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Berry N, Mee ET, Almond N, Rose NJ. The Impact and Effects of Host Immunogenetics on Infectious Disease Studies Using Non-Human Primates in Biomedical Research. Microorganisms 2024; 12:155. [PMID: 38257982 PMCID: PMC10818626 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding infectious disease pathogenesis and evaluating novel candidate treatment interventions for human use frequently requires prior or parallel analysis in animal model systems. While rodent species are frequently applied in such studies, there are situations where non-human primate (NHP) species are advantageous or required. These include studies of animals that are anatomically more akin to humans, where there is a need to interrogate the complexity of more advanced biological systems or simply reflect susceptibility to a specific infectious agent. The contribution of different arms of the immune response may be addressed in a variety of NHP species or subspecies in specific physiological compartments. Such studies provide insights into immune repertoires not always possible from human studies. However, genetic variation in outbred NHP models may confound, or significantly impact the outcome of a particular study. Thus, host factors need to be considered when undertaking such studies. Considerable knowledge of the impact of host immunogenetics on infection dynamics was elucidated from HIV/SIV research. NHP models are now important for studies of emerging infections. They have contributed to delineating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, which identified differences in outcomes attributable to the selected NHP host. Moreover, their use was crucial in evaluating the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19 and establishing putative correlates of vaccine protection. More broadly, neglected or highly pathogenic emerging or re-emergent viruses may be studied in selected NHPs. These studies characterise protective immune responses following infection or the administration of candidate immunogens which may be central to the accelerated licensing of new vaccines. Here, we review selected aspects of host immunogenetics, specifically MHC background and TRIM5 polymorphism as exemplars of adaptive and innate immunity, in commonly used Old and New World host species. Understanding this variation within and between NHP species will ensure that this valuable laboratory source is used most effectively to combat established and emerging virus infections and improve human health worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Berry
- Research & Development—Science, Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK; (E.T.M.); (N.A.); (N.J.R.)
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Laliberté A, Prelli Bozzo C, Stahl-Hennig C, Hunszinger V, Joas S, Sauermann U, Roshani B, Klippert A, Daskalaki M, Mätz-Rensing K, Stolte-Leeb N, Tharp GK, Fuchs D, Gupta PM, Silvestri G, Nelson SA, Parodi L, Giavedoni L, Bosinger SE, Sparrer KM, Kirchhoff F. Vpr attenuates antiviral immune responses and is critical for full pathogenicity of SIV mac239 in rhesus macaques. iScience 2023; 26:108351. [PMID: 38025783 PMCID: PMC10679897 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accessory viral protein R (Vpr) is encoded by all primate lentiviruses. Vpr counteracts DNA repair pathways, modulates viral immune sensing, and induces cell-cycle arrest in cell culture. However, its impact in vivo is controversial. Here, we show that deletion of vpr is associated with delayed viral replication kinetics, rapid innate immune activation, development and maintenance of strong B and T cell responses, and increased neutralizing activity against SIVmac239 in rhesus macaques. All wild-type SIVmac239-infected animals maintained high viral loads, and five of six developed fatal immunodeficiency during ∼80 weeks of follow-up. Lack of Vpr was associated with better preservation of CD4+ T cells, lower viral loads, and an attenuated clinical course of infection in most animals. Our results show that Vpr contributes to efficient viral immune evasion and the full pathogenic potential of SIVmacin vivo. Inhibition of Vpr may improve humoral immune control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Laliberté
- Institute of Molecular Virology – Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Caterina Prelli Bozzo
- Institute of Molecular Virology – Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Victoria Hunszinger
- Institute of Molecular Virology – Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Joas
- Institute of Molecular Virology – Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Berit Roshani
- German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Maria Daskalaki
- German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Prachi Mehrotra Gupta
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Parodi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luis Giavedoni
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Konstantin M.J. Sparrer
- Institute of Molecular Virology – Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology – Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Joas S, Sauermann U, Roshani B, Klippert A, Daskalaki M, Mätz-Rensing K, Stolte-Leeb N, Heigele A, Tharp GK, Gupta PM, Nelson S, Bosinger S, Parodi L, Giavedoni L, Silvestri G, Sauter D, Stahl-Hennig C, Kirchhoff F. Nef-Mediated CD3-TCR Downmodulation Dampens Acute Inflammation and Promotes SIV Immune Evasion. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2261-2274.e7. [PMID: 32075764 PMCID: PMC7052273 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability of Nef to downmodulate the CD3-T cell receptor (TCR) complex distinguishes HIV-1 from other primate lentiviruses and may contribute to its high virulence. However, the role of this Nef function in virus-mediated immune activation and pathogenicity remains speculative. Here, we selectively disrupted this Nef activity in SIVmac239 and analyzed the consequences for the virological, immunological, and clinical outcome of infection in rhesus macaques. The inability to downmodulate CD3-TCR does not impair viral replication during acute infection but is associated with increased immune activation and antiviral gene expression. Subsequent early reversion in three of six animals suggests strong selective pressure for this Nef function and is associated with high viral loads and progression to simian AIDS. In the absence of reversions, however, viral replication and the clinical course of infection are attenuated. Thus, Nef-mediated downmodulation of CD3 dampens the inflammatory response to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and seems critical for efficient viral immune evasion. HIV-1 lacks the CD3 downmodulation function of Nef that is otherwise conserved in primate lentiviruses. Joas et al. disrupted this Nef activity in SIVmac239 and show that Nef-mediated downmodulation of CD3 dampens inflammatory responses to SIV. This promotes effective immune evasion and maintenance of high viral loads in infected rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Joas
- Institute of Molecular Virology - Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Berit Roshani
- German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Maria Daskalaki
- German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Anke Heigele
- Institute of Molecular Virology - Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Prachi Mehrotra Gupta
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sydney Nelson
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Parodi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luis Giavedoni
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Sauter
- Institute of Molecular Virology - Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology - Ulm University Medical Center, Meyerhofstraße 1, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Hessell AJ, Li L, Malherbe DC, Barnette P, Pandey S, Sutton W, Spencer D, Wang XH, Gach JS, Hunegnaw R, Tuen M, Jiang X, Luo CC, LaBranche CC, Shao Y, Montefiori DC, Forthal DN, Duerr R, Robert-Guroff M, Haigwood NL, Gorny MK. Virus Control in Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques Is Associated with Neutralizing and Capturing Antibodies against the SHIV Challenge Virus but Not with V1V2 Vaccine-Induced Anti-V2 Antibodies Alone. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1266-1283. [PMID: 33536254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of vaccine-induced anti-V2 Abs was tested in three protection experiments in rhesus macaques. In an experiment using immunogens similar to those in the RV144 vaccine trial (Anti-envelope [Env]), nine rhesus macaques were coimmunized with gp16092TH023 DNA and SIV gag and gp120A244 and gp120MN proteins. In two V2-focused experiments (Anti-V2 and Anti-V2 Mucosal), nine macaques in each group were immunized with V1V292TH023 DNA, V1V2A244 and V1V2CasaeA2 proteins, and cyclic V2CaseA2 peptide. DNA and protein immunogens, formulated in Adjuplex, were given at 0, 4, 12, and 20 weeks, followed by intrarectal SHIVBaL.P4 challenges. Peak plasma viral loads (PVL) of 106-107 copies/ml developed in all nine sham controls. Overall, PVL was undetectable in one third of immunized macaques, and two animals tightly controlled the virus with the Anti-V2 Mucosal vaccine strategy. In the Anti-Env study, Abs that captured or neutralized SHIVBaL.P4 inversely correlated with PVL. Conversely, no correlation with PVL was found in the Anti-V2 experiments with nonneutralizing plasma Abs that only captured virus weakly. Titers of Abs against eight V1V2 scaffolds and cyclic V2 peptides were comparable between controllers and noncontrollers as were Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition activities against SHIV-infected target cells and phagocytosis of gp120-coated beads. The Anti-Env experiment supports the role of vaccine-elicited neutralizing and nonneutralizing Abs in control of PVL. However, the two V2-focused experiments did not support a role for nonneutralizing V2 Abs alone in controlling PVL, as neither Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell-mediated virus inhibition, nor phagocytosis correlated inversely with heterologous SHIVBaL.P4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Philip Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - William Sutton
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - David Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael Tuen
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; and
| | - Yongzhao Shao
- Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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Polyclonal HIV envelope-specific breast milk antibodies limit founder SHIV acquisition and cell-associated virus loads in infant rhesus monkeys. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1716-1726. [PMID: 30115994 PMCID: PMC6420805 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk HIV-1 transmission is currently the predominant contributor to pediatric HIV infections. Yet, only ~10% of breastfeeding infants born to untreated HIV-infected mothers become infected. This study assessed the protective capacity of natural HIV envelope-specific antibodies isolated from the milk of HIV-infected women in an infant rhesus monkey (RM), tier 2 SHIV oral challenge model. To mimic placental and milk maternal antibody transfer, infant RMs were i.v. infused and orally treated at the time of challenge with a single weakly neutralizing milk monoclonal antibody (mAb), a tri-mAb cocktail with weakly neutralizing and ADCC functionalities, or an anti-influenza control mAb. Of these groups, the fewest tri-mAb-treated infants had SHIV detectable in plasma or tissues (2/6, 5/6, and 7/8 animals infected in tri-mAb, single-mAb, and control-mAb groups, respectively). Tri-mAb-treated infants demonstrated significantly fewer plasma transmitted/founder variants and reduced peripheral CD4+ T cell proviral loads at 8 weeks post-challenge compared to control mAb-treated infants. Abortive infection was observed as detectable CD4+ T cell provirus in non-viremic control mAb- and single mAb-, but not in tri-mAb-treated animals. These results suggest that polyfunctional milk antibodies contribute to the natural inefficiency of HIV-1 transmission through breastfeeding and infant vaccinations eliciting non-neutralizing antibody responses could reduce postnatal HIV transmission.
