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Zafar S, Quixabeira DCA, Kudling TV, Cervera-Carrascon V, Santos JM, Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela S, Zhao F, Aronen P, Heiniö C, Havunen R, Sorsa S, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Ad5/3 is able to avoid neutralization by binding to erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:442-454. [PMID: 32920593 PMCID: PMC8119244 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses are promising cancer therapeutic agents. Clinical data have shown adenoviruses' ability to transduce tumors after systemic delivery in human cancer patients, despite antibodies. In the present work, we have focused on the interaction of a chimeric adenovirus Ad5/3 with human lymphocytes and human erythrocytes. Ad5/3 binding with human lymphocytes and erythrocytes was observed to occur in a reversible manner, which allowed viral transduction of tumors, and oncolytic potency of Ad5/3 in vitro and in vivo, with or without neutralizing antibodies. Immunodeficient mice bearing xenograft tumors showed enhanced tumor transduction following systemic administration, when Ad5/3 virus was bound to lymphocytes or erythrocytes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings reveal that chimeric Ad5/3 adenovirus reaches non-injected tumors in the presence of neutralizing antibodies: it occurs through reversible binding to lymphocytes and erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dafne Carolina Alves Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatiana Viktorovna Kudling
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joao Manuel Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Grönberg-Vähä-Koskela
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fang Zhao
- Advanced Microscopy Unit (AMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Aronen
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Heiniö
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sorsa
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Translational Immunology Research Program and Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.
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Santos J, Heiniö C, Quixabeira D, Zafar S, Clubb J, Pakola S, Cervera-Carrascon V, Havunen R, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Systemic Delivery of Oncolytic Adenovirus to Tumors Using Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes as Carriers. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050978. [PMID: 33922052 PMCID: PMC8143525 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or oncolytic adenoviruses, have shown promising results in cancer treatment, when used as separate therapies. When used in combination, the antitumor effect is synergistically potentiated due oncolytic adenovirus infection and its immune stimulating effects on T cells. Indeed, studies in hamsters have shown a 100% complete response rate when animals were treated with oncolytic adenovirus coding for TNFa and IL-2 (Ad5/3-E2F-D24-hTNFa-IRES-hIL2; TILT-123) and TIL therapy. In humans, one caveat with oncolytic virus therapy is that intratumoral injection has been traditionally preferred over systemic administration, for achieving sufficient virus concentrations in tumors, especially when neutralizing antibodies emerge. We have previously shown that 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus can bind to human lymphocytes for avoidance of neutralization. In this study, we hypothesized that incubation of oncolytic adenovirus (TILT-123) with TILs prior to systemic injection would allow delivery of virus to tumors. This approach would deliver both components in one self-amplifying product. TILs would help deliver TILT-123, whose replication will recruit more TILs and increase their cytotoxicity. In vitro, TILT-123 was seen binding efficiently to lymphocytes, supporting the idea of dual administration. We show in vivo in different models that virus could be delivered to tumors with TILs as carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Santos
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Heiniö
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Dafne Quixabeira
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Sadia Zafar
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - James Clubb
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Santeri Pakola
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Victor Cervera-Carrascon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; (J.S.); (C.H.); (D.Q.); (S.Z.); (J.C.); (S.P.); (V.C.-C.); (R.H.); (A.K.)
- TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Jacobs AH, Schelhaas S, Viel T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Zinnhardt B, Gelovani J. Imaging of Gene and Cell-Based Therapies: Basis and Clinical Trials. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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4
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Zafar S, Parviainen S, Siurala M, Hemminki O, Havunen R, Tähtinen S, Bramante S, Vassilev L, Wang H, Lieber A, Hemmi S, de Gruijl T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Intravenously usable fully serotype 3 oncolytic adenovirus coding for CD40L as an enabler of dendritic cell therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 6:e1265717. [PMID: 28344872 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1265717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells in the body, is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. However, tumors induce immunosuppression in their microenvironment that suppresses and impairs the function of DCs. Therefore, human clinical trials with DC therapy have often been disappointing. To improve the therapeutic efficacy and to overcome the major obstacles of DC therapy, we generated a novel adenovirus, Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L, which is fully serotype 3 and expresses hCD40L for induction of antitumor immune response. The specific aim is to enhance DCs function. Data from a human cancer patient indicated that this capsid allows effective transduction of distant tumors through the intravenous route. Moreover, patient data suggested that virally produced hCD40L can activate DCs in situ. The virus was efficient in vitro and had potent antitumor activity in vivo. In a syngeneic model, tumors treated with Ad5/3-CMV-mCD40L virus plus DCs elicited greater antitumor effect as compared with either treatment alone. Moreover, virally coded CD40L induced activation of DCs, which in turn, lead to the induction of a Th1 immune response and increased tumor-specific T cells. In conclusion, Ad3-hTERT-CMV-hCD40L is promising for translation into human trials. In particular, this virus could enable successful dendritic cell therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Parviainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Siurala
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otto Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Havunen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siri Tähtinen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Vassilev
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andre Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
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Pol J, Buqué A, Aranda F, Bloy N, Cremer I, Eggermont A, Erbs P, Fucikova J, Galon J, Limacher JM, Preville X, Sautès-Fridman C, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch-Oncolytic viruses and cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1117740. [PMID: 27057469 PMCID: PMC4801444 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1117740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy relies on the administration of non-pathogenic viral strains that selectively infect and kill malignant cells while favoring the elicitation of a therapeutically relevant tumor-targeting immune response. During the past few years, great efforts have been dedicated to the development of oncolytic viruses with improved specificity and potency. Such an intense wave of investigation has culminated this year in the regulatory approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of a genetically engineered oncolytic viral strain for use in melanoma patients. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical advances in oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Group of Immune receptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d’Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norma Bloy
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic
- Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1015, CICBT507, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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6
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Koski A, Bramante S, Kipar A, Oksanen M, Juhila J, Vassilev L, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Biodistribution Analysis of Oncolytic Adenoviruses in Patient Autopsy Samples Reveals Vascular Transduction of Noninjected Tumors and Tissues. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1641-52. [PMID: 26156245 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials with oncolytic adenoviruses, there has been no mortality associated with treatment vectors. Likewise, in the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP), where 290 patients were treated with 10 different viruses, no vector-related mortality was observed. However, as the patient population who received adenovirus treatments in ATAP represented heavily pretreated patients, often with very advanced disease, some patients died relatively soon after receiving their virus treatment mandating autopsy to investigate cause of death. Eleven such autopsies were performed and confirmed disease progression as the cause of death in each case. The regulatory requirement for investigating the safety of advanced therapy medical products presented a unique opportunity to study tissue samples collected as a routine part of the autopsies. Oncolytic adenoviral DNA was recovered in a wide range of tissues, including injected and noninjected tumors and various normal tissues, demonstrating the ability of the vector to disseminate through the vascular route. Furthermore, we recovered and cultured viable virus from samples of noninjected brain metastases of an intravenously treated patient, confirming that oncolytic adenovirus can reach tumors through the intravascular route. Data presented here give mechanistic insight into mode of action and biodistribution of oncolytic adenoviruses in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anniina Koski
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simona Bramante
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Veterinary Science and Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Present address: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Minna Oksanen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juuso Juhila
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lotta Vassilev
