeEIX2 intracellular trafficking is crucial to our understanding of LeEIX2 mediated immune responses. In this work, we identified a novel trafficking protein, SlPRA1A, a predicted regulator of RAB, as an interactor of LeEIX2. Overexpression of SlPRA1A strongly decreases LeEIX2 endosomal localization, as well as LeEIX2 protein levels. Accordingly, the innate immune responses to EIX are markedly reduced by SlPRA1A overexpression, presumably due to a decreased LeEIX2 availability. Studies into the role of SlPRA1A in LeEIX2 trafficking revealed that LeEIX2 localization in multivesicular bodies/late endosomes is augmented by SlPRA1A. Furthermore, inhibiting vacuolar function prevents the LeEIX2 protein level reduction mediated by SlPRA1A, suggesting that SlPRA1A may redirect LeEIX2 trafficking to the vacuole for degradation. Interestingly, SlPRA1A overexpression reduces the amount of several RLP-PRRs, but does not affect the protein level of receptor-like kinase PRRs, suggesting a specific role of SlPRA1A in RLP-PRR trafficking and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pizarro
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Silvia Schuster
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tal Meltz
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Adi Avni,
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Labudda M, Różańska E, Szewińska J, Sobczak M, Dzik JM. Protease activity and phytocystatin expression in Arabidopsis thaliana upon Heterodera schachtii infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:416-429. [PMID: 27816823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of plant proteases is important for amino acids recycling, removal of damaged proteins as well as defence responses. The second-stage juvenile of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrates host roots and induces the feeding site called a syncytium. To determine whether infection by H. schachtii affects proteolysis, the protease activity was studied in Arabidopsis roots and shoots at the day of inoculation and 3, 7 and 15 days post inoculation (dpi). Nematode infection caused a decrease of protease activities in infected roots over the entire examination period at all studied pH values. In contrast, the activities of the low molecular mass as well as Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases were found to be stimulated. In shoots of infected plants, the protease activity was diminished only at 15 dpi at all tested pH values. It was accompanied by changes in total soluble protein content, a higher protein carbonylation and a total polyphenol content. To go deeper into proteolysis regulation, the expression of phytocystatin genes, endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases, was examined in syncytia, roots and shoots. Expression of AtCYS1, AtCYS5 and AtCYS6 genes was enhanced upon cyst nematode infection. Our results suggest that changes in protease activities in roots and shoots and altered cystatin expression patterns in syncytia, roots and shoots are important for protein metabolism during cyst nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Maria Dzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Ger MJ, Louh GY, Lin YH, Feng TY, Huang HE. Ectopically expressed sweet pepper ferredoxin PFLP enhances disease resistance to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum affected by harpin and protease-mediated hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:892-906. [PMID: 24796566 PMCID: PMC6638834 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) is a photosynthesis-type ferredoxin (Fd) found in sweet pepper. It contains an iron-sulphur cluster that receives and delivers electrons between enzymes involved in many fundamental metabolic processes. It has been demonstrated that transgenic plants overexpressing PFLP show a high resistance to many bacterial pathogens, although the mechanism remains unclear. In this investigation, the PFLP gene was transferred into Arabidopsis and its defective derivatives, such as npr1 (nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related gene 1) and eds1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1) mutants and NAHG-transgenic plants. These transgenic plants were then infected with the soft-rot bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, ECC) to investigate the mechanism behind PFLP-mediated resistance. The results revealed that, instead of showing soft-rot symptoms, ECC activated hypersensitive response (HR)-associated events, such as the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), electrical conductivity leakage and expression of the HR marker genes (ATHSR2 and ATHSR3) in PFLP-transgenic Arabidopsis. This PFLP-mediated resistance could be abolished by inhibitors, such as diphenylene iodonium (DPI), 1-l-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)-butane (E64) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (z-VAD-fmk), but not by myriocin and fumonisin. The PFLP-transgenic plants were resistant to ECC, but not to its harpin mutant strain ECCAC5082. In the npr1 mutant and NAHG-transgenic Arabidopsis, but not in the eds1 mutant, overexpression of the PFLP gene increased resistance to ECC. Based on these results, we suggest that transgenic Arabidopsis contains high levels of ectopic PFLP; this may lead to the recognition of the harpin and to the activation of the HR and other resistance mechanisms, and is dependent on the protease-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mang-Jye Ger
- Department of Life Science, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
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16
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Bar M, Avni A. Endosomal trafficking and signaling in plant defense responses. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:86-92. [PMID: 25282589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses are initiated by ligand-receptor recognition. The receptor may contain a motif for endocytosis and endocytosis is important for defense signaling in some cases. Recently, endosomal trafficking during defense has begun to be elucidated. In some cases, defense receptors are internalized into early endosomes, recycled back to the plasma membrane (PM) on recycling endosomes, and targeted for degradation via the late endosome pathway in an ESCRT dependent manner. Endosomal signaling has been proposed for several receptors. Defense receptors have been shown to reside on endosomes during the signaling time window. Increasing the endosomal presence of a receptor can cause a concomitant increase in signaling, while abolishing the formation of endosomes after the receptor has already been internalized can cause signaling attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Adi Avni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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17
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Yordanova Z, Kapchina-Toteva V, Woltering E, Batchvarova R, Yakimova E. Xylanse-Induced Cell Death Events in Detached Tobacco Leaves. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2009.10817638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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18
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Benouaret R, Goujon E, Goupil P. Grape marc extract causes early perception events, defence reactions and hypersensitive response in cultured tobacco cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 77:84-9. [PMID: 24561714 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grape marc extract (GME) showed elicitor activity on suspension-cultured cells of tobacco. The BY-2 cells reacted to GME (0.25% and 0.125%) with a long-sustained pH rise in their growth medium. Using EGTA or LaCl3, we showed that extracellular alkalinization depended on Ca(2+) mobilization. The tobacco BY-2 cells challenged with GME promoted cell death and the upregulation of defence-related genes such as PR3, PAL and CCoAOMT. Cell death rate was quantified using an experimental calibrated Evans Blue assay. The GME-induced cell death was dose-dependent and occurred in 24 h. Longer exposure increased the extent of tobacco cell death. To investigate a potential hypersensitive reaction, we tested the effect of various inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) and proteases (aprotinin, pepstatin and E-64) on GME-induced cell death. All these chemicals reduced GME-induced cell death rate in 30 min. Overall, our findings indicate that GME elicits early perception events, defence reactions and cell death requiring protein synthesis and proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Benouaret
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR INRA 547 PIAF, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - E Goujon