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Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
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Javed A, Leuchte N, Salinas G, Opitz L, Stahl-Hennig C, Sopper S, Sauermann U. Pre-infection transcript levels of FAM26F in peripheral blood mononuclear cells inform about overall plasma viral load in acute and post-acute phase after simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3400-3412. [PMID: 27902344 PMCID: PMC5203675 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cells from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected long-term non-progressors and some uninfected macaques can suppress viral replication in vitro without killing the infected cells. The aim of this study was to identify factors responsible for non-cytolytic viral suppression by transcriptional profiling and to investigate their potential impact on SIV replication. Results of microarray experiments and further validation with cells from infected and uninfected macaques revealed that FAM26F RNA levels distinguished CD8+ cells of controllers and non-controllers (P=0.001). However, FAM26F was also expressed in CD4+ T-cells and B-cells. FAM26F expression increased in lymphocytes after in vitro IFN-γ treatment on average 40-fold, and ex vivo FAM26F RNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells correlated with plasma IFN-γ but not with IFN-α. Baseline FAM26F expression appeared to be stable for months, albeit the individual expression levels varied up to tenfold. Investigating its role in SIV-infection revealed that FAM26F was upregulated after infection (P<0.0008), but did not directly correlate with viral load in contrast to MX1 and CXCL10. However, pre-infection levels of FAM26F correlated inversely with overall plasma viral load (AUC) during the acute and post-acute phases of infection (e.g. AUC weeks post infection 0–8; no AIDS vaccine: P<0.0001, Spearman rank correlation coefficient (rs)=−0.89, n=16; immunized with an AIDS vaccine: P=0.033, rs=−0.43; n=25). FAM26F transcript levels prior to infection can provide information about the pace and strength of the antiviral immune response during the early stage of infection. FAM26F expression represented, in our experiments, one of the earliest prognostic markers, and could supplement major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-typing to predict disease progression before SIV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Javed
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole Leuchte
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Transcriptome and Genome Analysis Laboratory (TAL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck and Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Primatenforschung, Unit of Infection Models, Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence Ulrike Sauermann
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Walter L, Petersen B. Diversification of both KIR and NKG2 natural killer cell receptor genes in macaques - implications for highly complex MHC-dependent regulation of natural killer cells. Immunology 2016; 150:139-145. [PMID: 27565739 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) as well as their MHC class I ligands display enormous genetic diversity and polymorphism in macaque species. Signals resulting from interaction between KIR or CD94/NKG2 receptors and their cognate MHC class I proteins essentially regulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Macaque and human KIR share many features, such as clonal expression patterns, gene copy number variations, specificity for particular MHC class I allotypes, or epistasis between KIR and MHC class I genes that influence susceptibility and resistance to immunodeficiency virus infection. In this review article we also annotated publicly available rhesus macaque BAC clone sequences and provide the first description of the CD94-NKG2 genomic region. Besides the presence of genes that are orthologous to human NKG2A and NKG2F, this region contains three NKG2C paralogues. Hence, the genome of rhesus macaques contains moderately expanded and diversified NKG2 genes in addition to highly diversified KIR genes. The presence of two diversified NK cell receptor families in one species has not been described before and is expected to require a complex MHC-dependent regulation of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Beatrix Petersen
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
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Lian XD, Zhang XH, Dai ZX, Zheng YT. Cloning, sequencing, and polymorphism analysis of novel classical MHC class I alleles in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina). Immunogenetics 2016; 68:261-74. [PMID: 26782049 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) has been confirmed to be an independent species from the pig-tailed macaque group of Old World monkey. We have previously reported that the northern pig-tailed macaques were also susceptible to HIV-1. Here, to make this animal a potential HIV/AIDS model and to discover the mechanism of virus control, we attempted to assess the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted immune responses to HIV-1 infection, which was associated with viral replication and disease progression. As an initial step, we first cloned and characterized the classical MHC class I gene of northern pig-tailed macaques. In this study, we identified 39 MHC class I alleles including 17 MHC-A and 22 MHC-B alleles. Out of these identified alleles, 30 were novel and 9 were identical to alleles previously reported from other macaque species. The MHC-A and MHC-B loci were both duplicates as rhesus macaques and southern pig-tailed macaques. In addition, we also detected the patterns of positive selection in northern pig-tailed macaques and revealed the existence of balance selection with 20 positive selection sites in the peptide binding region. The analysis of B and F peptide binding pockets in northern and southern pig-tailed macaques and rhesus macaques suggested that they were likely to share a few common peptides to present. Thus, this study provides important MHC immunogenetics information and adds values to northern pig-tailed macaques as a promising HIV/AIDS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi-He Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Xi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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Noncytolytic CD8+ Cell Mediated Antiviral Response Represents a Strong Element in the Immune Response of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Long-Term Non-Progressing Rhesus Macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142086. [PMID: 26551355 PMCID: PMC4638345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of long term non progressors to maintain very low levels of HIV/SIV and a healthy state, involves various host genetic and immunological factors. CD8+ non-cytolytic antiviral response (CNAR) most likely plays an important role in this regard. In order to gain a deeper insight into this unique phenomenon, the ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress viral replication in vitro was investigated in 16 uninfected, longitudinally in 23 SIV-infected long-term non-progressing (LTNPs), and 10 SIV-infected rhesus macaques with progressing disease. An acute infection assay utilizing CD4+ cells from MHC-mismatched monkeys to avoid cytolytic responses was employed. The study has identified CNAR as a long-term stable activity that inversely correlated with plasma viral load. The activity was also detected in CD8+ cells of uninfected macaques, which indicates that CNAR is not necessarily a virus specific response but increases after SIV-infection. Physical contact between CD4+ and CD8+ cells was mainly involved in mediating viral inhibition. Loss of this activity appeared to be due to a loss of CNAR-expressing CD8+ cells as well as a reduction of CNAR-responsive CD4+ cells. In contrast, in vitro viral replication did not differ in CD4+ cells from un-infected macaques, CNAR(+) and CNAR(-) LTNPs. A role for transitional memory cells in supporting CNAR in the macaque model of AIDS was questionable. CNAR appears to represent an important part of the immune response displayed by CD8+ T cells which might be underestimated up to now.