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Docrates Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd., Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Hirvinen M, Rajecki M, Kapanen M, Parviainen S, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Diaconu I, Nokisalmi P, Tenhunen M, Hemminki A, Cerullo V. Immunological effects of a tumor necrosis factor alpha-armed oncolytic adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:134-44. [PMID: 25557131 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For long it has been recognized that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) has anticancer characteristics, and its use as a cancer therapeutic was proposed already in the 1980s. However, its systemic toxicity has limited its usability. Oncolytic viruses, selectively cancer-killing viruses, have shown great potency, and one of their most useful aspects is their ability to produce high amounts of transgene products locally, resulting in high local versus systemic concentrations. Therefore, the overall magnitude of tumor cell killing results from the combination of oncolysis, transgene-mediated direct effect such as TNFa-mediated apoptosis, and, perhaps most significantly, from activation of the host immune system against the tumor. We generated a novel chimeric oncolytic adenovirus expressing human TNFa, Ad5/3-D24-hTNFa, whose efficacy and immunogenicity were tested in vitro and in vivo. The hTNFa-expressing adenovirus showed increased cancer-eradicating potency, which was shown to be because of elevated apoptosis and necrosis rates and induction of various immune responses. Interestingly, we saw increase in immunogenic cell death markers in Ad5/3-d24-hTNFa-treated cells. Moreover, tumors treated with Ad5/3-D24-hTNFa displayed enhanced presence of OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells. We thus can conclude that tumor eradication and antitumor immune responses mediated by Ad5/3-d24-hTNFa offer a new potential drug candidate for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hirvinen
- 1 Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Liu L, Rogers BE, Aladyshkina N, Cheng B, Lokitz SJ, Curiel DT, Mathis JM. Construction and Radiolabeling of Adenovirus Variants that Incorporate Human Metallothionein into Protein IX for Analysis of Biodistribution. Mol Imaging 2014; 13. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Buck E. Rogers
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Natalia Aladyshkina
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Bing Cheng
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Stephen J. Lokitz
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - David T. Curiel
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - J. Michael Mathis
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation of Northwest Louisiana, Shreveport, LA; and LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Baton Rouge, LA
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9
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Pol J, Bloy N, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Cremer I, Erbs P, Limacher JM, Preville X, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch:: Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28694. [PMID: 25097804 PMCID: PMC4091053 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are natural or genetically modified viral species that selectively infect and kill neoplastic cells. Such an innate or exogenously conferred specificity has generated considerable interest around the possibility to employ oncolytic viruses as highly targeted agents that would mediate cancer cell-autonomous anticancer effects. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy is not a simple consequence of the cytopathic effect, but strongly relies on the induction of an endogenous immune response against transformed cells. In line with this notion, superior anticancer effects are being observed when oncolytic viruses are engineered to express (or co-administered with) immunostimulatory molecules. Although multiple studies have shown that oncolytic viruses are well tolerated by cancer patients, the full-blown therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy, especially when implemented in the absence of immunostimulatory interventions, remains unclear. Here, we cover the latest advances in this active area of translational investigation, summarizing high-impact studies that have been published during the last 12 months and discussing clinical trials that have been initiated in the same period to assess the therapeutic potential of oncolytic virotherapy in oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pol
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | - Florine Obrist
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Paris, France
| | | | - Jérôme Galon
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Cremer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI; Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRS1138; Paris, France ; Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; CICBT507; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France
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10
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24612. [PMID: 23894720 PMCID: PMC3716755 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising approach for the treatment of several neoplasms. The term "oncolytic viruses" is generally employed to indicate naturally occurring or genetically engineered attenuated viral particles that cause the demise of malignant cells while sparing their non-transformed counterparts. From a conceptual standpoint, oncolytic viruses differ from so-called "oncotropic viruses" in that only the former are able to kill cancer cells, even though both display a preferential tropism for malignant tissues. Of note, such a specificity can originate at several different steps of the viral cycle, including the entry of virions (transductional specificity) as well as their intracellular survival and replication (post-transcriptional and transcriptional specificity). During the past two decades, a large array of replication-competent and replication-incompetent oncolytic viruses has been developed and engineered to express gene products that would specifically promote the death of infected (cancer) cells. However, contrarily to long-standing beliefs, the antineoplastic activity of oncolytic viruses is not a mere consequence of the cytopathic effect, i.e., the lethal outcome of an intense, productive viral infection, but rather involves the elicitation of an antitumor immune response. In line with this notion, oncolytic viruses genetically modified to drive the local production of immunostimulatory cytokines exert more robust therapeutic effects than their non-engineered counterparts. Moreover, the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy is significantly improved by some extent of initial immunosuppression (facilitating viral replication and spread) followed by the administration of immunostimulatory molecules (boosting antitumor immune responses). In this Trial Watch, we will discuss the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating the safety and antineoplastic potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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11
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Rajecki M, Sarparanta M, Hakkarainen T, Tenhunen M, Diaconu I, Kuhmonen V, Kairemo K, Kanerva A, Airaksinen AJ, Hemminki A. SPECT/CT imaging of hNIS-expression after intravenous delivery of an oncolytic adenovirus and 131I. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32871. [PMID: 22412937 PMCID: PMC3296755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses can be engineered for better tumor selectivity, gene delivery and be armed for imaging and concentrating radionuclides into tumors for synergistic oncolysis. We constructed Ad5/3-hTERT-hNIS where replication is controlled by hTERT-promoter. Ad5/3-hTERT-hNIS expresses hNIS for imaging of transgene expression and for treatment of infected tumors by radioiodine. Ad5/3-hTERT-hNIS efficiently killed prostate cancer cells and induced iodine uptake in vitro and in vivo after intratumoral virus administration. Survival of mice treated with intravenous Ad5/3-hTERT-hNIS significantly prolonged survival over mock or radioiodine only but the combination of virus with radioiodine was not more effective than virus alone. Temporal and spatial changes in hNIS-expression during therapy were detected with SPECT, demonstrating feasibility of evaluation of the combination therapy with hNIS-expressing adenoviruses and radioiodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rajecki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute, Transplantation Laboratory and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirkka Sarparanta
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Hakkarainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute, Transplantation Laboratory and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Tenhunen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iulia Diaconu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute, Transplantation Laboratory and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Venla Kuhmonen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kalevi Kairemo
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- International Comprehensive Cancer Center Docrates, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute, Transplantation Laboratory and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu J. Airaksinen
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Haartman Institute, Transplantation Laboratory and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Diaconu I, Cerullo V, Hirvinen MLM, Escutenaire S, Ugolini M, Pesonen SK, Bramante S, Parviainen S, Kanerva A, Loskog ASI, Eliopoulos AG, Pesonen S, Hemminki A. Immune response is an important aspect of the antitumor effect produced by a CD40L-encoding oncolytic adenovirus. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2327-38. [PMID: 22396493 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus is an attractive platform for immunotherapy because virus replication is highly immunogenic and not subject to tolerance. Although oncolysis releases tumor epitopes and provides costimulatory danger signals, arming the virus with immunostimulatory molecules can further improve efficacy. CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154) induces apoptosis of tumor cells and triggers several immune mechanisms, including a T-helper type 1 (T(H)1) response, which leads to activation of cytotoxic T cells and reduction of immunosuppression. In this study, we constructed a novel oncolytic adenovirus, Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-hCD40L, which features a chimeric Ad5/3 capsid for enhanced tumor transduction, a human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter for tumor selectivity, and human CD40L for increased efficacy. Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-hCD40L significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo via oncolytic and apoptotic effects, and (Ad5/3-hTERT-E1A-hCD40L)-mediated oncolysis resulted in enhanced calreticulin exposure and HMGB1 and ATP release, which were suggestive of immunogenicity. In two syngeneic mouse models, murine CD40L induced recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells, leading to increased interleukin-12 production in splenocytes. This effect was associated with induction of the T(H)1 cytokines IFN-γ, RANTES, and TNF-α. Tumors treated with Ad5/3-CMV-mCD40L also displayed an enhanced presence of macrophages and cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells but not B cells. Together, our findings show that adenoviruses coding for CD40L mediate multiple antitumor effects including oncolysis, apoptosis, induction of T-cell responses, and upregulation of T(H)1 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Diaconu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program & Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute & Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Pesonen S, Diaconu I, Kangasniemi L, Ranki T, Kanerva A, Pesonen SK, Gerdemann U, Leen AM, Kairemo K, Oksanen M, Haavisto E, Holm SL, Karioja-Kallio A, Kauppinen S, Partanen KPL, Laasonen L, Joensuu T, Alanko T, Cerullo V, Hemminki A. Oncolytic immunotherapy of advanced solid tumors with a CD40L-expressing replicating adenovirus: assessment of safety and immunologic responses in patients. Cancer Res 2012; 72:1621-31. [PMID: 22323527 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-3001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive environment of advanced tumors is a primary obstacle to the efficacy of immunostimulatory and vaccine approaches. Here, we report an approach to arm an oncolytic virus with CD40 ligand (CD40L) to stimulate beneficial immunologic responses in patients. A double-targeted chimeric adenovirus controlled by the hTERT promoter and expressing CD40L (CGTG-401) was constructed and nine patients with progressing advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapies were treated intratumorally. No serious adverse events resulting in patient hospitalization occurred. Moderate or no increases in neutralizing antibodies were seen, suggesting effective Th1 immunologic effects. An assessment of the blood levels of virus indicated 17.5% of the samples (n = 40) were positive at a low level early after treatment, but not thereafter. In contrast, high levels of virus, CD40L, and RANTES were documented locally at the tumor. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by IFN-γ ELISPOT analysis and induction of both survivin-specific and adenovirus-specific T cells was seen. Antitumor T-cell responses were even more pronounced when assessed by intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with tumor type-specific peptide pools. Of the evaluable patients, 83% displayed disease control at 3 months and in both cases in which treatment was continued the effect was sustained for at least 8 months. Injected and noninjected lesions responded identically. Together, these findings support further clinical evaluation of CGTG-401.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Pesonen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Targeted cancer immunotherapy with oncolytic adenovirus coding for a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for CTLA-4. Gene Ther 2011; 19:988-98. [PMID: 22071969 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Promising clinical results have been achieved with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as ipilimumab and tremelimumab that block cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4, CD152). However, systemic administration of these agents also has the potential for severe immune-related adverse events. Thus, local production might allow higher concentrations at the target while reducing systemic side effects. We generated a transductionally and transcriptionally targeted oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3-Δ24aCTLA4 expressing complete human mAb specific for CTLA-4 and tested it in vitro, in vivo and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of normal donors and patients with advanced solid tumors. mAb expression was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Biological functionality was determined in a T-cell line and in PBMCs from cancer patients. T cells of patients, but not those of healthy donors, were activated by an anti-CTLA4mAb produced by Ad5/3-Δ24aCTLA4. In addition to immunological effects, a direct anti-CTLA-4-mediated pro-apoptotic effect was observed in vitro and in vivo. Local production resulted in 43-fold higher (P<0.05) tumor versus plasma anti-CTLA4mAb concentration. Plasma levels in mice remained below what has been reported safe in humans. Replication-competent Ad5/3-Δ24aCTLA4 resulted in 81-fold higher (P<0.05) tumor mAb levels as compared with a replication-deficient control. This is the first report of an oncolytic adenovirus producing a full-length human mAb. High mAb concentrations were seen at tumors with lower systemic levels. Stimulation of T cells of cancer patients by Ad5/3-Δ24aCTLA4 suggests feasibility of testing the approach in clinical trials.
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15
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Yang SW, Chanda D, Cody JJ, Rivera AA, Waehler R, Siegal GP, Douglas JT, Ponnazhagan S. Conditionally replicating adenovirus expressing TIMP2 increases survival in a mouse model of disseminated ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25131. [PMID: 22022379 PMCID: PMC3192051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains difficult to treat mainly due to presentation of the disease at an advanced stage. Conditionally-replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) are promising anti-cancer agents that selectively kill the tumor cells. The present study evaluated the efficacy of a novel CRAd (Ad5/3-CXCR4-TIMP2) containing the CXCR4 promoter for selective viral replication in cancer cells together with TIMP2 as a therapeutic transgene, targeting the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in a murine orthotopic model of disseminated ovarian cancer. An orthotopic model of ovarian cancer was established in athymic nude mice by intraperitonal injection of the human ovarian cancer cell line, SKOV3-Luc, expressing luciferase. Upon confirmation of peritoneal dissemination of the cells by non-invasive imaging, mice were randomly divided into four treatment groups: PBS, Ad-ΔE1-TIMP2, Ad5/3-CXCR4, and Ad5/3-CXCR4-TIMP2. All mice were imaged weekly to monitor tumor growth and were sacrificed upon reaching any of the predefined endpoints, including high tumor burden and significant weight loss along with clinical evidence of pain and distress. Survival analysis was performed using the Log-rank test. The median survival for the PBS cohort was 33 days; for Ad-ΔE1-TIMP2, 39 days; for Ad5/3-CXCR4, 52.5 days; and for Ad5/3-CXCR4-TIMP2, 63 days. The TIMP2-armed CRAd delayed tumor growth and significantly increased survival when compared to the unarmed CRAd. This therapeutic effect was confirmed to be mediated through inhibition of MMP9. Results of the in vivo study support the translational potential of Ad5/3-CXCR4-TIMP2 for treatment of human patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry W Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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16
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Browne AW, Leddon JL, Currier MA, Williams JP, Frischer JS, Collins MH, Ahn CH, Cripe TP. Cancer screening by systemic administration of a gene delivery vector encoding tumor-selective secretable biomarker expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19530. [PMID: 21589655 PMCID: PMC3092745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer biomarkers facilitate screening and early detection but are known for only a few cancer types. We demonstrated the principle of inducing tumors to secrete a serum biomarker using a systemically administered gene delivery vector that targets tumors for selective expression of an engineered cassette. We exploited tumor-selective replication of a conditionally replicative Herpes simplex virus (HSV) combined with a replication-dependent late viral promoter to achieve tumor-selective biomarker expression as an example gene delivery vector. Virus replication, cytotoxicity and biomarker production were low in quiescent normal human foreskin keratinocytes and high in cancer cells in vitro. Following intravenous injection of virus >90% of tumor-bearing mice exhibited higher levels of biomarker than non-tumor-bearing mice and upon necropsy, we detected virus exclusively in tumors. Our strategy of forcing tumors to secrete a serum biomarker could be useful for cancer screening in high-risk patients, and possibly for monitoring response to therapy. In addition, because oncolytic vectors for tumor specific gene delivery are cytotoxic, they may supplement our screening strategy as a "theragnostic" agent. The cancer screening approach presented in this work introduces a paradigm shift in the utility of gene delivery which we foresee being improved by alternative vectors targeting gene delivery and expression to tumors. Refining this approach will usher a new era for clinical cancer screening that may be implemented in the developed and undeveloped world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Browne
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Leddon
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Currier
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jon P. Williams
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jason S. Frischer
- Division of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margaret H. Collins
- Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chong H. Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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17
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Oncolytic virotherapy of gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 120:302-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Treatment of cancer patients with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus expressing GMCSF. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1874-84. [PMID: 20664527 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Augmenting antitumor immunity is a promising way to enhance the potency of oncolytic adenoviral therapy. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) can mediate antitumor effects by recruiting natural killer cells and by induction of tumor-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Serotype 5 adenoviruses (Ad5) are commonly used in cancer gene therapy. However, expression of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor is variable in many advanced tumors and preclinical data have demonstrated an advantage for replacing the Ad5 knob with the Ad3 knob. Here, a 5/3 capsid chimeric and p16-Rb pathway selective oncolytic adenovirus coding for GMCSF was engineered and tested preclinically. A total of 21 patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapies were then treated intratumorally and intravenously with Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF, which was combined with low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide to reduce regulatory T cells. No severe adverse events occurred. Analysis of pretreatment samples of malignant pleural effusion and ascites confirmed the efficacy of Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF in transduction and cell killing. Evidence of biological activity of the virus was seen in 13/21 patients and 8/12 showed objective clinical benefit as evaluated by radiology with Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. Antiadenoviral and antitumoral immune responses were elicited after treatment. Thus, Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF seems safe in treating cancer patients and promising signs of efficacy were seen.