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR INRA 547 PIAF, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - P Goupil
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR INRA 547 PIAF, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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19
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Bar M, Schuster S, Leibman M, Ezer R, Avni A. The function of EHD2 in endocytosis and defense signaling is affected by SUMO. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:509-18. [PMID: 24154852 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of target proteins by the small ubiquitin-like modifier protein (SUMO) regulates many cellular processes. SUMOylation has been shown to regulate cellular localization and function of a variety of proteins, in some cases affecting nuclear import or export. We have previously characterized two EHDs (EH domain containing proteins) in Arabidospis and showed their involvement in plant endocytosis. AtEHD2 has an inhibitory effect on endocytosis of transferrin, FM-4-64, and the leucine rich repeat receptor like protein LeEix2, an effect that requires and intact coiled-coil domain. Inhibition of endocytosis of LeEix2 by EHD2 is effective in inhibiting defense responses mediated by the LeEix2 receptor in response to its ligand EIX. In the present work we demonstrate that SUMOylation of EHD2 appears to be required for EHD2-induced inhibition of LeEix2 endocytosis. Indeed, we found that a mutant form of EHD2, possessing a defective SUMOylation site, has an increased nuclear abundance, can no longer be SUMOylated and is no longer effective in inhibiting LeEix2 endocytosis or defense signaling in response to EIX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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20
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Tran D, Rossi M, Biligui B, Kawano T, Mancuso S, Bouteau F. Ozone-induced caspase-like activities are dependent on early ion channel regulations and ROS generation in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25170. [PMID: 23733075 PMCID: PMC3999082 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using A. thaliana cultured cells; we recently reported new insights regarding the effect of acute O₃ exposure. This consist in an oxidative dependent controlled cell death process involving cell shrinkage due to an early activation of anion channel (1) and a delayed activation of K(+) outward currents, but also to early events like Ca (2+) influx or singlet oxygen production possibly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we provide evidence that most of these early events act downstream of caspase-like activities as recently demonstrated for K(+) channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED, FRE 3597); Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
| | - Marika Rossi
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
| | - Bernadette Biligui
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED, FRE 3597); Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; University of Kitakyushu 1-1; Kitakyushu, Japan
- University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI); Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
- University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI); Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (IED, FRE 3597); Paris, France
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes; Orsay, France
- LINV-Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science; University of Florence; Florence, Italy
- University of Florence LINV Kitakyushu Research Center; Kitakyushu, Japan
- Correspondence to: François Bouteau,
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21
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Tran D, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Rossi M, Biligui B, Briand J, Kawano T, Mancuso S, Bouteau F. Post-transcriptional regulation of GORK channels by superoxide anion contributes to increases in outward-rectifying K⁺ currents. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1039-1048. [PMID: 23517047 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
· Ion fluxes are ubiquitous processes in the plant and animal kingdoms, controlled by fine-tuned regulations of ion channel activity. Yet the mechanism that cells employ to achieve the modification of ion homeostasis at the molecular level still remains unclear. This is especially true when it comes to the mechanisms that lead to cell death. · In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana cells were exposed to ozone (O₃). Ion flux variations were analyzed by electrophysiological measurements and their transcriptional regulation by RT-PCR. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified by luminescence techniques and caspase-like activities were investigated by laser confocal microscopy. · We highlighted the delayed activation of K(+) outward-rectifying currents after an O₃ -induced oxidative stress leading to programmed cell death (PCD). Caspase-like activities are detected under O₃ exposure and could be decreased by K(+) channel blocker. Molecular experiments revealed that the sustained activation of K(+) outward current could be the result of an unexpected O₂ ·⁻ post-transcriptional regulation of the guard cell outward-rectifying K(+) (GORK) channels. · This consists of a likely new mode of regulating the processing of the GORK mRNA, in a ROS-dependent manner, to allow sustained K(+) effluxes during PCD. These data provide new mechanistic insights into K(+) channel regulation during an oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tran
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marika Rossi
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bernadette Biligui
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Joël Briand
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Graduate School of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0135, Japan
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI), Paris, France
| | - François Bouteau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut des Energies de Demain (IED), Paris, France
- LEM, Institut de Biologie des Plantes, Bât 630, 91405, Orsay, France
- LINV - Department of Plant Soil & Environmental Science, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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22
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Yordanova ZP, Woltering EJ, Kapchina-Toteva VM, Iakimova ET. Mastoparan-induced programmed cell death in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:191-205. [PMID: 23250917 PMCID: PMC3555528 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Under stress-promoting conditions unicellular algae can undergo programmed cell death (PCD) but the mechanisms of algal cellular suicide are still poorly understood. In this work, the involvement of caspase-like proteases, DNA cleavage and the morphological occurrence of cell death in wasp venom mastoparan (MP)-treated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied. METHODS Algal cells were exposed to MP and cell death was analysed over time. Specific caspase inhibitors were employed to elucidate the possible role of caspase-like proteases. YVADase activity (presumably a vacuolar processing enzyme) was assayed by using a fluorogenic caspase-1 substrate. DNA breakdown was evaluated by DNA laddering and Comet analysis. Cellular morphology was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. KEY RESULTS MP-treated C. reinhardtii cells expressed several features of necrosis (protoplast shrinkage) and vacuolar cell death (lytic vesicles, vacuolization, empty cell-walled corpse-containing remains of digested protoplast) sometimes within one single cell and in different individual cells. Nucleus compaction and DNA fragmentation were detected. YVADase activity was rapidly stimulated in response to MP but the early cell death was not inhibited by caspase inhibitors. At later time points, however, the caspase inhibitors were effective in cell-death suppression. Conditioned medium from MP-treated cells offered protection against MP-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS In C. reinhardtii MP triggered PCD of atypical phenotype comprising features of vacuolar and necrotic cell deaths, reminiscent of the modality of hypersensitive response. It was assumed that depending on the physiological state and sensitivity of the cells to MP, the early cell-death phase might be not mediated by caspase-like enzymes, whereas later cell death may involve caspase-like-dependent proteolysis. The findings substantiate the hypothesis that, depending on the mode of induction and sensitivity of the cells, algal PCD may take different forms and proceed through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenya P. Yordanova
