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Segbefia SP, Asandem DA, Amoah LE, Kusi KA. Cytokine gene polymorphisms implicated in the pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum infection outcome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1285411. [PMID: 38404582 PMCID: PMC10884311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1285411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a critical role in the immune mechanisms involved in fighting infections including malaria. Polymorphisms in cytokine genes may affect immune responses during an infection with Plasmodium parasites and immunization outcomes during routine administration of malaria vaccines. These polymorphisms can increase or reduce susceptibility to this deadly infection, and this may affect the physiologically needed balance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the effect of selected cytokine gene polymorphisms on immune responses against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selorm Philip Segbefia
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Diana Asema Asandem
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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2
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Zafar I, Galon EM, Kondoh D, Efstratiou A, Li J, Ji S, Liu M, Li Y, Hasegawa Y, Zhou J, Xuan X. The Cross-Species Immunity During Acute Babesia Co-Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:885985. [PMID: 35719355 PMCID: PMC9198632 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.885985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis causes high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. An earlier study suggested that lethal Babesia rodhaini infection in murine can be evaded by Babesia microti primary infection via activated macrophage-based immune response during the chronic stage of infection. However, whether the same immune dynamics occur during acute B. microti co-infection is not known. Hence, we used the mouse model to investigate the host immunity during simultaneous acute disease caused by two Babesia species of different pathogenicity. Results showed that B. microti primary infection attenuated parasitemia and conferred immunity in challenge-infected mice as early as day 4 post-primary infection. Likewise, acute Babesia co-infection undermined the splenic immune response, characterized by the significant decrease in splenic B and T cells leading to the reduction in antibody levels and decline in humoral immunity. Interestingly, increased macrophage and natural killer splenic cell populations were observed, depicting their subtle role in the protection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IFN-γ, TNF-α) were downregulated, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was upregulated in mouse sera during the acute phase of Babesia co-infection. Herein, the major cytokines implicated in the lethality caused by B. rodhaini infection were IFN- γ and IL-10. Surprisingly, significant differences in the levels of serum IFN- γ and IL-10 between co-infected survival groups (day 4 and 6 challenge) indicated that even a two-day delay in challenge infection was crucial for the resulting pathology. Additionally, oxidative stress in the form of reactive oxygen species contributed to the severity of pathology during acute babesiosis. Histopathological examination of the spleen showed that the erosion of the marginal zone was more pronounced during B. rodhaini infection, while the loss of cellularity of the marginal zone was less evident during co-infection. Future research warrants investigation of the roles of various immune cell subtypes in the mechanism involved in the protection of Babesia co-infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Zafar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Jixu Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Parasitology Laboratory, Veterinary College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yae Hasegawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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3
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Lücke J, Sabihi M, Zhang T, Bauditz LF, Shiri AM, Giannou AD, Huber S. The good and the bad about separation anxiety: roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver pathologies. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:591-607. [PMID: 33851257 PMCID: PMC8443499 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human liver fulfills several vital tasks daily and possesses an impressive ability to self-regenerate. However, the capacity of this self-healing process can be exhausted by a variety of different liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver damage, viral hepatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Over time, all these diseases generally lead to progressive liver failure that can become fatal if left untreated. Thus, a great effort has been directed towards the development of innovative therapies. The most recently discovered therapies often involve modifying the patient's immune system to enhance a beneficial immune response. Current data suggest that, among others, the cytokine IL-22 might be a promising therapeutical candidate. IL-22 and its endogenous antagonist, IL-22BP, have been under thorough scientific investigation for nearly 20 years. While IL-22 is mainly produced by TH22 cells, ILC3s, NKT cells, or γδ T cells, sources of IL-22BP include dendritic cells, eosinophils, and CD4+ cells. In many settings, IL-22 was shown to promote regenerative potential and, thus, could protect tissues from pathogens and damage. However, the effects of IL-22 during carcinogenesis are more ambiguous and depend on the tumor entity and microenvironment. In line with its capabilities of neutralizing IL-22 in vivo, IL-22BP possesses often, but not always, an inverse expression pattern compared to its ligand. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize past and current findings regarding the roles of IL-22 and IL-22BP in liver diseases with a particular focus on the leading causes of advanced liver failure, namely, liver infections, liver damage, and liver malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Morsal Sabihi
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Fynn Bauditz
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Shiri
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasios D Giannou
