1
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Accensi F, Bosch-Camós L, Monteagudo PL, Rodríguez F. DNA Vaccines in Pigs: From Immunization to Antigen Identification. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:109-124. [PMID: 35118618 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is one of the most fascinating vaccine strategies currently in development. Two of the main advantages of DNA immunization rely on its simplicity and flexibility, being ideal to dissect both the immune mechanisms and the antigens involved in protection against a given pathogen. Here we describe several strategies used to enhance the immune responses induced and the protection afforded by experimental DNA vaccines tested in swine and provide very basic protocols describing the generation and in vivo application of a prototypic DNA vaccine. The future will say the last word regarding the definitive implementation of DNA vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Accensi
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Bosch-Camós
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula L Monteagudo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Li Z, Ho W, Bai X, Li F, Chen YJ, Zhang XQ, Xu X. Nanoparticle depots for controlled and sustained gene delivery. J Control Release 2020; 322:622-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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3
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da Silva RJ, Maciel BG, Medina-Llamas JC, Chávez-Guajardo AE, Alcaraz-Espinoza JJ, Pinto de Melo C. Extraction of plasmid DNA by use of a magnetic maghemite-polyaniline nanocomposite. Anal Biochem 2019; 575:27-35. [PMID: 30917944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of a hybrid magnetic nanocomposite (HMNC) for the extraction and purification of plasmid DNA (pDNA) from Escherichia coli aqueous solutions. The HMNC, which was synthesized via emulsion polymerization, was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and magnetic measurements. The results confirmed the incorporation of polyaniline (Pani) in its conducting form onto a core formed by the magnetic iron oxide, with the hybrid particles presenting an average size of (95 ± 30) nm and a saturation magnetization of 30 emu/g. The yield, purity and quality of the pDNA purified by using the Pani HMNC were evaluated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), respectively. An average yield of ~6.9 μg was obtained in the DNA extraction process, with the collected material presenting a good purity (a ₳260/280 ratio in the 1.68-1.82 range) and an excellent quality, as confirmed by subsequent PCR assays. Hence, this HMNC appears as a promising material for use in pDNA purification protocols, and we suggest that this novel HMNC-based methodology can be of general interest and find widespread application in different biomedical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário Justino da Silva
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Bruna Gomes Maciel
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Juan Carlos Medina-Llamas
- Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos No. 18, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 98160, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | | | | | - Celso Pinto de Melo
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil; Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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4
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Hernandez Y, González-Pastor R, Belmar-Lopez C, Mendoza G, de la Fuente JM, Martin-Duque P. Gold nanoparticle coatings as efficient adenovirus carriers to non-infectable stem cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:1327-1334. [PMID: 35517997 PMCID: PMC9059632 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09088b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult pluripotent cells with the plasticity to be converted into different cell types. Their self-renewal capacity, relative ease of isolation, expansion and inherent migration to tumors, make them perfect candidates for cell therapy against cancer. However, MSCs are notoriously refractory to adenoviral infection, mainly because CAR (Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor) expression is absent or downregulated. Over the last years, nanoparticles have attracted a great deal of attention as potential vehicle candidates for gene delivery, but with limited effects on their own. Our data showed that the use of positively charged 14 nm gold nanoparticles either functionalized with arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif or not, increases the efficiency of adenovirus infection in comparison to commercial reagents without altering cell viability or cell phenotype. This system represents a simple, efficient and safe method for the transduction of MSCs, being attractive for cancer gene and cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Hernandez
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza 50018 Spain
| | - Rebeca González-Pastor
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Carolina Belmar-Lopez
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza 50018 Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales (ICMA), CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- CIBER-BBN 28029 Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Martin-Duque
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón) 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Fundación Araid 50001 Zaragoza Spain
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5
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Chao YH, Chen DY, Lan JL, Tang KT, Lin CC. Tolerogenic β2-glycoprotein I DNA vaccine and FK506 as an adjuvant attenuates experimental obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198821. [PMID: 29894515 PMCID: PMC5997307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines have recently emerged as a therapeutic agent for treating autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI)-targeting antiphospholipid antibodies (APAs) and vascular thrombosis or obstetrical complications. To examine the therapeutic potential of a β2-GPI DNA vaccine, we administered a vaccine mixed with FK506 as an adjuvant to a mouse model of obstetric APS. First, the pCMV3-β2-GPI DNA vaccine, which encodes the full-length human β2-GPI gene, was constructed. Then, we administered the β2-GPI DNA vaccine in 0.1 ml of saline, mixed with or without 100 μg of FK506, intramuscularly to the mice on days 28, 35 and 42. Blood titers of the anti-β2-GPI antibody, platelet counts, activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs), and the percentage of fetal loss were measured. We also stimulated murine splenic T cells ex vivo with β2-GPI and determined the T helper cell proportion and cytokine secretion. The administration of the β2-GPI DNA vaccine mixed with FK506 reduced the blood IgG anti-β2-GPI antibody titers and suppressed APS manifestations in mice. The combination also suppressed interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A secretion but increased the Treg cell proportion and IL-10 secretion in murine splenic T cells following ex vivo stimulation with β2-GPI. Our results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of a β2-GPI DNA vaccine and FK506 as an adjuvant in a murine model of obstetric APS. Possible mechanisms include the inhibition of Th1 and Th17 responses and the up-regulation of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hsuan Chao
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yuan Chen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Joung-Liang Lan
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tung Tang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (K-TT); (C-CL)
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (K-TT); (C-CL)
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6
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Yue J, Gou X, Li Y, Wicksteed B, Wu X. Engineered Epidermal Progenitor Cells Can Correct Diet-Induced Obesity and Diabetes. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 21:256-263.e4. [PMID: 28777946 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatic gene therapy is a promising approach for treating otherwise terminal or debilitating diseases. The human skin is a promising conduit for genetic engineering, as it is the largest and most accessible organ, epidermal autografts and tissue-engineered skin equivalents have been successfully deployed in clinical applications, and skin epidermal stem/progenitor cells for generating such grafts are easy to obtain and expand in vitro. Here, we develop skin grafts from mouse and human epidermal progenitors that were engineered by CRISPR-mediated genome editing to controllably release GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1), a critical incretin that regulates blood glucose homeostasis. GLP-1 induction from engineered mouse cells grafted onto immunocompetent hosts increased insulin secretion and reversed high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Taken together, these results highlight the clinical potential of developing long-lasting, safe, and versatile gene therapy approaches based on engineering epidermal progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yue
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xuewen Gou
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines are a next-generation branch of vaccines which offer major benefits over their conventional protein, bacteria, or viral-based counterparts. However, to be effective in large mammals and humans, an enhancing delivery technology is required. Electroporation is a physical technique which results in improved delivery of large molecules through the cell membrane. In the case of plasmid DNA and mRNA, electroporation enhances both the uptake and expression of the delivered nucleic acids. The muscle is an attractive tissue for nucleic acid vaccination in a clinical setting due to the accessibility and abundance of the target tissue. Historical clinical studies of electroporation in the muscle have demonstrated the procedure to be generally well tolerated in patients. Previous studies have determined that optimized electroporation parameters (such as electrical field intensity, pulse length, pulse width and drug product formulation) majorly impact the efficiency of nucleic acid delivery. We provide an overview of DNA/RNA vaccination in the muscle of mice. Our results suggest that the technique is safe and effective and is highly applicable to a research setting as well as scalable to larger animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA.
