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Yang Y, Xia J, Yu T, Wan S, Zhou Y, Sun G. Effects of phytosterols on cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2025; 39:3-24. [PMID: 39572895 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2025]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death globally. The primary risk factors are high blood lipid levels, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Phytosterols are naturally occurring plant bioactive substances. Short-term clinical trials have demonstrated phytosterols' cholesterol-lowering potential, but their effects on cardiovascular risk factors remain controversial, and relevant meta-analyses are limited and incomplete. We conducted a systematic and comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library up to December 22, 2023. A total of 109 randomized controlled trials (RCTS) of phytosterols (PS) intervention on cardiovascular risk factor outcomes were included in a preliminary screening of the retrieved literature by Endnote 20. We assessed the quality of all included randomized controlled trials using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. Cochrane data conversion tool was used for data conversion, and finally Stata was used for meta-analysis, egger test and sensitivity analysis of the included studies. The results indicated that dietary phytosterols intake could significantly decrease total cholesterol (TC) level (mean difference = -13.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -15.19, -11.63, p < 0.001), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (mean difference = -12.57; 95% CI: -13.87, -11.26, p < 0.001), triglycerides (TG) level (mean difference = -6.34; 95% CI: -9.43, -3.25, p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (CRP) level (mean difference = -0.05; 95% CI: -0.08, -0.01, p = 0.671), systolic blood pressure (SBP) level (mean difference = -2.10; 95% CI: -3.27, -0.9, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) level (mean difference = -0.83; 95% CI: -0.58, -0.07, p = 0.032), increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (mean difference = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.13, 0.78, p = 0.005), but did not alter the levels of blood glucose (GLU) (mean difference = -0.44; 95% CI: -1.64, 0.76, p = 0.471), glycosylated hemoglobin, Type A1C (HbA1c) (mean difference = -0.28; 95% CI: -0.75, 0.20, p = 0.251), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (mean difference = 0.00; 95% CI: -0.02, 0.02, p = 0.980), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) (mean difference = 0.08; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.24, p = 0.335), oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OXLDL-C) (standard mean difference = 0.16; 95% CI: -0.38, 0.06, p = 0.154), body mass index (BMI) (mean difference = 0.01; 95% CI: -0.07, 0.09, p = 0.886), waist circumference (WC) (mean difference = -0.10; 95% CI: -0.50, 0.30, p = 0.625) and body weight (mean difference = 0.03; 95% CI: -0.18, 0.24, p = 0.787). Our results suggest that phytosterols may be beneficial in reducing the levels of TC, LDL-C, TG, CRP, SBP, and DBP, but have no significant effect on GLU, HbA1c, TNF-α, IL-6, OXLDL-C, BMI, WC, and Weight. However, there were a small number of RCTS included in this study and their small population size may have reduced the quality of the study. And most of the included studies were short-term intervention trials. Therefore, higher quality studies need to be designed in future studies to establish more accurate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingqing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Zhou
- Nanjing Zhongke Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Fogacci F, ALGhasab NS, Di Micoli V, Giovannini M, Cicero AFG. Cholesterol-Lowering Bioactive Foods and Nutraceuticals in Pediatrics: Clinical Evidence of Efficacy and Safety. Nutrients 2024; 16:1526. [PMID: 38794764 PMCID: PMC11123713 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to even slightly elevated plasma cholesterol levels significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The latest evidence recommends an improvement in plasma lipid levels, even in children who are not affected by severe hypercholesterolemia. The risk-benefit profile of pharmacological treatments in pediatric patients with moderate dyslipidemia is uncertain, and several cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals have been recently tested. In this context, the available randomized clinical trials are small, short-term and mainly tested different types of fibers, plant sterols/stanols, standardized extracts of red yeast rice, polyunsaturated fatty acids, soy derivatives, and some probiotics. In children with dyslipidemia, nutraceuticals can improve lipid profile in the context of an adequate, well-balanced diet combined with regular physical activity. Of course, they should not be considered an alternative to conventional lipid-lowering drugs when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fogacci
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Naif Saad ALGhasab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College, Ha’il University, Ha’il 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cardiology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Calgary University, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Valentina Di Micoli
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Marina Giovannini
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero
- Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Research Center, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Sant’Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.F.); (V.D.M.); (M.G.)
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Heart, Thoracic and Vascular Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Zou X, Xu T, Zhao T, Xia J, Zhu F, Hou Y, Lu B, Zhang Y, Yang X. Phytosterol organic acid esters: Characterization, anti-inflammatory properties and a delivery strategy to improve mitochondrial function. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100702. [PMID: 38487178 PMCID: PMC10937313 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytosterol organic acid esters are important food resources and the components of biomembrane structure. Due to the lack of extraction and synthesis techniques, more research has been focused on phytosterols, and the research on phytosterol acid esters have encountered a bottleneck, but phytosterol acid esters confer substantial benefits to human health. In this study, stigmasteryl vanillate (VAN), stigmasteryl protocatechuate (PRO) and stigmasteryl sinapate (SIN) were prepared through the Steglich reaction. The processes are promotable and the products reach up to 95% purity. In addition, their stability was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. HPLC analysis revealed an enhancement in water solubility after esterification with phenolic acid. In an in vitro digestion model, the bioaccessibility of stigmasteryl phenolates was significantly higher than that of stigmasterols (STIs). Regarding the anti-inflammatory properties, VAN, PRO, and SIN exhibit superior effects against TNF-α induced pro-inflammatory responses compared to STI. All stigmasteryl phenolates supplementation increased the ATP production, the basal, and maximal oxygen consumption rate in mitochondrial stress test. Overall, we present a synthesis method for stigmasteryl phenolates. It will contribute to the development and research of phytosterol acid ester analysis, functions and utilization in food. Moreover, the nutrient-stigmasterol hybrids tactic we have constructed is practical and can become a targeted mitochondrial delivery strategy with enhanced anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zou
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Optical Agricultural and Food Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Optical Agricultural and Food Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Optical Agricultural and Food Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Feifan Zhu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, No. 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Optical Agricultural and Food Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuan Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation and Health Benefit of Agro-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Optical Agricultural and Food Engineering, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Fontané L, Pedro-Botet J, Garcia-Ribera S, Climent E, Muns MD, Ballesta S, Satorra P, Flores-Le Roux JA, Benaiges D. Use of phytosterol-fortified foods to improve LDL cholesterol levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:1472-1480. [PMID: 37225641 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The main objective was to assess if foods fortified with phytosterols (PS), including plant sterols and plant stanols, reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. The secondary objective was to determine the impact of different factors related to PS administration. DATA SYNTHESIS The search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases up to March 2023. The meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021236952). From a total of 223 studies, 125 were included. On average, PS lowered LDL-C 0.55 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.82-12.67], and this decrease was significantly maintained for all analysed subgroups. A greater reduction in LDL-C levels was detected in relation to a higher daily PS dosage. The food format "Bread, biscuits, cereals", conditioned a lower decrease of 0.14 mmol/L (95%CI -8.71 to -2.16) in LDL-C levels, compared to the predominant food format group of "butter, margarine, spreads". No significant differences were detected with the other subgroups (treatment duration, intake pattern, number of daily intakes and concomitant statin treatment). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis supported that the use of PS-fortified foods had a beneficial effect on LDL-C lowering. In addition, it was observed that the factors that influence a decline LDL-C levels were PS dose as well as the food format in which they were consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Fontané
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, Espirall, 61, E-08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar. Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sonika Garcia-Ribera
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, Espirall, 61, E-08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elisenda Climent
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria D Muns
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Ballesta
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, Espirall, 61, E-08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar. Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pau Satorra
- Department of Biostatistics, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, Gran Via de l'Hospitalet, 199, E-08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Juana A Flores-Le Roux
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, Espirall, 61, E-08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, E-08002 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - David Benaiges
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Consorci Sanitari Alt Penedès-Garraf, Espirall, 61, E-08720 Vilafranca del Penedès, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim, 25-29, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 80, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Plaça de la Mercè, 10-12, E-08002 Barcelona, Spain.