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19
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Cerullo V, Pesonen S, Diaconu I, Escutenaire S, Arstila PT, Ugolini M, Nokisalmi P, Raki M, Laasonen L, Särkioja M, Rajecki M, Kangasniemi L, Guse K, Helminen A, Ahtiainen L, Ristimäki A, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Haavisto E, Oksanen M, Karli E, Karioja-Kallio A, Holm SL, Kouri M, Joensuu T, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Oncolytic adenovirus coding for granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces antitumoral immunity in cancer patients. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4297-309. [PMID: 20484030 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) can mediate antitumor effects by recruiting natural killer cells and by induction of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cells through antigen-presenting cells. Oncolytic tumor cell-killing can produce a potent costimulatory danger signal and release of tumor epitopes for antigen-presenting cell sampling. Therefore, an oncolytic adenovirus coding for GMCSF was engineered and shown to induce tumor-specific immunity in an immunocompetent syngeneic hamster model. Subsequently, 20 patients with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapies were treated with Ad5-D24-GMCSF. Of the 16 radiologically evaluable patients, 2 had complete responses, 1 had a minor response, and 5 had disease stabilization. Responses were frequently seen in injected and noninjected tumors. Treatment was well tolerated and resulted in the induction of both tumor-specific and virus-specific immunity as measured by ELISPOT and pentamer analysis. This is the first time that oncolytic virus-mediated antitumor immunity has been shown in humans. Ad5-D24-GMCSF is promising for further clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cerullo
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute and Finnish Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Evgin L, Vähä-Koskela M, Rintoul J, Falls T, Le Boeuf F, Barrett JW, Bell JC, Stanford MM. Potent oncolytic activity of raccoonpox virus in the absence of natural pathogenicity. Mol Ther 2010; 18:896-902. [PMID: 20160706 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of oncolytic virus (OV) candidates currently in clinical trials are human viruses that have been engineered to be safer for patient administration by limiting normal cell targeting and replication. The newest OVs include viruses that cause no disease in humans, yet still have natural tumor tropism. Raccoonpox virus (RCNV) is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus of Poxviridae and closely related to vaccinia virus, yet has no known pathogenicity in any mammalian species. A screen of cells from the NCI-60 cancer cell panel using growth curves demonstrated greater than a log increase in replication of RCNV in nearly 74% of the cell lines tested, similar to other tested OV poxviruses. In normal cell lines, pretreatment with interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta resulted in significant inhibition of RCNV replication. In both xenograft and syngeneic models of solid tumors, injection of RCNV resulted in significantly slower tumor progression and increased survival of mice. RCNV treatment also prolonged survival in treatment-resistant models of brain tumors and decreased tumor burden by systemic administration in models of lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Li J, Fatima A, Komarova S, Ugai H, Uprety P, Roth JC, Wang M, Oster RA, Curiel DT, Matthews QL. Evaluation of adenovirus capsid labeling versus transgene expression. Virol J 2010; 7:21. [PMID: 20102632 PMCID: PMC2824641 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been utilized for a variety of gene therapy applications. Our group has incorporated bioluminescent, fluorographic reporters, and/or suicide genes within the adenovirus genome for analytical and/or therapeutic purposes. These molecules have also been incorporated as capsid components. Recognizing that incorporations at either locale yield potential advantages and disadvantages, our report evaluates the benefits of transgene incorporation versus capsid incorporation. To this end, we have genetically incorporated firefly luciferase within the early region 3 or at minor capsid protein IX and compared vector functionality by means of reporter readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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22
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Hajitou A. Targeted systemic gene therapy and molecular imaging of cancer contribution of the vascular-targeted AAVP vector. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2010; 69:65-82. [PMID: 20807602 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(10)69008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy and molecular-genetic imaging have faced a major problem: the lack of an efficient systemic gene delivery vector. Unquestionably, eukaryotic viruses have been the vectors of choice for gene delivery to mammalian cells; however, they have had limited success in systemic gene therapy. This is mainly due to undesired uptake by the liver and reticuloendothelial system, broad tropism for mammalian cells causing toxicity, and their immunogenicity. On the other hand, prokaryotic viruses such as bacteriophage (phage) have no tropism for mammalian cells, but can be engineered to deliver genes to these cells. However, phage-based vectors have inherently been considered poor vectors for mammalian cells. We have reported a new generation of vascular-targeted systemic hybrid prokaryotic-eukaryotic vectors as chimeras between an adeno-associated virus (AAV) and targeted bacteriophage (termed AAV/phage; AAVP). In this hybrid vector, the targeted bacteriophage serves as a shuttle to deliver the AAV transgene cassette inserted in an intergenomic region of the phage DNA genome. As a proof of concept, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of vector in animal models of cancer by displaying on the phage capsid the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD-4C) ligand that binds to alphav integrin receptors specifically expressed on the angiogenic blood vessels of tumors. The ligand-directed vector was able to specifically deliver imaging and therapeutic transgenes to tumors in mice, rats, and dogs while sparing the normal organs. This chapter reviews some gene transfer strategies and the potential of the vascular-targeted AAVP vector for enhancing the effectiveness of existing systemic gene delivery and genetic-imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hajitou
- Department of Gene Therapy, Section/ Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Wright-Fleming Institute, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
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Peerlinck I, Merron A, Baril P, Conchon S, Martin-Duque P, Hindorf C, Burnet J, Quintanilla M, Hingorani M, Iggo R, Lemoine NR, Harrington K, Vassaux G. Targeted radionuclide therapy using a Wnt-targeted replicating adenovirus encoding the Na/I symporter. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6595-601. [PMID: 19861465 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Na/I symporter (hNIS) promotes concentration of iodine in cells. In cancer gene therapy, this transgene has potential as a reporter gene for molecular imaging of viral biodistribution and as a therapeutic protein promoting (131)I-mediated radiotherapy. Here, we combined the imaging and therapeutic potential of hNIS in an oncolytic adenoviruses targeting colorectal cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We generated an adenovirus (AdIP2) encoding hNIS and capable of selective replication in colorectal carcinoma cells. The selectivity of this virus was verified in vitro and in vivo. Its spread in tumors was monitored in vivo using single-photon emission computed tomography/CT imaging upon (99m)TcO(4)(-) injection and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Metabolic radiotherapy was done through injection of therapeutic doses of (131)I(-). RESULTS We showed in vitro and in vivo the selectivity of AdIP2 and that hNIS expression is restricted to the target cells. Imaging and immunohistochemical data showed that viral spread is limited and that the point of maximal hNIS expression is reached 48 hours after a single intratumoral injection. Administration of a single therapeutic dose of (131)I at this time point led to a dramatic reduction in tumor size not observed in hNIS-negative viruses. CONCLUSIONS This report showed for the first time that the combination of the imaging and therapeutic potentials of hNIS can be applied to oncolytic adenoviruses in experimental models of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Peerlinck
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
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24
