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de Lima RAF, Dauby G, de Gasper AL, Fernandez EP, Vibrans AC, Oliveira AAD, Prado PI, Souza VC, F de Siqueira M, Ter Steege H. Comprehensive conservation assessments reveal high extinction risks across Atlantic Forest trees. Science 2024; 383:219-225. [PMID: 38207046 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Biodiversity is declining globally, yet many biodiversity hotspots still lack comprehensive species conservation assessments. Using multiple International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria to evaluate extinction risks and millions of herbarium and forest inventory records, we present automated conservation assessments for all tree species of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot, including ~1100 heretofore unassessed species. About 65% of all species and 82% of endemic species are classified as threatened. We rediscovered five species classified as Extinct on the IUCN Red List and identified 13 endemics as possibly extinct. Uncertainties in species information had little influence on the assessments, but using fewer Red List criteria severely underestimated threat levels. We suggest that the conservation status of tropical forests worldwide is worse than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato A F de Lima
- Tropical Botany, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Gilles Dauby
- Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (AMAP), Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - André L de Gasper
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, 89030-903 Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Eduardo P Fernandez
- Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (IUCN SSC Brazil Plant Red List Authority), Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexander C Vibrans
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua São Paulo, 3250, 89030-000 Blumenau, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo I Prado
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius C Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marinez F de Siqueira
- Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (IUCN SSC Brazil Plant Red List Authority), Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hans Ter Steege
- Tropical Botany, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
- Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
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Younis NA, Hemdan A, Zafer MM, Abd-Elsalam WH, Abouelatta SM. Standardization and quantitative analysis of Araucaria Heterophylla extract via an UPLC-MS/MS method and its formulation as an antibacterial phytonanoemulsion gel. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12557. [PMID: 35869113 PMCID: PMC9307656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSkin infections are among the bacterial infections that present significant therapeutic challenges due to antibiotic resistance. Recently, herbal products clutched a significant attention as safe replacements for other medications but their low aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability are considered major challenges which could be circumvented via formulation. As a species of genera Araucaria, Araucaria Heterophylla possesses pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and antibacterial actions, and this study aimed to standardize the extract of the plant against 4ʹʹʹmethoxyamentoflavone (as a main component of the extract) through a validated UPLC-MS/MS method and evaluate its antibacterial activity, which was followed by loading the standardized extract into a nanoemulsion to form a phytonanoemulsion (PNE), where the design analysis and optimization were performed through a simplex lattice design. The optimized PNE (PNE 3) was then loaded into HPMC/Pluronic F-127 gel (in ratio 1:4) to sustain the release of the active constituent. The heightened penetrability of PNE 3 gel was visualized via confocal laser scanning microscopy, and its prolonged effect was proved thru an in vivo study conducted on male Wistar rats. A histopathological study revealed the safety of the formulation when applied topically. Thus, PNE gel could be a potentially broad-spectrum antibacterial drug delivery system.
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Escobar S, Vigouroux Y, Karubian J, Zekraoui L, Balslev H, Montúfar R. Limited seed dispersal shapes fine‐scale spatial genetic structure in a Neotropical dioecious large‐seeded palm. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Escobar
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente, y Salud Universidad de Las Américas Quito Ecuador
| | - Yves Vigouroux
- Diversité, Adaptation, Développement des Plantes Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans USA
| | - Leila Zekraoui
- Diversité, Adaptation, Développement des Plantes Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Henrik Balslev
- Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Rommel Montúfar
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador
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LIANG XINYUAN, BAI TIANDAO, WANG JIANZHONG, JIANG WEIXIN. Genome survey and development of 13 SSR markers in Eucalyptus cloeziana by NGS. J Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Butcher CL, Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Lewis JD. Long-Distance Pollen Dispersal in Urban Green Roof and Ground-Level Habitats. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.790464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-distance pollen dispersal is critical for gene flow in plant populations, yet pollen dispersal patterns in urban habitats such as green roofs have not been extensively studied. Pollen dispersal patterns typically are assessed either by fitting non-linear models to the relationship between the degree of pollen dispersal and distance to the pollen source (i.e., curve fitting), or by fitting probability density functions (PDFs) to pollen dispersal probability histograms (i.e., PDF fitting). Studies using curve fitting typically report exponential decay patterns in pollen dispersal. However, PDF fitting typically produces more fat-tailed distributions, suggesting the exponential decay may not be the best fitting model. Because the two approaches may yield conflicting results, we used both approaches to examine pollen dispersal patterns in the wind-pollinated Amaranthus tuberculatus and the insect-pollinated Solanum lycopersicum at two green roof and two ground-level sites in the New York (NY, United States) metropolitan area. For the curve fitting analyses, the exponential decay and inverse power curves provided good fits to pollen dispersal patterns across both green roof and ground-level sites for both species. Similar patterns were observed with the PDF fitting analyses, where the exponential or inverse Gaussian were the top PDF at most sites for both species. While the curve fitting results are consistent with other studies, the results differ from most studies using PDF fitting, where long-distance pollen dispersal is more common than we observed. These results highlight the need for further research to compare curve and PDF fitting for predicting pollen dispersal patterns. And, critically, while long-distance pollen dispersal may be an important component of overall pollen dispersal for A. tuberculatus and S. lycopersicum in both urban green roof and ground-level sites, our results suggest it potentially may occur to a lesser extent compared with plants in less-urban areas.