| | - Laurent M Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
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8
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Amante DH, Smith TRF, Mendoza JM, Schultheis K, McCoy JR, Khan AS, Sardesai NY, Broderick KE. Skin Transfection Patterns and Expression Kinetics of Electroporation-Enhanced Plasmid Delivery Using the CELLECTRA-3P, a Portable Next-Generation Dermal Electroporation Device. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2016. [PMID: 26222896 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2015.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The CELLECTRA-3P dermal electroporation device (Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA) has been evaluated in the clinic and shown to enhance the delivery of an influenza DNA vaccine. To understand the mechanism by which this device aids in enhancing the host immune response to DNA vaccines we investigated the expression kinetics and localization of a reporter plasmid (pGFP) delivered via the CELLECTRA-3P. Histological analysis revealed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression as early as 1 hr posttreatment in the epidermal and dermal layers, and as early as 2 hr posttreatment in the subdermal layers. Immunofluorescence techniques identified keratinocytes, fibrocytes, dendritic-like cells, adipocytes, and myocytes as the principal cell populations transfected. We proceeded to demonstrate elicitation of robust host immune responses after plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccination. In guinea pigs equivalent humoral (antibody binding titers) immune responses were observed between protocols using either CELLECTRA-3P or intramuscular electroporation to deliver the DNA vaccine. In nonhuman primates, robust interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and protective levels of hemagglutination inhibition titers after pDNA vaccination were observed in groups treated with the CELLECTRA-3P. In conclusion, these findings may assist in the future to design efficient, tolerable DNA vaccination strategies for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jay R McCoy
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals , Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Amir S Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals , Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
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9
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in humans. Although the etiology of MS remains unknown, several lines of evidence support the notion that autoimmunity against components of the myelin sheath plays a major role in susceptibility to and development of the disease. At present, there are no approved MS therapies aimed specifically toward downregulating antigen-specific autoreactive immune cells. One antigen-specific approach that appears promising for the treatment of MS is DNA vaccination. This technique has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials while maintaining safety.Here, we describe the generation of DNA vaccines containing immunologically relevant antigens of MS. Moreover, we present a detailed protocol for the prophylactic and therapeutic administration of DNA vaccines via intramuscular injection targeting on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model resembling MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Fissolo
- Department of Neurology-Neuroimmunology, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Cemcat, Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain,
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10
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Accensi F, Rodríguez F, Monteagudo PL. DNA Vaccines: Experiences in the Swine Model. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1349:49-62. [PMID: 26458829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3008-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is one of the most fascinating vaccine-strategies currently in development. Two of the main advantages of DNA immunization rely on its simplicity and flexibility, being ideal to dissect both the immune mechanisms and the antigens involved in protection against a given pathogen. Here, we describe several strategies used to enhance the immune responses induced and the protection afforded by experimental DNA vaccines tested in swine and provide with very basic protocol describing the generation and in vivo application of a prototypic DNA vaccine. Only time will tell the last word regarding the definitive implementation of DNA vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Accensi
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Paula L Monteagudo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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11
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McCoy JR, Mendoza JM, Spik KW, Badger C, Gomez AF, Schmaljohn CS, Sardesai NY, Broderick KE. A multi-head intradermal electroporation device allows for tailored and increased dose DNA vaccine delivery to the skin. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:746-54. [PMID: 25839221 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.978223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of an effective and tolerable delivery method is a necessity for the success of DNA vaccines in the clinic. This article describes the development and validation of a multi-headed intradermal electroporation device which would be applicable for delivering multiple DNA vaccine plasmids simultaneously but spatially separated. Reporter gene plasmids expressing green and red fluorescent proteins were used to demonstrate the impact of spatial separation on DNA delivery to increase the number of transfected cells and avoid interference through visible expression patterns. To investigate the impact of plasmid interference on immunogenicity, a disease target was investigated where issues with multi-valent vaccines had been previously described. DNA-based Hantaan and Puumala virus vaccines were delivered separately or as a combination and the effect of multi-valence was determined by appropriate assays. While a negative impact was observed for both antigenic vaccines when delivered together, these effects were mitigated when the vaccine was delivered using the multi-head device. We also demonstrate how the multi-head device facilitates higher dose delivery to the skin resulting in improved immune responses. This new multi-head platform device is an efficient, tolerable and non-invasive method to deliver multiple plasmid DNA constructs simultaneously allowing the tailoring of delivery sites for combination vaccines. Additionally, this device would allow the delivery of multi-plasmid vaccine formulations without risk of impacted immune responses through interference. Such a low-cost, easy to use device platform for the delivery of multi-agent DNA vaccines would have direct applications by the military and healthcare sectors for mass vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R McCoy
- a Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc. ; Blue Bell , PA USA
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12
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Prud'homme GJ, Glinka Y, Wang Q. Immunological GABAergic interactions and therapeutic applications in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:1048-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Broderick KE, Humeau LM. Electroporation-enhanced delivery of nucleic acid vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:195-204. [PMID: 25487734 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.990890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The naked delivery of nucleic acid vaccines is notoriously inefficient, and an enabling delivery technology is required to direct efficiently these constructs intracellularly. A delivery technology capable of enhancing nucleic acid uptake in both cells in tissues and in culture is electroporation (EP). EP is a physical delivery mechanism that increases the permeability of mammalian cell membranes and allows the trafficking of large macromolecules into the cell. EP has now been used extensively in the clinic and been shown to be an effective method to increase both the uptake of the construct and the breadth and magnitude of the resulting immune responses. Excitingly, 2014 saw the announcement of the first EP-enhanced DNA vaccine Phase II trial demonstrating clinical efficacy. This review seeks to introduce the reader to EP as a technology to enhance the delivery of DNA and RNA vaccines and highlight several published clinical trials using this delivery modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 660 West Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
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14