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Kimball KJ, Rivera AA, Zinn KR, Icyuz M, Saini V, Li J, Zhu ZB, Siegal GP, Douglas JT, Curiel DT, Alvarez RD, Borovjagin AV. Novel Infectivity-Enhanced Oncolytic Adenovirus with a Capsid-Incorporated Dual-Imaging Moiety for Monitoring Virotherapy in Ovarian Cancer. Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2009.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to develop a cancer-targeted, infectivity-enhanced oncolytic adenovirus that embodies a capsid-labeling fusion for non-invasive dual-modality imaging of ovarian cancer virotherapy. A functional fusion protein composed of fluorescent and nuclear imaging tags was genetically incorporated into the capsid of an infectivity-enhanced conditionally replicative adenovirus. Incorporation of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) into the viral capsid and its genomic stability were verified by molecular analyses. Replication and oncolysis were evaluated in ovarian cancer cells. Fusion functionality was confirmed by in vitro gamma camera and fluorescent microscopy imaging. Comparison of tk-mRFP virus to single-modality controls revealed similar replication efficiency and oncolytic potency. Molecular fusion did not abolish enzymatic activity of HSV-tk as the virus effectively phosphorylated thymidine both ex vivo and in vitro. In vitro fluorescence imaging demonstrated a strong correlation between the intensity of fluorescent signal and cytopathic effect in infected ovarian cancer cells, suggesting that fluorescence can be used to monitor viral replication. We have in vitro validated a new infectivity-enhanced oncolytic adenovirus with a dual-imaging modality-labeled capsid, optimized for ovarian cancer virotherapy. The new agent could provide incremental gains toward climbing the barriers for achieving conditionally replicated adenovirus efficacy in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J. Kimball
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Angel A. Rivera
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kurt R. Zinn
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Mert Icyuz
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Vaibhav Saini
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Jing Li
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Zeng B. Zhu
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Gene P. Siegal
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Joanne T. Douglas
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David T. Curiel
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ronald D. Alvarez
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Anton V. Borovjagin
- From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Gene Therapy; Laboratory of Multimodality Imaging; and Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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25
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Hakkarainen T, Rajecki M, Sarparanta M, Tenhunen M, Airaksinen AJ, Desmond RA, Kairemo K, Hemminki A. Targeted radiotherapy for prostate cancer with an oncolytic adenovirus coding for human sodium iodide symporter. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:5396-403. [PMID: 19706820 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oncolytic adenoviruses are promising tools for cancer therapy. Although several clinical reports have indicated both safety and promising antitumor capabilities for these viruses, there are only a few examples of complete tumor eradication. Thus, the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses needs to be improved. One potentially useful approach is combination with radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To target systemically administered radioiodide to tumors, we created Ad5/3-Delta24-human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), a Rb-p16 pathway selective infectivity enhanced oncolytic adenovirus encoding hNIS. RESULTS Ad5/3-Delta24-hNIS replication effectively killed prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Also, the virus-mediated radioiodide uptake into prostate cancer cells in vitro and into tumors in vivo. Furthermore, Ad5/3-Delta24-hNIS with radioiodide was significantly more effective than virus alone in mice with prostate cancer xenografts. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that oncolytic adenovirus-mediated targeted radiotherapy might be a potentially useful option for enhancing the efficacy or adenoviral virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hakkarainen
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program & Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute & Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Matthews KS, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT. Advancements in adenoviral based virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:836-41. [PMID: 19422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading gynecologic malignancy with relatively grim survival statistics. There is a significant need for the development of new treatment options for this malignancy. The development of virotherapy as a treatment option for ovarian cancer has the potential to improve patient survival. Adenoviruses have multiple advantages as vectors for virotherapy including a well-understood structure and the ability to infect cells easily. We will outline the advances in virotherapy in the treatment of ovarian cancer, with particular attention directed toward adenoviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie S Matthews
- The Division of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, OHB 534, Birmingham, AL 35213, USA.
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27
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Dorer DE, Nettelbeck DM. Targeting cancer by transcriptional control in cancer gene therapy and viral oncolysis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:554-71. [PMID: 19394376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-specificity is the key requirement for a drug or treatment regimen to be effective against malignant disease--and has rarely been achieved adequately to date. Therefore, targeting strategies need to be implemented for future therapies to ensure efficient activity at the site of patients' tumors or metastases without causing intolerable side-effects. Gene therapy and viral oncolysis represent treatment modalities that offer unique opportunities for tumor targeting. This is because both the transfer of genes with anti-cancer activity and viral replication-induced cell killing, respectively, facilitate the incorporation of multiple mechanisms restricting their activity to cancer. To this end, cellular mechanisms of gene regulation have been successfully exploited to direct therapeutic gene expression and viral cell lysis to cancer cells. Here, transcriptional targeting has been the role model and most widely investigated. This approach exploits cellular gene regulatory elements that mediate cell type-specific transcription to restrict the expression of therapeutic genes or essential viral genes, ideally to cancer cells. In this review, we first discuss the rationale for such promoter targeting and its limitations. We then give an overview how tissue-/tumor-specific promoters are being identified and characterized. Strategies to apply and optimize such promoters for the engineering of targeted viral gene transfer vectors and oncolytic viruses-with respect to promoter size, selectivity and activity in the context of viral genomes-are described. Finally, we discuss in more detail individual examples for transcriptionally targeted virus drugs. First highlighting oncolytic viruses targeted by prostate-specific promoters and by the telomerase promoter as representatives of tissue-targeted and pan-cancer-specific virus drugs respectively, and secondly recent developments of the last two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik E Dorer
- Helmholtz-University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Ad5/3-9HIF-Delta24-VEGFR-1-Ig, an infectivity enhanced, dual-targeted and antiangiogenic oncolytic adenovirus for kidney cancer treatment. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1009-20. [PMID: 19440223 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite good safety data in clinical trials, oncolytic adenoviruses have not been efficient enough to make them a viable treatment alternative for cancers. As more potent viruses are being made, transcriptional and transductional targeting to tumor tissues becomes increasingly appealing. To improve antitumor efficacy, oncolytic adenoviruses can be armed with therapeutic transgenes, such as the antiangiogenic soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-Ig fusion protein. We hypothesized that an infectivity enhanced, targeted, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-Ig armed oncolytic adenovirus would exhibit improved specificity and antitumor effect in murine kidney cancer models. Two hypoxia inducible factor-sensitive promoters were evaluated for renal cancer specificity using a novel in vivo dual luciferase-imaging system. Earlier data had shown usefulness of the 5/3-serotype chimera capsid modification for kidney cancer. Therefore, we constructed Ad5/3-9HIF-Delta24-VEGFR-1-Ig, which showed good specificity and oncolytic effect on renal cancer cells in vitro and resulted in antitumor efficacy in a subcutaneous in vivo model, in which vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-Ig expression and a concurrent antiangiogenic effect were confirmed. In an intraperitoneally disseminated kidney cancer model, significantly enhanced survival was observed when compared with control viruses. These results suggest that a targeted, antiangiogenic, oncolytic adenovirus might be a valuable agent for testing in kidney cancer patients.