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Walter L, Ansari AA. MHC and KIR Polymorphisms in Rhesus Macaque SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:540. [PMID: 26557119 PMCID: PMC4617107 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer lymphocytes are essentially involved as the first line of defense against agents such as viruses and malignant cells. The activity of these cells is regulated via interaction of specific and diverse killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) with the highly polymorphic cognate MHC class I proteins on target cells. Genetic variability of both KIR and MHC-I ligands has been shown to be associated with resistance to many diseases, including infection with the immunodeficiency virus. Disease course and progression to AIDS after infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is essentially influenced by the presence of the stimulatory KIR3DS1 receptor in combination with HLA-Bw4. Knowledge of such genetic interactions that contribute to not only disease resistance but also susceptibility are just as important. Such combined genetic factors were recently reported in the rhesus macaque AIDS model. Here, we review the rhesus macaque MHC class I and KIR gene systems and the role of their polymorphisms in the SIV infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
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Albrecht C, Malzahn D, Brameier M, Hermes M, Ansari AA, Walter L. Progression to AIDS in SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques is Associated with Distinct KIR and MHC class I Polymorphisms and NK Cell Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2014; 5:600. [PMID: 25506344 PMCID: PMC4246914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) regulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to a number of human infectious diseases. Here, we analyzed NK cell function and genetic associations in a cohort of 52 rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIVmac and subsequently stratified into high viral load (HVL) and low viral load (LVL) plasma viral loads at set point. This stratification coincided with fast (HVL) and slow (LVL) disease progression indicated by the disease course and critical clinical parameters including CD4+ T cell counts. HVL animals revealed sustained proliferation of NK cells but distinct loss of peripheral blood NK cell numbers and lytic function. Genetic analyses revealed that KIR genes 3DL05, 3DS05, and 3DL10 as well as 3DSW08, 3DLW03, and 3DSW09 are correlated, most likely due to underlying haplotypes. SIV-infection outcome associated with presence of transcripts for two inhibitory KIR genes (KIR3DL02, KIR3DL10) and three activating KIR genes (KIR3DSW08, KIR3DS02, KIR3DS05). Presence of KIR3DL02 and KIR3DSW08 was associated with LVL outcome, whereas presence of KIR3DS02 was associated with HVL outcome. Furthermore, we identified epistasis between KIR and MHC class I alleles as the transcript presence of the correlated genes KIR3DL05, KIR3DS05, and KIR3DL10 increased HVL risk when Mamu-B*012 transcripts were also present or when Mamu-A1*001 transcripts were absent. These genetic associations were mirrored by changes in the numbers, the level of proliferation, and lytic capabilities of NK cells as well as overall survival time and gastro-intestinal tissue viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Albrecht
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dörthe Malzahn
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Markus Brameier
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Meike Hermes
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research , Göttingen , Germany
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Palermo RE, Tisoncik-Go J, Korth MJ, Katze MG. Old world monkeys and new age science: the evolution of nonhuman primate systems virology. ILAR J 2014; 54:166-80. [PMID: 24174440 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) biomedical models are critical to our understanding of human health and disease, yet we are still in the early stages of developing sufficient tools to support primate genomic research that allow us to better understand the basis of phenotypic traits in NHP models of disease. A mere 7 years ago, the limited NHP transcriptome profiling that was being performed was done using complementary DNA arrays based on human genome sequences, and the lack of NHP genomic information and immunologic reagents precluded the use of NHPs in functional genomic studies. Since then, significant strides have been made in developing genomics capabilities for NHP research, from the rhesus macaque genome sequencing project to the construction of the first macaque-specific high-density oligonucleotide microarray, paving the way for further resource development and additional primate sequencing projects. Complete published draft genome sequences are now available for the chimpanzee ( Chimpanzee Sequencing Analysis Consortium 2005), bonobo ( Prufer et al. 2012), gorilla ( Scally et al. 2012), and baboon ( Ensembl.org 2013), along with the recently completed draft genomes for the cynomolgus macaque and Chinese rhesus macaque. Against this backdrop of both expanding sequence data and the early application of sequence-derived DNA microarrays tools, we will contextualize the development of these community resources and their application to infectious disease research through a literature review of NHP models of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and models of respiratory virus infection. In particular, we will review the use of -omics approaches in studies of simian immunodeficiency virus and respiratory virus pathogenesis and vaccine development, emphasizing the acute and innate responses and the relationship of these to the course of disease and to the evolution of adaptive immunity.
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Sopper S, Mätz-Rensing K, Mühl T, Heeney J, Stahl-Hennig C, Sauermann U. Host factors determine differential disease progression after infection with nef-deleted simian immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2273-2284. [PMID: 24928910 PMCID: PMC4165933 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of macaques with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) usually results in long-lasting efficient protection against infection with pathogenic immunodeficiency viruses. However, attenuation by deletion of regulatory genes such as nef is not complete, leading to a high viral load and fatal disease in some animals. To characterize immunological parameters and polymorphic host factors, we studied 17 rhesus macaques infected with attenuated SIVmac239ΔNU. Eight animals were able to control viral replication, whereas the remaining animals (non-controllers) displayed variable set-point viral loads. Peak viral load at 2 weeks post-infection (p.i.) correlated significantly with set-point viral load (P<0.0001). CD4(+) T-cell frequencies differed significantly soon after infection between controllers and non-controllers. Abnormal B-cell activation previously ascribed to Nef function could already be observed in non-controllers 8 weeks after infection despite the absence of Nef. Two non-controllers developed an AIDS-like disease within 102 weeks p.i. Virus from these animals transmitted to naïve animals replicated at low levels and the recipients did not develop immunodeficiency. This suggested that host factors determined differential viral load and subsequent disease course. Known Mhc class I alleles associated with disease progression in SIV WT infection only marginally influenced the viral load in Δnef-infected animals. Protection from SIVmac251 was associated with homozygosity for MHC class II in conjunction with a TLR7 polymorphism and showed a trend with initial viral replication. We speculated that host factors whose effects were usually masked by Nef were responsible for the different disease courses in individual animals upon infection with nef-deleted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sieghart Sopper
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck and Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kerstin Mätz-Rensing
- Pathology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mühl
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Byrareddy SN, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Kramer VG, Lee SJ, Correll M, Novembre FJ, Villinger F, Johnson WE, von Gegerfelt A, Felber BK, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated Rev-independent Nef¯SIV enhances acquisition of heterologous SIVsmE660 in acutely vaccinated rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75556. [PMID: 24098702 PMCID: PMC3787041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhesus macaques (RMs) inoculated with live-attenuated Rev-Independent Nef¯ simian immunodeficiency virus (Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV) as adults or neonates controlled viremia to undetectable levels and showed no signs of immunodeficiency over 6-8 years of follow-up. We tested the capacity of this live-attenuated virus to protect RMs against pathogenic, heterologous SIVsmE660 challenges. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three groups of four RM were inoculated with Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV and compared. Group 1 was inoculated 8 years prior and again 15 months before low dose intrarectal challenges with SIVsmE660. Group 2 animals were inoculated with Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV at 15 months and Group 3 at 2 weeks prior to the SIVsmE660 challenges, respectively. Group 4 served as unvaccinated controls. All RMs underwent repeated weekly low-dose intrarectal challenges with SIVsmE660. Surprisingly, all RMs with acute live-attenuated virus infection (Group 3) became superinfected with the challenge virus, in contrast to the two other vaccine groups (Groups 1 and 2) (P=0.006 for each) and controls (Group 4) (P=0.022). Gene expression analysis showed significant upregulation of innate immune response-related chemokines and their receptors, most notably CCR5 in Group 3 animals during acute infection with Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that although Rev-Ind Nef¯SIV remained apathogenic, acute replication of the vaccine strain was not protective but associated with increased acquisition of heterologous mucosal SIVsmE660 challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mila Ayash-Rashkovsky
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Victor G. Kramer
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mick Correll
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Cancer Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Welkin E. Johnson
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agneta von Gegerfelt
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara K. Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Haplotype diversity generated by ancient recombination-like events in the MHC of Indian rhesus macaques. Immunogenetics 2013; 65:569-84. [PMID: 23715823 PMCID: PMC3710572 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-013-0707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mamu-A, Mamu-B, and Mamu-DRB genes of the rhesus macaque show several levels of complexity such as allelic heterogeneity (polymorphism), copy number variation, differential segregation of genes/alleles present on a haplotype (diversity) and transcription level differences. A combination of techniques was implemented to screen a large panel of pedigreed Indian rhesus macaques (1,384 individuals representing the offspring of 137 founding animals) for haplotype diversity in an efficient and inexpensive manner. This approach allowed the definition of 140 haplotypes that display a relatively low degree of region variation as reflected by the presence of only 17 A, 18 B and 22 DRB types, respectively, exhibiting a global linkage disequilibrium comparable to that in humans. This finding contrasts with the situation observed in rhesus macaques from other geographic origins and in cynomolgus monkeys from Indonesia. In these latter populations, nearly every haplotype appears to be characterised by a unique A, B and DRB region. In the Indian population, however, a reshuffling of existing segments generated “new” haplotypes. Since the recombination frequency within the core MHC of the Indian rhesus macaques is relatively low, the various haplotypes were most probably produced by recombination events that accumulated over a long evolutionary time span. This idea is in accord with the notion that Indian rhesus macaques experienced a severe reduction in population during the Pleistocene due to a bottleneck caused by geographic changes. Thus, recombination-like processes appear to be a way to expand a diminished genetic repertoire in an isolated and relatively small founder population.