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Gao Y, Xun R, Xia J, Xia H, Sun G. Effects of phytosterol supplementation on lipid profiles in patients with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2023; 14:2969-2997. [PMID: 36891733 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03663k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols (PSs) have been reported to improve blood lipids in patients with hypercholesterolemia for many years. However, meta-analyses of the effects of phytosterols on lipid profiles are limited and incomplete. A systematic search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to March 2022 was conducted according to the 2020 preferred reporting items of the guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. These included studies of people with hypercholesterolemia, comparing foods or preparations containing PSs with controls. Mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate continuous outcomes for individual studies. The results showed that in patients with hypercholesterolemia, taking a diet containing a certain dose of plant sterol significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (TC: Weight Mean Difference (WMD) [95% CI] = -0.37 [-0.41, -0.34], p < 0.001; LDL-C: WMD [95% CI] = -0.34 [-0.37, -0.30], p < 0.001). In contrast, PSs had no effect on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglycerides (TGs) (HDL-C: WMD [95% CI] = 0.00 [-0.01, 0.02], p = 0.742; TG: WMD [95% CI] = -0.01 [-0.04, 0.01], p = 0.233). Also, a significant effect of supplemental dose on LDL-C levels was observed in a nonlinear dose-response analysis (p-nonlinearity = 0.024). Our findings suggest that dietary phytosterols can help reduce TC and LDL-C concentrations in hypercholesterolemia patients without affecting HDL-C and TG concentrations. And the effect may be affected by the food substrate, dose, esterification, intervention cycle and region. The dose of phytosterol is an important factor affecting the level of LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ruilong Xun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jiayue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China. .,China-DRIs Expert Committee on Other Dietary Ingredients, Beijing 100052, China
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A Review of Low-Density Lipoprotein-Lowering Diets in the Age of Anti-Sense Technology. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051249. [PMID: 36904248 PMCID: PMC10005665 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review discusses an important issue, the primary role of diet in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) concentrations in polygenic hypercholesterolemia. Two effective drugs, statins, and ezetimibe, that lower LDLc > 20% are relatively inexpensive and potential competitors to strict dieting. Biochemical and genomic studies have shown that proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays an important role in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipid metabolism. Clinical trials have demonstrated that inhibitory monoclonal antibodies of PCSK9 dose-dependently lower LDLc up to 60%, with evidence of both regression and stabilization of coronary atherosclerosis and a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Recent approaches using RNA interference to achieve PCSK9 inhibition are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The latter presents an attractive option of twice-yearly injections. They are, however, currently expensive and unsuitable for moderate hypercholesterolemia, which is largely due to inappropriate patterns of eating. The best dietary approach, the substitution of saturated fatty acids by polyunsaturated fatty acids at 5% energy, yields > 10% lowering of LDLc. Foods such as nuts and brans, especially within a prudent, plant-based diet low in saturates complemented by supplements such as phytosterols, have the potential to reduce LDLc further. A combination of such foods has been shown to lower LDLc by 20%. A nutritional approach requires backing from industry to develop and market LDLc-lowering products before pharmacology replaces the diet option. Energetic support from health professionals is vital.
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Guo S, Ma C, Hu Y, Song Z, Wang T, Yang R. A notable impact of lipid matrices on cholesterol bioaccessibility from phytosterols-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers during in vitro intestinal digestion. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Chaijan M, Panpipat W, Cheong LZ. Chemical Indices and Kinetic Evaluation of β-Sitosteryl Oleate Oxidation in a Model System of Bulk Oil. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227833. [PMID: 36431934 PMCID: PMC9697817 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised about the safety and tolerability of phytosterol esters due to their vulnerability to oxidation. Herein, oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acid-phytosterol ester, namely β-sitosteryl oleate, was observed in comparison to native β-sitosterol after accelerated storage at 65 °C for 35 days in a bulk oil model system. Depending on the sterol structure, various chemical indices of lipid oxidation, including hydroperoxide value (HPV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (AnV), and 7-keto derivatives, changed at varying rates in both samples. Such indicators for β-sitosteryl oleate appeared to be obtained at higher concentrations than those for β-sitosterol. The first order kinetic was used to describe the losses of β-sitosteryl oleate and β-sitosterol in bulk oil. It was discovered that the β-sitosteryl oleate (k = 0.0202 day-1) underwent oxidative alteration more rapidly than β-sitosterol (k = 0.0099 day-1). Results indicated that physical structure was the principal factor in the determination of storage stability of phytosterol and its ester. Research on antioxidants and storage techniques can be expanded in order to reduce the oxidative loss of phytosterol esters during storage and improve the safety and tolerability of phytosterol esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manat Chaijan
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Worawan Panpipat
- Food Technology and Innovation Research Center of Excellence, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7567-2319; Fax: +66-7567-2302
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Sau-wa Mak V. Technologies and dietary change: the pharmaceutical nexus and the marketing of anti-aging functional food in a Chinese society. FOOD AND FOODWAYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07409710.2021.1984523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sau-wa Mak
- Department of Sociology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Elevated blood cholesterol levels are not only the major but also the best modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Lifestyle modifications which include a healthy diet are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering therapy. So-called functional foods supplemented with plant sterols lower blood cholesterol levels by about 10–15%. Recent Findings In the recent revision of the ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guideline 2019, plant sterols are recommended for the first time as an adjunct to lifestyle modification to lower blood cholesterol levels. However, the German Cardiac Society (DGK) is more critical of food supplementation with plant sterols and calls for randomized controlled trials investigating hard cardiovascular outcomes. An increasing body of evidence suggests that plant sterols per se are atherogenic. Summary This review discusses this controversy based on findings from in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical trials, and genetic evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umidakhon Makhmudova
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - P. Christian Schulze
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für klinische Chemie und klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik Für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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Goh AS, Ningtyas DW, Bhandari B, Prakash S. Investigating phytosterol as a potential functional component in milk through textural, flavour and oral perception study. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Broughton R, Beaudoin F. Analysis of Free and Esterified Sterol Content and Composition in Seeds Using GC and ESI-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2295:179-201. [PMID: 34047978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1362-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Total sterol content and composition in plant tissues can be easily determined by gas chromatography (GC) after saponification of the total lipid extract. However, in oleogenic tissues a significant proportion of the sterol is esterified to fatty acids, with GC methodologies unable to provide information about the proportion and the molecular species composition of intact steryl esters (SEs). Here we describe an electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) method which, in parallel with GC analysis, allows for the accurate determination of both free and esterified sterol content and composition in seeds. After extraction of seed oil with hexane, free sterols are derivatized with undecanoyl chloride, total steryl esters are then purified from triacylglycerol (TAG) by liquid chromatography, infused and ionized as ammonium adducts, with molecular species identified and quantified by fragmentation in the presence of internal standards.