- Department Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St Kliment Ohridski’, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ernst J. Woltering
- Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 630, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Food and Biobased Research, Bornse weilanden 9, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Veneta M. Kapchina-Toteva
- Department Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University ‘St Kliment Ohridski’, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elena T. Iakimova
- Wageningen University, Horticultural Supply Chains Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PO Box 630, 6700AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Ornamental Plants, 1222 Negovan, Sofia, Bulgaria
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23
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Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. Tungsten Toxicity in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 1:82-99. [PMID: 27137642 PMCID: PMC4844263 DOI: 10.3390/plants1020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tungsten (W) is a rare heavy metal, widely used in a range of industrial, military and household applications due to its unique physical properties. These activities inevitably have accounted for local W accumulation at high concentrations, raising concerns about its effects for living organisms. In plants, W has primarily been used as an inhibitor of the molybdoenzymes, since it antagonizes molybdenum (Mo) for the Mo-cofactor (MoCo) of these enzymes. However, recent advances indicate that, beyond Mo-enzyme inhibition, W has toxic attributes similar with those of other heavy metals. These include hindering of seedling growth, reduction of root and shoot biomass, ultrastructural malformations of cell components, aberration of cell cycle, disruption of the cytoskeleton and deregulation of gene expression related with programmed cell death (PCD). In this article, the recent available information on W toxicity in plants and plant cells is reviewed, and the knowledge gaps and the most pertinent research directions are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios P Eleftheriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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24
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Gorpenchenko TY, Aminin DL, Vereshchagina YV, Shkryl YN, Veremeichik GN, Tchernoded GK, Bulgakov VP. Can plant oncogenes inhibit programmed cell death? The rolB oncogene reduces apoptosis-like symptoms in transformed plant cells. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1058-1061. [PMID: 22899080 PMCID: PMC3489626 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rolB oncogene was previously identified as an important player in ROS metabolism in transformed plant cells. Numerous reports indicate a crucial role for animal oncogenes in apoptotic cell death. Whether plant oncogenes such as rolB can induce programmed cell death (PCD) in transformed plant cells is of particular importance. In this investigation, we used a single-cell assay based on confocal microscopy and fluorescent dyes capable of discriminating between apoptotic and necrotic cells. Our results indicate that the expression of rolB in plant cells was sufficient to decrease the proportion of apoptotic cells in steady-state conditions and diminish the rate of apoptotic cells during induced PCD. These data suggest that plant oncogenes, like animal oncogenes, may be involved in the processes mediating PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y. Gorpenchenko
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Dmitry L. Aminin
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuliya V. Vereshchagina
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yuri N. Shkryl
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Galina N. Veremeichik
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Galina K. Tchernoded
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Victor P. Bulgakov
- Institute of Biology and Soil Science; Far East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok, Russia
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25
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Yi H, Yin J, Liu X, Jing X, Fan S, Zhang H. Sulfur dioxide induced programmed cell death in Vicia guard cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 78:281-286. [PMID: 22154778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) induced nuclear condensation and nuclear fragmentation and rapid loss of guard cell viability in detached epidermis of Vicia leaves at concentrations of 1 mM and higher (3 h exposure). Caspase inhibitors Z-Asp-CH(2)-DCB (0.1 mM) and TLCK (0.1 mM) markedly suppressed SO(2)-induced cell death. The typical nuclear morphological changes and the inhibition effects of caspase inhibitors suggest the activation of a programmed cell death (PCD) pathway. SO(2)-induced cell death can be blocked by either antioxidants (0.1 mM AsA or 200 U/mL CAT) or Ca(2+) antagonists (0.1mM EGTA or LaCl(3)). AsA and CAT also blocked SO(2)-induced ROS production and [Ca(2+)](cyt) increase. However, EGTA and LaCl(3) can inhibit SO(2)-induced [Ca(2+)](cyt) increase, but cannot suppress SO(2)-induced ROS production. Our results indicate that high concentrations of SO(2) induce guard cell death via a PCD pathway through ROS mediating [Ca(2+)](cyt) elevation, which causes harmful effects to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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26
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Hamada H, Kurusu T, Okuma E, Nokajima H, Kiyoduka M, Koyano T, Sugiyama Y, Okada K, Koga J, Saji H, Miyao A, Hirochika H, Yamane H, Murata Y, Kuchitsu K. Regulation of a proteinaceous elicitor-induced Ca2+ influx and production of phytoalexins by a putative voltage-gated cation channel, OsTPC1, in cultured rice cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9931-9939. [PMID: 22270358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.337659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen/microbe- or plant-derived signaling molecules (PAMPs/MAMPs/DAMPs) or elicitors induce increases in the cytosolic concentration of free Ca(2+) followed by a series of defense responses including biosynthesis of antimicrobial secondary metabolites called phytoalexins; however, the molecular links and regulatory mechanisms of the phytoalexin biosynthesis remains largely unknown. A putative voltage-gated cation channel, OsTPC1 has been shown to play a critical role in hypersensitive cell death induced by a fungal xylanase protein (TvX) in suspension-cultured rice cells. Here we show that TvX induced a prolonged increase in cytosolic Ca(2+), mainly due to a Ca(2+) influx through the plasma membrane. Membrane fractionation by two-phase partitioning and immunoblot analyses revealed that OsTPC1 is localized predominantly at the plasma membrane. In retrotransposon-insertional Ostpc1 knock-out cell lines harboring a Ca(2+)-sensitive photoprotein, aequorin, TvX-induced Ca(2+) elevation was significantly impaired, which was restored by expression of OsTPC1. TvX-induced production of major diterpenoid phytoalexins and the expression of a series of diterpene cyclase genes involved in phytoalexin biosynthesis were also impaired in the Ostpc1 cells. Whole cell patch clamp analyses of OsTPC1 heterologously expressed in HEK293T cells showed its voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-permeability. These results suggest that OsTPC1 plays a crucial role in TvX-induced Ca(2+) influx as a plasma membrane Ca(2+)-permeable channel consequently required for the regulation of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured rice cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruyasu Hamada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Kurusu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nokajima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kiyoduka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koyano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jinichiro Koga
- Food Science Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd., 5-3-1, Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0289, Japan
| | - Hikaru Saji
- Environmental Biology Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506 Japan, and
| | - Akio Miyao
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hirochika
- Division of Genome and Biodiversity Research, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Biotechnology Research Center, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan,.