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Liu Y, Li A, Wang X, Sui L, Li M, Zhao Y, Liu B, Zeng L, Sun Z. Mamu-B genes and their allelic repertoires in different populations of Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. Immunogenetics 2012; 65:273-80. [PMID: 23271617 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since rhesus monkeys of Chinese origin have gained greater utilization in recent years, it is urgent to investigate the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) immunogenetics of Chinese rhesus macaques. In this study, we identified 81 Mamu-B sequences using complementary DNA cloning and sequencing on a cohort of 58 rhesus monkeys derived from three local populations of China. Twenty of these Mamu-B alleles are novel and four of them represent new lineages. Although more alleles are shared among different populations than Mamu-A locus, the Mamu-B allelic repertoires found in these three populations of Chinese macaques are largely independent, which underscores the MHC polymorphism among different populations of Chinese rhesus macaques. Our results are an important addition to the limited MHC immunogenetic information available for rhesus macaques of Chinese origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, 100071, China
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18
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Risk of immunodeficiency virus infection may increase with vaccine-induced immune response. J Virol 2012; 86:10533-9. [PMID: 22811518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00796-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the efficacy of novel complementary prime-boost immunization regimens in a nonhuman primate model for HIV infection, rhesus monkeys primed by different DNA vaccines were boosted with virus-like particles (VLP) and then challenged by repeated low-dose rectal exposure to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Characteristic of the cellular immune response after the VLP booster immunization were high numbers of SIV-specific, gamma interferon-secreting cells after stimulation with inactivated SIV particles, but not SIV peptides, and the absence of detectable levels of CD8(+) T cell responses. Antibodies specific to SIV Gag and SIV Env could be induced in all animals, but, consistent with a poor neutralizing activity at the time of challenge, vaccinated monkeys were not protected from acquisition of infection and did not control viremia. Surprisingly, vaccinees with high numbers of SIV-specific, gamma interferon-secreting cells were infected fastest during the repeated low-dose exposures and the numbers of these immune cells in vaccinated macaques correlated with susceptibility to infection. Thus, in the absence of protective antibodies or cytotoxic T cell responses, vaccine-induced immune responses may increase the susceptibility to acquisition of immunodeficiency virus infection. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus-specific T helper cells mediate this detrimental effect and contribute to the inefficacy of past HIV vaccination attempts (e.g., STEP study).
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Tenbusch M, Ignatius R, Nchinda G, Trumpfheller C, Salazar AM, Töpfer K, Sauermann U, Wagner R, Hannaman D, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Stahl-Hennig C, Überla K. Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding simian immunodeficiency virus antigen targeted to dendritic cells in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39038. [PMID: 22720025 PMCID: PMC3373620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting antigens encoded by DNA vaccines to dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of adjuvants enhances their immunogenicity and efficacy in mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To explore the immunogenicity of this approach in non-human primates, we generated a single chain antibody to the antigen uptake receptor DEC-205 expressed on rhesus macaque DCs. DNA vaccines encoding this single chain antibody fused to the SIV capsid protein were delivered to six monkeys each by either intramuscular electroporation or conventional intramuscular injection co-injected or not with poly ICLC, a stabilized poly I: C analogue, as adjuvant. Antibodies to capsid were induced by the DC-targeting and non-targeting control DNA delivered by electroporation while conventional DNA immunization at a 10-fold higher dose of DNA failed to induce detectable humoral immune responses. Substantial cellular immune responses were also observed after DNA electroporation of both DNAs, but stronger responses were induced by the non-targeting vaccine. Conventional immunization with the DC-targeting DNA at a 10-fold higher dose did not give rise to substantial cellular immune responses, neither when co-injected with poly ICLC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study confirms the potent immunogenicity of DNA vaccines delivered by electroporation. Targeting the DNA via a single chain antibody to DEC-205 expressed by DCs, however, does not improve the immunogenicity of the antigens in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine Trumpfheller
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Katharina Töpfer
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Paul Racz
- Bernhard Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Berry NJ, Marzetta F, Towers GJ, Rose NJ. Diversity of TRIM5α and TRIMCyp sequences in cynomolgus macaques from different geographical origins. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:267-78. [PMID: 22124667 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The TRIM5α restriction factor can protect some species of monkeys, but not humans, from HIV infection. It has also emerged that some monkeys have a cyclophilin A domain retrotransposed into the TRIM5 locus resulting in the expression of a TRIMCyp protein with anti-retroviral activity. A high degree of sequence variation in the primate TRIM5 gene has been reported that varies between populations of rhesus macaques, a widely used non-human primate model of HIV/AIDS, and recently shown to correlate with susceptibility to simian immunodeficiency viruses in this species. Cynomolgus macaques are also used widely in HIV research. A non-indigenous population on Mauritius has highly restricted genetic diversity compared with macaques from Indonesia. The relative allelic diversity of TRIM5α and TRIMCyp within these two sub-populations may impact on the susceptibility of the macaques to simian immunodeficiency virus thereby influencing the outcome of studies using these monkeys. We sought to establish the genetic diversity of these alleles in cynomolgus macaques. We identified seven TRIM5α alleles in Indonesian macaques, three of which are novel, but only three in the Mauritian-origin macaques. Strikingly, 87% of Indonesian, but none of the Mauritian macaques, possessed a retrotransposed Cyp domain. A splice acceptor site single-nucleotide polymorphism that allows formation of a TRIMCyp protein was absent for the TRIM5α alleles found in the Mauritian macaques. The level of allelic diversity reported here is greater than previously proposed for cynomolgus macaque species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Berry
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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Fuller DH, Rajakumar P, Che JW, Narendran A, Nyaundi J, Michael H, Yager EJ, Stagnar C, Wahlberg B, Taber R, Haynes JR, Cook FC, Ertl P, Tite J, Amedee AM, Murphey-Corb M. Therapeutic DNA vaccine induces broad T cell responses in the gut and sustained protection from viral rebound and AIDS in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33715. [PMID: 22442716 PMCID: PMC3307760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies that induce durable immune control of chronic HIV infection may eliminate the need for life-long dependence on drugs. We investigated a DNA vaccine formulated with a novel genetic adjuvant that stimulates immune responses in the blood and gut for the ability to improve therapy in rhesus macaques chronically infected with SIV. Using the SIV-macaque model for AIDS, we show that epidermal co-delivery of plasmids expressing SIV Gag, RT, Nef and Env, and the mucosal adjuvant, heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin (LT), during antiretroviral therapy (ART) induced a substantial 2-4-log fold reduction in mean virus burden in both the gut and blood when compared to unvaccinated controls and provided durable protection from viral rebound and disease progression after the drug was discontinued. This effect was associated with significant increases in IFN-γ T cell responses in both the blood and gut and SIV-specific CD8+ T cells with dual TNF-α and cytolytic effector functions in the blood. Importantly, a broader specificity in the T cell response seen in the gut, but not the blood, significantly correlated with a reduction in virus production in mucosal tissues and a lower virus burden in plasma. We conclude that immunizing with vaccines that induce immune responses in mucosal gut tissue could reduce residual viral reservoirs during drug therapy and improve long-term treatment of HIV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Premeela Rajakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jenny W. Che
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amithi Narendran
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia Nyaundi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather Michael
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Yager
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Cristy Stagnar
- Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Brendon Wahlberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel Taber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joel R. Haynes
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | | | - Peter Ertl
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - John Tite
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Angela M. Amedee
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Michael Murphey-Corb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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High-level, lasting antiviral immunity induced by a bimodal AIDS vaccine and boosted by live-virus exposure: prevention of viremia. AIDS 2012; 26:149-55. [PMID: 21941166 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834d3c4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the correlates of protection from systemic infection in a vaccinated rhesus macaque, RAt-9, which had been challenged sequentially with two related clade C simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV-Cs) yet remained aviremic for more than 5 years despite indirect evidence of cryptic infection. DESIGN To measure long-term anti-SHIV-C immunity, host genetics and gene-expression patterns for protective correlates. METHODS Long-term immune reactivity was evaluated and identification of virus in RAt-9 was attempted by RT-PCR analysis of concentrated plasma and blood transfer to CD8(+) cell-depleted infant macaques. Full MHC genotyping of RAt-9, TRIM5α and KIR3DL allelic expression analysis of PBMC, and microarray gene expression analysis were performed. RESULTS All attempts to detect/isolate virus, including blood transfer to CD8(+) cell-depleted infant rhesus macaques, were negative, and the animal maintained normal levels of memory CD4(+) T cells in both peripheral blood and gut tissues. However, RAt-9 maintained high levels of anti-SHIV-C humoral and cellular immunity, including reactivity to nonvaccine neoantigens (Nef and Rev), up to 63 months postinitial challenge, suggesting chronic sub-threshold infection. RAt-9 expressed the Mamu A*001 allele negative for B*008 and B*017, had a B13 serotype, and had increased expression of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) previously linked to favorable outcomes of lentiviral infection. Elements of the gene expression profiling coincided with genotyping results. RAt-9 also displayed CD8 cell noncytotoxic antiviral response (CNAR) activity. CONCLUSION Monkey RAt-9 is the first example of a virus-exposed, persistently aviremic animal that has maintained long-term, high-level cellular and humoral antiviral immunity in the absence of an identifiable cryptic reservoir.