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Martini M, Altomonte I, Licitra R, Bartaloni FV, Salari F. A preliminary investigation into the unsaponifiable fraction of donkey milk: Sterols of animal origin, phytosterols, and tocopherols. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1378-1383. [PMID: 33189282 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the main sterols, phytosterols, and the α- and γ-tocopherol content in donkey milk during the first 2 mo of lactation. Cholesterol was the main sterol in milk (mean ± standard deviation = 0.97 ± 0.443 g/100 g of fat). Lanosterol was the main minor sterol of animal origin, followed by desmosterol (0.003 ± 0.001 and 0.001 ± 0.001 g/100 g of fat, respectively). Of the phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the main sterol of vegetal origin in donkey milk (0.005 ± 0.002 g/100 g of fat), but lower levels of campesterol, brassicasterol, and stigmasterol were also recorded. Mean levels of α- and γ-tocopherol were 0.01 ± 0.007 and 0.003 ± 0.001 g/100 g of fat, respectively. We observed no significant changes in sterol or tocopherol content during the first 2 mo of lactation. The presence of lanosterol in donkey milk is of particular interest, because lanosterol is a potential drug and has important physiological effects. The presence of phytosterols, which are considered nutraceutical molecules, enhances the nutritional quality of donkey milk fat for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health," University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - I Altomonte
- Interdepartmental Center for Agricultural and Environmental Research "E. Avanzi," University of Pisa, San Piero a Gardo (PI) 56122, Italy.
| | - R Licitra
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - F V Bartaloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - F Salari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Mantovani LM, Pugliese C. Phytosterol supplementation in the treatment of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: a systematic review. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA : ORGAO OFICIAL DA SOCIEDADE DE PEDIATRIA DE SAO PAULO 2020; 39:e2019389. [PMID: 33206867 PMCID: PMC7659030 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2019389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a systematic review on the effects of phytosterol supplementation on the treatment of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES Review in the SciELO, Lilacs, Bireme, PubMed and Web of Science databases, with no time limit. Descriptors: phytosterols or plant sterols and dyslipidemias, hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol, children, adolescent, in English and Portuguese. The articles included were published in Portuguese, English or Spanish and evaluated the effect of phytosterol supplementation in pediatric patients with dyslipidemia. Documents that involved adults or animals, review papers, case studies and abstracts were excluded. Two authors performed independent extraction of articles. Of 113 abstracts, 19 were read in full and 12 were used in this manuscript. DATA SYNTHESIS Phytosterol supplementation to reduce cholesterol levels has been shown to be effective in reducing LDL-cholesterol levels by approximately 10%, with reductions above 10% in LDL-cholesterol levels observed after 8 to 12 weeks of intervention. Studies have not shown significant changes in HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Based on the absence of adverse effects, its use seems to be safe and of good tolerance in children and adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Phytosterol supplementation seems to be of great therapeutic aid for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Further studies assessing the long-term effect of phytosterol supplementation are necessary.
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Chaijan M, Panpipat W. Instability of β-sitosteryl oleate and β-sitosterol loaded in oil-in-water emulsion. NFS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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β-Sitosterol Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier: Physical and Oxidative Stability, In Vitro Simulated Digestion and Hypocholesterolemic Activity. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040386. [PMID: 32331384 PMCID: PMC7237988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to explore the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for improving the oral delivery of β-sitosterol, a poorly water-soluble bioactive component with hypocholesterolemic activity. Two β-sitosterol formulations with different solid lipid compositions were prepared by melt emulsification, followed by the sonication technique, and the effect of storage conditions and simulated digestion on the physical, chemical and oxidative stability, bioaccessibility and release were extensively studied. Both NLC preparations remained relatively stable during the four weeks of storage at different conditions (4, 25 and 40 °C), with more superior stability at lower temperatures. The in vitro digestion experiment indicated a high physical stability after exposure to the simulated mouth and stomach stages and an improved overall β-sitosterol bioaccessibility at the end of the digestion. The NLCs presented an increased solubility and gradual release which could be justified by the remarkable affinity of β-sitosterol to the complex lipid mixture. An in vivo study demonstrated an improved reduction in the total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels in mice compared with the drug suspension. These investigations evidenced the potential of the developed NLC formulations for the enhancement of solubility and in vivo performance of β-sitosterol.