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27
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Sharfman M, Bar M, Ehrlich M, Schuster S, Melech-Bonfil S, Ezer R, Sessa G, Avni A. Endosomal signaling of the tomato leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein LeEix2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:413-23. [PMID: 21736652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like proteins (RLPs) represent a unique class of cell-surface receptors, as they lack a functional cytoplasmic domain. Our knowledge of how RLPs that do not contain a kinase or Toll domain function is very limited. The tomato RLP receptor LeEix2 signals to induce defense responses mediated by the fungal protein ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX). The movement of FYVE-positive endosomes before and after EIX application was examined using spinning disc confocal microscopy. We found that while FYVE-positive endosomes generally observe a random movement pattern, following EIX application a subpopulation of FYVE-positive endosomes follow a directional movement pattern. Further, cellular endosomes travel greater distances at higher speeds following EIX application. Time-course experiments conducted with specific inhibitors demonstrate the involvement of endosomal signaling in EIX-triggered defense responses. Abolishing the existence of endosomes or the endocytic event prevented EIX-induced signaling. Endocytosis/endosome inhibitors, such as Dynasore or 1-butanol, inhibit EIX-induced signaling. Moreover, treatment with Endosidin1, which inhibits an early step in plasma membrane/endosome trafficking, enhances the induction of defense responses by EIX. Our data indicate a distinct endosomal signaling mechanism for induction of defense responses in this RLP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Sharfman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Mazuy C, Corbineau F, Bailly C. DNA alteration and programmed cell death during ageing of sunflower seed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5003-11. [PMID: 21765164 PMCID: PMC3193007 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed viability is affected by moisture content (MC) during ageing and is related to accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and changes in energy metabolism. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of ageing on DNA alteration events by RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) analysis and to determine whether loss of seed viability might correspond to a controlled programmed cell death (PCD). Ageing of sunflower seeds was carried out at 35 °C for 7 d at different MCs. The higher the MC, the lower was the seed viability. RAPD analysis showed that DNA alterations occurred during ageing especially in seeds containing a high MC. In addition, PCD, as revealed by DNA fragmentation and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) assay, was detected in aged seeds at MCs which resulted in ∼50% seed viability. At the cellular level, TUNEL assay and propidium iodide staining showed that cell death concerns all the cells of the embryonic axis. The quantification of the adenylate pool highlights mitochondrial dysfunction in aged seeds containing a high MC. The involvement of oxidative burst, mitochondria dysfunction, and PCD in seed loss of viability is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat El-Maarouf-Bouteau
- UR5 EAC7180 CNRS, UPMC Universite Paris 06, Bat C 2 ème étage, 4, place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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29
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Birtić S, Colville L, Pritchard HW, Pearce SR, Kranner I. Mathematically combined half-cell reduction potentials of low-molecular-weight thiols as markers of seed ageing. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1093-102. [PMID: 21749317 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.595409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The half-cell reduction potential of the glutathione disulphide (GSSG)/glutathione (GSH) redox couple appears to correlate with cell viability and has been proposed to be a marker of seed viability and ageing. This study investigated the relationship between seed viability and the individual half-cell reduction potentials (E(i)s) of four low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols in Lathyrus pratensis seeds subjected to artificial ageing: GSH, cysteine (Cys), cysteinyl-glycine (Cys-Gly) and γ-glutamyl-cysteine (γ-Glu-Cys). The standard redox potential of γ-Glu-Cys was previously unknown and was experimentally determined. The E(i)s were mathematically combined to define a LMW thiol-disulphide based redox environment (E(thiol-disulphide)). Loss of seed viability correlated with a shift in E(thiol-disulphide) towards more positive values, with a LD(50) value of -0.90 ± 0.093 mV M (mean ± SD). The mathematical definition of E(thiol-disulphide) is envisaged as a step towards the definition of the overall cellular redox environment, which will need to include all known redox-couples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Birtić
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, UK
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30
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Adamakis IDS, Panteris E, Eleftheriou EP. The fatal effect of tungsten on Pisum sativum L. root cells: indications for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced programmed cell death. PLANTA 2011; 234:21-34. [PMID: 21344314 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a widespread response of plants against abiotic stress, such as heavy metal toxicity. Tungsten (W) is increasingly considered toxic for plants since it irreversibly affects their growth. Therefore, we investigated whether W could induce some kind of PCD in plants, like other heavy metals do. The morphology of cell and nucleus, the integrity of the cytoskeleton, Evans Blue absorbance and the expression of PCD-related genes were used as indicators of PCD in W-treated roots of Pisum sativum (pea). TEM and fluorescence microscopy revealed mitotic cycle arrest, protoplast shrinkage, disruption of the cytoskeleton and chromatin condensation and peripheral distribution in the nucleus of W-affected cells. Moreover, Evans Blue absorbance in roots increased in relation to the duration of W treatment. These effects were suppressed by inhibitors of the 26S proteasome, caspases and endoplasmic reticulum stress. In addition, silencing of DAD-1 and induction of HSR203J, BiP-D, bZIP28 and bZIP60 genes were also recorded in W-treated pea roots by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The above observations show that W induces a kind of PCD in pea roots, further substantiating its toxicity for plants. Data imply that endoplasmic reticulum stress-unfolded protein response may be involved in W-induced PCD.