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Hellmann I, Lim SY, Gelman RS, Letvin NL. Association of activating KIR copy number variation of NK cells with containment of SIV replication in rhesus monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002436. [PMID: 22194686 PMCID: PMC3240609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the contribution of CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes to early containment of HIV-1 spread is well established, a role for NK cells in controlling HIV-1 replication during primary infection has been uncertain. The highly polymorphic family of KIR molecules expressed on NK cells can inhibit or activate these effector cells and might therefore modulate their activity against HIV-1-infected cells. In the present study, we investigated copy number variation in KIR3DH loci encoding the only activating KIR receptor family in rhesus monkeys and its effect on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication during primary infection in rhesus monkeys. We observed an association between copy numbers of KIR3DH genes and control of SIV replication in Mamu-A*01⁻ rhesus monkeys that express restrictive TRIM5 alleles. These findings provide further evidence for an association between NK cells and the early containment of SIV replication, and underscore the potential importance of activating KIRs in stimulating NK cell responses to control SIV spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hellmann
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Gelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Siddiqui RA, Krawczak M, Platzer M, Sauermann U. Association of TLR7 variants with AIDS-like disease and AIDS vaccine efficacy in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25474. [PMID: 22022401 PMCID: PMC3192768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In HIV infection, TLR7-triggered IFN-α production exerts a direct antiviral effect through the inhibition of viral replication, but may also be involved in immune pathogenesis leading to AIDS. TLR7 could also be an important mediator of vaccine efficacy. In this study, we analyzed polymorphisms in the X-linked TLR7 gene in the rhesus macaque model of AIDS. Upon resequencing of the TLR7 gene in 36 rhesus macaques of Indian origin, 12 polymorphic sites were detected. Next, we identified three tightly linked single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as being associated with survival time. Genotyping of 119 untreated, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male rhesus macaques, including an 'MHC adjusted' subset, revealed that the three TLR7 SNPs are also significantly associated with set-point viral load. Surprisingly, this effect was not observed in 72 immunized SIV-infected male monkeys. We hypothesize (i) that SNP c.13G>A in the leader peptide is causative for the observed genotype-phenotype association and that (ii) the underlying mechanism is related to RNA secondary structure formation. Therefore, we investigated a fourth SNP (c.-17C>T), located 17 bp upstream of the ATG translation initiation codon, that is also potentially capable of influencing RNA structure. In c.13A carriers, neither set-point viral load nor survival time were related to the c.-17C>T genotype. In c.13G carriers, by contrast, the c.-17C allele was significantly associated with prolonged survival. Again, no such association was detected among immunized SIV-infected macaques. Our results highlight the dual role of TLR7 in immunodeficiency virus infection and vaccination and imply that it may be important to control human AIDS vaccine trials, not only for MHC genotype, but also for TLR7 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A. Siddiqui
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian–Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Analysis, Leibniz Institute for Age Research–Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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25
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Mitchell JL, Mee ET, Almond NM, Cutler K, Rose NJ. Characterisation of MHC haplotypes in a breeding colony of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques reveals a high level of diversity. Immunogenetics 2011; 64:123-9. [PMID: 21881952 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed that cynomolgus macaques obtained from different geographic origins may be more or less suitable for particular studies depending on the specific question(s) being addressed, e.g. Mauritian cynomolgus macaques are particularly suitable for detailed immunological studies against a limited genetic background while less conserved populations may be more appropriate to predict breadth of vaccine coverage in the genetically diverse human population. We have characterised MHC haplotypes in 90 Indonesian cynomolgus macaques using microsatellite and reference strand conformational analysis. Thirty unique haplotypes were defined in the cohort, emphasising the high degree of diversity in this population of cynomolgus macaques. The majority of haplotypes were present at a frequency of ≤ 6%. Transcription profiles indicated that each haplotype was associated with two to eight transcribed class I alleles. The results corroborate previous reports of the extensive MHC diversity of Indonesian cynomolgus macaques and provide additional data to inform colony management decisions. Further, definition of the MHC diversity of the population satisfies one of the prerequisites to MHC association studies and detailed immunological investigations in this outbred non-human primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Mitchell
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Health Protection Agency, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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26
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Belisle SE, Yin J, Shedlock DJ, Dai A, Yan J, Hirao L, Kutzler MA, Lewis MG, Andersen H, Lank SM, Karl JA, O'Connor DH, Khan A, Sardesai N, Chang J, Aicher L, Palermo RE, Weiner DB, Katze MG, Boyer J. Long-term programming of antigen-specific immunity from gene expression signatures in the PBMC of rhesus macaques immunized with an SIV DNA vaccine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19681. [PMID: 21701683 PMCID: PMC3119060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While HIV-1-specific cellular immunity is thought to be critical for the suppression of viral replication, the correlates of protection have not yet been determined. Rhesus macaques (RM) are an important animal model for the study and development of vaccines against HIV/AIDS. Our laboratory has helped to develop and study DNA-based vaccines in which recent technological advances, including genetic optimization and in vivo electroporation (EP), have helped to dramatically boost their immunogenicity. In this study, RMs were immunized with a DNA vaccine including individual plasmids encoding SIV gag, env, and pol alone, or in combination with a molecular adjuvant, plasmid DNA expressing the chemokine ligand 5 (RANTES), followed by EP. Along with standard immunological assays, flow-based activation analysis without ex vivo restimulation and high-throughput gene expression analysis was performed. Strong cellular immunity was induced by vaccination which was supported by all assays including PBMC microarray analysis that identified the up-regulation of 563 gene sequences including those involved in interferon signaling. Furthermore, 699 gene sequences were differentially regulated in these groups at peak viremia following SIVmac251 challenge. We observed that the RANTES-adjuvanted animals were significantly better at suppressing viral replication during chronic infection and exhibited a distinct pattern of gene expression which included immune cell-trafficking and cell cycle genes. Furthermore, a greater percentage of vaccine-induced central memory CD8+ T-cells capable of an activated phenotype were detected in these animals as measured by activation analysis. Thus, co-immunization with the RANTES molecular adjuvant followed by EP led to the generation of cellular immunity that was transcriptionally distinct and had a greater protective efficacy than its DNA alone counterpart. Furthermore, activation analysis and high-throughput gene expression data may provide better insight into mechanisms of viral control than may be observed using standard immunological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jiangmei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Devon J. Shedlock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anlan Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jian Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lauren Hirao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Department of Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Lewis
- Research Section, Bioqual, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hanne Andersen
- Research Section, Bioqual, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Lank
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amir Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Niranjan Sardesai
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jean Chang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lauri Aicher
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jean Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Diverse peptide presentation of rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex class I Mamu-A 02 revealed by two peptide complex structures and insights into immune escape of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 2011; 85:7372-83. [PMID: 21561910 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00350-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I)-restricted CD8(+) T-cell responses play a pivotal role in anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunity and the control of viremia. The rhesus macaque is an important animal model for HIV-related research. Among the MHC I alleles of the rhesus macaque, Mamu-A 02 is prevalent, presenting in ≥20% of macaques. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of Mamu-A 02, the second structure-determined MHC I from the rhesus macaque after Mamu-A 01. The peptide presentation characteristics of Mamu-A 02 are exhibited in complex structures with two typical Mamu-A 02-restricted CD8(+) T-cell epitopes, YY9 (Nef159 to -167; YTSGPGIRY) and GY9 (Gag71 to -79; GSENLKSLY), derived from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). These two peptides utilize similar primary anchor residues (Ser or Thr) at position 2 and Tyr at position 9. However, the central region of YY9 is different from that of GY9, a difference that may correlate with the immunogenic variance of these peptides. Further analysis indicated that the distinct conformations of these two peptides are modulated by four flexible residues in the Mamu-A 02 peptide-binding groove. The rare combination of these four residues in Mamu-A 02 leads to a variant presentation for peptides with different residues in their central regions. Additionally, in the two structures of the Mamu-A 02 complex, we compared the binding of rhesus and human β(2) microglobulin (β(2)m) to Mamu-A 02. We found that the peptide presentation of Mamu-A 02 is not affected by the interspecies interaction with human β(2)m. Our work broadens the understanding of CD8(+) T-cell-specific immunity against SIV in the rhesus macaque.