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McCoy JR, Mendoza JM, Spik KW, Badger C, Gomez AF, Schmaljohn CS, Sardesai NY, Broderick KE. A multi-head intradermal electroporation device allows for tailored and increased dose DNA vaccine delivery to the skin. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:3039-47. [PMID: 25483486 PMCID: PMC5443063 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of an effective and tolerable delivery method is a necessity for the success of DNA vaccines in the clinic. This manuscript describes the development and validation of a multi-headed intradermal electroporation device which would be applicable for delivering multiple DNA vaccine plasmids simultaneously but spatially separated. Reporter gene plasmids expressing green and red fluorescent proteins were used to demonstrate the impact of spatial separation on DNA delivery to increase the number of transfected cells and avoid interference through visible expression patterns. To investigate the impact of plasmid interference on immunogenicity, a disease target was investigated where issues with multi-valent vaccines had been previously described. DNA-based Hantaan and Puumala virus vaccines were delivered separately or as a combination and the effect of multi-valence was determined by appropriate assays. While a negative impact was observed for both antigenic vaccines when delivered together, these effects were mitigated when the vaccine was delivered using the multi-head device. We also demonstrate how the multi-head device facilitates higher dose delivery to the skin resulting in improved immune responses. This new multi-head platform device is an efficient, tolerable and non-invasive method to deliver multiple plasmid DNA constructs simultaneously allowing the tailoring of delivery sites for combination vaccines. Additionally, this device would allow the delivery of multi-plasmid vaccine formulations without risk of impacted immune responses through interference. Such a low-cost, easy to use device platform for the delivery of multi-agent DNA vaccines would have direct applications by the military and healthcare sectors for mass vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R McCoy
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Plymouth Meeting, PA USA
| | | | - Kristin W Spik
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Catherine Badger
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | - Alan F Gomez
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc.; Plymouth Meeting, PA USA
| | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Fort Detrick, MD USA
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15
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Abstract
DNA vaccines are a next generation branch of vaccines which offer major benefits over their conventional counterparts. However, to be effective in large mammals and humans, an enhancing delivery technology is required. Electroporation is a physical technique which results in improved delivery of large molecules through the cell membrane. In the case of plasmid DNA, electroporation enhances both the uptake and expression of the delivered DNA. The skin is an attractive tissue for DNA vaccination in a clinical setting due to the accessibility of the target, the ease of monitoring, and most importantly the immunocompetent nature of the dermis. Electroporation in the skin has the benefit of being minimally invasive and generally well tolerated. Previous studies have determined that optimized electroporation parameters (such as electrical field intensity, pulse length, pulse width, and plasmid formulation) majorly impact the efficiency of DNA delivery to the skin. We provide an overview of DNA vaccination in skin and muscle. In addition, we detail a protocol for the successful intradermal electroporation of plasmid DNA to guinea pig skin, an excellent dermatological animal model. The work detailed here suggests that the technique is safe and effective and could be highly applicable to a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Blue Bell PA, 19422, USA,
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16
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Mendoza JM, Amante DH, Kichaev G, Knott CL, Kiosses WB, Smith TRF, Sardesai NY, Broderick KE. Elucidating the Kinetics of Expression and Immune Cell Infiltration Resulting from Plasmid Gene Delivery Enhanced by Surface Dermal Electroporation. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:384-97. [PMID: 26344120 PMCID: PMC4494224 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an attractive tissue for vaccination in a clinical setting due to the accessibility of the target, the ease of monitoring and most importantly the immune competent nature of the dermal tissue. While skin electroporation offers an exciting and novel future methodology for the delivery of DNA vaccines in the clinic, little is known about the actual mechanism of the approach and the elucidation of the resulting immune responses. To further understand the mechanism of this platform, the expression kinetics and localization of a reporter plasmid delivered via a surface dermal electroporation (SEP) device as well as the effect that this treatment would have on the resident immune cells in that tissue was investigated. Initially a time course (day 0 to day 21) of enhanced gene delivery with electroporation (EP) was performed to observe the localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression and the kinetics of its appearance as well as clearance. Using gross imaging, GFP expression was not detected on the surface of the skin until 8 h post treatment. However, histological analysis by fluorescent microscopy revealed GFP positive cells as early as 1 h after plasmid delivery and electroporation. Peak GFP expression was observed at 24 h and the expression was maintained in skin for up to seven days. Using an antibody specific for a keratinocyte cell surface marker, reporter gene positive keratinocytes in the epidermis were identified. H&E staining of treated skin sections demonstrated an influx of monocytes and granulocytes at the EP site starting at 4 h and persisting up to day 14 post treatment. Immunological staining revealed a significant migration of lymphocytic cells to the EP site, congregating around cells expressing the delivered antigen. In conclusion, this study provides insights into the expression kinetics following EP enhanced DNA delivery targeting the dermal space. These findings may have implications in the future to design efficient DNA vaccination strategies for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janess M Mendoza
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
| | - Dinah H Amante
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
| | - Gleb Kichaev
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
| | - Christine L Knott
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
| | - William B Kiosses
- The Scripps Research Institute, Core Microscopy Facility, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Trevor R F Smith
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
| | - Niranjan Y Sardesai
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
| | - Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., 1787 Sentry Parkway West, Building 18, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA.
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Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S, Huang C, Santamaria P. Antigen-specific therapeutic approaches in Type 1 diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a007773. [PMID: 22355799 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a007773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of strategies capable of specifically curbing pathogenic autoimmune responses in a disease- and organ-specific manner without impairing foreign or tumor antigen-specific immune responses represents a long sought-after goal in autoimmune disease research. Unfortunately, our current understanding of the intricate details of the different autoimmune diseases that affect mankind, including type 1 diabetes, is rudimentary. As a result, progress in the development of the so-called "antigen-specific" therapies for autoimmunity has been slow and fraught with limitations that interfere with bench-to-bedside translation. Absent or incomplete understanding of mechanisms of action and lack of adequate immunological biomarkers, for example, preclude the rational design of effective drug development programs. Here, we provide an overview of antigen-specific approaches that have been tested in preclinical models of T1D and, in some cases, human subjects. The evidence suggests that effective translation of these approaches through clinical trials and into patients will continue to meet with failure unless detailed mechanisms of action at the level of the organism are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, University of Calgary, NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Diabetes Mellitus: New Challenges and Innovative Therapies. NEW STRATEGIES TO ADVANCE PRE/DIABETES CARE: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH BY PPPM 2013; 3. [PMCID: PMC7120768 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5971-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a common chronic disease affecting an estimated 285 million adults worldwide. The rising incidence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and subsequent vascular diseases is a major public health problem in industrialized countries. This chapter summarizes current pharmacological approaches to treat diabetes mellitus and focuses on novel therapies for diabetes mellitus that are under development. There is great potential for developing a new generation of therapeutics that offer better control of diabetes, its co-morbidities and its complications. Preclinical results are discussed for new approaches including AMPK activation, the FGF21 target, cell therapy approaches, adiponectin mimetics and novel insulin formulations. Gene-based therapies are among the most promising emerging alternatives to conventional treatments. Therapies based on gene silencing using vector systems to deliver interference RNA to cells (i.e. against VEGF in diabetic retinopathy) are also a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of several diabetic complications. In conclusion, treatment of diabetes faces now a new era that is characterized by a variety of innovative therapeutic approaches that will improve quality of life in the near future.