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29
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Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Voges J, Jacobs AH. Methods to monitor gene therapy with molecular imaging. Methods 2009; 48:146-60. [PMID: 19318125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in scientific and clinical research has made gene therapy a promising option for efficient and targeted treatment of several inherited and acquired disorders. One of the most critical issues for ensuring success of gene-based therapies is the development of technologies for non-invasive monitoring of the distribution and kinetics of vector-mediated gene expression. In recent years many molecular imaging techniques for safe, repeated and high-resolution in vivo imaging of gene expression have been developed and successfully used in animals and humans. In this review molecular imaging techniques for monitoring of gene therapy are described and specific use of these methods in the different steps of a gene therapy protocol from gene delivery to assessment of therapy response is illustrated. Linking molecular imaging (MI) to gene therapy will eventually help to improve the efficacy and safety of current gene therapy protocols for human application and support future individualized patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Waerzeggers
- Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Molecular Imaging, Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Gleuelerstrasse 50, Cologne 50931, Germany
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30
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Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) have many advantages as agents for cancer virotherapy and have been safely used in human clinical trials. However, replicating adenoviruses have been limited in their ability to eliminate tumors by oncolysis. Thus, the efficacy of these agents must be improved. To this end, CRAds have been engineered to express therapeutic transgenes that exert antitumor effects independent of direct viral oncolysis. These transgenes can be expressed under native gene control elements, in which case placement within the genome determines the expression profile, or they can be controlled by exogenous promoters. The therapeutic transgenes used to arm replicating adenoviruses can be broadly classified into three groups. There are those that mediate killing of the infected cell, those that modulate the tumor microenvironment and those with immunomodulatory functions. Overall, the studies to date in animal models have shown that arming a CRAd with a rationally chosen therapeutic transgene can improve its antitumor efficacy over that of an unarmed CRAd. However, a number of obstacles must be overcome before the full potential of armed CRAds can be realized in the human clinical context. Hence, strategies are being developed to permit intravenous delivery to disseminated cancer cells, overcome the immune response and enable in vivo monitoring of the biodistribution and activity of armed CRAds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cody
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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31
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Kuhn I, Harden P, Bauzon M, Chartier C, Nye J, Thorne S, Reid T, Ni S, Lieber A, Fisher K, Seymour L, Rubanyi GM, Harkins RN, Hermiston TW. Directed evolution generates a novel oncolytic virus for the treatment of colon cancer. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2409. [PMID: 18560559 PMCID: PMC2423470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral-mediated oncolysis is a novel cancer therapeutic approach with the potential to be more effective and less toxic than current therapies due to the agents selective growth and amplification in tumor cells. To date, these agents have been highly safe in patients but have generally fallen short of their expected therapeutic value as monotherapies. Consequently, new approaches to generating highly potent oncolytic viruses are needed. To address this need, we developed a new method that we term “Directed Evolution” for creating highly potent oncolytic viruses. Methodology/Principal Findings Taking the “Directed Evolution” approach, viral diversity was increased by pooling an array of serotypes, then passaging the pools under conditions that invite recombination between serotypes. These highly diverse viral pools were then placed under stringent directed selection to generate and identify highly potent agents. ColoAd1, a complex Ad3/Ad11p chimeric virus, was the initial oncolytic virus derived by this novel methodology. ColoAd1, the first described non-Ad5-based oncolytic Ad, is 2–3 logs more potent and selective than the parent serotypes or the most clinically advanced oncolytic Ad, ONYX-015, in vitro. ColoAd1's efficacy was further tested in vivo in a colon cancer liver metastasis xenograft model following intravenous injection and its ex vivo selectivity was demonstrated on surgically-derived human colorectal tumor tissues. Lastly, we demonstrated the ability to arm ColoAd1 with an exogenous gene establishing the potential to impact the treatment of cancer on multiple levels from a single agent. Conclusions/Significance Using the “Directed Evolution” methodology, we have generated ColoAd1, a novel chimeric oncolytic virus. In vitro, this virus demonstrated a >2 log increase in both potency and selectivity when compared to ONYX-015 on colon cancer cells. These results were further supported by in vivo and ex vivo studies. Furthermore, these results have validated this methodology as a new general approach for deriving clinically-relevant, highly potent anti-cancer virotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kuhn
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Harden
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Maxine Bauzon
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Cecile Chartier
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Nye
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Steve Thorne
- Palo Alto Veteran's Hospital and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Tony Reid
- Palo Alto Veteran's Hospital and Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Shaoheng Ni
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andre Lieber
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Len Seymour
- Hybrid systems Ltd, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gabor M. Rubanyi
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Harkins
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Terry W. Hermiston
- Novel Technologies, Bayer Healthcare, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Zinn KR, Chaudhuri TR, Szafran AA, O'Quinn D, Weaver C, Dugger K, Lamar D, Kesterson RA, Wang X, Frank SJ. Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging in small animals. ILAR J 2008; 49:103-15. [PMID: 18172337 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.1.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a rapid growth of bioluminescence imaging applications in small animal models in recent years, propelled by the availability of instruments, analysis software, reagents, and creative approaches to apply the technology in molecular imaging. Advantages include the sensitivity of the technique as well as its efficiency, relatively low cost, and versatility. Bioluminescence imaging is accomplished by sensitive detection of light emitted following chemical reaction of the luciferase enzyme with its substrate. Most imaging systems provide 2-dimensional (2D) information in rodents, showing the locations and intensity of light emitted from the animal in pseudo-color scaling. A 3-dimensional (3D) capability for bioluminescence imaging is now available, but is more expensive and less efficient; other disadvantages include the requirement for genetically encoded luciferase, the injection of the substrate to enable light emission, and the dependence of light signal on tissue depth. All of these problems make it unlikely that the method will be extended to human studies. However, in small animal models, bioluminescence imaging is now routinely applied to serially detect the location and burden of xenografted tumors, or identify and measure the number of immune or stem cells after an adoptive transfer. Bioluminescence imaging also makes it possible to track the relative amounts and locations of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens over time. Specialized applications of bioluminescence also follow tissue-specific luciferase expression in transgenic mice, and monitor biological processes such as signaling or protein interactions in real time. In summary, bioluminescence imaging has become an important component of biomedical research that will continue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Zinn
- Laboratory of Multimodal Imaging, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA.
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33
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Rajecki M, Kanerva A, Stenman UH, Tenhunen M, Kangasniemi L, Särkioja M, Ala-Opas MY, Alfthan H, Sankila A, Rintala E, Desmond RA, Hakkarainen T, Hemminki A. Treatment of prostate cancer with Ad5/3Delta24hCG allows non-invasive detection of the magnitude and persistence of virus replication in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:742-51. [PMID: 17308070 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer is a deadly disease that currently lacks curative treatments. Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) are promising new agents against cancer due to their innate capability to cause oncolysis of tumor cells. Their antitumor effect is determined in part by their capacity for infecting cancer cells. However, the respective primary receptor, the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor (CAR), is variably expressed in many cancer types. We created Ad5/3Delta24hCG, a novel CRAd retargeted to the adenovirus serotype 3 receptor, which has been reported to be highly expressed in tumors. Furthermore, we added a transgene for the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGbeta), whose expression was tightly coupled to virus replication. Ad5/3Delta24hCG was found effective in killing prostate cancer cells, and oncolysis was seen in concordance with hCGbeta production. In a s.c. in vivo model of hormone refractory prostate cancer, Ad5/3Delta24hCG treatment resulted in statistically significant tumor growth inhibition. Moreover, i.v. injection of Ad5/3Delta24hCG prolonged the survival of mice with hormone refractory prostate cancer metastatic to the lung. Detection of hCGbeta in serum samples confirmed viral replication in vivo. Infection of human clinical samples of cancerous and normal prostatic tissue resulted in effective hCGbeta production in cancer tissue, whereas it remained low in nonmalignant tissue, suggesting cancer-specific replication. These results suggest that Ad5/3Delta24hCG is a potent virus for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. These preclinical data set the stage for translation into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rajecki
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, (Haartmaninkatu 8), Helsinki 00014, Finland
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34