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31
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Balestrazzi A, Agoni V, Tava A, Avato P, Biazzi E, Raimondi E, Macovei A, Carbonera D. Cell death induction and nitric oxide biosynthesis in white poplar (Populus alba) suspension cultures exposed to alfalfa saponins. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 141:227-38. [PMID: 21128946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the biological activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) saponins on white poplar (Populus alba, cultivar 'Villafranca') cell suspension cultures. The extracts from alfalfa roots, aerial parts and seeds were characterized for their saponin content by means of thin layer chromatography (TLC) and electrospray ionisation coupled to mass spectrometry. The quantitative saponin composition from the different plant extracts was determined considering the aglycone moieties and determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. Only soyasapogenin I was detected in the seed extract while several other saponins were found in the root and leaf extracts. Actively proliferating white poplar cell cultures were challenged with the different saponin extracts. Only alfalfa root saponins, at 50 µg ml⁻¹, induced significant cell death rates (75.00 ± 4.90%). Different cell subpopulations with peculiar cell death morphologies were observed and the programmed cell death (PCD)/necrosis ratio was reduced at increasing saponin concentrations. Enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) production was observed in white poplar cells treated with root saponins (RSs) at 50 µg ml⁻¹ and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the culture medium was also demonstrated. Saponin-induced NO production was sensitive to sodium azide and N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, two specific inhibitors of distinct pathways for NO biosynthesis in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Balestrazzi
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, Pavia, Italy
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32
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Bar M, Sharfman M, Avni A. LeEix1 functions as a decoy receptor to attenuate LeEix2 signaling. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:455-7. [PMID: 21364318 PMCID: PMC3142438 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.3.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The receptors for the fungal elicitor EIX (LeEix1 and LeEix2) belong to a class of leucine-rich repeat cell-surface glycoproteins with a signal for receptor-mediated endocytosis. Both receptors are able to bind the EIX elicitor while only the LeEix2 receptor mediates defense responses. We show that LeEix1 acts as a decoy receptor and attenuates EIX induced internalization and signaling of the LeEix2 receptor. We demonstrate that BAK1 binds LeEix1 but not LeEix2. In plants where BAK1 was silenced, LeEix1 was no longer able to attenuate plant responses to EIX, indicating that BAK1 is required for this attenuation. We suggest that LeEix1 functions as a decoy receptor for LeEix2, a function which requires the kinase activity of BAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- Tel Aviv University, Plant Sciences, Haim Levanon, Tel Aviv, Israel
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33
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Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. The role of vacuolar processing enzymes in plant immunity. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:1565-7. [PMID: 21139432 PMCID: PMC3115104 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play important roles in plant innate immunity. In this mini-review, we describe the current view on the role of a plant protease, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), and the first identified plant caspase-1-like protein, in plant immunity. In the past several years, VPEs were determined to play important roles in various types of cell death in plants. Early studies demonstrated the identification of VPE as a vacuolar hydrolytic protein responsible for maturation of vacuolar proteins. Later, Nicotiana benthamiana VPE was reported to mediate virus-induced hypersensitive response by regulating membrane collapse. The ortholog of VPE in Arabidopsis is also suggested to be involved in both mycotoxin-induced cell death and developmental cell death. However, the role of VPE in elicitor-signaling is still unclear. Our recent studies demonstrated the involvement of VPE in elicitor signal transduction to induce stomatal closure and defense responses, including defense gene expression and hypersensitive cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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34
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Kranner I, Minibayeva FV, Beckett RP, Seal CE. What is stress? Concepts, definitions and applications in seed science. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:655-73. [PMID: 20854396 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
'Stresses' that impact upon seeds can affect plant reproduction and productivity, and, hence, agriculture and biodiversity. In the absence of a clear definition of plant stress, we relate concepts from physics, medicine and psychology to stresses that are specific to seeds. Potential 'eustresses' that enhance function and 'distresses' that have harmful effects are considered in relation to the seed life cycle. Taking a triphasic biomedical stress concept published in 1936, the 'General Adaptation Syndrome', to the molecular level, the 'alarm' response is defined by post-translational modifications and stress signalling through cross-talk between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and seed hormones, that result in modifications to the transcriptome. Protection, repair, acclimation and adaptation are viewed as the 'building blocks' of the 'resistance' response, which, in seeds, are the basis for their longevity over centuries. When protection and repair mechanisms eventually fail, depending on dose and time of exposure to stress, cell death and, ultimately, seed death are the result, corresponding to 'exhaustion'. This proposed seed stress concept may have wider applicability to plants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Kranner
- Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, UK.
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35
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Bar M, Sharfman M, Ron M, Avni A. BAK1 is required for the attenuation of ethylene-inducing xylanase (Eix)-induced defense responses by the decoy receptor LeEix1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:791-800. [PMID: 20561260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Elicitor recognition plays a key role in the reaction of plants to pathogens and the induction of plant defense responses. Furthermore, plant-microbe interactions involve numerous regulatory systems essential for plant defense against pathogens. Ethylene-inducing xylanase (Eix) is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The Eix receptors (LeEix1 and LeEix2) belong to a superclade of leucine-rich repeat receptor-like proteins (RLP) with a signal for receptor-mediated endocytosis, which was shown to be essential for proper induction of defense responses. Both receptors are able to bind Eix, while only LeEix2 mediates defense responses. Here we demonstrate that LeEix1 heterodimerizes with LeEix2 upon application of the Eix elicitor. We show that LeEix1 attenuates Eix-induced internalization and signaling of the LeEix2 receptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate, using yeast two-hybrid and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, that the brassinosteroid co-receptor, BAK1, binds LeEix1 but not LeEix2. In BAK1-silenced plants, LeEix1 was no longer able to attenuate plant responses to Eix, indicating that BAK1 is required for this attenuation. We suggest that LeEix1 functions as a decoy receptor for LeEix2, a function which requires BAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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36