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Kardos TJ, Rabussay DP. Contactless magneto-permeabilization for intracellular plasmid DNA delivery in-vivo. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1707-13. [PMID: 22894955 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation, an attractive process for delivering DNA and other molecules into target cells in vivo and in vitro is limited by the necessity of electrodes that need to be in contact with the subject or object to be electroporated. We have used magnetic fields, which do not require material contact with the subject, to temporarily permeabilize cells in guinea pig skin in vivo to enhance uptake and expression of GFP plasmid DNA. The results show for the first time that magnetic fields can trigger a process likely similar to electroporation. In designing the magnetic pulses, our most important criterion was a high rate of change of the magnetic field, based on the principle described by Michael Faraday which is expressed by the formula: E = -dB/dt, (E, electric field, B, magnetic field, t, time). Magnetic fields were generated by a flat electromagnet in a hand-held applicator positioned above the target tissue. The magnetic pulses had a peak magnetic flux density of 4 tesla; 50 pulses were applied in 5 sec. Biphasic magnetic pulses were twice as effective as monophasic pulses and about equally effective as traditional electroporation pulses . Advantages of magnetopermeabilization over electoporation include: No contact between applicator and subject ("contact-less"); no need for invasive, disposable, sterile electrodes ("needle-less"); no pain from needles and reduced overall pain; no known side effects; easier and faster to administer than electroporation; less expensive due to absence of disposables; and, importantly, greater tissue penetration of the magnetic field allowing treatment of anatomical areas inaccessible by electroporation.
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20
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Fissolo N, Costa C, Nurtdinov RN, Bustamante MF, Llombart V, Mansilla MJ, Espejo C, Montalban X, Comabella M. Treatment with MOG-DNA vaccines induces CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and up-regulates genes with neuroprotective functions in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:139. [PMID: 22727044 PMCID: PMC3464883 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA vaccines represent promising therapeutic strategies in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the precise mechanisms by which DNA vaccines induce immune regulation remain largely unknown. Here, we aimed to expand previous knowledge existing on the mechanisms of action of DNA vaccines in the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), by treating EAE mice with a DNA vaccine encoding the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and exploring the therapeutic effects on the disease-induced inflammatory and neurodegenerative changes. Methods EAE was induced in C57BL6/J mice by immunization with MOG35-55 peptide. Mice were intramuscularly treated with a MOG-DNA vaccine or vehicle in prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. Histological studies were performed in central nervous system (CNS) tissue. Cytokine production and regulatory T cell (Treg) quantification were achieved by flow cytometry. Gene expression patterns were determined using microarrays, and the main findings were validated by real-time PCR. Results MOG-DNA treatment reduced the clinical and histopathological signs of EAE when administered in both prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Suppression of clinical EAE was associated with dampening of antigen (Ag)-specific proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 immune responses and, interestingly, expansion of Treg in the periphery and upregulation in the CNS of genes encoding neurotrophic factors and proteins involved in remyelination. Conclusions These results suggest for the first time that the beneficial effects of DNA vaccines in EAE are not limited to anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and DNA vaccines may also exert positive effects through hitherto unknown neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Fissolo
- Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, CEM-Cat, Unitat de Neuroimmunologia Clínica, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron (HUVH), Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Tian DY, Sun Y, Wai SF, Lee FK, Meng QL, Suen KM, Wang N, Han W, Li S, Li YF, Li D, Ling LJ, Liao YJ, Qiu HJ. Enhancement of the immunogenicity of an alphavirus replicon-based DNA vaccine against classical swine fever by electroporation and coinjection with a plasmid expressing porcine interleukin 2. Vaccine 2012; 30:3587-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Cao X, Deng W, Wei Y, Su W, Yang Y, Wei Y, Yu J, Xu X. Encapsulation of plasmid DNA in calcium phosphate nanoparticles: stem cell uptake and gene transfer efficiency. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3335-49. [PMID: 22229000 PMCID: PMC3252680 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s27370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to develop calcium phosphate nanocomposite particles encapsulating plasmid DNA (CP-pDNA) nanoparticles as a nonviral vector for gene delivery. Methods CP-pDNA nanoparticles employing plasmid transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) were prepared and characterized. The transfection efficiency and cell viability of the CP-pDNA nanoparticles were evaluated in mesenchymal stem cells, which were identified by immunofluorescence staining. Cytotoxicity of plasmid TGF-β1 and calcium phosphate to mesenchymal stem cells were evaluated by MTT assay. Results The integrity of TGF-β1 encapsulated in the CP-pDNA nanoparticles was maintained. The well dispersed CP-pDNA nanoparticles exhibited an ultralow particle size (20–50 nm) and significantly lower cytotoxicity than Lipofectamine™ 2000. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the cultured cells in this study were probably mesenchymal stem cells. The cellular uptake and transfection efficiency of the CP-pDNA nanoparticles into the mesenchymal stem cells were higher than that of needle-like calcium phosphate nanoparticles and a standard calcium phosphate transfection kit. Furthermore, live cell imaging and confocal laser microscopy vividly showed the transportation process of the CP-pDNA nanoparticles in mesenchymal stem cells. The results of a cytotoxicity assay found that both plasmid TGF-β1 and calcium phosphate were not toxic to mesenchymal stem cells. Conclusion CP-pDNA nanoparticles can be developed into an effective alternative as a nonviral gene delivery system that is highly efficient and has low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
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23
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Rochard A, Scherman D, Bigey P. Genetic immunization with plasmid DNA mediated by electrotransfer. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:789-98. [PMID: 21631165 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of DNA immunization was first advanced in the early 1990s, but was not developed because of an initial lack of efficiency. Recent technical advances in plasmid design and gene delivery techniques have allowed renewed interest in the idea. Particularly, a better understanding of genetic immunization has led to construction of optimized plasmids and the use of efficient molecular adjuvants. The field also took great advantage of new delivery techniques such as electrotransfer. This is a simple physical technique consisting of injecting plasmid DNA into a target tissue and applying an electric field, allowing up to a thousandfold more expression of the transgene than naked DNA. DNA immunization mediated by electrotransfer is now effective in a variety of preclinical models against infectious or acquired diseases such as cancer or autoimmune diseases, and is making its way through the clinics in several ongoing phase I human clinical trials. This review will briefly describe genetic immunization mediated by electrotransfer and the main fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rochard
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique et d'Imagerie, CNRS, UMR8151, Paris, F-75006 France