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Schultheiss T, Schulte R, Sauermann U, Ibing W, Stahl-Hennig C. Strong mucosal immune responses in SIV infected macaques contribute to viral control and preserved CD4+ T-cell levels in blood and mucosal tissues. Retrovirology 2011; 8:24. [PMID: 21481223 PMCID: PMC3096904 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there is still no protective HIV vaccine available, better insights into immune mechanism of persons effectively controlling HIV replication in the absence of any therapy should contribute to improve further vaccine designs. However, little is known about the mucosal immune response of this small unique group of patients. Using the SIV-macaque-model for AIDS, we had the rare opportunity to analyze 14 SIV-infected rhesus macaques durably controlling viral replication (controllers). We investigated the virological and immunological profile of blood and three different mucosal tissues and compared their data to those of uninfected and animals progressing to AIDS-like disease (progressors). RESULTS Lymphocytes from blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and duodenal and colonic biopsies were phenotypically characterized by polychromatic flow cytometry. In controllers, we observed higher levels of CD4+, CD4+CCR5+ and Gag-specific CD8+ T-cells as well as lower immune activation in blood and all mucosal sites compared to progressors. However, we could also demonstrate that immunological changes are distinct between these three mucosal sites.Intracellular cytokine staining demonstrated a significantly higher systemic and mucosal CD8+ Gag-specific cellular immune response in controllers than in progressors. Most remarkable was the polyfunctional cytokine profile of CD8+ lymphocytes in BAL of controllers, which significantly dominated over their blood response. The overall suppression of viral replication in the controllers was confirmed by almost no detectable viral RNA in blood and all mucosal tissues investigated. CONCLUSION A strong and complex virus-specific CD8+ T-cell response in blood and especially in mucosal tissue of SIV-infected macaques was associated with low immune activation and an efficient suppression of viral replication. This likely afforded a repopulation of CD4+ T-cells in different mucosal compartments to almost normal levels. We conclude, that a robust SIV-specific mucosal immune response seems to be essential for establishing and maintaining the controller status and consequently for long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schultheiss
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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Correlation between CD4+ T-cell loss and Gag-specific T cells in different intestinal sites of chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. AIDS 2011; 25:429-33. [PMID: 21192228 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283430034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the loss of CD4+ T cells and virus-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) in different mucosal sites of rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). DESIGN A cross-sectional comparative investigation of seven different mucosal sites from chronically SIV-infected rhesus monkeys was performed by analyzing blood and mucosal lymphocytes. METHODS Mucosal lymphocytes were isolated from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon as well as from vagina, cervix and uterus of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys at necropsy. CD4+ T cells and SIV-Gag-specific CTL were determined in blood and mucosal samples by flow cytometry. RESULTS A significant depletion of CD4+ T cells was observed in blood and all mucosal sites of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys compared to uninfected animals. But the mean percentage loss of CD4+ T cells varied between 66 and 95% between the different mucosal tissues. The frequency of CTL ranged between 0.4 and 2.4% with the highest proportions in vagina and cervix. Among the intestinal sites the mean levels of CTL correlated with mean percentage loss of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION A discriminative pronounced loss of CD4+ T cells among the mucosal tissues confirmed that viral replication affects different mucosal sites in a distinct way. Despite high levels of CTL, especially in vagina and cervix, the severe loss of mucosal CD4+ T cells could not be prevented during chronic SIV infection. However, within the four sites of the intestine a high virus-specific cellular immune response correlated with better preservation of CD4+ T cells.
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30
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Rosner C, Kruse PH, Hermes M, Otto N, Walter L. Rhesus macaque inhibitory and activating KIR3D interact with Mamu-A-encoded ligands. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2156-63. [PMID: 21257962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Specific interactions between killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and MHC class I ligands have not been described in rhesus macaques despite their importance in biomedical research. Using KIR-Fc fusion proteins, we detected specific interactions for three inhibitory KIRs (3DLW03, 3DL05, 3DL11) and one activating KIR (3DS05). As ligands we identified Macaca mulatta MHC (Mamu)-A1- and Mamu-A3-encoded allotypes, among them Mamu-A1*001:01, which is well known for association with slow progression to AIDS in the rhesus macaque experimental SIV infection model. Interactions with Mamu-B or Mamu-I molecules were not found. KIR3DLW03 and KIR3DL05 differ in their binding sites to their shared ligand Mamu-A1*001:01, with 3DLW03 depending on presence of the α1 domain, whereas 3DL05 depends on both the α1 and α2 domains. Fine-mapping studies revealed that binding of KIR3DLW03 is influenced by presence of the complete Bw4 epitope (positions 77, 80-83), whereas that of KIR3DL05 is mainly influenced by amino acid position 77 of Bw4 and positions 80-83 of Bw6. Our findings allowed the successful prediction of a further ligand of KIR3DL05, Mamu-A1*002:01. These functional differences of rhesus macaque KIR3DL molecules are in line with the known genetic diversification of lineage II KIRs in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rosner
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center-Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Aarnink A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Vaslin B, Le Grand R, Winterton P, Apoil PA, Blancher A. Influence of the MHC genotype on the progression of experimental SIV infection in the Mauritian cynomolgus macaque. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:267-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rosner C, Kruse PH, Lübke T, Walter L. Erratum to: rhesus macaque MHC class I molecules show differential subcellular localizations. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:409-18. [PMID: 20445972 PMCID: PMC3128699 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I gene family of rhesus macaques is characterised by considerable gene duplications. While a HLA-C-orthologous gene is absent, the Mamu-A and in particular the Mamu-B genes have expanded, giving rise to plastic haplotypes with differential gene content. Although some of the rhesus macaque MHC class I genes are known to be associated with susceptibility/resistance to infectious diseases, the functional significance of duplicated Mamu-A and Mamu-B genes and the expression pattern of their encoded proteins are largely unknown. Here, we present data of the subcellular localization of AcGFP-tagged Mamu-A and Mamu-B molecules. We found strong cell surface and low intracellular expression for Mamu-A1, Mamu-A2 and Mamu-A3-encoded molecules as well as for Mamu-B*01704, Mamu-B*02101, Mamu-B*04801, Mamu-B*06002 and Mamu-B*13401. In contrast, weak cell surface and strong intracellular expression was seen for Mamu-A4*1403, Mamu-B*01202, Mamu-B*02804, Mamu-B*03002, Mamu-B*05704, Mamu-I*010201 and Mamu-I*0121. The different expression patterns were assigned to the antigen-binding alpha1 and alpha2 domains, suggesting failure of peptide binding is responsible for retaining 'intracellular' Mamu class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings indicate a diverse functional role of the duplicated rhesus macaque MHC class I genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rosner
- Abteilung Primatengenetik, Deutsches Primatenzentrum-Leibniz, Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Rosner C, Kruse PH, Lübke T, Walter L. Rhesus macaque MHC class I molecules show differential subcellular localizations. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:149-58. [PMID: 20151120 PMCID: PMC2827799 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I gene family of rhesus macaques is characterised by considerable gene duplications. While a HLA-C-orthologous gene is absent, the Mamu-A and in particular the Mamu-B genes have expanded, giving rise to plastic haplotypes with differential gene content. Although some of the rhesus macaque MHC class I genes are known to be associated with susceptibility/resistance to infectious diseases, the functional significance of duplicated Mamu-A and Mamu-B genes and the expression pattern of their encoded proteins are largely unknown. Here, we present data of the subcellular localization of AcGFP-tagged Mamu-A and Mamu-B molecules. We found strong cell surface and low intracellular expression for Mamu-A1, Mamu-A2 and Mamu-A3-encoded molecules as well as for Mamu-B*01704, Mamu-B*02101, Mamu-B*04801, Mamu-B*06002 and Mamu-B*13401. In contrast, weak cell surface and strong intracellular expression was seen for Mamu-A4*1403, Mamu-B*01202, Mamu-B*02804, Mamu-B*03002, Mamu-B*05704, Mamu-I*010201 and Mamu-I*0121. The different expression patterns were assigned to the antigen-binding α1 and α2 domains, suggesting failure of peptide binding is responsible for retaining ‘intracellular’ Mamu class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings indicate a diverse functional role of the duplicated rhesus macaque MHC class I genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rosner