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Twumasi P, Iakimova ET, Qian T, van Ieperen W, Schel JHN, Emons AMC, van Kooten O, Woltering EJ. Caspase inhibitors affect the kinetics and dimensions of tracheary elements in xylogenic Zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cell cultures. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:162. [PMID: 20691058 PMCID: PMC3017784 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The xylem vascular system is composed of fused dead, hollow cells called tracheary elements (TEs) that originate through trans-differentiation of root and shoot cambium cells. TEs undergo autolysis as they differentiate and mature. The final stage of the formation of TEs in plants is the death of the involved cells, a process showing some similarities to programmed cell death (PCD) in animal systems. Plant proteases with functional similarity to proteases involved in mammalian apoptotic cell death (caspases) are suggested as an integral part of the core mechanism of most PCD responses in plants, but participation of plant caspase-like proteases in TE PCD has not yet been documented. RESULTS Confocal microscopic images revealed the consecutive stages of TE formation in Zinnia cells during trans-differentiation. Application of the caspase inhibitors Z-Asp-CH2-DCB, Ac-YVAD-CMK and Ac-DEVD-CHO affected the kinetics of formation and the dimensions of the TEs resulting in a significant delay of TE formation, production of larger TEs and in elimination of the 'two-wave' pattern of TE production. DNA breakdown and appearance of TUNEL-positive nuclei was observed in xylogenic cultures and this was suppressed in the presence of caspase inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge this is the first report showing that caspase inhibitors can modulate the process of trans-differentiation in Zinnia xylogenic cell cultures. As caspase inhibitors are closely associated with cell death inhibition in a variety of plant systems, this suggests that the altered TE formation results from suppression of PCD. The findings presented here are a first step towards the use of appropriate PCD signalling modulators or related molecular genetic strategies to improve the hydraulic properties of xylem vessels in favour of the quality and shelf life of plants or plant parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Twumasi
- Wageningen University, Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Elena T Iakimova
- Wageningen University, Food and Biobased Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Ornamental Plants, 1222 Negovan, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tian Qian
- Wageningen University, Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Ieperen
- Wageningen University, Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan HN Schel
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, P.O. Box 633, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Mie C Emons
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, P.O. Box 633, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf van Kooten
- Wageningen University, Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Woltering
- Wageningen University, Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University, Food and Biobased Research, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Demidchik V, Cuin TA, Svistunenko D, Smith SJ, Miller AJ, Shabala S, Sokolik A, Yurin V. Arabidopsis root K+-efflux conductance activated by hydroxyl radicals: single-channel properties, genetic basis and involvement in stress-induced cell death. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1468-79. [PMID: 20375061 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.064352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are central to plant stress response, signalling, development and a multitude of other processes. In this study, the plasma-membrane hydroxyl radical (HR)-activated K(+) channel responsible for K(+) efflux from root cells during stress accompanied by ROS generation is characterised. The channel showed 16-pS unitary conductance and was sensitive to Ca(2+), tetraethylammonium, Ba(2+), Cs(+) and free-radical scavengers. The channel was not found in the gork1-1 mutant, which lacks a major plasma-membrane outwardly rectifying K(+) channel. In intact Arabidopsis roots, both HRs and stress induced a dramatic K(+) efflux that was much smaller in gork1-1 plants. Tests with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that NaCl can stimulate HR generation in roots and this might lead to K(+)-channel activation. In animals, activation of K(+)-efflux channels by HRs can trigger programmed cell death (PCD). PCD symptoms in Arabidopsis roots developed much more slowly in gork1-1 and wild-type plants treated with K(+)-channel blockers or HR scavengers. Therefore, similar to animal counterparts, plant HR-activated K(+) channels are also involved in PCD. Overall, this study provides new insight into the regulation of plant cation transport by ROS and demonstrates possible physiological properties of plant HR-activated K(+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 5AP, UK.
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38
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Nishimura MT, Dangl JL. Arabidopsis and the plant immune system. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:1053-66. [PMID: 20409278 PMCID: PMC2859471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of plant disease resistance is of central importance to sustainable agriculture and human health. Use of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has resulted in an explosion of information regarding both disease resistance and susceptibility to pathogens. The last 20 years of research have demonstrated the commonalities between Arabidopsis and crop species. In this review, commemorating the 10th anniversary of the sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome, we will address some of the insights derived from the use of Arabidopsis as a model plant pathology system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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39
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Lampl N, Budai-Hadrian O, Davydov O, Joss TV, Harrop SJ, Curmi PMG, Roberts TH, Fluhr R. Arabidopsis AtSerpin1, crystal structure and in vivo interaction with its target protease RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION-21 (RD21). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13550-60. [PMID: 20181955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.095075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, protease inhibitors of the serpin family are associated with many physiological processes, including blood coagulation and innate immunity. Serpins feature a reactive center loop (RCL), which displays a protease target sequence as a bait. RCL cleavage results in an irreversible, covalent serpin-protease complex. AtSerpin1 is an Arabidopsis protease inhibitor that is expressed ubiquitously throughout the plant. The x-ray crystal structure of recombinant AtSerpin1 in its native stressed conformation was determined at 2.2 A. The electrostatic surface potential below the RCL was found to be highly positive, whereas the breach region critical for RCL insertion is an unusually open structure. AtSerpin1 accumulates in plants as a full-length and a cleaved form. Fractionation of seedling extracts by nonreducing SDS-PAGE revealed the presence of an additional slower migrating complex that was absent when leaves were treated with the specific cysteine protease inhibitor L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino)butane. Significantly, RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION-21 (RD21) was the major protease labeled with the L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino)butane derivative DCG-04 in wild type extracts but not in extracts of mutant plants constitutively overexpressing AtSerpin1, indicating competition. Fractionation by nonreducing SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with RD21-specific antibody revealed that the protease accumulated both as a free enzyme and in a complex with AtSerpin1. Importantly, both RD21 and AtSerpin1 knock-out mutants lacked the serpin-protease complex. The results establish that the major Arabidopsis plant serpin interacts with RD21. This is the first report of the structure and in vivo interaction of a plant serpin with its target protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardy Lampl
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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40
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Nitric oxide: promoter or suppressor of programmed cell death? Protein Cell 2010; 1:133-42. [PMID: 21203983 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gaseous free radical that predominantly functions as a messenger and effector molecule. It affects a variety of physiological processes, including programmed cell death (PCD) through cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent and - independent pathways. In this field, dominant discoveries are the diverse apoptosis networks in mammalian cells, which involve signals primarily via death receptors (extrinsic pathway) or the mitochondria (intrinsic pathway) that recruit caspases as effector molecules. In plants, PCD shares some similarities with animal cells, but NO is involved in PCD induction via interacting with pathways of phytohormones. NO has both promoting and suppressing effects on cell death, depending on a variety of factors, such as cell type, cellular redox status, and the flux and dose of local NO. In this article, we focus on how NO regulates the apoptotic signal cascade through protein S-nitrosylation and review the recent progress on mechanisms of PCD in both mammalian and plant cells.