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Gene Flow and Genetic Structure Reveal Reduced Diversity between Generations of a Tropical Tree, Manilkara multifida Penn., in Atlantic Forest Fragments. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12122025. [PMID: 34946973 PMCID: PMC8701937 DOI: 10.3390/genes12122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Bahia, Brazil, contain large tree species that have suffered disturbances in recent decades. Anthropogenic activities have led to a decrease in the population of many tree species and a loss of alleles that can maintain the evolutionary fitness of their populations. This study assessed patterns of genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, and genetic structure among Manilkara multifida Penn. populations, comparing the genetic parameters of adult and juvenile trees. In particular, we collected leaves from adults and juveniles of M. multifida in two protected areas, the Veracel Station (EVC) and the Una Biological Reserve (UBR), located in threatened Atlantic Forest fragments. We observed a substantial decay in genetic variability between generations in both areas i.e., adults’ HO values were higher (EVC = 0.720, UBR = 0.736) than juveniles’ (EVC = 0.463 and UBR = 0.560). Both juveniles and adults showed genetic structure between the two areas (θ = 0.017 for adults and θ = 0.109 for juveniles). Additionally, forest fragments indicated an unexpectedly short gene flow. Our results, therefore, highlight the pervasive effects of historical deforestation and other human disturbances on the genetic diversity of M. multifida populations within a key conservation region of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot.
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Nazareno AG, Knowles LL. There Is No 'Rule of Thumb': Genomic Filter Settings for a Small Plant Population to Obtain Unbiased Gene Flow Estimates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:677009. [PMID: 34721447 PMCID: PMC8551369 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.677009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of high-density polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers derived from high-throughput sequencing methods has heralded plenty of biological questions about the linkages of processes operating at micro- and macroevolutionary scales. However, the effects of SNP filtering practices on population genetic inference have received much less attention. By performing sensitivity analyses, we empirically investigated how decisions about the percentage of missing data (MD) and the minor allele frequency (MAF) set in bioinformatic processing of genomic data affect direct (i.e., parentage analysis) and indirect (i.e., fine-scale spatial genetic structure - SGS) gene flow estimates. We focus specifically on these manifestations in small plant populations, and particularly, in the rare tropical plant species Dinizia jueirana-facao, where assumptions implicit to analytical procedures for accurate estimates of gene flow may not hold. Avoiding biases in dispersal estimates are essential given this species is facing extinction risks due to habitat loss, and so we also investigate the effects of forest fragmentation on the accuracy of dispersal estimates under different filtering criteria by testing for recent decrease in the scale of gene flow. Our sensitivity analyses demonstrate that gene flow estimates are robust to different setting of MAF (0.05-0.35) and MD (0-20%). Comparing the direct and indirect estimates of dispersal, we find that contemporary estimates of gene dispersal distance (σ r t = 41.8 m) was ∼ fourfold smaller than the historical estimates, supporting the hypothesis of a temporal shift in the scale of gene flow in D. jueirana-facao, which is consistent with predictions based on recent, dramatic forest fragmentation process. While we identified settings for filtering genomic data to avoid biases in gene flow estimates, we stress that there is no 'rule of thumb' for bioinformatic filtering and that relying on default program settings is not advisable. Instead, we suggest that the approach implemented here be applied independently in each separate empirical study to confirm appropriate settings to obtain unbiased population genetics estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. Nazareno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L. Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Aranda-Rickert A, Torréns J, Yela NI, Brizuela MM, Di Stilio VS. Distance Dependent Contribution of Ants to Pollination but Not Defense in a Dioecious, Ambophilous Gymnosperm. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:722405. [PMID: 34567036 PMCID: PMC8459830 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.722405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dioecious plants are obligate outcrossers with separate male and female individuals, which can result in decreased seed set with increasing distance between the sexes. Wind pollination is a common correlate of dioecy, yet combined wind and insect pollination (ambophily) could be advantageous in compensating for decreased pollen flow to isolated females. Dioecious, ambophilous gymnosperms Ephedra (Gnetales) secrete pollination drops (PDs) in female cones that capture airborne pollen and attract ants that feed on them. Plant sugary secretions commonly reward ants in exchange for indirect plant defense against herbivores, and more rarely for pollination. We conducted field experiments to investigate whether ants are pollinators and/or plant defenders of South American Ephedra triandra, and whether their contribution to seed set and seed cone protection varies with distance between female and male plants. We quantified pollen flow in the wind and assessed the effectiveness of ants as pollinators by investigating