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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da Silva GAV, Mesquita TG, Souza VC, Junior JDES, Gomes de Souza ML, Talhari AC, Talhari S, Naveca FG, Ramasawmy R. A Single Haplotype of IFNG Correlating With Low Circulating Levels of Interferon-γ Is Associated With Susceptibility to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania guyanensis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:274-281. [PMID: 31722386 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) plays an important role in the control of Leishmania infection. Blockade of IFN-γ signaling in mice increases lesion size and parasite load. In endemic areas of Leishmaniasis, only a fraction of the population develop the disease. This suggest that host genetics may play a role in this response. We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFNG may be associated with elevated or decrease risk in the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). METHODS We assessed 9 SNP and cytosine-adenine (CA) repeats in IFNG by nucleotide sequencing in 647 patients with CL caused by Leishmania guyanensis and 629 controls. Circulating plasma IFN-γ levels were also assayed in 400 patients with CL and 400 controls. RESULTS The rs2069705TT genotype is associated with elevated risk of developing CL compared with the rs2069705CC genotype (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.4; P = .0008). There is a 70% chance that this genotype raises the risk of developing CL. In a dominant model, carriers of the rs2069705T allele compared with the rs2069705CC genotype showed a 50% (range, 20-100%) increased risk of developing CL (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0; P = .0004). Haplotype analysis showed 1 haplotype (H1) associated with low levels of IFN-γ presented an increased risk of 60% of developing CL (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9; P = 5 × 10-5) compared with non-H1. CONCLUSIONS IFNG variant rs2069705 seems to be a genetic modifier of clinical outcome of Leishmania infection; individuals with the H1 haplotype, associated with low levels of IFN-γ, have a 60% risk of developing CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A V da Silva
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Tirza G Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Victor C Souza
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José do Espírito Santo Junior
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sinésio Talhari
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Felipe G Naveca
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ Amazônia, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pos-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
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5
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Abuga KM, Rockett KA, Muriuki JM, Koch O, Nairz M, Sirugo G, Bejon P, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM, Atkinson SH. Interferon-gamma polymorphisms and risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in Gambian children. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:40. [PMID: 32420456 PMCID: PMC7202087 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15750.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anaemia is a major public health concern especially in African children living in malaria-endemic regions. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is elevated during malaria infection and is thought to influence erythropoiesis and iron status. Genetic variants in the IFN-γ gene (IFNG) are associated with increased IFN-γ production. We investigated putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of IFNG in relation to nutritional iron status and anaemia in Gambian children over a malaria season. Methods: We used previously available data from Gambian family trios to determine informative SNPs and then used the Agena Bioscience MassArray platform to type five SNPs from the IFNG gene in a cohort of 780 Gambian children aged 2-6 years. We also measured haemoglobin and biomarkers of iron status and inflammation at the start and end of a malaria season. Results: We identified five IFNG haplotype-tagging SNPs ( IFNG-1616 [rs2069705], IFNG+874 [rs2430561], IFNG+2200 [rs1861493], IFNG+3234 [rs2069718] and IFNG+5612 [rs2069728]). The IFNG+2200C [rs1861493] allele was associated with reduced haemoglobin concentrations (adjusted β -0.44 [95% CI -0.75, -0.12]; Bonferroni adjusted P = 0.03) and a trend towards iron deficiency compared to wild-type at the end of the malaria season in multivariable models adjusted for potential confounders. A haplotype uniquely identified by IFNG+2200C was similarly associated with reduced haemoglobin levels and trends towards iron deficiency, anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia at the end of the malaria season in models adjusted for age, sex, village, inflammation and malaria parasitaemia. Conclusion: We found limited statistical evidence linking IFNG polymorphisms with a risk of developing iron deficiency and anaemia in Gambian children. More definitive studies are needed to investigate the effects of genetically influenced IFN-γ levels on the risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in children living in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin M. Abuga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kirk A. Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Muthii Muriuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Open University, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme – Accredited Research Centre, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Oliver Koch
- Infection Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic P. Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Sarah H. Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Abuga KM, Rockett KA, Muriuki JM, Koch O, Nairz M, Sirugo G, Bejon P, Kwiatkowski DP, Prentice AM, Atkinson SH. Interferon-gamma polymorphisms and risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in Gambian children. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:40. [PMID: 32420456 PMCID: PMC7202087 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15750.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Anaemia is a major public health concern especially in African children living in malaria-endemic regions. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is elevated during malaria infection and is thought to influence erythropoiesis and iron status. Genetic variants in the IFN-γ gene (IFNG) are associated with increased IFN-γ production. We investigated putative functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of IFNG in relation to nutritional iron status and anaemia in Gambian children over a malaria season. Methods: We used previously available data from Gambian family trios to determine informative SNPs and then used the Agena Bioscience MassArray platform to type five SNPs from the IFNG gene in a cohort of 780 Gambian children. We also measured haemoglobin and biomarkers of iron status and inflammation at the start and end of a malaria season. Results: We identified five IFNG haplotype-tagging SNPs ( IFNG-1616 [rs2069705], IFNG+874 [rs2430561], IFNG+2200 [rs1861493], IFNG+3234 [rs2069718] and IFNG+5612 [rs2069728]). The IFNG+2200C [rs1861493] allele was associated with reduced haemoglobin concentrations (adjusted β -0.44 [95% CI -0.75, -0.12]; Bonferroni adjusted P = 0.03) and a trend towards iron deficiency compared to wild-type at the end of the malaria season in multivariable models adjusted for potential confounders. A haplotype uniquely identified by IFNG+2200C was similarly associated with reduced haemoglobin levels and trends towards iron deficiency, anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia at the end of the malaria season in models adjusted for age, sex, village, inflammation and malaria parasitaemia. Conclusion: We found limited statistical evidence linking IFNG polymorphisms with a risk of developing iron deficiency and anaemia in Gambian children. More definitive studies are needed to investigate the effects of genetically influenced IFN-γ levels on the risk of iron deficiency and anaemia in children living in malaria-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin M. Abuga