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Liang Y, Qiu H, Glinka Y, Lazarus AH, Ni H, Prud'homme GJ, Wang Q. Immunity against a therapeutic xenoprotein/Fc construct delivered by gene transfer is reduced through binding to the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb. J Gene Med 2011; 13:470-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Liang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; St Michael's Hospital; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - Hongmin Qiu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute; St Michael's Hospital; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - Yelena Glinka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - Alan H. Lazarus
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - Gerald J. Prud'homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology; University of Toronto; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
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Abstract
This review provides a detailed look at the attributes and immunologic mechanisms of plasmid DNA vaccines and their utility as laboratory tools as well as potential human vaccines. The immunogenicity and efficacy of DNA vaccines in a variety of preclinical models is used to illustrate how they differ from traditional vaccines in novel ways due to the in situ antigen production and the ease with which they are constructed. The ability to make new DNA vaccines without needing to handle a virulent pathogen or to adapt the pathogen for manufacturing purposes demonstrates the potential value of this vaccine technology for use against emerging and epidemic pathogens. Similarly, personalized anti-tumor DNA vaccines can also readily be made from a biopsy. Because DNA vaccines bias the T-helper (Th) cell response to a Th1 phenotype, DNA vaccines are also under development for vaccines against allergy and autoimmune diseases. The licensure of four animal health products, including two prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, one immunotherapy for cancer, and one gene therapy delivery of a hormone for a food animal, provides evidence of the efficacy of DNA vaccines in multiple species including horses and pigs. The size of these target animals provides evidence that the somewhat disappointing immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in a number of human clinical trials is not due simply to the larger mass of humans compared with most laboratory animals. The insights gained from the mechanisms of protection in the animal vaccines, the advances in the delivery and expression technologies for increasing the potency of DNA vaccines, and encouragingly potent human immune responses in certain clinical trials, provide insights for future efforts to develop DNA vaccines into a broadly useful vaccine and immunotherapy platform with applications for human and animal health.
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26
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Liu R, Li Y, Hu R, Jin T, Deng S, Liang W, Zhang N, Chen J, Prud'homme GJ, Jia WW, Ma D, Wang Q. A site-specific genomic integration strategy for sustained expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 in mouse muscle for controlling energy homeostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:172-7. [PMID: 21070745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts important functions in controlling glucose and energy homeostasis. Endogenous GLP-1 has a very short half-life due to DPP-IV-mediated degradation and renal clearance, which limits the therapeutic use of native GLP-1. We have shown previously that immunoglobulin fragment-fused GLP-1 (GLP-1/Fc) is a structurally stable GLP-1 analog. Here, we report a non-viral GLP-1/Fc gene therapy strategy utilizing a REP78-in-trans and REB-in-cis element system to achieve a site-specific genomic integration. For this purpose, the GLP-1/Fc expression cassette, which is fused with the RBE element, was co-injected with the Rep78 plasmid into the muscles of transgenic mice carrying the AAVS1 locus of human chromosome 19. The Rep protein-mediated site-specific integration was demonstrated by nested PCR, dot-blot, and Southern blotting. We found that this approach reduced weight gain and improved lipid profiles in the AAVS1-mice on high-fat diet challenge. Our observations reveal a new GLP-1 therapeutic strategy with an apparent absence of side effects, which may find applications in diabetes treatment and obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Hua Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Riedel MJ, Kieffer TJ. Treatment of diabetes with glucagon-like peptide-1 gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1681-92. [PMID: 21029027 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.532786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists are in widespread clinical use for the treatment of diabetes. While effective, these peptides require frequent injections to maintain efficacy. Therefore, alternative delivery methods including gene therapy are currently being evaluated. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Here, we review the biology of GLP-1, evidence supporting the clinical use of the native peptide as well as synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonists, and the rationale for their delivery by gene therapy. We then review progress made in the field of GLP-1 gene therapy for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Efforts to improve the biological half-life of GLP-1 receptor agonists are discussed. We focus on the development of both viral and non-viral gene delivery methods, highlighting vector designs and the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches. We also discuss the utility of targeting regulated GLP-1 production to tissues including the liver, muscle, islet and gut. TAKE HOME MESSAGE GLP-1 is a natural peptide possessing several actions that effectively combat diabetes. Current delivery methods for GLP-1-based drugs are cumbersome and do not recapitulate the normal secretion pattern of the native hormone. Gene therapy offers a useful method for directing long-term production and secretion of the native peptide. Targeted production of GLP-1 using tissue-specific promoters and delivery methods may improve therapeutic efficacy, while also eliminating the burden of frequent injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Riedel
- University of British Columbia, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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28
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Prototype development and preclinical immunogenicity analysis of a novel minimally invasive electroporation device. Gene Ther 2010; 18:258-65. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Oliveira NAJ, Cecchi CR, Higuti E, Oliveira JE, Jensen TG, Bartolini P, Peroni CN. Long-term human growth hormone expression and partial phenotypic correction by plasmid-based gene therapy in an animal model of isolated growth hormone deficiency. J Gene Med 2010; 12:580-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Yanay O, Moralejo D, Kernan K, Brzezinski M, Fuller JM, Barton R, Lernmark A, Osborne WR. Prolonged survival and improved glycemia in BioBreeding diabetic rats after early sustained exposure to glucagon-like peptide 1. J Gene Med 2010; 12:538-44. [PMID: 20527046 PMCID: PMC2882674 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and BioBreeding (BB) rats is an autoimmune disease that results in complete destruction of islets and insulin dependency for life. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) promotes beta cell proliferation and neogenesis and has a potent insulinotropic effect. We hypothesized that the expression of GLP-1 before disease onset would increase islet mass, delay diabetes and prolong survival of BB rats. METHODS Vascular smooth muscle cells retrovirally transduced to secrete GLP-1 were seeded into TheraCyte encapsulation devices, implanted subcutaneously, and rats were monitored for diabetes. RESULTS In untreated control rats, plasma GLP-1 levels were 34.5-39.5 pmol/l, whereas, in treated rats, plasma levels were elevated, in the range 90-250.4 pmol/l. Hypoglycemia was not detected and this was anticipated from the glucose-regulated action of GLP-1. Diabetes onset (mean + or - SEM) in untreated rats occurred at 56.5 + or - 0.6 days (n = 6) and, in GLP-1-treated rats, was delayed until 76.4 + or - 3.3 days (n = 5) (p < 0.001). After disease onset, untreated control rats showed a rapid weight loss and elevated blood glucose (>650 mg/dl) and did not survive beyond 11 days. At 5 days after diabetes onset, insulin-secreting islets were absent in untreated rats. By contrast, treated rats maintained weight for up to 143 days of age and showed insulin-secreting beta cells. CONCLUSIONS Sustained GLP-1 expression delivered by encapsulated cells before diabetes onset in BB rats showed an improved clinical outcome, suggesting the potential for treating patients using long lasting GLP-1 analogs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Glucagon/metabolism