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Granato D, Barba FJ, Bursać Kovačević D, Lorenzo JM, Cruz AG, Putnik P. Functional Foods: Product Development, Technological Trends, Efficacy Testing, and Safety. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2020; 11:93-118. [PMID: 31905019 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-032519-051708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods is a very popular term in the social and scientific media; consequently, food producers have invested resources in the development of processed foods that may provide added functional benefits to consumers' well-being. Because of intrinsic regulation and end-of-use purposes in different countries, worldwide meanings and definitions of this term are still unclear. Hence, here we standardize this definition and propose a guideline to attest that some ingredients or foods truly deserve this special designation. Furthermore, focus is directed at the most recent studies and practical guidelines that can be used to develop and test the efficacy of potentially functional foods and ingredients. The most widespread functional ingredients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics, and antioxidants, and their technological means of delivery in food products are described. The review discusses the steps that food companies should take to ensure that their developed food product is truly functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Granato
- Innovative Food System, Production Systems Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-0250 Espoo, Finland;
| | - Francisco J Barba
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | | | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Vinas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Science, Education and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 20260-100 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Chau YP, Cheng YC, Sing CW, Tsoi MF, Cheng VKF, Lee GKY, Cheung CL, Cheung BMY. The lipid-lowering effect of once-daily soya drink fortified with phytosterols in normocholesterolaemic Chinese: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:2739-2746. [PMID: 31642984 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phytosterols reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption and help to lower LDL-cholesterol. Many Chinese adults are lactose-intolerant and cannot tolerate bovine milk enriched with phytosterol. Soya-milk is a common beverage in Asia and it has beneficial effects on general health. We therefore conducted a randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a phytosterols-enriched soya drink in lowering serum LDL-cholesterol level (primary outcome) and other cardiovascular parameters (secondary outcomes). METHODS One hundred and fifty-nine normocholesterolaemic participants (85 men and 74 women; aged 19-79) were randomized to daily intake of one serving of phytosterols-enriched soya drink (N = 82), equivalent to 2 g of phytosterol per day, or a matched soya drink without phytosterols (N = 77) for 3 weeks. Adverse events, withdrawal and compliance were documented. RESULTS Among the treatment group (N = 82), phytosterols-enriched soya drink significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol by 5.96% (SE 1.48, 95% CI - 8.91%, - 3.00%) with a median of 6.74% compared with baseline, resulting in a significant reduction of 4.70% (95% CI - 8.89%, - 0.51%; p = 0.028) with a median of 5.20% compared with placebo (N = 77). In contrast, there were no significant changes in other lipid parameters, blood glucose, blood pressure, body weight or waist circumference. Remarkably, 95% of the participants randomized to the fortified drink reported no adverse events at all. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of a phytosterols-enriched soya drink may be a simple and cost-neutral means of lowering LDL-cholesterol in individuals in China, with massive population and rising incidence of coronary heart disease (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02881658; date of registration: 14 Aug 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Pan Chau
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Chun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chor-Wing Sing
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Fung Tsoi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent Ka-Fai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Koon-Yee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
| | - Bernard M Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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San Mauro Martín I, Garicano Vilar E, Sanz Rojo S, Collado Yurrita L, Pérez Arruche E, Arce Delgado E, Blumenfeld Olivares JA. Gene Influence in the Effectiveness of Plant Sterols Treatment in Children: Pilot Interventional Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2538. [PMID: 31640222 PMCID: PMC6835666 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is linked to high serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels. Cardiovascular risk may be indirectly influenced by genetic load. Serum LDL-cholesterol levels may be reduced by the consumption of food enriched with plant sterols (PS). The aim was to test a plant sterol treatment on cholesterol levels according to different genetic polymorphisms. A pilot interventional trial was performed in 26 children (n = 16 girls, n = 10 boys). Seven hundred milliliters/day of commercial skimmed milk with added plant sterols delivering 2.2 g plant sterols were ingested for three weeks. Blood draws were performed at the baseline and end of the study. Significant modifications of non-high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (p = 0.010; p = 0.013) and LDL-cholesterol (p = 0.004; p = 0.013) levels appeared in the genes LIPC C-514T and PPAR-α L162V carriers. No statistically significant differences were observed for other genes. LIPC C-514T and PPAR-alpha L162V carriers could benefit from a plant sterol supplement to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Sanz Rojo
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health, 28036 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Eva Pérez Arruche
- Hospital El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, 28200 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Javier Andrés Blumenfeld Olivares
- Hospital El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, 28200 Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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San Mauro Martín I, Sanz Rojo S, Garicano Vilar E, Collado Yurrita L, Blumenfeld Olivares JA. Modulation of plasma triglycerides concentration by sterol-based treatment in children carrying different genes. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 12:83-89. [PMID: 31143031 PMCID: PMC6521671 DOI: 10.4103/apc.apc_86_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemias have increased during the last decades in children. AIM The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of different polymorphisms in plasma triglyceride levels of children following a dietary treatment with plant sterols. DESIGN A randomized, double-blind, crossover, controlled clinical trial was carried out in 26 children (16 women). MATERIALS AND METHODS Commercial milk, with 2.24 g sterols, was ingested daily during 3 weeks , and the same amount of kimmed milk without sterols, during the 3 week placebo phase. Both phases were separated by a washout period of 2 weeks. At the beginning and end of each phase, blood draws were performed. RESULTS Apolipoprotein A5 Ser19Trp (P = 0.002), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha L162V (P = 0.003), APOE APOE2/3/4 (P = 0.012), and APOE APOE2,3,4 (P = 0.025) show statistically significant differences between their haplotypes in plasma triglyceride levels. Other genes did not show statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to establish which genotype combinations would be the most protective against hypertriglyceridemia.
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Soto-Méndez MJ, Rangel-Huerta OD, Ruiz-López MD, Martínez de Victoria E, Anguita-Ruiz A, Gil A. Role of Functional Fortified Dairy Products in Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S251-S271. [PMID: 31089744 PMCID: PMC6518140 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is insufficient evidence on the role of functional fortified dairy products in improving health and in preventing risk factors associated with noncommunicable chronic diseases. This systematic review was conducted to summarize effects of the consumption of fortified dairy products on biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases were used to perform searches to include studies published up to 30 April 2018. Randomized clinical trials with human subjects consuming dairy products fortified with phytosterols, FAs, vitamins or minerals and relating this consumption with cardiometabolic health were included in this review. Risk of bias assessment according to Cochrane guidelines was performed to determine the quality of the trials. Forty-one studies were finally selected for this synthesis; the selected studies tested dairy products fortified with the following nutrients and bioactive components: phytosterols (n = 31), FAs (n = 8), and vitamin D (n = 2). We found that the consumption of phytosterol-fortified dairy, led to an overall LDL cholesterol reduction of -0.36 (-0.41, -0.31) mmol/L, P < 0.001; this decrease was mainly related to the dosage. Likewise, consumption of ω-3 FA-fortified dairy products resulted in a plasma LDL cholesterol reduction of -0.18 (-0.27, -0.09) mmol/L as well as a decrease of -0.18 (-0.32, -0.05) mmol/L in triacylglycerols (TG). Performing meta-analyses of the consumption of dairy products fortified with vitamin D or FAs other than ω-3 FAs and biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk was not possible because of the few available publications. Our results indicate that consumption of dairy products fortified with phytosterols and ω-3 FAs can lead to a reduction of LDL cholesterol and consumption of fortified dairy products fortified with ω-3 FAs can reduce TG concentration. However, more studies with homogeneous designs are needed to determine the advantages of using dairy products as fortification vehicles to prevent cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar D Rangel-Huerta
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - María D Ruiz-López
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation –FINUT–, Granada, Spain
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Pharmacy
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Emilio Martínez de Victoria
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation –FINUT–, Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Sciences
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Augusto Anguita-Ruiz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute ibs GRANADA, University Hospital Complex in Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Iberoamerican Nutrition Foundation –FINUT–, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute ibs GRANADA, University Hospital Complex in Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Development and Characterization of Liposomal Formulations Containing Phytosterols Extracted from Canola Oil Deodorizer Distillate along with Tocopherols as Food Additives. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040185. [PMID: 30995762 PMCID: PMC6523737 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosterols are plant sterols recommended as adjuvant therapy for hypercholesterolemia and tocopherols are well-established anti-oxidants. However, thermo-sensitivity, lipophilicity and formulation-dependent efficacy bring challenges in the development of functional foods, enriched with phytosterols and tocopherols. To address this, we developed liposomes containing brassicasterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol obtained from canola oil deodorizer distillate, along with alpha, gamma and delta tocopherol. Three approaches; thin film hydration-homogenization, thin film hydration-ultrasonication and Mozafari method were used for formulation. Validated liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was utilized to determine the entrapment efficiency of bioactives. Stability studies of liposomal formulations were conducted before and after pasteurization using high temperature short time (HTST) technique for a month. Vesicle size after homogenization and ultrasonication (<200 nm) was significantly lower than by Mozafari method (>200 nm). However, zeta potential (-9 to -14 mV) was comparable which was adequate for colloidal stability. Entrapment efficiencies were greater than 89% for all the phytosterols and tocopherols formulated by all three methods. Liposomes with optimum particle size and zeta potential were incorporated in model orange juice, showing adequate stability after pasteurization (72 °C for 15 s) for a month. Liposomes containing phytosterols obtained from canola waste along with tocopherols were developed and successfully applied as a food additive using model orange juice.