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kirk A. Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Muthii Muriuki
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Open University, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme – Accredited Research Centre, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Oliver Koch
- Infection Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Manfred Nairz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Philip Bejon
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic P. Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew M. Prentice
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Sarah H. Atkinson
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Centre for Geographic Medicine Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Aljarba NH, Al-Anazi MR, Shafeai MI, Rudiny FH, Bin Dajem SM, Alothaid H, Darraj M, Alkahtani S, Alghamdi J, Al-Ahdal MN, Al-Qahtani AA. Interleukin-22 Polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Malaria Patients. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:5193723. [PMID: 32148440 PMCID: PMC7049855 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5193723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Malaria infection, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is the most lethal and frequently culminates in severe clinical complications. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) has been implicated in several diseases including malaria. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of IL-22 gene polymorphisms in P. falciparum infection. Material and Methods. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs976748, rs1179246, rs2046068, rs1182844, rs2227508, rs2227513, rs2227478, rs2227481, rs2227491, and rs2227483, of IL-22 gene were genotyped through PCR-based assays of 250 P. falciparum infection. IL-22 gene promoter activity. RESULTS We found that the rs2227481 TT genotype (odds ratio 0.254, confidence interval = 0.097-0.663, P. P. falciparum infection. P. P. P. P. CONCLUSION The study suggests that IL-22 polymorphisms in rs2227481 and rs2227483 could contribute to protection against P. falciparum infection. IL-22 gene promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada H. Aljarba
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R. Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Saad M. Bin Dajem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Darraj
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jahad Alghamdi
- The Saudi Biobank, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Alfaisal University, School of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Dewasurendra RL, Jeffreys A, Gunawardena SA, Chandrasekharan NV, Rockett K, Kwiatkowski D, Karunaweera ND. Host genetic polymorphisms and serological response against malaria in a selected population in Sri Lanka. Malar J 2018; 17:473. [PMID: 30558622 PMCID: PMC6296029 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against the merozoite surface protein 1-19 (MSP1-19) and the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) of the malaria parasite (Plasmodium vivax) are proven to be important in protection against clinical disease. Differences in the production/maintenance of antibodies may be due to many factors including host genetics. This paper discusses the association of 4 anti-malarial antibodies with selected host genetic markers. METHODS Blood was collected from individuals (n = 242) with a history of malaria within past 15 years for DNA and serum. ELISA was carried out for serum to determine the concentration of anti-malarial antibodies MSP1-19 and AMA1 for both vivax and falciparum malaria. 170 SNPs related to malaria were genotyped. Associations between seropositivity, antibody levels and genetic, non-genetic factors were determined. RESULTS Age ranged 13-74 years (mean age = 40.21 years). Majority were females. Over 90% individuals possessed either one or more type(s) of anti-malarial antibodies. Five SNPs were significantly associated with seropositivity. One SNP was associated with MSP1-19_Pv(rs739718); 4 SNPs with MSP1-19_Pf (rs6874639, rs2706379, rs2706381 and rs2075820) and1 with AMA1_Pv (rs2075820). Eleven and 7 genotypes (out of 15) were significantly associated with either presence or absence of antibodies. Three SNPs were found to be significantly associated with the antibody levels viz. rs17411697 with MSP1-19_Pv, rs2227491 with AMA1_Pv and rs229587 with AMA1_Pf. Linkage of the markers in the two groups was similar, but lower LOD scores were observed in seropositives compared to seronegatives. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that several SNPs in the human genome that exist in Sri Lankan populations are significantly associated with anti-malarial antibodies, either with generation and/or maintenance of antibodies for longer periods, which can be due to either individual polymorphisms or most probably a combined effect of the markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajika L Dewasurendra
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - Anna Jeffreys
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sharmini A Gunawardena
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Kirk Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Nadira D Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka.
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Frequency of TNFA, INFG, and IL10 Gene Polymorphisms and Their Association with Malaria Vivax and Genomic Ancestry. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5168363. [PMID: 27999453 PMCID: PMC5143728 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5168363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in cytokine genes can alter the production of these proteins and consequently affect the immune response. The trihybrid heterogeneity of the Brazilian population is characterized as a condition for the use of ancestry informative markers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of -1031T>C, -308G>A and -238G>A TNFA, +874 A>T IFNG and -819C>T, and -592C>A IL10 gene polymorphisms and their association with malaria vivax and genomic ancestry. Samples from 90 vivax malaria-infected individuals and 51 noninfected individuals from northern Brazil were evaluated. Genotyping was carried out by using ASO-PCR or PCR/RFLP. The genomic ancestry of the individuals was classified using 48 insertion/deletion polymorphism biallelic markers. There were no differences in the proportions of African, European, and Native American ancestry between men and women. No significant association was observed for the allele and genotype frequencies of the 6 SNPs between malaria-infected and noninfected individuals. However, there was a trend toward decreasing the frequency of individuals carrying the TNF-308A allele with the increasing proportion of European ancestry. No ethnic-specific SNPs were identified, and there was no allelic or genotype association with susceptibility or resistance to vivax malaria. Understanding the genomic mechanisms by which ancestry influences this association is critical and requires further study.