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/pharmacology
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Implants, Experimental
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BB
- Rats, Wistar
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Yanay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Daniel Moralejo
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Kelly Kernan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | | | | | | | - Ake Lernmark
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA
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Zhang W, Jin H, Hu Y, Yu Y, Li X, Ding Z, Kang Y, Wang B. Protective response against type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice after coimmunization with insulin and DNA encoding proinsulin. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:171-8. [PMID: 19788384 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) in both humans and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets with subsequent destruction of the insulin-producing cells. The T regulatory (Treg) cell has been suggested to play an important role in controlling T cell-mediated inflammatory T1D. We previously demonstrated that induction of antigen-specific Treg cells in vivo by co-immunization with a DNA vaccine and its encoded protein can effectively inhibit T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. To further demonstrate the potential of this strategy, we show here that co-immunization of NOD mice twice with DNA encoding proinsulin plus insulin protein prevents the onset of T1D and induces the impairment of antigen-specific T cell responses in a dose-dependent manner. We further show that the inhibitory function is due to the induction of TGF-beta-producing CD4(+)CD25(-) islet-specific iTreg cells against the onset of T1D in NOD mice. Induced iTreg cells were observed only in the co-immunization group, but derived neither from the DNA vaccine nor the protein alone, suggesting that a biased helper T cell type 1 response plays no inhibitory role. A strategy based on co-immunization to induce a protective response against the onset of diabetes in NOD mice may lead to the development of an immunotherapeutic/preventive protocol against T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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32
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Polyplex nanomicelle promotes hydrodynamic gene introduction to skeletal muscle. J Control Release 2010; 143:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lefebvre B, Vandewalle B, Longue J, Moerman E, Lukowiak B, Gmyr V, Maedler K, Kerr-conte J, Pattou F. Efficient gene delivery and silencing of mouse and human pancreatic islets. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:28. [PMID: 20353585 PMCID: PMC2853492 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In view of the importance of beta cells in glucose homeostasis and the profound repercussions of beta cell pathology on human health, the acquisition of tools to study pancreatic islet function is essential for the design of alternative novel therapies for diabetes. One promising approach toward this goal involves the modification of gene expression profile of beta cells. Results This study describes a new method of gene and siRNA delivery into human pancreatic islets by microporation technology. We demonstrated that mild islet distention with accutase greatly enhanced the transfection efficiency without compromising in vitro function (secretion, apoptosis and viability). As an example, the recently identified gene involved in type 2 diabetes, ZnT8, can be over-expressed or silenced by RNA interference using this technology. Microporation can also be used on rodent islets. Conclusions Taken together, our results demonstrate that microporation technology can be used to modify gene expression in whole rodent and human islets without altering their in vitro function and will be key to the elucidation of the factors responsible for proper islet function.
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Sena CM, Bento CF, Pereira P, Seiça R. Diabetes mellitus: new challenges and innovative therapies. EPMA J 2010; 1:138-63. [PMID: 23199048 PMCID: PMC3405309 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a widespread disease prevalence and incidence of which increases worldwide. The introduction of insulin therapy represented a major breakthrough in type 1 diabetes; however, frequent hyper- and hypoglycemia seriously affects the quality of life of these patients. New therapeutic approaches, such as whole pancreas transplant or pancreatic islet transplant, stem cell, gene therapy and islets encapsulation are discussed in this review. Regarding type 2 diabetes, therapy has been based on drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (sulphonylureas and rapid-acting secretagogues), reduce hepatic glucose production (biguanides), delay digestion and absorption of intestinal carbohydrate (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors) or improve insulin action (thiazolidinediones). This review is also focused on the newer therapeutically approaches such as incretin-based therapies, bariatric surgery, stem cells and other emerging therapies that promise to further extend the options available. Gene-based therapies are among the most promising emerging alternatives to conventional treatments. Some of these therapies rely on genetic modification of non-differentiated cells to express pancreatic endocrine developmental factors, promoting differentiation of non-endocrine cells into β-cells, enabling synthesis and secretion of insulin in a glucose-regulated manner. Alternative therapies based on gene silencing using vector systems to deliver interference RNA to cells (i.e. against VEGF in diabetic retinopathy) are also a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of several diabetic complications. In conclusion, treatment of diabetes faces now a new era that is characterized by a variety of innovative therapeutic approaches that will improve quality-life and allow personalized therapy-planning in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Sena
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Subunit 1, polo 3, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla F. Bento
- IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Subunit 1, polo 3, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
- IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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In vivo delivery of a microRNA-regulated transgene induces antigen-specific regulatory T cells and promotes immunologic tolerance. Blood 2010; 114:5152-61. [PMID: 19794140 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-04-214569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that incorporating target sequences for the hematopoietic-specific microRNA miR-142 into an antigen-encoding transgene prevents antigen expression in antigen-presenting cells (APCs). To determine whether this approach induces immunologic tolerance, we treated mice with a miR-142-regulated lentiviral vector encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), and subsequently vaccinated the mice against GFP. In contrast to control mice, no anti-GFP response was observed, indicating that robust tolerance to the transgene-encoded antigen was achieved. Furthermore, injection of the miR-142-regulated vector induced a population of GFP-specific regulatory T cells. Interestingly, an anti-GFP response was observed when microRNA miR-122a was inserted into the vector and antigen expression was detargeted from hepatocytes as well as APCs. This demonstrates that, in the context of lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer, detargeting antigen expression from professional APCs, coupled with expression in hepatocytes, can induce antigen-specific immunologic tolerance.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a group of disorders in which there exists a large unmet medical need for effective treatments, but also where there exists a tremendous responsibility among physicians and drug developers to maintain adequate and acceptable patient safety. Several drugs have been approved and many others are about to be approved for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but in pushing the envelope of therapeutic efficacy, concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of these new therapies. DNA vaccines provide a method of treating autoimmune diseases in a highly specific manner, and could therefore overcome these safety concerns while still maintaining comparable efficacy. The numerous reports of DNA vaccines in animal models of autoimmune diseases and results from three recent human trials of DNA vaccines in autoimmune diseases are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Garren