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Anastasova L, Petreska Ivanovska T, Petkovska R, Petrusevska-Tozi L. Concepts, benefits and perspectives of functional dairy food products. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2019. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2018.64.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising awareness of the consumers towards the health benefits of food has resulted in the development of the so-called functional foods. These added value products which refer to prevention and/or therapeutic effects of food beyond its nutritional value, are especially useful for health improvement and reduction of medical care costs. The combination between health and nutrition and its potential to improve the quality of life has become one of the key attention points of consumers who are aware of and are seeking nutritional solutions to their health concerns.
Milk and dairy products have been used in human nutrition for thousands of years, providing important nutrients for the human body such as proteins, fats and calcium. It is now widely recognized that in addition to their basic nutritive role they also exert functional properties beneficial for human health, so the development of functional dairy products is one of the fastest growing areas in the dairy industry as well as one of the largest sectors in the global market of functional foods.
This review provides a brief overview of the health benefits and the natural functionality of dairy products as well as the challenges together with the future perspectives of their application as delivery vehicles for beneficial compounds to the human body.
Keywords: functional foods, milk, dairy products
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Affiliation(s)
- Liljana Anastasova
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Tanja Petreska Ivanovska
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Mother Theresa 47, 10000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Rumenka Petkovska
- Institute of Applied Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Mother Theresa 47, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Lidija Petrusevska-Tozi
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Mother Theresa 47, 10000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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San Mauro Martin I, Blumenfeld Olivares J, Vilar E, Ciudad Cabañas M, Collado Yurrita L. Modulation of plasma triglycerides concentration by sterol-based treatment in subjects carrying specific genes. Res Cardiovasc Med 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/rcm.rcm_10_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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25
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Ferguson JJA, Wolska A, Remaley AT, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML. Bread enriched with phytosterols with or without curcumin modulates lipoprotein profiles in hypercholesterolaemic individuals. A randomised controlled trial. Food Funct 2019; 10:2515-2527. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02512f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel functional food containing phytosterols and curcumin significantly lowers blood cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. A. Ferguson
- Nutraceuticals Research Program
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy
- 305C Medical Science Building
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section
- National Heart
- Lung and Blood Institute
- NIH
- Bethesda
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section
- National Heart
- Lung and Blood Institute
- NIH
- Bethesda
| | - Elizabeth Stojanovski
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Lesley MacDonald-Wicks
- School of Health Sciences
- Faculty of Health & Medicine
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
| | - Manohar L. Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy
- 305C Medical Science Building
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
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Daliu P, Santini A, Novellino E. A decade of nutraceutical patents: where are we now in 2018? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:875-882. [PMID: 30484340 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1552260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last 10 years, nutraceuticals have grown in interest to researchers, industry, and consumers and are now familiar in the collective imagination as a tool for preventing the onset of a disease. Often nutraceuticals are confused with biologically active phytochemicals/botanicals which can have health benefits. This is a misunderstanding however as the term nutraceutical refers to a product that must have a beneficial effect on health proven by clinical testing. Areas covered: A search has been performed on both recent patents and the literature regarding nutraceuticals focusing on the beneficial and proven health effects on pathological conditions to give an overview of the state-of-the-art developments in this area. Patents and literature data addressing specific pathological conditions are discussed. Expert opinion: Nutraceuticals represent a challenge for the future of drug-based pharmacotherapy, and, at the same time, are a powerful tool for the prevention of chronic disease. They are not proposed as an alternative to drugs, but instead, can be helpful to complement a pharmacological therapy and prevent the onset of chronic diseases in subjects who do not qualify for conventional pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Daliu
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Napoli Federico II , Napoli , Italy
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LDL-Cholesterol Lowering of Plant Sterols and Stanols-Which Factors Influence Their Efficacy? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091262. [PMID: 30205492 PMCID: PMC6163911 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of plant sterols/stanols (PSS) is summarized in several meta-analyses showing a dose-response relationship with intakes of 1.5 to 3 g/day lowering LDL-C by 7.5% to 12%. This review summarizes evidence for the impact of various factors potentially influencing the LDL-C-lowering efficacy of PSS. PSS are efficacious in all food formats and in food supplements. Some factors related to food format, e.g., solid vs. liquid foods, seem to impact efficacy, while there is no difference between free PSS and esters. Compared to multiple daily intakes, once-a-day intake of PSS, especially in the morning with light breakfast, leads to a sub-optimal LDL-C lowering. However, intake frequency seems influenced by intake occasion, i.e., with or without a meal, and time of day. Meal intake is a critical factor for an optimal LDL-C lowering efficacy of PSS. While age has no impact, gender is suggested to influence the LDL-C lowering effect of PSS with greater reductions reported for men than women; but overall evidence is inconclusive and larger studies show no gender by treatment interaction. In conclusion, PSS are efficacious in all foods and food supplements; for optimal efficacy they should be consumed with a (main) meal and twice daily.