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10
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Sherchand S, Ibana JA, Quayle AJ, Aiyar A. Cell Intrinsic Factors Modulate the Effects of IFNγ on the Development of Chlamydia trachomatis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 7. [PMID: 27695641 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9597.1000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that cannot synthesize several amino acids, including tryptophan. Rather, C. trachomatis acquires these essential metabolites from its human host cell. Chlamydial dependence on host-provided tryptophan underlies a major host defense mechanism against the bacterium; namely, the induction of the host tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme, indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase (IDO1) by interferon gamma (IFNγ), which leads to eradication of C. trachomatis by tryptophan starvation. For this reason, IFNγ is proposed to be the major host protective cytokine against genital C. trachomatis infections. The protective effect of IFNγ against C. trachomatis can be recapitulated in vitro using epithelial cell-lines such as the cervical carcinoma derived cell-line Hela, the Hela subclone HEp-2, and the cervical carcinoma derived cell-line ME180. Addition of IFNγ to these cells infected with C. trachomatis results in a strong bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect dependent on the concentration of IFNγ administered. Unlike Hela, HEp-2, and ME180, there are other human epithelial, or epithelial-like cell-lines where administration of IFNγ does not affect chlamydial replication, although they express the IFNγ receptor (IFNGR). In this report, we have characterized the mechanisms that underlie this dichotomy using the cell-lines C33A and 293. Akin to Hela, C33A is derived from a human cervical carcinoma, while 293 cells were produced by transfection of adenovirus type 5 DNA into embryonic kidney cells. We demonstrate that although IFNGR is expressed at high levels in C33A cells, its ligation by IFNγ does not result in STAT1 phosphorylation, an essential step for activation of the IDO1 promoter. Our results indicate that although the IFNγ-dependent signaling cascade is intact in 293 cells; the IDO1 promoter is not activated in these cells because it is epigenetically silenced, most likely by DNA methylation. Because polymorphisms in IFNγ, IFNGR, and the IDO1 promoter are known to affect other human infections or diseased states, our results indicate that the effect of allelic differences in these genes and the pathways they activate should be evaluated for their effect on C. trachomatis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardulendra Sherchand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Joyce A Ibana
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines, USA
| | - Alison J Quayle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ashok Aiyar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Kurup SP, Harty JT. Regulatory issues in immunity to liver and blood-stage malaria. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:91-97. [PMID: 27351448 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a major role in control of both blood and liver stage of plasmodium infection. While immunization with certain attenuated whole-parasite vaccines that are attenuated at the liver stage of the infection induces protective T cell responses, even multiple exposures to natural infection in endemic areas do not lead to stable T cell memory or humoral immunity and sterilizing protection. One of the key differences between vaccination and natural exposure is the absence of blood stage during vaccination. Here we will discuss possible immunoregulatory strategies employed by blood stage of malaria leading to generation of severely compromised T cell and humoral immune responses and subsequent lack of sterilizing immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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12
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Sellau J, Alvarado CF, Hoenow S, Mackroth MS, Kleinschmidt D, Huber S, Jacobs T. IL-22 dampens the T cell response in experimental malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28058. [PMID: 27311945 PMCID: PMC4911577 DOI: 10.1038/srep28058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A tight regulation between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses during plasmodial infection is of crucial importance, since a disruption leads to severe malaria pathology. IL-22 is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, which is known to be highly important in immune regulation. We could detect high plasma levels of IL-22 in Plasmodium falciparum malaria as well as in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected C57BL/6J mice. The deficiency of IL-22 in mice during PbA infection led to an earlier occurrence of cerebral malaria but is associated with a lower parasitemia compared to wt mice. Furthermore, at an early time point of infection T cells from PbA-infected Il22(-/-) mice showed an enhanced IFNγ but a diminished IL-17 production. Moreover, dendritic cells from Il22(-/-) mice expressed a higher amount of the costimulatory ligand CD86 upon infection. This finding can be corroborated in vitro since bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Il22(-/-) mice are better inducers of an antigen-specific IFNγ response by CD8(+) T cells. Even though there is no IL-22 receptor complex known on hematopoietic cells, our data suggest a link between IL-22 and the adaptive immune system which is currently not identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sellau
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Hoenow
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Sophie Mackroth
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, I. Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörte Kleinschmidt
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, I. Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, I. Department of Medicine, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Jacobs
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Pereira VA, Sánchez-Arcila JC, Teva A, Perce-da-Silva DS, Vasconcelos MPA, Lima CAM, Aprígio CJL, Rodrigues-da-Silva RN, Santos DO, Banic DM, Bonecini-Almeida MG, Lima-Júnior JC, Oliveira-Ferreira J. IL10A genotypic association with decreased IL-10 circulating levels in malaria infected individuals from endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. Malar J 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25627396 PMCID: PMC4334410 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytokines play an important role in human immune responses to malaria and variation in their production may influence the course of infection and determine the outcome of the disease. The differential production of cytokines has been linked to single nucleotide polymorphisms in gene promoter regions, signal sequences, and gene introns. Although some polymorphisms play significant roles in susceptibility to malaria, gene polymorphism studies in Brazil are scarce. Methods A population of 267 individuals from Brazilian Amazon exposed to malaria was genotyped for five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), IFNG + 874 T/A, IL10A-1082G/A, IL10A-592A/C, IL10A-819 T/C and