- Abteilung Primatengenetik, Deutsches Primatenzentrum--Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Freissmuth D, Hiltgartner A, Stahl-Hennig C, Fuchs D, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Uberla K, Strasak A, Dierich MP, Stoiber H, Falkensammer B. Analysis of humoral immune responses in rhesus macaques vaccinated with attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef and challenged with pathogenic SIVmac251. J Med Primatol 2009; 39:97-111. [PMID: 20015159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2009.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the correlation between protection and humoral immune response against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251), 11 macaques were immunized with live-attenuated SIVmac239Deltanef either intravenously or via the tonsils and exposed to SIVmac251 after either 6 or 15 months along with unvaccinated controls. RESULTS Independent of the route of vaccine application, viremia was significantly reduced in vaccinees compared with controls 2 weeks post-challenge. Concomitantly, viremia correlated inversely with SIV-specific IgG, complement-mediated lysis and neutralizing antibodies and these parameters seemed to contribute to reduced viremia. During chronic infection, six monkeys controlled viremia in the circulation (two or fewer infectious units per 10(6) PBMCs) and showed no signs of trapping in lymphatic tissues (Appendix S1). CONCLUSIONS As no significant differences were observed throughout the study, with respect to the humoral immune response and viremia control, between the two vaccinated cohorts, mucosal immunization strategies are recommended due to more simplified application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Freissmuth
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Identification of novel MHC class I sequences in pig-tailed macaques by amplicon pyrosequencing and full-length cDNA cloning and sequencing. Immunogenetics 2009; 61:689-701. [PMID: 19777225 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-009-0397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) provide important animal models in biomedical research, but utility of this species for HIV and other disease pathogenesis research is limited by incomplete knowledge of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genetics. Here, we describe comprehensive MHC class I genotyping of 24 pig-tailed macaques, using pyrosequencing to evaluate a 367- bp complementary DNA (cDNA)-PCR amplicon spanning the highly polymorphic peptide-binding region of MHC class I transcripts. We detected 29 previously described Mane transcripts, 90 novel class I sequences, and eight shared MHC class IB haplotypes. We used this genotyping data to inform full-length MHC class I cDNA allele discovery, characterizing 66 novel full-length transcripts. These new full-length sequences nearly triple the number of Mane-B cDNA sequences previously characterized. The comprehensive genotypes and full-length Mane transcripts described herein add value to pig-tailed macaques as model organisms in biomedical research; furthermore, the coordinated method for MHC genotyping and allele discovery is extensible to other less well-characterized nonhuman primate species.
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Siddiqui RA, Sauermann U, Altmüller J, Fritzer E, Nothnagel M, Dalibor N, Fellay J, Kaup FJ, Stahl-Hennig C, Nürnberg P, Krawczak M, Platzer M. X chromosomal variation is associated with slow progression to AIDS in HIV-1-infected women. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:228-39. [PMID: 19679225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS has changed from a mostly male-specific health problem to one that predominantly affects females. Although sex differences in HIV-1 susceptibility are beyond doubt, the extent to which sex affects the onset and progression of AIDS has remained elusive. Here, we provide evidence for an influence of X chromosomal variation on the course of retroviral infection, both in HIV-1-infected patients and in the rhesus macaque model of AIDS. A two-stage, microsatellite-based GWAS of SIV-infected monkeys revealed MHC class I markers and a hitherto-unknown X chromosomal locus as being associated with a nominal score measuring progression to AIDS (Fisher's exact p < 10(-6)). The X chromosomal association was subsequently confirmed in HIV-1-infected patients with published SNP genotype data. SNP rs5968255, located at human Xq21.1 in a conserved sequence element near the RPS6KA6 and CYLC1 genes, was identified as a significant genetic determinant of disease progression in females (ANOVA p = 8.8 x 10(-5)), but not in males (p = 0.19). Heterozygous female carriers of the C allele showed significantly slower CD4 cell decline and a lower viral load at set point than TT homozygous females and than males. Inspection of HapMap revealed that the CT genotype is significantly more frequent among Asians than among Europeans or Africans. Our results suggest that, in addition to the individual innate and adaptive immunity status, sex-linked genetic variation impacts upon the rate of progression to AIDS. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying this sex-specific effect will promote the development of antiretroviral therapies with high efficacy in both sexes.
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Karl JA, Wiseman RW, O'Connor DH. Cost-effective sequence-based nonhuman primate MHC class I genotyping from RNA. Methods 2009; 49:11-7. [PMID: 19442739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region of nonhuman primates (NHPs) is highly polymorphic and has undergone complex segmental duplications such that the number of expressed genes differs between individuals. In addition the relative abundance of transcripts varies more than 100-fold between NHP class I genes. This unparalleled complexity makes rapid, efficient class I genotyping difficult for NHPs. The 'gold standard' of cDNA library construction, screening and sequencing is both costly and labor-intensive. Several rapid genotyping methods have been utilized, but all require some degree of prior sequence knowledge. Here, we describe a method for sequence-based MHC class I genotyping which reduces cost by (1) pooling molecularly barcoded class I cDNA-PCR amplicons for cloning and (2) targeting sequencing of a region of concentrated polymorphism spanning the two exons encoding the peptide binding domain. This method can efficiently genotype both known and novel MHC class I alleles. In addition, full-length cDNA amplicons with novel sequences can be resequenced in their entireties to expand the repertoire of characterized MHC class I sequences for NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Karl
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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38
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Prolonged survival of vaccinated macaques after oral SIVmac239 challenge regardless of viremia control in the chronic phase. Vaccine 2009; 26:6690-8. [PMID: 18694796 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the efficacy of a multigenic vaccine and its protective immunity in the SIVmac239 challenge model, 12 rhesus macaques were divided into two groups. The vaccine group was intramuscularly immunized with multigenic DNA and recombinant adenovirus vaccine, while the control group received buffers. At 16 weeks after the last immunization, all macaques were challenged orally with pathogenic SIVmac239. The mean plasma SIV RNA loads of the vaccine group were significantly lower than those of the placebo control group up to 16 weeks post-challenge. The vaccine-induced Gag-specific IFN-gamma ELISPOT T cell responses inversely correlated with the viral loads before the chronic phase. Two out of six vaccinated macaques with strong and sustained Gag-specific T cell responses showed viremia control and maintained CD4+ T cell percentage. However, the other four vaccinated macaques showed high viral loads and reduced level of CD4+ T cell percentages during the chronic phase, comparable to those in control macaques. Five out of six vaccinated macaques survived for more than 72 weeks, while five out of six controls died of an AIDS-related disease. Therefore, the vaccination conferred not only reduction of viral loads in a portion of vaccinated macaques (2/6), but also prolonged survival of all vaccinated macaques regardless of viremia control. Our results further suggest that new experimental approaches may be needed to assess protective effects from AIDS-associated disease in the immunized macaques after oral SIV challenge.