their relative contribution to seed set, and their visitation rate in female plants at increasing distance from the nearest male. Ants accounted for most insect visits to female cones of E. triandra, where they consumed PDs, and pollen load was larger on bigger ants without reduction in pollen viability. While wind pollination was the main contributor to seed set overall, the relative contribution of ants was distance dependent. Ant contribution to seed set was not significant at shorter distances, yet at the farthest distance from the nearest male (23 m), where 20 times less pollen reached females, ants enhanced seed set by 30% compared to plants depending solely on wind pollination. We found no evidence that ants contribute to plant defense by preventing seed cone damage. Our results suggest that, despite their short-range movements, ants can offset pollen limitation in isolated females of wind-pollinated plants with separate sexes. We propose that ants enhance plant reproductive success via targeted delivery of airborne pollen, through frequent contact with ovule tips while consuming PDs. Our study constitutes the first experimental quantification of distance-dependent contribution of ants to pollination and provides a working hypothesis for ambophily in other dioecious plants lacking pollinator reward in male plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Aranda-Rickert
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Anillaco, Argentina
| | - Javier Torréns
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Anillaco, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Natalia I. Yela
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Anillaco, Argentina
| | - María Magdalena Brizuela
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR-CONICET), Anillaco, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
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High Genetic Diversity and Low Population Differentiation in Wild Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) from Croatia. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is used in the brewing industry as a source of compounds responsible for the bitterness, aroma, and preservative properties of beer. In this study, we used microsatellite markers to investigate genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of wild hop populations sampled in the northwestern part of Croatia. Analysis of 12 microsatellite loci revealed high diversity and weak population differentiation among wild hop populations. A total of 152 alleles were determined with an average of 12.67 alleles per locus. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.689 to 0.839 (average 0.767) and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.725 to 0.789 (average 0.760). A total of 38 private alleles were detected. The data suggest that H. lupulus populations are not affected by recent bottlenecks. The degree of genetic differentiation among populations was low and not significant for most pairwise FST values, except for the pair of geographically most distant populations. The results did not indicate the existence of genetic structure among the sampled populations. The high genetic diversity and low differentiation among populations, combined with the absence of isolation by distance, indicate the existence of substantial gene flow among wild hop populations. Therefore, extensive sampling per population is clearly required to assess the genetic diversity of hop populations. Sampling strategies involving sampling across a large number of localities represented by only a few samples could lead to erroneous conclusions.
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Besnard G, Gorrilliot O, Raimondeau P, Génot B, El Bakkali A, Anthelme F, Baali-Cherif D. Contrasting Genetic Footprints among Saharan Olive Populations: Potential Causes and Conservation Implications. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061207. [PMID: 34198539 PMCID: PMC8231981 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Laperrine's olive is endemic to the Saharan Mountains. Adapted to arid environments, it may constitute a valuable genetic resource to improve water-stress tolerance in the cultivated olive. However, limited natural regeneration coupled with human pressures make it locally endangered in Central Sahara. Understanding past population dynamics is thus crucial to define management strategies. Nucleotide sequence diversity was first investigated on five nuclear genes and compared to the Mediterranean and African olives. These data confirm that the Laperrine's olive has a strong affinity with the Mediterranean olive, but it shows lower nucleotide diversity than other continental taxa. To investigate gene flows mediated by seeds and pollen, polymorphisms from nuclear and plastid microsatellites from 383 individuals from four Saharan massifs were analyzed. A higher genetic diversity in Ahaggar (Hoggar, Algeria) suggests that this population has maintained over the long term a larger number of individuals than other massifs. High-to-moderate genetic differentiation between massifs confirms the role of desert barriers in limiting gene flow. Yet contrasting patterns of isolation by distance were observed within massifs, and also between plastid and nuclear markers, stressing the role of local factors (e.g., habitat fragmentation, historical range shift) in seed and pollen dispersal. Implications of these results in the management of the Laperrine's olive genetic resources are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Océane Gorrilliot
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
| | - Pauline Raimondeau
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
| | - Benoit Génot
- CNRS-UPS-ENFA, EDB, UMR 5174, Bât. 4R1, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France; (O.G.); (P.R.); (B.G.)