NOS2A-954G/C. Specific DNA fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, allowing the detection of the polymorphism genotypes. The polymorphisms IL10A-592A/C and IL10A-819 T/C were estimated by a single analysis due to the complete linkage disequilibrium between the two SNPs with D’ = 0.99. Plasma was used to measure the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokines by Luminex and nitrogen radicals by Griess reaction. Results No differences were observed in genotype and allelic frequency of IFNG + 874 T/A and NOS2A-954G/C between positive and negative subjects for malaria infection. Interesting, the genotype NOS2A-954C/C was not identified in the study population. Significant differences were found in IL10A-592A/C and IL10A-819 T/C genotypes distribution, carriers of IL10A -592A/-819 T alleles (genotypes AA/TT + AC/TC) were more frequent among subjects with malaria than in negative subjects that presented a higher frequency of the variant C allele (p < 0.0001). The presence of the allele C was associated with low producer of IL-10 and low parasitaemia. In addition, the GTA haplotypes formed from combinations of investigated polymorphisms in IL10A were significantly associated with malaria (+) and the CCA haplotype with malaria (−) groups. The IL10A-1082G/A polymorphism showed high frequency of heterozygous AG genotype in the population, but it was not possible to infer any association of the polymorphism because their distribution was not in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusion This study shows that the IL10A-592A/C and IL10A-819 T/C polymorphisms were associated with malaria and decreased IL-10 levels and low parasite density suggesting that this polymorphism influence IL-10 levels and may influence in the susceptibility to clinical malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Juan C Sánchez-Arcila
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Teva
- Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico /Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Daiana S Perce-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Simulídeos e Oncocercose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Cleoni A M Lima
- Centro Interdepartamental de Biologia Experimental e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
| | - Cesarino J L Aprígio
- Laboratório de Quimioterapia/Fiocruz, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil and Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo N Rodrigues-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Davi O Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Imunogenética, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC)/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Dalma M Banic
- Laboratório de Simulídeos e Oncocercose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Maria G Bonecini-Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Imunogenética, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC)/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Josué C Lima-Júnior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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14
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Perez-Mazliah D, Langhorne J. CD4 T-cell subsets in malaria: TH1/TH2 revisited. Front Immunol 2015; 5:671. [PMID: 25628621 PMCID: PMC4290673 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cells have been shown to play a central role in immune control of infection with Plasmodium parasites. At the erythrocytic stage of infection, IFN-γ production by CD4+ T-cells and CD4+ T-cell help for the B-cell response are required for control and elimination of infected red blood cells. CD4+ T-cells are also important for controlling Plasmodium pre-erythrocytic stages through the activation of parasite-specific CD8+ T-cells. However, excessive inflammatory responses triggered by the infection have been shown to drive pathology. Early classical experiments demonstrated a biphasic CD4+ T-cell response against erythrocytic stages in mice, in which T helper (Th)1 and antibody-helper CD4+ T-cells appear sequentially during a primary infection. While IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells do play a role in controlling acute infections, and they contribute to acute erythrocytic-stage pathology, it became apparent that a classical Th2 response producing IL-4 is not a critical feature of the CD4+ T-cell response during the chronic phase of infection. Rather, effective CD4+ T-cell help for B-cells, which can occur in the absence of IL-4, is required to control chronic parasitemia. IL-10, important to counterbalance inflammation and associated with protection from inflammatory-mediated severe malaria in both humans and experimental models, was originally considered be produced by CD4+ Th2 cells during infection. We review the interpretations of CD4+ T-cell responses during Plasmodium infection, proposed under the original Th1/Th2 paradigm, in light of more recent advances, including the identification of multifunctional T-cells such as Th1 cells co-expressing IFN-γ and IL-10, the identification of follicular helper T-cells (Tfh) as the predominant CD4+ T helper subset for B-cells, and the recognition of inherent plasticity in the fates of different CD4+ T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Perez-Mazliah
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , London , UK
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research , London , UK
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15
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Kanchan K, Jha P, Pati SS, Mohanty S, Mishra SK, Sharma SK, Awasthi S, Venkatesh V, Habib S. Interferon-γ (IFNG) microsatellite repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism haplotypes of IFN-α receptor (IFNAR1) associated with enhanced malaria susceptibility in Indian populations. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 29:6-14. [PMID: 25445652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and IFNα function through their cellular receptors IFNγR1 and IFNαR1, respectively to mediate immune processes during malaria infection. A total of 21 SNPs, 2 ins/del polymorphisms and a microsatellite repeat, selected on the basis of their reported association with infectious diseases including malaria in world populations, were analysed for association with Plasmodium falciparum malaria susceptibility in a case-control study with adult patients and ethnically-matched controls drawn from a disease meso- to hyperendemic and a nonendemic region of India. Among the five IFNG SNPs tested, an intron 3 and a 3'UTR SNP associated with disease in the endemic region. In addition, large (CA)n repeats of IFNG intron 1 associated with protection from severe malaria in the endemic region (severe vs. control, odds ratio=0.21, 95% CI=0.08-0.52, P=1.3 × 10(-4)). The TA11CAG haplotype (rs2069705 T/C, rs2430561 A/T, rs3138557 (CA)n, rs2069718 T/C, rs2069727 A/G, rs2069728 G/A) carrying a short CA11 repeat also exhibited very strong association with severe malaria, particularly in the endemic region (severe vs. control, OR=14.56, 95% CI=3.39-85.81, P=3 × 10(-5)). One SNP each from the IFNA8 and IFNA17 of IFNA gene cluster had a protective effect in the non-endemic region but not in the endemic region. A promoter and an intron 2 SNP of IFNAR1 were risk factors for disease and the IFNAR1 haplotype GCCAGG (rs2843710 C/G, rs2850015 C/T, +6993 C/T, rs2243594 A/G, rs1012335 G/C, rs2257167 G/C) carrying both the risk alleles strikingly associated with disease manifestation in the endemic region (severe vs. control, OR=27.14, 95% CI=3.12-1254, P=2 × 10(-5); non-severe vs. control, OR=61.87, 95% CI=10.08-2521, P=1 × 10(-8)). The data indicates dissimilar contribution of cytokine and cytokine receptor variants to disease in populations residing in areas of differential malaria endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Kanchan