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Doxiadis GGM, Heijmans CMC, Bonhomme M, Otting N, Crouau-Roy B, Bontrop RE. Compound evolutionary history of the rhesus macaque MHC class I B region revealed by microsatellite analysis and localization of retroviral sequences. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4287. [PMID: 19172173 PMCID: PMC2625394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, the single polymorphic B locus of the major histocompatibility complex is linked to the microsatellite MIB. In rhesus macaques, however, haplotypes are characterized by the presence of unique combinations of multiple B genes, which may display different levels of polymorphism. The aim of the study was to shed light on the evolutionary history of this highly complex region. First, the robustness of the microsatellite MIB-linked to almost half of the B genes in rhesus macaques (Mamu-B)–for accurate B haplotyping was studied. Based on the physical map of an established haplotype comprising 7 MIB loci, each located next to a certain Mamu-B gene, two MIB loci, MIB1 and MIB6, were investigated in a panel of MHC homozygous monkeys. MIB1 revealed a complex genotyping pattern, whereas MIB6 analysis resulted in the detection of one or no amplicon. Both patterns are specific for a given B haplotype, show Mendelian segregation, and even allow a more precise haplotype definition than do traditional typing methods. Second, a search was performed for retroelements that may have played a role in duplication processes as observed in the macaque B region. This resulted in the description of two types of duplicons. One basic unit comprises an expressed Mamu-B gene, adjacent to an HERV16 copy closely linked to MIB. The second type of duplicon comprises a Mamu-B (pseudo)gene, linked to a truncated HERV16 structure lacking its MIB segment. Such truncation seems to coincide with the loss of B gene transcription. Subsequent to the duplication processes, recombination between MIB and Mamu-B loci appears to have occurred, resulting in a hyperplastic B region. Thus, analysis of MIB in addition to B loci allows deciphering of the compound evolutionary history of the class I B region in Old World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby G M Doxiadis
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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40
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Degenhardt JD, de Candia P, Chabot A, Schwartz S, Henderson L, Ling B, Hunter M, Jiang Z, Palermo RE, Katze M, Eichler EE, Ventura M, Rogers J, Marx P, Gilad Y, Bustamante CD. Copy number variation of CCL3-like genes affects rate of progression to simian-AIDS in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000346. [PMID: 19165326 PMCID: PMC2621346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in genes underlying host immunity can lead to marked differences in susceptibility to HIV infection among humans. Despite heavy reliance on non-human primates as models for HIV/AIDS, little is known about which host factors are shared and which are unique to a given primate lineage. Here, we investigate whether copy number variation (CNV) at CCL3-like genes (CCL3L), a key genetic host factor for HIV/AIDS susceptibility and cell-mediated immune response in humans, is also a determinant of time until onset of simian-AIDS in rhesus macaques. Using a retrospective study of 57 rhesus macaques experimentally infected with SIVmac, we find that CCL3L CNV explains approximately 18% of the variance in time to simian-AIDS (p<0.001) with lower CCL3L copy number associating with more rapid disease course. We also find that CCL3L copy number varies significantly (p<10(-6)) among rhesus subpopulations, with Indian-origin macaques having, on average, half as many CCL3L gene copies as Chinese-origin macaques. Lastly, we confirm that CCL3L shows variable copy number in humans and chimpanzees and report on CCL3L CNV within and among three additional primate species. On the basis of our findings we suggest that (1) the difference in population level copy number may explain previously reported observations of longer post-infection survivorship of Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, (2) stratification by CCL3L copy number in rhesus SIV vaccine trials will increase power and reduce noise due to non-vaccine-related differences in survival, and (3) CCL3L CNV is an ancestral component of the primate immune response and, therefore, copy number variation has not been driven by HIV or SIV per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D. Degenhardt
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Paola de Candia
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adrien Chabot
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stuart Schwartz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Les Henderson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Binhua Ling
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Meredith Hunter
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhaoshi Jiang
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Palermo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mario Ventura
- Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Universita' degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preston Marx
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Yoav Gilad
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YG); (CDB)
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YG); (CDB)
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Schulte R, Suh YS, Sauermann U, Ochieng W, Sopper S, Kim KS, Ahn SS, Park KS, Stolte-Leeb N, Hunsmann G, Sung YC, Stahl-Hennig C. Mucosal prior to systemic application of recombinant adenovirus boosting is more immunogenic than systemic application twice but confers similar protection against SIV-challenge in DNA vaccine-primed macaques. Virology 2009; 383:300-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mee ET, Murrell CK, Sauermann U, Wilkinson RC, Cutler K, North D, Heath A, Ladhani K, Almond N, Rose NJ. TheMhcclass IIDRBgenotype ofMacaca fascicularisdoes not influence infection by simian retrovirus type 2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:369-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Otting N, Heijmans CMC, van der Wiel M, de Groot NG, Doxiadis GGM, Bontrop RE. A snapshot of the Mamu-B genes and their allelic repertoire in rhesus macaques of Chinese origin. Immunogenetics 2008; 60:507-14. [PMID: 18618105 PMCID: PMC2491420 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-008-0311-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex class I gene repertoire was investigated in a large panel of rhesus macaques of Chinese origin. As observed in Indian animals, subjects of Chinese derivation display Mamu-B gene copy number variation, and the sum of expressed genes varies among haplotypes. In addition, these genes display differential transcription levels. The majority of the Mamu-B alleles discovered during this investigation appear to be unique for the population studied. Only one particular Mamu-B haplotype is shared between Indian and Chinese animals, and it must have been present in the progenitor stock. Hence, the data highlight the fact that most allelic polymorphism, and most of the Mamu-B haplotypes themselves, are of relatively recent origin and were most likely generated after the separation of the Indian and Chinese rhesus macaque populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nel Otting
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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44
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Qiu CL, Yang GB, Yu K, Li Y, Li XL, Liu Q, Zhao H, Xing H, Shao Y. Characterization of the major histocompatibility complex class II DQB (MhcMamu-DQB1) alleles in a cohort of Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Hum Immunol 2008; 69:513-21. [PMID: 18582516 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus macaques have long been used in animal models for various human diseases, the susceptibility and/or resistance to some of which have been associated with the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC). To gain insight into the MHC background and to facilitate the experimental use of Chinese rhesus macaques, the second exon of MhcMamu-DQB1 genes in 105 rhesus macaques were characterized by cloning and sequencing. A total of 37 MhcMamu-DQB1 alleles were identified, illustrating a marked allelic polymorphism at DQB1 in these monkeys. In addition to 10 alleles were novel sequences that had not been documented in earlier reports, at least 14 alleles reported in earlier studies were not detected in this study. Most of the sequences (73%) observed in this study belong to DQB1 06 (13 alleles) and DQB1 18 (14 alleles) lineages, and the rest (27%) belong to DQB1 15, DQB1 16 and DQB1 17 lineages. The most frequent allele detected among these monkeys was MhcMamu-DQB1 06111 (22%), followed by DQB1 1503 (19%); and most of the novel alleles were present at a frequency of less than 2.5%. As for individual animals, 24 of 105 (23%) were homozygous whereas 81 of 105 (77%) were heterozygous at the MhcMamu-DQB1 locus. These data indicated significant differences in MhcMamu-DQB1 allele distribution between the Chinese rhesus macaques and the previously reported rhesus macaques, which were mostly of Indian origin. This information will not only promote the understanding of rhesus macaque MHC diversity and polymorphism but will also facilitate the use of Chinese rhesus macaques in human disease studies, especially those that may be associated with HLA-DQB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Li Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
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Wu J, Bassinger S, Montoya GD, Chavez L, Jones CE, Holder-Lockyer B, Masten B, Williams TM, Prilliman KR. Allelic diversity within the high frequency Mamu-A2*05/Mane-A2*05 (Mane-A*06)/Mafa-A2*05 family of macaque MHC-A loci. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:29-38. [PMID: 18498292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macaque species serve as important animal models of human infection and immunity. To more fully scrutinize their potential in both the analysis of disease pathogenesis and vaccine development, it is necessary to characterize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I loci of Macaca mulatta (Mamu), Macaca nemestrina (Mane), and Macaca fascicularis (Mafa) at the genomic level. The oligomorphic Mamu-A2*05/Mane-A2*05 (previously known as Mane-A*06) family of macaque MHC-A alleles has recently been shown to be present at high frequency in both Indian rhesus and pig-tailed macaque populations. Using a locus-specific amplification and direct DNA typing methodology, we have additionally found that the locus encoding this family is very prevalent (75%) among a sampling of 182 Chinese rhesus macaques and has a high prevalence (80%) within a larger, independent cohort of 309 pig-tailed macaques. Interestingly, among the Chinese rhesus macaques, only six alleles previously identified in Indian-origin animals were observed, while three recently identified in Chinese-origin animals and 25 new alleles were characterized. Among the pig-tailed macaques, we observed 1 previously known (Mane-A*06) and 19 new alleles. Examination of the orthologous locus in a preliminary sampling of 30 cynomolgus macaques showed an even higher presence (87%) of Mafa-A2*05 family alleles, with 5 previously identified and 15 new alleles characterized. The continued discovery of novel alleles and thus further diversity within the Mamu-A2*05/Mane-A2*05/Mafa-A2*05 family indicates that this MHC-A locus, although highly conserved across the three species of macaques, has remained a dynamic entity during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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