| | | | - Fabien Anthelme
- AMAP, University Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France;
| | - Djamel Baali-Cherif
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Zones Arides, USTHB/INA, BP44, Alger 16000, Algeria;
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Huang R, Zhang ZD, Wang Y, Wang YQ. Genetic variation and genetic structure within metapopulations of two closely related selfing and outcrossing Zingiber species (Zingiberaceae). AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plaa065. [PMID: 33442464 PMCID: PMC7788390 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation strongly affects the genetic diversity of plant populations, and this has always attracted much research interest. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity of plant populations, fewer studies have compared species with contrasting breeding systems while accounting for phylogenetic distance. Here, we compare the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation within and among subpopulations in metapopulations (at fine-scale level) of two closely related Zingiber species, selfing Zingiber corallinum and outcrossing Zingiber nudicarpum. Comparisons of the genetic structure of species from unrelated taxa may be confounded by the effects of correlated ecological traits or/and phylogeny. Thus, we possibly reveal the differences in genetic diversity and spatial distribution of genetic variation within metapopulations that relate to mating systems. Compared to outcrossing Z. nudicarpum, the subpopulation genetic diversity in selfing Z. corallinum was significantly lower, but the metapopulation genetic diversity was not different. Most genetic variation resided among subpopulations in selfing Z. corallinum metapopulations, while a significant portion of variation resided either within or among subpopulations in outcrossing Z. nudicarpum, depending on whether the degree of subpopulation isolation surpasses the dispersal ability of pollen and seed. A stronger spatial genetic structure appeared within subpopulations of selfing Z. corallinum potentially due to restricted pollen flow and seed dispersal. In contrast, a weaker genetic structure was apparent in subpopulations of outcrossing Z. nudicarpum most likely caused by extensive pollen movement. Our study shows that high genetic variation can be maintained within metapopulations of selfing Zingiber species, due to increased genetic differentiation intensified primarily by the stochastic force of genetic drift among subpopulations. Therefore, maintenance of natural variability among subpopulations in fragmented areas is key to conserve the full range of genetic diversity of selfing Zingiber species. For outcrossing Zingiber species, maintenance of large populations is an important factor to enhance genetic diversity. Compared to outcrossing Z. nudicarpum, the subpopulation genetic diversity in selfing Z. corallinum was significantly lower, but the metapopulation genetic diversity did not differ. Most genetic variation resided among subpopulations in selfing Z. corallinum metapopulations, while a significant portion of variation resided either within or among subpopulations in outcrossing Z. nudicarpum, depending on whether the degree of subpopulation isolation surpasses the dispersal ability of pollen and seed. Our study shows that selfing Z. corallinum could maintain high genetic diversity through differentiation intensified primarily by the stochastic force of genetic drift among subpopulations at fine-scale level, but not local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Dian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Ramos SLF, Dequigiovanni G, Lopes MTG, Aguiar AVD, Lopes R, Veasey EA, Macêdo JLVD, Alves-Pereira A, Fraxe TDJP, Wrege MS, Garcia JN. Genetic Structure in Populations of Euterpe precatoria Mart. in the Brazilian Amazon. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.603448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Euterpe precatoria is a palm tree belonging to the Arecaceae family, occurring in Western and Central Brazilian Amazonia. Its fruit, which is very appreciated in the Amazon region, produces pulp that is consumed in fresh form. Its production is carried out almost exclusively by extractive farmers. In order to establish adequate strategies to sustain this genetic resource, we need knowledge about the diversity and genetic structure in natural populations. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of geographic distance on genetic structure in the main extractive populations of E. precatoria in the Brazilian Amazon. Leaves from 377 plants were collected in 19 populations located in 16 municipalities in the State of Amazonas and three in the State of Rondônia. Twelve microsatellite loci were used to genotype the plants. The diversity and genetic structure among populations were estimated. The average number of alleles per locus was 5.97. The observed heterozygosity means (HO) were higher than expected (HE) at the population level (HO = 0.72, HE = 0.66) and fixation index (f = -0.100) was negative. The FST value (0.1820) and the AMOVA results (Φ = 0.1796) showed population structure. The populations were clustered into three groups (K = 3) in the Bayesian analysis. The Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) confirmed eight clusters, with the populations close to those identified by the Bayesian analysis. The geographic differentiation was confirmed by the groupings obtained in the Structure analysis and the DACP function. Information related to phenotypic, genetic and environmental characterization of populations is important to guide conservation and management strategies and the formulation of public species management policies in Amazonia.