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Pankaj Jha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Surya K Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Saman Habib
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
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16
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Hernandez-Valladares M, Rihet P, Iraqi FA. Host susceptibility to malaria in human and mice: compatible approaches to identify potential resistant genes. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:1-16. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00044.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence for human genetic factors controlling the outcome of malaria infection, while molecular basis of this genetic control is still poorly understood. Case-control and family-based studies have been carried out to identify genes underlying host susceptibility to malarial infection. Parasitemia and mild malaria have been genetically linked to human chromosomes 5q31-q33 and 6p21.3, and several immune genes located within those regions have been associated with malaria-related phenotypes. Association and linkage studies of resistance to malaria are not easy to carry out in human populations, because of the difficulty in surveying a significant number of families. Murine models have proven to be an excellent genetic tool for studying host response to malaria; their use allowed mapping 14 resistance loci, eight of them controlling parasitic levels and six controlling cerebral malaria. Once quantitative trait loci or genes have been identified, the human ortholog may then be identified. Comparative mapping studies showed that a couple of human and mouse might share similar genetically controlled mechanisms of resistance. In this way, char8, which controls parasitemia, was mapped on chromosome 11; char8 corresponds to human chromosome 5q31-q33 and contains immune genes, such as Il3, Il4, Il5, Il12b, Il13, Irf1, and Csf2. Nevertheless, part of the genetic factors controlling malaria traits might differ in both hosts because of specific host-pathogen interactions. Finally, novel genetic tools including animal models were recently developed and will offer new opportunities for identifying genetic factors underlying host phenotypic response to malaria, which will help in better therapeutic strategies including vaccine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Rihet
- UMR1090 TAGC, INSERM, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; and
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Apinjoh TO, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Njua-Yafi C, Mugri RN, Ngwai AN, Rockett KA, Mbunwe E, Besingi RN, Clark TG, Kwiatkowski DP, Achidi EA. Association of cytokine and Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms with severe malaria in three regions of Cameroon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81071. [PMID: 24312262 PMCID: PMC3842328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
P. falciparum malaria is one of the most widespread and deadliest infectious diseases in children under five years in endemic areas. The disease has been a strong force for evolutionary selection in the human genome, and uncovering the critical human genetic factors that confer resistance to the disease would provide clues to the molecular basis of protective immunity that would be invaluable for vaccine development. We investigated the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on malaria pathology in a case- control study of 1862 individuals from two major ethnic groups in three regions with intense perennial P. falciparum transmission in Cameroon. Twenty nine polymorphisms in cytokine and toll-like receptor (TLR) genes as well as the sickle cell trait (HbS) were assayed on the Sequenom iPLEX platform. Our results confirm the known protective effect of HbS against severe malaria and also reveal a protective effect of SNPs in interleukin-10 (IL10) cerebral malaria and hyperpyrexia. Furthermore, IL17RE rs708567 GA and hHbS rs334 AT individuals were associated with protection from uncomplicated malaria and anaemia respectively in this study. Meanwhile, individuals with the hHbS rs334 TT, IL10 rs3024500 AA, and IL17RD rs6780995 GA genotypes were more susceptible to severe malarial anaemia, cerebral malaria, and hyperpyrexia respectively. Taken together, our results suggest that polymorphisms in some immune response genes may have important implications for the susceptibility to severe malaria in Cameroonians. Moreover using uncomplicated malaria may allow us to identify novel pathways in the early development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias O. Apinjoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Clarisse Njua-Yafi
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Regina N. Mugri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Andre N. Ngwai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Kirk A. Rockett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Mbunwe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard N. Besingi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Taane G. Clark
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic P. Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Eric A. Achidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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18
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The host genetic diversity in malaria infection. J Trop Med 2012; 2012:940616. [PMID: 23316245 PMCID: PMC3532872 DOI: 10.1155/2012/940616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations exposed to Plasmodium infection develop genetic mechanisms of protection against severe disease. The clinical manifestation of malaria results primarily from the lysis of infected erythrocytes and subsequent immune and inflammatory responses. Herein, we review the genetic alterations associated with erythrocytes or mediators of the immune system, which might influence malaria outcome. Moreover, polymorphisms in genes related to molecules involved in mechanisms of cytoadherence and their influence on malaria pathology are also discussed. The results of some studies have suggested that the combinatorial effects of a set of genetic factors in the erythrocyte-immunology pathway might be relevant to host resistance or susceptibility against Plasmodium infection. However, these results must be interpreted with caution because of the differences observed in the functionality and frequency of polymorphisms within different populations. With the recent advances in molecular biology techniques, more robust studies with reliable data have been reported, and the results of these studies have identified individual genetic factors for consideration in preventing severe disease and the individual response to treatment.