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Lachaud C, Da Silva D, Cotelle V, Thuleau P, Xiong TC, Jauneau A, Brière C, Graziana A, Bellec Y, Faure JD, Ranjeva R, Mazars C. Nuclear calcium controls the apoptotic-like cell death induced by d-erythro-sphinganine in tobacco cells. Cell Calcium 2010; 47:92-100. [PMID: 20022633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies performed in animals have highlighted the major role of sphingolipids in regulating the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Sphingolipids have also been shown to induce cell death in plants via calcium-based signalling pathways but the contribution of free cytosolic and/or nuclear calcium in the overall process has never been evaluated. Here, we show that increase in tobacco BY-2 cells of the endogenous content of Long Chain Bases (LCBs) caused by external application of d-erythro-sphinganine (DHS) is followed by immediate dose-dependent elevations of cellular free calcium concentration within the first minute in the cytosol and 10min later in the nucleus. Cells challenged with DHS enter a death process through apoptotic-like mechanisms. Lanthanum chloride, a general blocker of calcium entry, suppresses the cellular calcium variations and the PCD induced by DHS. Interestingly, dl-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid (AP5) and [(+)-dizocilpine] (MK801), two inhibitors of animal and plant ionotropic glutamate receptors, suppress DHS-induced cell death symptoms by selectively inhibiting the variations of nuclear calcium concentration. The selective action of these compounds demonstrates the crucial role of nuclear calcium signature in controlling DHS-induced cell death in tobacco cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lachaud
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR CNRS-UPS, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, Auzeville, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Doyle SM, Diamond M, McCabe PF. Chloroplast and reactive oxygen species involvement in apoptotic-like programmed cell death in Arabidopsis suspension cultures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 61:473-82. [PMID: 19933317 PMCID: PMC2803215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular stress. ROS are known to act as regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) in plant and animal cells, so it is possible that chloroplasts have a role in regulating PCD in green tissue. Arabidopsis thaliana cell suspension cultures are model systems in which to test this, as here it is shown that their cells contain well-developed, functional chloroplasts when grown in the light, but not when grown in the dark. Heat treatment at 55 degrees C induced apoptotic-like (AL)-PCD in the cultures, but light-grown cultures responded with significantly less AL-PCD than dark-grown cultures. Chloroplast-free light-grown cultures were established using norflurazon, spectinomycin, and lincomycin and these cultures responded to heat treatment with increased AL-PCD, demonstrating that chloroplasts affect AL-PCD induction in light-grown cultures. Antioxidant treatment of light-grown cultures also resulted in increased AL-PCD induction, suggesting that chloroplast-produced ROS may be involved in AL-PCD regulation. Cycloheximide treatment of light-grown cultures prolonged cell viability and attenuated AL-PCD induction; however, this effect was less pronounced in dark-grown cultures, and did not occur in antioxidant-treated light-grown cultures. This suggests that a complex interplay between light, chloroplasts, ROS, and nuclear protein synthesis occurs during plant AL-PCD. The results of this study highlight the importance of taking into account the time-point at which cells are observed and whether the cells are light-grown and chloroplast-containing or not, for any study on plant AL-PCD, as it appears that chloroplasts can play a significant role in AL-PCD regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamsa M Doyle
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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The coiled-coil domain of EHD2 mediates inhibition of LeEix2 endocytosis and signaling. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7973. [PMID: 19936242 PMCID: PMC2775675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis has been suggested to be crucial for the induction of plant immunity in several cases. We have previously shown that two Arabidopsis proteins, AtEHD1 and AtEHD2, are involved in endocytosis in plant systems. AtEHD2 has an inhibitory effect on endocytosis of transferrin, FM-4-64, and LeEix2. There are many works in mammalian systems detailing the importance of the various domains in EHDs but, to date, the domains of plant EHD2 that are required for its inhibitory activity on endocytosis remained unknown. In this work we demonstrate that the coiled-coil domain of EHD2 is crucial for the ability of EHD2 to inhibit endocytosis in plants, as mutant EHD2 forms lacking the coiled-coil lost the ability to inhibit endocytosis and signaling of LeEix2. The coiled-coil was also required for binding of EHD2 to the LeEix2 receptor. It is therefore probable that binding of EHD2 to the LeEix2 receptor is required for inhibition of LeEix2 internalization. We also show herein that the P-loop of EHD2 is important for EHD2 to function properly. The EH domain of AtEHD2 does not appear to be involved in inhibition of endocytosis. Moreover, AtEHD2 influences actin organization and may exert its inhibitory effect on endocytosis through actin re-distribution. The coiled-coil domain of EHD2 functions in inhibition of endocytosis, while the EH domain does not appear to be involved in inhibition of endocytosis.
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Wijayanto T, Barker SJ, Wylie SJ, Gilchrist DG, Cowling WA. Significant reduction of fungal disease symptoms in transgenic lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) expressing the anti-apoptotic baculovirus gene p35. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2009; 7:778-790. [PMID: 19754837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-leafed lupin (NLL; Lupinus angustifolius) is a recently domesticated but anciently propagated crop with significant value in rotation with cereals in Mediterranean climates. However, several fungal pathogens, traditionally termed necrotrophs, severely affect broad-acre production and there is limited genetic resistance in the NLL germplasm pool. Symptoms of many of these diseases appear as localized areas of dead cells exhibiting markers of programmed cell death. Based on our previous research, we hypothesized that engineered expression of the baculovirus anti-apoptotic p35 gene might reduce symptoms of these diseases. Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of a cultivar highly susceptible to several pathogens, 14 independent NLL lines containing both the p35 and bar genes were obtained (p35-NLL). Integration and expression of the transgenes were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), progeny testing, Southern blot, Northern blot and reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses. Fecundity and nodulation were not altered in these lines. Third or fourth generation p35-NLL lines were challenged with necrotrophic fungal pathogens (anthracnose in stem and leaf, and Pleiochaeta root rot and leaf brown spot) in controlled environment conditions. Several p35-NLL lines had significantly reduced disease symptoms. Interestingly, as with natural resistance, no single line was improved for all three diseases which possibly reflecting spatial variation of p35 expression in planta. These data support an alternative molecular definition for 'necrotrophic disease' in plants and suggest new routes for achieving resistance against a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teguh Wijayanto
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Segovia M, Berges JA. INHIBITION OF CASPASE-LIKE ACTIVITIES PREVENTS THE APPEARANCE OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES AND DARK-INDUCED APOPTOSIS IN THE UNICELLULAR CHLOROPHYTE DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2009; 45:1116-1126. [PMID: 27032357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When the chlorophyte alga Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher is placed in darkness, a form of programmed cell death with many similarities to apoptosis is induced, including the induction of caspase-like proteases. Many uncertainties about the regulation and mediators that participate in the process remain. To examine the relationship between caspase-like activities and different apoptotic events (i.e., phosphatidylserine [PS] translocation), increases in membrane permeability and numbers of dead cells revealed by SYTOX-green staining, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we used the broad-range caspase inhibitor Boc-D-FMK to block the activity of the whole class of caspase-like proteins simultaneously. In the presence of the inhibitor, ROS were not produced, and cells did not die. Loss of membrane asymmetry, indicated by external labeling of PS by annexin V, was apparent at midstages of light deprivation, although it did not conform to the typical pattern for PS exposure observed in metazoans or vascular plants, which occurs at early stages of the apoptotic event. Thus, we have evidence for a link between ROS and cell death involving caspase-like enzymes in an alga. The fact that caspase-like inhibitors prevent not only cell death, but also ROS and loss of cell membrane integrity and asymmetry, suggests that caspase-like proteases might have regulatory roles early in cell death, in addition to dismantling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071-Málaga, SpainDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - John A Berges