- Bayhill Therapeutics, Inc., Suite 150, San Mateo, CA 94404, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro genetic modification has been regarded as one option to improve the viability and functionality of pancreatic islets when used for transplantation in patients with diabetes, either as naked islets or in a type of bioartificial pancreas. In this approach, vector safety and poor transfection efficiency are major concerns. METHODS In this study, the influence of in vitro transfection conditions on polyplexes constructed of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) on the transfection efficiency was investigated by varying the transfection medium, the pDNA dose, and the amines of polycation/phosphates of pDNA (N/P) ratio. RESULTS Ca2+-containing Krebs-Ringer-HEPES medium was more effective than RPMI 1640 medium by increasing transfection efficiency (2.5-fold). An increase in pDNA dose slightly reduced the transfection efficiency but had minimal influence on islet loss. However, the N/P ratio had a large effect on islet viability and transfection efficiency. For example, the PEI/pDNA ratio at N/P = 10 caused greater islet loss (56% vs. 28%) and 30-fold less transfection efficiency than at N/P = 5. Even under a set of best conditions selected from this study, mostly a fraction of cells located in the peripheral regions of an islet were transfected, and the viability and insulin secretion from the treated islets were not altered. However, it was found that the extent of apoptosis was noticeably higher (approximately 16%) than in untreated islets (approximately 2%). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the gene delivery efficacy to isolated islets can be improved by manipulating the transfection conditions. Polymeric vectors will broaden the options for islet transfection, which is currently limited to viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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Kang HC, Bae YH. Transfection of insulin-secreting cell line and rat islets by functional polymeric gene vector. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2837-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Arulmuthu ER, Williams DJ, Versteeg HK. The arrival of genetic engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 28:40-54. [PMID: 19150770 DOI: 10.1109/memb.2008.931015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Arulmuthu
- Healthcare Engineering Group, Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Brown PA, Bodles-Brakhop AM, Draghia-Akli R. Effects of plasmid growth hormone-releasing hormone treatment during heat stress. DNA Cell Biol 2008; 27:629-35. [PMID: 18721073 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2008.0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene therapy treatment with plasmid-based growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) delivered by electroporation (EP) was investigated during heat stress; 32 primiparous cows received 2.5 mg of a GHRH-expressing myogenic plasmid (pSP-HV-GHRH), while 20 were designated as controls. Offspring of treated animals showed a reduction in mortality (47%; p < 0.02), and survival from birth to 260 days was dramatically improved (0% mortality vs. 21% in controls) along with an increase in weight gain (p < 0.05). Milk production was increased compared to controls with an average yield gain of 421 kg/cow (p = 0.028). Prolactin (PRL) levels were also significantly increased compared to controls (p < 0.05). The second pregnancy rate was improved by GHRH treatment (53.3% vs. 30.8%). This study shows that the use of plasmid-mediated therapy delivered by EP can maintain health status during periods of heat stress, important for both animals and potentially humans in hot, challenging climates.
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Goudy KS, Wang B, Tisch R. Gene gun-mediated DNA vaccination enhances antigen-specific immunotherapy at a late preclinical stage of type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:49-57. [PMID: 18675592 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the T cell mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Antigen-specific immunotherapies are used to selectively tolerize beta cell-specific pathogenic T cells either directly, or indirectly through the induction of immunoregulatory T cells. A key concern of antigen-specific immunotherapy is exacerbating autoimmunity. We compared the T cell reactivity and efficacy induced by plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) administered via intramuscular versus gene gun vaccination in NOD mice at a late preclinical stage of T1D. Whereas intramuscular injection of pGAD65 promoted a predominant type 1 CD4(+) T cell response and failed to suppress ongoing beta cell autoimmunity, gene gun vaccination preferentially induced IL-4 secreting CD4(+) T cells and significantly delayed the onset of diabetes. These findings demonstrate that gene gun delivery of autoantigen-encoding pDNA preferentially elicits immunoregulatory T cells and offers a safe, effective mode of pDNA vaccination for the treatment of T1D and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Goudy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7290, USA
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Brown PA, Bodles-Brakhop A, Draghia-Akli R. Plasmid growth hormone releasing hormone therapy in healthy and laminitis-afflicted horses-evaluation and pilot study. J Gene Med 2008; 10:564-74. [PMID: 18302303 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo electroporation dramatically improves the potency of plasmid-mediated therapies, including in large animal models. Laminitis and arthritis are common and debilitating diseases in the horse, as well as humans. METHODS The effects of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) on healthy horses and on horses with laminitis that were followed for 6 months after a single intramuscular injection and electroporation of 2.5 mg of an optimized myogenic GHRH-expressing plasmid were examined. RESULTS In the first study on six healthy horses, we observed a significant increase in body mass by day 180 compared to baseline (P < 0.003), and an increase in erythrocyte production (hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin, P = 0.03). IGF-I levels were increased by 7% by day 120 (P = 0.02). A pilot study was performed on two horses with chronic laminitis, a vascular condition often associated with arthritis, with two horses with similar clinical disease serving as non-treated controls. Treated horses experienced an increase in weight compared to control horses that received standard care (P = 0.007). By 6 months post-treatment, treated subjects were rated pasture sound. Physical and radiographic evaluation demonstrated significant improvement with reduced inflammation and decreased lameness. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that a plasmid therapy delivered by electroporation can potentially be used to treat chronic conditions in horses, and possibly other very large mammals. While further studies are needed, overall this proof-of-concept work presents encouraging data for studying gene therapeutic treatments for Raynaud's syndrome and arthritis in humans.