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19
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Mastelic B, do Rosario APF, Veldhoen M, Renauld JC, Jarra W, Sponaas AM, Roetynck S, Stockinger B, Langhorne J. IL-22 Protects Against Liver Pathology and Lethality of an Experimental Blood-Stage Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2012; 3:85. [PMID: 22566965 PMCID: PMC3342387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The host response following malaria infection depends on a fine balance between levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators resulting in the resolution of the infection or immune-mediated pathology. Whilst other components of the innate immune system contribute to the pro-inflammatory milieu, T cells play a major role. For blood-stage malaria, CD4(+) and γδ T cells are major producers of the IFN-γ that controls parasitemia, however, a role for TH17 cells secreting IL-17A and other cytokines, including IL-17F and IL-22 has not yet been investigated in malaria. TH17 cells have been shown to play a role in some protozoan infections, but they also are a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be involved in protection or pathogenicity of infections. In the present study, we have investigated whether IL-17A and IL-22 are induced during a Plasmodium chabaudi infection in mice, and whether these cytokines contribute to either protection or to pathology induced during the infection. Although small numbers of IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4 T cells are induced in the spleens of infected mice, a more pronounced induction is observed in the liver, where increases in mRNA for IL-17A and, to a lesser extent, IL-22 were observed and CD8(+) T cells, rather than CD4 T cells, are a major source of these cytokines in this organ. Although the lack of IL-17 did not affect the outcome of infection or pathology, lack of IL-22 resulted in 50% mortality within 12 days after infection with significantly greater weight loss at the peak of infection and significant increase in alanine transaminase in the plasma in the acute infection. As parasitemias and temperature were similar in IL-22 KO and wild-type control mice, our observations support the idea that IL-22 but not IL-17 provides protection from the potentially lethal effects of liver damage during a primary P. chabaudi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatris Mastelic
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research London, UK
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Functional promoter haplotypes of interleukin-18 condition susceptibility to severe malarial anemia and childhood mortality. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4923-32. [PMID: 21969001 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05601-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe malarial anemia (SMA) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children residing in regions where Plasmodium falciparum transmission is holoendemic. Although largely unexplored in children with SMA, interleukin-18 (IL-18) is important for regulating innate and acquired immunity in inflammatory and infectious diseases. As such, we selected two functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-18 promoter (-137G→C [rs187238] and -607C→A [rs1946518]) whose haplotypes encompass significant genetic variation due to the presence of strong linkage disequilibrium among these variants. The relationship between the genotypes/haplotypes, SMA (hemoglobin [Hb], <5.0 g/dl], and longitudinal clinical outcomes were then investigated in Kenyan children (n = 719). Multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for age, gender, sickle cell trait, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, HIV-1, and bacteremia revealed that carriage of the -607AA genotype was associated with protection against SMA (odds ratio [OR] = 0.440 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 0.21 to 0.90], P = 0.031) in children with acute infection. In contrast, carriers of the -137G/-607C (GC) haplotype had increased susceptibility to SMA (OR = 2.050 [95% CI = 1.04 to 4.05], P = 0.039). Measurement of IL-18 gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes demonstrated that elevated IL-18 transcripts were associated with reduced hemoglobin concentrations (ρ = -0.293, P = 0.010) and that carriers of the "susceptible" GC haplotype had elevated IL-18 transcripts (P = 0.026). Longitudinal investigation of clinical outcomes over a 3-year follow-up period revealed that carriers of the rare CC haplotype (∼1% frequency) had 5.76 times higher mortality than noncarriers (P = 0.001). Results presented here demonstrate that IL-18 promoter haplotypes that condition elevated IL-18 gene products during acute infection are associated with increased risk of SMA. Furthermore, carriage of the rare CC haplotype significantly increases the risk of childhood mortality.
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Driss A, Hibbert JM, Wilson NO, Iqbal SA, Adamkiewicz TV, Stiles JK. Genetic polymorphisms linked to susceptibility to malaria. Malar J 2011; 10:271. [PMID: 21929748 PMCID: PMC3184115 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of host genetics on susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria has been extensively studied over the past twenty years. It is now clear that malaria parasites have imposed strong selective forces on the human genome in endemic regions. Different genes have been identified that are associated with different malaria related phenotypes. Factors that promote severity of malaria include parasitaemia, parasite induced inflammation, anaemia and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in brain microvasculature. Recent advances in human genome research technologies such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and fine genotyping tools have enabled the discovery of several genetic polymorphisms and biomarkers that warrant further study in host-parasite interactions. This review describes and discusses human gene polymorphisms identified thus far that have been shown to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to P. falciparum malaria. Although some polymorphisms play significant roles in susceptibility to malaria, several findings are inconclusive and contradictory and must be considered with caution. The discovery of genetic markers associated with different malaria phenotypes will help elucidate the pathophysiology of malaria and enable development of interventions or cures. Diversity in human populations as well as environmental effects can influence the clinical heterogeneity of malaria, thus warranting further investigations with a goal of developing new interventions, therapies and better management against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Driss
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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22
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Fragoso JM, Delgadillo H, Juárez-Cedillo T, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Vallejo M, Pérez-Méndez O, Álvarez-León E, Peña-Duque MA, Martínez-Ríos MA, Vargas-Alarcón G. The Interleukin 6 -572 G>C (rs1800796) Polymorphism Is Associated with the Risk of Developing Acute Coronary Syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:759-63. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cardiovascular Disease's Genomic and Proteomic Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Postgrad in Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hilda Delgadillo
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Teresa Juárez-Cedillo
- Epidemiologic and Health Service Research Unit, Aging Area, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cardiovascular Disease's Genomic and Proteomic Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maite Vallejo
- Sociomedical Department, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cardiovascular Disease's Genomic and Proteomic Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Álvarez-León
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cardiovascular Disease's Genomic and Proteomic Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Peña-Duque
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Martínez-Ríos