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Mohammaddin A, Rohra DK, Mortaja S, Abanmi S, Al Saati O, Cahusac PM, Khawaja RA, Al-Selaihem A, Al-Omran Y. Effects of camel milk in dyslipidaemia: A randomised clinical trial. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Javanmardi MA, Mohammad Shahi M, Seyedian SS, Haghighizadeh MH. Effects of Phytosterol Supplementation on Serum Levels of Lipid Profiles, Liver Enzymes, Inflammatory Markers, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Patients Affected by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:1-8. [PMID: 29768109 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1466739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and based on the evidence about the role of dietary cholesterol in liver inflammation, and also with regard to the effect of phytosterols on the metabolism of cholesterol, we aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of phytosterol supplementation against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. METHOD Thirty-eight patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly divided into two groups: The phytosterol group (n = 19) received a 1.6-g phytosterol supplement daily and the control group (n = 19) received 1.6 g starch daily as placebo for an 8-week period. Blood samples of all patients were taken at baseline (week 0) and at the end of the study (week 8) for measurement of lipid profiles, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and leptin. RESULTS Phytosterol supplementation significantly improved the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two groups in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ratios of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase, interleukin 6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that daily consumption of 1.6 g phytosterols efficiently lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Javanmardi
- a Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Majid Mohammad Shahi
- b Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Seyedian
- c Research Institute for Infectious Diseases of the Digestive System, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh
- d Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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Sarkkinen E, Lyyra M, Nieminen S, Kuusisto P, Wester I. Cereal-Based Snack Bar with Added Plant Stanol Ester (Benecol®) Consumed between Meals Lowers Serum Total and LDL Cholesterol Effectively in Mildly to Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. CHOLESTEROL 2018; 2018:1463628. [PMID: 29854447 PMCID: PMC5954948 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1463628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering effect of foods with added plant sterols or stanols consumed as snacks might be compromised. The purpose of this study was to confirm the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a specially formulated cereal-based snack bar with added plant stanol ester (1.6 g plant stanols/day) when consumed between meals twice a day. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 4-week parallel-design study, 71 mildly to moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects were randomized into one of two groups, stanol or placebo group. Subjects were advised to replace their ordinary snacks with test products in an isocaloric manner and otherwise keep their habitual diet unchanged. The study showed that a snack bar product with added plant stanol ester lowered LDL and non-HDL cholesterol by 8.6% and 9.2% (mean%-change), respectively, as compared to the placebo product. The change in LDL cholesterol was statistically significantly different (P = 0.001) between the groups while the change in HDL cholesterol or triglycerides did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, the cereal-based snack bar with added plant stanol ester ingested without a meal reduced LDL cholesterol significantly without affecting HDL cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. The study is registered as NCT03284918.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essi Sarkkinen
- Oy Medfiles Ltd., Volttikatu 5, P.O. Box 1627, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari Lyyra
- Oy Medfiles Ltd., Volttikatu 5, P.O. Box 1627, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sakari Nieminen
- Satucon/Itelasaretti, Koljonniemenkatu 2, 70100 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Kuusisto
- Raisio Nutrition Ltd., P.O. Box 101, 21201 Raisio, Finland
| | - Ingmar Wester
- Raisio Nutrition Ltd., P.O. Box 101, 21201 Raisio, Finland
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San Mauro Martín I, Blumenfeld Olivares JA, Pérez Arruche E, Arce Delgado E, Ciudad Cabañas MJ, Garicano Vilar E, Collado Yurrita L. Genomic Influence in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases with a Sterol-Based Treatment. Diseases 2018; 6:E24. [PMID: 29614023 PMCID: PMC6023396 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raised serum cholesterol concentration is a well-established risk factor in cardiovascular disease. In addition, genetic load may have an indirect influence on cardiovascular risk. Plant-based sterol-supplemented foods are recommended to help reduce the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. The objective was to analyse the influence of different polymorphisms in hypercholesterolemia patients following a dietary treatment with plant sterols. A randomised double-blind cross-over controlled clinical trial was carried out in 45 people (25 women). Commercial milk, containing 2.24 g of sterols, was ingested daily during a 3-week period, and then the same amount of skim milk, without sterols, was consumed daily during the 3-week placebo phase. Both phases were separated by a washout period of 2 weeks. At the beginning and end of each phase, blood draws were performed. Genes LIPC C-514T and APOA5 C56G are Ser19Trp carriers and greatly benefit from sterol intake in the diet. LIPC C-514T TT homozygous carriers had lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels than CC homozygote and CT heterozygote carriers after the ingestion of plant sterols (p = 0.001). These two genes also showed statistically significant changes in total cholesterol levels (p = 0.025; p = 0.005), and no significant changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (p = 0.032; p = 0.003), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed for other genes. Further studies are needed to establish which genotype combinations would be the most protective against hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Pérez Arruche
- Hospital El Escorial, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, 28200 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Elena Garicano Vilar
- Research Centers in Nutrition and Health, Paseo de la Habana, 28036 Madrid, Spain.
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Phytosterols and their derivatives: Structural diversity, distribution, metabolism, analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:35-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Panpipat W, Chaijan M, Guo Z. Oxidative stability of margarine enriched with different structures of β -sitosteryl esters during storage. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clifton P, Keogh J. Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Plant Sterols in One Serve of Wholegrain Wheat Breakfast Cereal Biscuits-a Randomised Crossover Clinical Trial. Foods 2018; 7:foods7030039. [PMID: 29547511 PMCID: PMC5867554 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The meta-analysis of plant sterol supplement studies suggests an 8% lowering of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for 2 to 2.5 g/day of plant sterols. Cereal foods have been rarely tested, and one study showed a lower LDL lowering of 5.4% with 1.6 g of plant sterol in breakfast cereal. We aimed to test a breakfast wheat biscuit with 2 g of plant sterols in a single serve of two wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuits. Fifty volunteers with a total cholesterol of >5.5 mmol/L were recruited for a randomised crossover study with two 4-week periods with no washout, of which 45 successfully completed the study. After exclusion of four outliers, the difference in LDL cholesterol between standard wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuit and plant sterol-enriched wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuit was 0.23 mmol/L or 5.6% (p = 0.001) with a 95% confidence interval of 2.4–8.9%. Men and daily cereal consumers had greater responses 9.8% vs. 3.6% and 7.2% vs. 3.8% respectively (p < 0.05). The LDL lowering effect of 2 g of plant sterol enriched from one serve of wholegrain wheat breakfast cereal biscuit was not significantly different from other food products delivering 2–2.5 g of plant sterols daily. Regular cereal consumers have a better response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia.