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Merron A, Peerlinck I, Martin-Duque P, Burnet J, Quintanilla M, Mather S, Hingorani M, Harrington K, Iggo R, Vassaux G. SPECT/CT imaging of oncolytic adenovirus propagation in tumours in vivo using the Na/I symporter as a reporter gene. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1731-8. [PMID: 17960161 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses have shown some promise in cancer gene therapy. However, their efficacy in clinical trials is often limited, and additional therapeutic interventions have been proposed to increase their efficacies. In this context, molecular imaging of viral spread in tumours could provide unique information to rationalize the timing of these combinations. Here, we use the human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) as a reporter gene in wild-type and replication-selective adenoviruses. By design, hNIS cDNA is positioned in the E3 region in a wild-type adenovirus type 5 (AdIP1) and in an adenovirus in which a promoter from the human telomerase gene (RNA component) drives E1 expression (AdAM6). Viruses show functional hNIS expression and replication in vitro and kinetics of spread of the different viruses in tumour xenografts are visualized in vivo using a small animal nano-SPECT/CT camera. The time required to reach maximal spread is 48 h for AdIP1 and 72 h for AdAM6 suggesting that genetic engineering of adenoviruses can affect their kinetics of spread in tumours. Considering that this methodology is potentially clinically applicable, we conclude that hNIS-mediated imaging of viral spread in tumours may be an important tool for combined anticancer therapies involving replicating adenoviruses
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Affiliation(s)
- A Merron
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cancer, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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35
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Abstract
Gene therapy represents a potentially useful approach for the treatment of diseases refractory to conventional therapies. Various preclinical and clinical strategies have been explored for treatment of gynaecological diseases. Given the most severe unmet clinical need, much of the work has been performed with gynaecological cancers and ovarian cancer in particular. Although the safety of many treatment strategies has been demonstrated in early phase clinical trials, efficacy has been mostly limited heretofore. Major challenges include improving the vectors used with the aim of more effective and selective delivery. In addition, effective penetration into and spreading within advanced and complex tumour masses and metastases remains challenging. This review focuses on existing and developmental gene transfer applications for gynaecological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kanerva
- University of Helsinki, Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Transplantation Laboratory and Haartman Institute, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki), Biomedicum, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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36
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Raki M, Hakkarainen T, Bauerschmitz GJ, Särkioja M, Desmond RA, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Utility of TK/GCV in the context of highly effective oncolysis mediated by a serotype 3 receptor targeted oncolytic adenovirus. Gene Ther 2007; 14:1380-8. [PMID: 17611584 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arming oncolytic adenoviruses with therapeutic transgenes and enhancing transduction of tumor cells are useful strategies for eradication of advanced tumor masses. Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) together with ganciclovir (GCV) has been promising when coupled with viruses featuring low oncolytic potential, but their utility is unknown in the context of highly effective infectivity-enhanced viruses. We constructed Ad5/3-Delta24-TK-GFP, a serotype 3 receptor-targeted, Rb/p16 pathway-selective oncolytic adenovirus, where a fusion gene encoding TK and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted into 6.7K/gp19K-deleted E3 region. Ad5/3-Delta24-TK-GFP killed ovarian cancer cells effectively, which correlated with GFP expression. Delivery of GCV immediately after infection abrogated viral replication, which might have utility as a safety switch. Due to the bystander effect, killing of some cell lines in vitro was enhanced by GCV regardless of timing. In murine models of metastatic ovarian cancer, Ad5/3-Delta24-TK-GFP improved antitumor efficacy over the respective replication-deficient virus with GCV. However, GCV did not further enhance efficacy of Ad5/3-Delta24-TK-GFP in vivo. Simultaneous detection of tumor load and virus replication with bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging provided insight into the in vivo kinetics of oncolysis. In summary, TK/GCV may not add antitumor activity in the context of highly potent oncolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Vähä-Koskela MJ, Heikkilä JE, Hinkkanen AE. Oncolytic viruses in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2007; 254:178-216. [PMID: 17383089 PMCID: PMC7126325 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising form of gene therapy for cancer, employing nature’s own agents to find and destroy malignant cells. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to this very topical field of research and to point out some of the current observations, insights and ideas circulating in the literature. We have strived to acknowledge as many different oncolytic viruses as possible to give a broader picture of targeting cancer using viruses. Some of the newest additions to the panel of oncolytic viruses include the avian adenovirus, foamy virus, myxoma virus, yaba-like disease virus, echovirus type 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, Saimiri virus, feline panleukopenia virus, Sendai virus and the non-human coronaviruses. Although promising, virotherapy still faces many obstacles that need to be addressed, including the emergence of virus-resistant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J.V. Vähä-Koskela
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Turku, Finland
- Corresponding author. Address: Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland. Tel.: +358 2 215 4018; fax: +358 2 215 4745.
| | - Jari E. Heikkilä
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Ari E. Hinkkanen
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy and Turku Immunology Centre, Turku, Finland
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Guse K, Dias JD, Bauerschmitz GJ, Hakkarainen T, Aavik E, Ranki T, Pisto T, Särkioja M, Desmond RA, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Luciferase imaging for evaluation of oncolytic adenovirus replication in vivo. Gene Ther 2007; 14:902-11. [PMID: 17377596 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses kill cancer cells by tumor-selective replication. Clinical data have established the safety of the approach but also the need of improvements in potency. Efficacy of oncolysis is linked to effective infection of target cells and subsequent productive replication. Other variables include intratumoral barriers, access to target cells, uptake by non-target organs and immune response. Each of these aspects relates to the location and degree of virus replication. Unfortunately, detection of in vivo replication has been difficult, labor intensive and costly and therefore not much studied. We hypothesized that by coinfection of a luciferase expressing E1-deleted virus with an oncolytic virus, both viruses would replicate when present in the same cell. Photon emission due to conversion of D-Luciferin is sensitive and penetrates tissues well. Importantly, killing of animals is not required and each animal can be imaged repeatedly. Two different murine xenograft models were used and intratumoral coinjections of luciferase encoding virus were performed with eight different oncolytic adenoviruses. In both models, we found significant correlation between photon emission and infectious virus production. This suggests that the system can be used for non-invasive quantitation of the amplitude, persistence and dynamics of oncolytic virus replication in vivo, which could be helpful for the development of more effective and safe agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Guse
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program and Haartman Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Drugs, surgery, and radiation are the traditional modalities of therapy in medicine. To these are being added new therapies based on cells and viruses or their derivatives. In these novel therapies, a cell or viral vector acts as a drug in its own right, altering the host or a disease process to bring about healing. Most of these advances originate from the significant recent advances in molecular medicine, but some have been around for some time. Blood transfusions and cowpox vaccinations are part of the history of medicine...but nevertheless are examples of cell- and viral-based therapies. This article focuses on the modern molecular incarnations of these therapies, and specifically on how imaging is used to track and guide these novel agents. We survey the literature dealing with imaging these new cell and viral particle therapies and provide a framework for understanding publications in this area. Leading technology of gene modifications are the fundamental modifications applied to make these new therapies amenable to imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Schellingerhout
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, M D Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of death due to gynecologic cancer in women in the United States. Gene and viral-based therapies represent novel therapeutic approaches for cancer. The manipulation of genetic content of tumor cells toward a therapeutic end has been divided into several general strategies, including molecular chemotherapy, mutation compensation, immunopotentiation, and virotherapy. Improvements in delivery vehicles and in evaluation of gene transfer and viral replication remain important areas of investigation. We highlight the most recent advances in these novel therapeutic approaches for ovarian cancer and include a summary of recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher J Kimball
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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41
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Lam JT, Hemminki A, Kanerva A, Lee KB, Blackwell JL, Desmond R, Siegal GP, Curiel DT. A three-dimensional assay for measurement of viral-induced oncolysis. Cancer Gene Ther 2007; 14:421-30. [PMID: 17235353 PMCID: PMC2203214 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses represent a novel cancer treatment strategy. Despite their promising preclinical data, however, corresponding clinical trials have disappointed. To aid preclinical analyses, we hypothesized that three-dimensional tumor cell clusters or spheroids might provide an assay system superior to conventional monolayer cell cultures. Spheroids show viral infection, replication and oncolytic patterns distinct from conventional monolayer assays. Therefore, viral tumor penetration and oncolysis measurements may be improved with such three-dimensional models. Also, preclinical analyses of oncolytic viruses frequently measure mitochondrial activity, but more accurate measures of oncolysis might involve quantitation of intracellular protein release. Therefore, we measured luciferase released from luciferase-expressing spheroids and found unique patterns that maintained consistency with various viruses and doses. The relative variations between viruses and doses may represent temporal differences in oncolysis dynamics. Analysis of five recombinant replicative adenoviruses with promise for clinical application showed that Ad5/3-Delta24 produced the most luciferase release 1 week after infection and achieved the earliest and highest peak luciferase release level. Ad5/3-Delta24 also effected the earliest subtotal spheroid cell death. These findings closely parallel monolayer oncolysis assays with these agents. Therefore, the luciferase-expressing tumor spheroid assay represents a promising three-dimensional model for preclinical analysis of replicative oncolytic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- JT Lam