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology and Cardiovascular Disease's Genomic and Proteomic Study Group, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Genetic differentiation of populations residing in areas of high malaria endemicity in India. J Genet 2009; 88:77-80. [PMID: 19417547 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-009-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Verra F, Mangano VD, Modiano D. Genetics of susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum: from classical malaria resistance genes towards genome-wide association studies. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:234-53. [PMID: 19388945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum represents one of the strongest selective forces on the human genome. This stable and perennial pressure has contributed to the progressive accumulation in the exposed populations of genetic adaptations to malaria. Descriptive genetic epidemiology provides the initial step of a logical procedure of consequential phases spanning from the identification of genes involved in the resistance/susceptibility to diseases, to the determination of the underlying mechanisms and finally to the possible translation of the acquired knowledge in new control tools. In malaria, the rational development of this strategy is traditionally based on complementary interactions of heterogeneous disciplines going from epidemiology to vaccinology passing through genetics, pathogenesis and immunology. New tools including expression profile analysis and genome-wide association studies are recently available to explore the complex interactions of host-parasite co-evolution. Particularly, the combination of genome-wide association studies with large multi-centre initiatives can overcome the limits of previous results due to local population dynamics. Thus, we anticipate substantial advances in the interpretation and validation of the effects of genetic variation on malaria susceptibility, and thereby on molecular mechanisms of protective immune responses and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Verra
- Department of Public Health, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Parikh S, Rosenthal PJ. Human genetics and malaria: relevance for the design of clinical trials. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1255-7. [PMID: 18752442 DOI: 10.1086/592223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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26
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Guzman VB, Yambartsev A, Goncalves-Primo A, Silva IDCG, Carvalho CRN, Ribalta JCL, Goulart LR, Shulzhenko N, Gerbase-Delima M, Morgun A. New approach reveals CD28 and IFNG gene interaction in the susceptibility to cervical cancer. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1838-44. [PMID: 18337305 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a complex disease with multiple environmental and genetic determinants. In this study, we sought an association between polymorphisms in immune response genes and cervical cancer using both single-locus and multi-locus analysis approaches. A total of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed in CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, PDCD1, FAS, TNFA, IL6, IFNG, TGFB1 and IL10 genes were determined in patients and healthy individuals from three independent case/control sets. The first two sets comprised White individuals (one group with 82 cases and 85 controls, the other with 83 cases and 85 controls) and the third was constituted by non-white individuals (64 cases and 75 controls). The multi-locus analysis revealed higher frequencies in cancer patients of three three-genotype combinations [CD28+17(TT)/IFNG+874(AA)/TNFA-308(GG), CD28+17(TT)/IFN+847(AA)/PDCD1+7785(CT), and CD28 +17(TT)/IFNG+874(AA)/ICOS+1564(TT)] (P < 0.01, Monte Carlo simulation). We hypothesized that this two-genotype [CD28(TT) and IFNG(AA)] combination could have a major contribution to the observed association. To address this question, we analyzed the frequency of the CD28(TT), IFNG(AA) genotype combination in the three groups combined, and observed its increase in patients (P = 0.0011 by Fisher's exact test). The contribution of a third polymorphism did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.1). Further analysis suggested that gene-gene interaction between CD28 and IFNG might contribute to susceptibility to cervical cancer. Our results showed an epistatic effect between CD28 and IFNG genes in susceptibility to cervical cancer, a finding that might be relevant for a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. In addition, the novel analytical approach herein proposed might be useful for increasing the statistical power of future genome-wide multi-locus studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska B Guzman
- Immunogenetics Division, Pediatrics Department, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Campino S, Kwiatkowski D, Dessein A. Mendelian and complex genetics of susceptibility and resistance to parasitic infections. Semin Immunol 2006; 18:411-22. [PMID: 17023176 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the complex genetic basis of susceptibility and resistance to parasitic infectious diseases is an enormous challenge. It probably involves many different host genes, interacting with multiple parasite genetic and environmental factors. Several genes of interest have been identified by family and association studies in humans and by using mouse models, but more robust epidemiological studies and functional data are needed to authenticate these findings. With new technologies and statistical tools for whole-genome association analysis, the next few years are likely to see acceleration in the rate of gene discovery, which has the potential to greatly assist drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campino
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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28
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Nagem RAP, Ferreira Júnior JR, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Interleukin-22 and its crystal structure. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:77-103. [PMID: 17027512 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that regulates the production of acute phase proteins of the immunological response. On binding to its cognate receptor (IL-22R1), which is associated to the interleukin-10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2), IL-22 promotes activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and several other cellular responses. A soluble receptor termed interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is also able to bind to IL-22 as a natural protein antagonist, and probably provides systemic regulation of IL-22 activity. This inflammatory response system is analyzed here in terms of its molecular physiology and structural assembly. Three-dimensional (3D) model of IL-22 and structural basis of its interactions with the cognate receptors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Alves Pinto Nagem
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627 CEP 31270910, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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29
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Kwiatkowski DP. How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:171-92. [PMID: 16001361 PMCID: PMC1224522 DOI: 10.1086/432519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major killer of children worldwide and the strongest known force for evolutionary selection in the recent history of the human genome. The past decade has seen growing evidence of ethnic differences in susceptibility to malaria and of the diverse genetic adaptations to malaria that have arisen in different populations: epidemiological confirmation of the hypotheses that G6PD deficiency, alpha+ thalassemia, and hemoglobin C protect against malaria mortality; the application of novel haplotype-based techniques demonstrating that malaria-protective genes have been subject to recent positive selection; the first genetic linkage maps of resistance to malaria in experimental murine models; and a growing number of reported associations with resistance and susceptibility to human malaria, particularly in genes involved in immunity, inflammation, and cell adhesion. The challenge for the next decade is to build the global epidemiological infrastructure required for statistically robust genomewide association analysis, as a way of discovering novel mechanisms of protective immunity that can be used in the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Kwiatkowski
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and University Department of Paediatrics, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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