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Peroni CN, Cecchi CR, Rosauro CW, Nonogaki S, Boccardo E, Bartolini P. Secretion of mouse growth hormone by transduced primary human keratinocytes: prospects for an animal model of cutaneous gene therapy. J Gene Med 2008; 10:734-43. [PMID: 18389487 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratinocytes are a very attractive vehicle for ex vivo gene transfer and systemic delivery because proteins secreted by these cells may reach the circulation via a mechanism that mimics the natural process. METHODS An efficient retroviral vector (LXSN) encoding the mouse growth hormone gene (mGH) was used to transduce primary human keratinocytes. Organotypic raft cultures were prepared with these genetically modified keratinocytes and were grafted onto immunodeficient dwarf mice (lit/scid). RESULTS Transduced keratinocytes presented a high and stable in vitro secretion level of up to 11 microg mGH/10(6)cells/day. Conventional epidermal sheets made with these genetically modified keratinocytes, however, showed a drop in secretion rates of > 80% due to detachment of the epithelium from its substratum. Substitution of conventional grafting methodologies with organotypic raft cultures completely overcame this problem. The stable long-term grafting of such cultures onto lit/scid mice could be followed for more than 4 months, and a significant weight increase over the control group was observed in the first 40 days. Circulating mGH levels revealed a peak of 21 ng/ml just 1 h after grafting but, unfortunately, these levels rapidly fell to baseline values. CONCLUSIONS mGH-secreting primary human keratinocytes presented the highest in vitro expression and peak circulatory levels reported to date for a form of GH with this type of cells. Together with previous data showing that excised implants can recover a remarkable fraction of their original in vitro mGH secretion efficiency in culture, the factors that might still hamper the success of this promising model of cutaneous gene therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Nunes Peroni
- Biotechnology Department, National Nuclear Energy Commission (IPEN), Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:193-207. [PMID: 18316957 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282fba8b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hirao LA, Wu L, Khan AS, Hokey DA, Yan J, Dai A, Betts MR, Draghia-Akli R, Weiner DB. Combined effects of IL-12 and electroporation enhances the potency of DNA vaccination in macaques. Vaccine 2008; 26:3112-20. [PMID: 18430495 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are a promising technology. Historically, however, the ability of DNA vaccines to induce high response rates and strong immune responses, especially antibody responses, in non-human primates and human clinical trials has proven suboptimal. Here, we performed a pilot study in rhesus macaques to evaluate whether we could improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines through the use of adjuvant technology and improved delivery systems. The study consisted of four groups of animals that received: DNA by intramuscular (IM) injection, DNA with plasmid-encoded IL-12 by IM injection, DNA by IM injection with in vivo electroporation (EP), and DNA with IL-12 by IM EP. Each group was immunized three times with optimized HIV gag and env constructs. Vaccine immunogenicity was assessed by IFNgamma ELISpot, CFSE proliferation, polyfunctional flow cytometry, and antibody ELISA. Similar to previous studies, use of IL-12 as an adjuvant increased the gag and env-specific cellular responses. The use of EP to enhance plasmid delivery resulted in dramatically higher cellular as well as humoral responses. Interestingly, the use of EP to administer the DNA and IL-12 adjuvant combination resulted in the induction of higher, more efficient responses such that a 10-fold increase in antigen-specific IFNgamma(+) cells compared to IM DNA immunization was observed after a single immunization. In addition to increases in the magnitude of IFNgamma production in the initial and memory responses, the combined approach resulted in enhancements in the proliferative capacity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells and the amount of polyfunctional cells capable of producing IL-2 and TNFalpha in addition to IFNgamma. These data suggest that adjuvant and improved delivery methods may be able to overcome previous immunogenicity limitations in DNA vaccine technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Hirao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Boulevard, 505 SCL, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Lai Y, Drobinskaya I, Kolossov E, Chen C, Linn T. Genetic modification of cells for transplantation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:146-59. [PMID: 18037530 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Progress in gene therapy has produced promising results that translate experimental research into clinical treatment. Gene modification has been extensively employed in cell transplantation. The main barrier is an effective gene delivery system. Several viral vectors were utilized in end-stage differentiated cells. Recently, successful applications were described with adenovirus-associated vectors. As an alternative, embryonic stem cell- and stem cell-like systems were established for generation of tissue-specified gene-modified cells. Owing to the feasibility for genetic manipulations and the self-renewing potency of these cells they can be used in a way enabling large-scale in vitro production. This approach offers the establishment of in vitro cell culture systems that will deliver sufficient amounts of highly purified, immunoautologous cells suitable for application in regenerative medicine. In this review, the current technology of gene delivery systems to cells is recapitulated and the latest developments for cell transplantation are discussed.
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Hirao LA, Wu L, Khan AS, Satishchandran A, Draghia-Akli R, Weiner DB. Intradermal/subcutaneous immunization by electroporation improves plasmid vaccine delivery and potency in pigs and rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2007; 26:440-8. [PMID: 18082294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to improve DNA vaccine immune potency electroporation has emerged as a method of delivery of plasmids to target tissues. However, few studies have examined the use of this technology to deliver plasmid vaccines to the skin. Here we studied the effect of electroporation on DNA vaccine potency and gene delivery using skin as a target tissue in larger animal species. Using a pig model, we determined that high plasmid concentrations resulted in improved gene expression for plasmid GFP delivered by the intradermal/subcutaneous (ID/SQ) route. In a macaque model, we observed higher cellular and humoral responses to an HIV DNA vaccine, which included plasmid-encoded IL-12, with electroporation compared to ID/SQ injection alone. The induced responses were TH1 mediated. These results support that skin electroporation may have importance as an immunization approach in larger animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Hirao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Boulevard, 505 SCL, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Prud'homme GJ. Pathobiology of transforming growth factor beta in cancer, fibrosis and immunologic disease, and therapeutic considerations. J Transl Med 2007; 87:1077-91. [PMID: 17724448 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in wound healing, angiogenesis, immunoregulation and cancer. The cells of the immune system produce the TGF-beta1 isoform, which exerts powerful anti-inflammatory functions, and is a master regulator of the immune response. However, this is context dependent, because TGF-beta can contribute to the differentiation of both regulatory (suppressive) T cells (Tr cells) and inflammatory Th17 cells. While TGF-beta might be underproduced in some autoimmune diseases, it is overproduced in many pathological conditions. This includes pulmonary fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, renal interstitial fibrosis, cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, cardiomyopathy, scleroderma and chronic graft-vs-host disease. In neoplastic disease, TGF-beta suppresses the progression of early lesions, but later this effect is lost and cancer cells produce TGF-beta, which then promotes metastasis. This cytokine also contributes to the formation of the tumor stroma, angiogenesis and immunosuppression. In view of this, several approaches are being studied to inhibit TGF-beta activity, including neutralizing antibodies, soluble receptors, receptor kinase antagonist drugs, antisense reagents and a number of less specific drugs such as angiotensin II antagonists and tranilast. It might be assumed that TGF-beta blockade would result in severe inflammatory disease, but this has not been the case, presumably because the neutralization is only partial. In contrast, the systemic administration of TGF-beta for therapeutic purposes is limited by toxicity and safety concerns, but local administration appears feasible, especially to promote wound healing. Immunotherapy or vaccination stimulating TGF-beta production and/or Tr differentiation might be applied to the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The benefits of new therapies targeting TGF-beta are under intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald J Prud'homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, St Michael's Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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