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Rational Drug Design Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kanerva
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Rational Drug Design Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - KB Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - JL Blackwell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - R Desmond
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - GP Siegal
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Surgery, Division of Human Gene Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - DT Curiel
- Departments of Pathology, Cell Biology, and Surgery, Division of Human Gene Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Hasegawa K, Pham L, O'Connor MK, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Dual therapy of ovarian cancer using measles viruses expressing carcinoembryonic antigen and sodium iodide symporter. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:1868-75. [PMID: 16551872 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE MV-CEA is an oncolytic measles virus currently being tested in patients with ovarian cancer and whose propagation can be monitored by measuring blood carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. MV-NIS is an oncolytic measles virus coding for the thyroidal sodium iodide symporter (NIS) whose propagation can be mapped by serial radioiodine imaging. Expression of both CEA and NIS genes from a single virus would combine sensitive, quantitative expression monitoring (CEA) with radioisotopic expression mapping (NIS). Because of the unfavorable replication kinetics of measles viruses expressing both CEA and NIS, we explored the feasibility of combining MV-CEA with MV-NIS for comprehensive virotherapy monitoring in ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS Mice implanted with i.p. SKOV3ip.1 ovarian cancer xenografts received MV-CEA alone, MV-NIS alone, or a combination of MV-CEA plus MV-NIS. Viral gene expression was monitored by measuring blood CEA levels, and the location of virus-infected cells was monitored by gamma camera imaging. Surprisingly, mice receiving the combination of MV-CEA plus MV-NIS showed greatly superior responses to therapy, but this was associated with 10-fold lower plasma levels of CEA compared with mice treated with MV-CEA alone. In vitro studies showed superior replication kinetics of MV-NIS relative to MV-CEA. The gamma camera scans were considerably less sensitive than the plasma CEA marker for monitoring virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Dual therapy with MV-CEA and MV-NIS is superior to treatment with either virus alone, and it allows noninvasive monitoring of virotherapy via soluble marker peptide and gamma camera imaging. This has important implications for the clinical development of oncolytic measles viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Hasegawa
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Raki M, Rein DT, Kanerva A, Hemminki A. Gene Transfer Approaches for Gynecological Diseases. Mol Ther 2006; 14:154-63. [PMID: 16650808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene transfer presents a potentially useful approach for the treatment of diseases refractory to conventional therapies. Various preclinical and clinical strategies have been explored for treatment of gynecological diseases. Given the direst need for novel treatments, much of the work has been performed with gynecological cancers and ovarian cancer in particular. Although the safety of many approaches has been demonstrated in early phase clinical trials, efficacy has been mostly limited so far. Major challenges include improving gene transfer vectors for enhanced and selective delivery and achieving effective penetration and spread within advanced and complex tumor masses. This review will focus on current and developmental gene transfer applications for gynecological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Raki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Rational Drug Design Program, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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44
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Peng KW, Hadac EM, Anderson BD, Myers R, Harvey M, Greiner SM, Soeffker D, Federspiel MJ, Russell SJ. Pharmacokinetics of oncolytic measles virotherapy: eventual equilibrium between virus and tumor in an ovarian cancer xenograft model. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:732-8. [PMID: 16543921 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of their ability to replicate, the dose-response relationships of oncolytic viruses cannot easily be predicted. To better understand the pharmacokinetics of virotherapy in relation to viral dose and schedule, we administered MV-CEA intraperitoneally in an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer. MV-CEA is an attenuated oncolytic measles virus engineered to express soluble human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and the virus is currently undergoing phase I clinical testing in patients with ovarian cancer. Plasma CEA levels correlate with numbers of virus-infected tumor cells at a given time, and were used as a surrogate to monitor the profiles of viral gene expression over time. The antineoplastic activity of single- or multiple-dose MV-CEA was apparent over a wide range of virus doses (10(3)-10(8) TCID(50)), with little reduction in observed antitumor efficacy, even at the lowest tested dose. However, analysis of CEA profiles of treated mice was highly informative, illustrating the variability in virus kinetics at different dose levels. The highest doses of virus were associated with higher initial levels of tumor cell killing, but the final outcome of MV-CEA therapy at all dose levels was a partial equilibrium between virus and tumor, resulting in significant slowing of tumor growth and enhanced survival of the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Peng
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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45
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Lockley M, Fernandez M, Wang Y, Li NF, Conroy S, Lemoine N, McNeish I. Activity of the adenoviral E1A deletion mutant dl922-947 in ovarian cancer: comparison with E1A wild-type viruses, bioluminescence monitoring, and intraperitoneal delivery in icodextrin. Cancer Res 2006; 66:989-98. [PMID: 16424034 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adenoviral mutant dl922-947 has potent activity in a variety of tumors. We investigated the efficacy of dl922-947 in ovarian carcinoma; compared its activity to wild-type adenovirus, dl309, and dl1520; and investigated the use of icodextrin to enhance activity in vivo. We also assessed the utility of luciferase bioluminescence imaging to quantify the response of human ovarian carcinoma xenografts to dl922-947. Ovarian carcinoma cell lines were transfected in vitro with dl922-947, adenovirus 5 wild-type (Ad5 WT), dl309, and dl1520 and monitored for S-phase induction, viral protein expression, replication, and overall survival. In vivo, the efficacy of dl922-947 when delivered in PBS or icodextrin to female nude mice bearing IGROV1 xenografts was determined. In vitro, dl922-947 induced lysis with greater efficacy than Ad5 WT, dl309, or dl1520 in all ovarian carcinoma cell lines tested, which was associated with earlier expression of viral proteins and S-phase induction. The lytic effect in immortalized ovarian surface epithelial cells confirmed that cellular retinoblastoma pathway status is a strong determinant of dl922-947 activity. In vivo, i.p. delivery of dl922-947 (5 x 10(9) particles daily x 5) increased median survival from 20 to 96 days (P < 0.0001) and delivery in icodextrin-enhanced survival further. However, delayed hepatic toxicity was evident in some dl922-947-treated mice, which was not dependent upon viral replication within tumor cells or the liver. dl922-947 has potency in ovarian carcinoma and i.p. delivery in icodextrin may enhance this activity. Immunocompetent models of ovarian carcinoma are required for further evaluation of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lockley
- Cancer Research UK Molecular Oncology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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46
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Raki M, Kanerva A, Ristimaki A, Desmond RA, Chen DT, Ranki T, Sarkioja M, Kangasniemi L, Hemminki A. Combination of gemcitabine and Ad5/3-Delta24, a tropism modified conditionally replicating adenovirus, for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1198-205. [PMID: 15800658 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) represent a novel approach for the treatment of cancers resistant to conventional therapies. The efficacy of CRAds might be further improved by using chemotherapeutic agents in a multimodal antitumor approach. We have evaluated the use of Ad5/3-Delta24, a serotype 3 receptor targeted Rb/p16 pathway selective CRAd, in combination with gemcitabine against human ovarian adenocarcinoma. The combination of these agents showed synergistic cell killing in vitro compared to single treatments. However, the effect was dependent on dose and sequencing of the agents. Our results also indicate that gemcitabine reduces the initial rate of Ad5/3-Delta24 replication without affecting the total amount of virus produced. Possible reasons for synergy between Ad5/3-Delta24 and gemcitabine include the chemosensitizing activity of E1A and/or altered replication kinetics. In an orthotopic murine model of peritoneally disseminated ovarian cancer, the combination increased the survival of mice over either agent alone, and almost 60% of treated mice were cured. Sequencing of the agents was critical for toxicity versus efficacy. Mice remained free from intraperitoneal disease, but some succumbed to treatment-related hepatic or bone marrow toxicity. This suggests that improved efficacy may uncover treatment-related toxicity, which needs to be monitored closely in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Rational Drug Design Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Mathis JM, Stoff-Khalili MA, Curiel DT. Oncolytic adenoviruses - selective retargeting to tumor cells. Oncogene 2005; 24:7775-91. [PMID: 16299537 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Virotherapy is an approach for the treatment of cancer, in which the replicating virus itself is the anticancer agent. Virotherapy exploits the lytic property of virus replication to kill tumor cells. As this approach relies on viral replication, the virus can self-amplify and spread in the tumor from an initial infection of only a few cells. The success of this approach is fundamentally based on the ability to deliver the replication-competent viral genome to target cells with a requisite level of efficiency. With virotherapy, while a number of transcriptional retargeting strategies have been utilized to restrict viral replication to tumor cells, this review will focus primarily on transductional retargeting strategies, whereby oncolytic viruses can be designed to selectively infect tumor cells. Using the adenoviral vector paradigm, there are three broad strategies useful for viral retargeting. One strategy uses heterologous retargeting ligands that are bispecific in that they bind both to the viral vector as well as to a cell surface target. A second strategy uses genetically modified viral vectors in which a cellular retargeting ligand is incorporated. A third strategy involves the construction of chimeric recombinant vectors, in which a capsid protein from one virus is exchanged for that of another. These transductional retargeting strategies have the potential for reducing deleterious side effects, and increasing the therapeutic index of virotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Mathis
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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