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, 29071-Málaga, SpainDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
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Bar M, Avni A. EHD2 inhibits ligand-induced endocytosis and signaling of the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein LeEix2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:600-11. [PMID: 19392695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants are constantly being challenged by aspiring pathogens. In order to protect themselves, plants have developed numerous defense mechanisms that are either specific or non-specific to the pathogen. Pattern recognition receptors can trigger plant defense responses in response to specific ligands or patterns. EIX (ethylene-inducing xylanase) triggers a defense response via the LeEix2 receptor, while bacterial flagellin triggers plant innate immunity via the FLS2 receptor. Endocytosis has been suggested to be crucial for the process in both cases. Here we show that the EIX elicitor triggers internalization of the LeEix2 receptor. Treatment with endocytosis, actin or microtubule inhibitors greatly reduced the internalization of LeEix2. Additionally, we demonstrate that plant EHD2 binds to LeEix2 and is an important factor in its internalization and in regulation of the induction of defense responses such as the hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis and induction of pathogenesis-related protein expression in the case of EIX/LeEix2 (an LRR receptor lacking a kinase domain), but does not appear to be involved in the FLS2 system (an LRR receptor possessing a kinase domain). Our results suggest that various endocytosis pathways are involved in the induction of plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Gonorazky G, Laxalt AM, Testerink C, Munnik T, de la Canal L. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate accumulates extracellularly upon xylanase treatment in tomato cell suspensions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2008; 31:1051-1062. [PMID: 18419735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Various phosphoinositides have been implicated in plant defence signalling. Until now, such molecules have been exclusively related to intracellular signalling. Here, evidence is provided for the detection of extracellular phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in tomato cell suspensions. We have analysed and compared the intracellular and extracellular phospholipid profiles of [(32)P(i)]-prelabelled tomato cells, challenged with the fungal elicitor xylanase. These phospholipid patterns were found to be different, being phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) the most abundant phospholipid in the extracellular medium. Moreover, while cells responded with a typical increase in phosphatidic acid and a decrease in intracellular PIP upon xylanase treatment, extracellular PIP level increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Using two experimental approaches, the extracellular PIP isoform was identified as PI4P. Addition of PI4P to tomato cell suspensions triggered the same defence responses as those induced by xylanase treatment. These include production of reactive oxygen species, accumulation of defence-related gene transcripts and induction of cell death. We demonstrate that extracellular PI4P is accumulated in xylanase-elicited cells and that exogenous application of PI4P mimics xylanase effects, suggesting its putative role as an intercellular signalling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Gonorazky
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata CC (1245), CP (7600) Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Bonneau L, Ge Y, Drury GE, Gallois P. What happened to plant caspases? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:491-9. [PMID: 18272922 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The extent of conservation in the programmed cell death pathways that are activated in species belonging to different kingdoms is not clear. Caspases are key components of animal apoptosis; caspase activities are detected in both animal and plant cells. Yet, while animals have caspase genes, plants do not have orthologous sequences in their genomes. It is 10 years since the first caspase activity was reported in plants, and there are now at least eight caspase activities that have been measured in plant extracts using caspase substrates. Various caspase inhibitors can block many forms of plant programmed cell death, suggesting that caspase-like activities are required for completion of the process. Since plant metacaspases do not have caspase activities, a major challenge is to identify the plant proteases that are responsible for the caspase-like activities and to understand how they relate, if at all, to animal caspases. The protease vacuolar processing enzyme, a legumain, is responsible for the cleavage of caspase-1 synthetic substrate in plant extracts. Saspase, a serine protease, cleaves caspase-8 and some caspase-6 synthetic substrates. Possible scenarios that could explain why plants have caspase activities without caspases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bonneau
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 3.614 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is now accepted as a fundamental cellular process in plants. It is involved in defence, development and response to stress, and our understanding of these processes would be greatly improved through a greater knowledge of the regulation of plant PCD. However, there may be several types of PCD that operate in plants, and PCD research findings can be confusing if they are not assigned to a specific type of PCD. The various cell-death mechanisms need therefore to be carefully described and defined. This review describes one of these plant cell death processes, namely the apoptotic-like PCD (AL-PCD). We begin by examining the hallmark 'apoptotic-like' features (protoplast condensation, DNA degradation) of the cell's destruction that are characteristic of AL-PCD, and include examples of AL-PCD during the plant life cycle. The review explores the possible cellular 'executioners' (caspase-like molecules; mitochondria; de novo protein synthesis) that are responsible for the hallmark features of the cellular destruction. Finally, senescence is used as a case study to show that a rigorous definition of cell-death processes in plant cells can help to resolve arguments that occur in the scientific literature regarding the timing and control of plant cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Reape
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Castillo-Olamendi L, Bravo-Garcìa A, Morán J, Rocha-Sosa M, Porta H. AtMCP1b, a chloroplast-localised metacaspase, is induced in vascular tissue after wounding or pathogen infection. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 34:1061-1071. [PMID: 32689436 DOI: 10.1071/fp07153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
cDNA corresponding to the Arabidopsis type I metacaspase AtMCP1b was isolated from plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae. A positive correlation between AtMCP1b expression and cell death was observed in the presence of staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor that induces programmed cell death. The tissue localisation of an AtMCP1b promoter-GUS fusion was observed in the vascular tissue of transgenic plants. GUS activity increased in response to an incompatible DC3000 (avrRpm1) or a compatible DC3000 P. syringae infection, or to wounding. Confocal and immunohistochemical analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) leaves showed that an AtMCP1b-GFP fusion protein was localised in the chloroplasts. Our data support a positive correlation between AtMCP1b gene expression and cell death in response to wounding or pathogenic interactions. Moreover, the localisation of AtMCP1b gene expression within vascular tissue and cells of abscission regions strongly supports a role for AtMCP1b in programmed cell dismantling events in response to environmental and developmental triggers. The AtMCP1b-GFP subcellular localisation infers a role for the plastid organelles in PCD and, thus, in responses to pathogen attack and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo-Olamendi
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Armando Bravo-Garcìa
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Julio Morán
- Departmento de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Mario Rocha-Sosa
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
| | - Helena Porta
- Departmento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor., México
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