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Dietary management of dyslipidaemias. Is there any evidence for cardiovascular benefit? Maturitas 2018; 108:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Alvarez-Sala A, Blanco-Morales V, Cilla A, Silvestre RÁ, Hernández-Álvarez E, Granado-Lorencio F, Barberá R, Garcia-Llatas G. A positive impact on the serum lipid profile and cytokines after the consumption of a plant sterol-enriched beverage with a milk fat globule membrane: a clinical study. Food Funct 2018; 9:5209-5219. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00353j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Positive impact on serum lipids and cytokines after functional beverage's intake by postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alvarez-Sala
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Virginia Blanco-Morales
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Ramona Ángeles Silvestre
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Elena Hernández-Álvarez
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Fernando Granado-Lorencio
- Clinical Biochemistry. Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
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Ribas SA, Sichieri R, Moreira ASB, Souza DO, Cabral CTF, Gianinni DT, Cunha DB. Phytosterol-enriched milk lowers LDL-cholesterol levels in Brazilian children and adolescents: Double-blind, cross-over trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:S0939-4753(17)30225-9. [PMID: 29111079 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite evidence of the lipid-lowering effect of plant sterols among adults with hypercholesterolemia, data regarding phytosterol use in children are limited. In this paper, we examined the effects of daily consumption of a phytosterol-enriched milk compound on the lipid profiles of Brazilian children and adolescents with dyslipidemia. METHODS AND RESULTS This was a randomized, double blind, crossover clinical trial. Twenty eight dyslipidemics outpatients (aged 6-9 years) from an University Hospital were randomly allocated to control or intervention group. The intervention group received milk enriched with 1.2 g/day of plant sterol and the control group received the equivalent amount of skim milk during the period of 8 weeks. Changes from baseline in the mean lipid profile, including total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Serum lipid profiles, glucose levels, dietary and anthropometric data were determined at weeks 0, 4, 8, 16, and 20. Details regarding the safety and tolerance of phytosterol were obtained, using an open-ended questionnaire. Intention-to-treat analysis were performed, using the proc mixed procedure in SAS. After 8 weeks, the mean concentrations of TC and LDL-C were significantly reduced in the intervention group as compared to the control group with reductions of 5.9% (p = 0.09) and 10.2% (p = 0.002), respectively. In addition, TG concentrations were reduced by 19.7% (p = 0.09). No serious side effects were reported during the study. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that plant sterols are an effective and safe treatment of infantile dyslipidemia. TRIAL REGISTRATION RBR-3h7f9k.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ribas
- Nutrition Division, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - R Sichieri
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A S B Moreira
- Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil
| | - D O Souza
- Nutrition Division, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C T F Cabral
- Nutrition Division, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D T Gianinni
- Nutrition Division, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D B Cunha
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Grasso S, Harrison SM, Monahan FJ, Brayden D, Brunton NP. The effect of plant sterol-enriched turkey meat on cholesterol bio-accessibility during in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cell uptake. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:176-182. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1348493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Grasso
- Department of Food Science, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S. M. Harrison
- Department of Food Science, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F. J. Monahan
- Department of Food Science, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Brayden
- Veterinary Science Centre, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N. P. Brunton
- Department of Food Science, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Orem A, Alasalvar C, Vanizor Kural B, Yaman S, Orem C, Karadag A, Pelvan E, Zawistowski J. Cardio-protective effects of phytosterol-enriched functional black tea in mild hypercholesterolemia subjects. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Pirro M, Vetrani C, Bianchi C, Mannarino MR, Bernini F, Rivellese AA. Joint position statement on "Nutraceuticals for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia" of the Italian Society of Diabetology (SID) and of the Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:2-17. [PMID: 27956024 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Evidence showed that LDL-cholesterol lowering is associated with a significant cardiovascular risk reduction. The initial therapeutic approach to hypercholesterolemia includes dietary modifications but the compliance to recommendations is often inadequate. Some dietary components with potential cholesterol-lowering activity are present in small amounts in food. Therefore, in recent years the use of "nutraceuticals" (i.e., nutrients and/or bioactive compounds with potential beneficial effects on human health) has become widespread. Such substances may be added to foods and beverages, or taken as dietary supplements (liquid preparations, tablets, capsules). In the present manuscript, the cholesterol-lowering activity of some nutraceuticals (i.e. fiber, phytosterols, soy, policosanol, red yeast rice and berberine) will be discussed along with: 1) the level of evidence on the cholesterol-lowering efficacy emerging from clinical trial; 2) the possible side effects associated with their use; 3) the categories of patients who could benefit from their use. DATA SYNTHESIS Based on the current literature, the cholesterol-lowering effect of fiber, phytosterols and red yeast rice is consistent and supported by a good level of evidence. Over berberine, there is sufficient evidence showing significant cholesterol-lowering effects, although the results come from studies carried out almost exclusively in Asian populations. Data on the effects of soy are conflicting and, therefore, the strength of recommendation is quite low. The evidence on policosanol is inconclusive. CONCLUSION Although health benefits may arise from the use of nutraceuticals with cholesterol-lowering activity, their use might be also associated with possible risks and pitfalls, some of which are common to all nutraceuticals whereas others are related to specific nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA), Italy
| | - C Vetrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italy
| | - C Bianchi
- Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italy; Unit of Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medical Area "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana", Pisa, Italy
| | - M R Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA), Italy
| | - F Bernini
- Italian Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis (SISA), Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy; Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), Italy.
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Lagström H, Helenius H, Salo P. Serum cholesterol-lowering efficacy of stanol ester incorporated in gelatin capsules. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD & NUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17482970600969161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lagström
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine
| | | | - Pia Salo
- Raisio Life Sciences LtdRaisioFinland
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Ferguson JJ, Stojanovski E, MacDonald-Wicks L, Garg ML. Fat type in phytosterol products influence their cholesterol-lowering potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:16-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Plasma fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations after plant sterol and plant stanol consumption: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:909-923. [PMID: 27591863 PMCID: PMC5346416 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Plant sterols and stanols interfere with intestinal cholesterol absorption, and it has been questioned whether absorption and plasma concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids are also affected. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effects of plant sterol and stanol consumption on plasma fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations. Methods Forty-one randomized controlled trials involving 3306 subjects were included. Weighted absolute and relative changes of non-standardized and total cholesterol (TC)-standardized values (expressed as summary estimates and 95 % CIs) were calculated for three fat-soluble vitamins (α- and γ-tocopherol, retinol and vitamin D) and six carotenoids (β-carotene, α-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin) using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using predefined subject and treatment characteristics. Results Average plant sterol or stanol intake was 2.5 g/d. Relative non-standardized and TC-standardized concentrations of β-carotene decreased by, respectively, −16.3 % (95 % CI −18.3; −14.3) and −10.1 % (−12.3; −8.0), α-carotene by −14.4 % (−17.5; 11.3) and −7.8 % (−11.3; −4.3), and lycopene by −12.3 % (−14.6; −10.1) and −6.3 % (−8.6; −4.0). Lutein concentrations decreased by −7.4 % (−10.1; −4.8), while TC-standardized concentrations were not changed. For zeaxanthin, these values were −12.9 % (−18.9; −6.8) and −7.7 % (−13.8; −1.7) and for β-cryptoxanthin −10.6 % (−14.3; −6.9) and −4.8 % (−8.7; −0.9). Non-standardized α-tocopherol concentrations decreased by −7.1 % (−8.0; −6.2) and γ-tocopherol by −6.9 % (−9.8; −3.9), while TC-standardized tocopherol concentrations were not changed. Non-standardized retinol and vitamin D concentrations were not affected. Results were not affected by baseline concentrations, dose, duration and type of plant sterols/stanols, except for significant effects of duration (≤4 vs. >4 weeks) on TC-standardized lutein concentrations (1.0 vs. −5.6 %) and type of plant sterol/stanol on TC-standardized β-carotene concentrations (−8.9 vs. −14.2 %). Conclusions Plant sterol and stanol intake lowers TC-standardized hydrocarbon carotenoid concentrations, differently affects TC-standardized oxygenated carotenoid concentrations, but does not affect TC-standardized tocopherol concentrations or absolute retinol and vitamin D concentrations. Observed concentrations remained within normal ranges. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1289-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Zychowski LM, Logan A, Augustin MA, Kelly AL, Zabara A, O'Mahony JA, Conn CE, Auty MAE. Effect of Phytosterols on the Crystallization Behavior of Oil-in-Water Milk Fat Emulsions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6546-6554. [PMID: 27476512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk has been used commercially as a carrier for phytosterols, but there is limited knowledge on the effect of added plant sterols on the properties of the system. In this study, phytosterols dispersed in milk fat at a level of 0.3 or 0.6% were homogenized with an aqueous dispersion of whey protein isolate (WPI). The particle size, morphology, ζ-potential, and stability of the emulsions were investigated. Emulsion crystallization properties were examined through the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Synchrotron X-ray scattering at both small and wide angles. Phytosterol enrichment influenced the particle size and physical appearance of the emulsion droplets, but did not affect the stability or charge of the dispersed particles. DSC data demonstrated that, at the higher level of phytosterol addition, crystallization of milk fat was delayed, whereas, at the lower level, phytosterol enrichment induced nucleation and emulsion crystallization. These differences were attributed to the formation of separate phytosterol crystals within the emulsions at the high phytosterol concentration, as characterized by Synchrotron X-ray measurements. X-ray scattering patterns demonstrated the ability of the phytosterol to integrate within the milk fat triacylglycerol matrix, with a concomitant increase in longitudinal packing and system disorder. Understanding the consequences of adding phytosterols, on the physical and crystalline behavior of emulsions may enable the functional food industry to design more physically and chemically stable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Zychowski
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Amy Logan
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | | | - Alan L Kelly
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Alexandru Zabara
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - James A O'Mahony
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork , Cork, Ireland
| | - Charlotte E Conn
- School of Applied Science, RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mark A E Auty
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre , Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
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Cholesterol Lowering Effect of Plant Stanol Ester Yoghurt Drinks with Added Camelina Oil. CHOLESTEROL 2016; 2016:5349389. [PMID: 26998355 PMCID: PMC4779525 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5349389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of yoghurt minidrinks containing two doses of plant stanol ester either with or without added camelina oil on the serum cholesterol levels in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. In this randomised, double-blind, parallel group study, 143 subjects consumed a 65 mL minidrink together with a meal daily for four weeks. The minidrink contained 1.6 or 2.0 grams of plant stanols with or without 2 grams of alpha-linolenic acid-rich camelina oil. The placebo minidrink did not contain plant stanols or camelina oil. All plant stanol treated groups showed statistically significant total, LDL, and non-HDL cholesterol lowering relative to baseline and relative to placebo. Compared to placebo, LDL cholesterol was lowered by 9.4% (p < 0.01) and 8.1% (p < 0.01) with 1.6 g and 2 g plant stanols, respectively. With addition of Camelina oil, 1.6 g plant stanols resulted in 11.0% (p < 0.01) and 2 g plant stanols in 8.4% (p < 0.01) reduction in LDL cholesterol compared to placebo. In conclusion, yoghurt minidrinks with plant stanol ester reduced serum LDL cholesterol significantly and addition of a small amount of camelina oil did not significantly enhance the cholesterol lowering effect. This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02628990.
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Gleize B, Nowicki M, Daval C, Koutnikova H, Borel P. Form of phytosterols and food matrix in which they are incorporated modulate their incorporation into mixed micelles and impact cholesterol micellarization. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:749-59. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Gleize
- INRA, UMR 1260 «Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis»; Marseille France
- INSERM; UMR 1062 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- INRA, UMR 1260 «Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis»; Marseille France
- INSERM; UMR 1062 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
| | | | | | - Patrick Borel
- INRA, UMR 1260 «Nutrition, Obesity and Risk of Thrombosis»; Marseille France
- INSERM; UMR 1062 Marseille France
- Aix-Marseille University; Marseille France
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Vaghini S, Cilla A, Garcia-Llatas G, Lagarda MJ. Bioaccessibility study of plant sterol-enriched fermented milks. Food Funct 2016; 7:110-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility (BA) of total and individual plant sterols (PS) of four commercial PS-enriched fermented milk beverages (designated as A to D) was evaluated using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion including the formation of mixed micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vaghini
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - María Jesús Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
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Kietsiriroje N, Kwankaew J, Kitpakornsanti S, Leelawattana R. Effect of phytosterols and inulin-enriched soymilk on LDL-cholesterol in Thai subjects: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Lipids Health Dis 2015; 14:146. [PMID: 26553006 PMCID: PMC4640379 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-015-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia, particularly high LDL-c and non-HDL-c levels, is a traditional risk for cardiovascular disease. Ingestion of diets containing phytosterols and inulin can reduce plasma LDL-c and triglyceride levels, respectively. Phytosterols and inulin-enriched soymilk may be an alternative for a supplemental diet to improve both LDL-c and non-HDL-c to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods Two hundred and forty subjects who were 18 years old or older and had a baseline LDL-c of 130 mg/dl or higher were enrolled into the double-blinded randomized controlled trial study. Subjects were randomly assigned into the study group that received 2 g/day of phytosterols and 10 g/day of inulin-enriched soymilk or into the control group that received standard soymilk. The lipid profile was measured every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were 1) to determine the LDL-c reduction after consumption of phytosterols and inulin-enriched soymilk for 8 weeks and 2) to compare the difference of the LDL-c levels between the study and control groups. The secondary outcomes were to compare the difference of TC, TG and HDL-c between the study and control groups. Results At the end of the study, the median LDL-c levels decreased significantly from 165 (132, 254) mg/dl to 150 (105, 263) mg/dl in the study group (p < 0.001) and from 165 (130, 243) mg/dl to 159 (89, 277) mg/dl in the control group (p = 0.014). The LDL-c reduction was significantly better in the study group (−10.03 %, (−37.07, 36.00) vs −1.31 % (−53.40, 89.73), p < 0.001). TC also reduced significantly by 6.60 % in the study group while it reduced only by 1.76 % in the control group (p < 0.001). There were no statistical differences in TG and HDL-c levels between both study groups. The adverse events in the study group and the control groups were not different (RR 1.33 [0.871-2.030, 95 % CI]). Conclusion Daily consumption of soymilk containing 2 g of phytosterols and 10 g of inulin reduced TC and LDL-c better than standard soymilk. It had no effect on TG and HDL-c levels compared to standard soymilk. Both soymilk products were comparably safe. Trial registration Thai Clinical Trial Registry: TCTR20150417001 date: April 17, 2015 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-015-0149-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppadol Kietsiriroje
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
| | - Jirateep Kwankaew
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand. .,Internal Medicine Clinic, Samitivej Srinakarin Hospital, Bangkok, 10250, Thailand.
| | - Sunita Kitpakornsanti
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand. .,Division of Internal Medicine, Trang Hospital, Trang, 92000, Thailand.
| | - Rattana Leelawattana
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, 15 Kanjanavanish Rd, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Parsa P, Alizadeh M, Rezazad Bari M, Akbarian Moghar A. Optimisation of probiotic yoghurt production enriched with phytosterols. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Parsa
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Agricultural Faculty; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Agricultural Faculty; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rezazad Bari
- Department of Food Science and Technology; Agricultural Faculty; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - Ali Akbarian Moghar
- Department of Research and Development; Iran Dairy Industry Co.; Tehran Iran
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A method for the simultaneous extraction and quantitation of lipophilic antioxidants in Triticum sp. by HPLC-DAD/FLD-MSn. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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