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Butcher CL, Rubin BY, Anderson SL, Lewis JD. Pollen dispersal patterns differ among sites for a wind-pollinated species and an insect-pollinated species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1504-1517. [PMID: 33108685 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Pollen dispersal, the main component of overall plant gene flow, generally decreases with increasing distance from the pollen source, but the pattern of this relationship may differ among sites. Although site-based differences in pollen dispersal may lead to over- or underestimation of gene flow, no studies have investigated pollen dispersal patterns among differing urban site types, despite the incongruent range of habitats in urban areas. METHODS We used paternity assignment to assess pollen dispersal patterns in a wind-pollinated species (waterhemp; Amaranthus tuberculatus) and in an insect-pollinated species (tomato; Solanum lycopersicum) in experimental arrays at four disparate sites (two roof-level sites, two ground-level sites) in the New York (New York, USA) metropolitan area. RESULTS The number of seeds or fruits, a proxy for the number of flowers pollinated, decreased with increasing distance from the pollen donors at all sites for both species. However, the mean number of Amaranthus tuberculatusseeds produced at a given distance differed two-fold among sites, while the slope of the relationship between Solanum lycopersicumfruit production and distance differed by a factor of four among sites. CONCLUSIONS Pollen dispersal patterns may differ substantially among sites, both in the amount of pollen dispersed at a given distance and in the proportional decrease in pollen dispersal with increasing distance, and these effects may act independently. Accordingly, the capacity of plant species to adapt to climate change and other selection pressures may be different from predictions based on pollen dispersal patterns at a single location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Butcher
- Louis Calder Center - Biological Field Station, Fordham University, 31 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, New York, 10504, USA
- Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Northwood University, 4000 Whiting Drive, Midland, Michigan, 48640, USA
| | - Berish Y Rubin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
| | - Sylvia L Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
| | - James D Lewis
- Louis Calder Center - Biological Field Station, Fordham University, 31 Whippoorwill Road, Armonk, New York, 10504, USA
- Center for Urban Ecology, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, 441 East Fordham Road, Bronx, New York, 10458, USA
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14
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Silva PIT, Silva-Junior OB, Resende LV, Sousa VA, Aguiar AV, Grattapaglia D. A 3K Axiom SNP array from a transcriptome-wide SNP resource sheds new light on the genetic diversity and structure of the iconic subtropical conifer tree Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230404. [PMID: 32866150 PMCID: PMC7458329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput SNP genotyping has become a precondition to move to higher precision and wider genome coverage genetic analysis of natural and breeding populations of non-model species. We developed a 44,318 annotated SNP catalog for Araucaria angustifolia, a grandiose subtropical conifer tree, one of the only two native Brazilian gymnosperms, critically endangered due to its valuable wood and seeds. Following transcriptome assembly and annotation, SNPs were discovered from RNA-seq and pooled RAD-seq data. From the SNP catalog, an Axiom® SNP array with 3,038 validated SNPs was developed and used to provide a comprehensive look at the genetic diversity and structure of 15 populations across the natural range of the species. RNA-seq was a far superior source of SNPs when compared to RAD-seq in terms of conversion rate to polymorphic markers on the array, likely due to the more efficient complexity reduction of the huge conifer genome. By matching microsatellite and SNP data on the same set of A. angustifolia individuals, we show that SNPs reflect more precisely the actual genome-wide patterns of genetic diversity and structure, challenging previous microsatellite-based assessments. Moreover, SNPs corroborated the known major north-south genetic cline, but allowed a more accurate attribution to regional versus among-population differentiation, indicating the potential to select ancestry-informative markers. The availability of a public, user-friendly 3K SNP array for A. angustifolia and a catalog of 44,318 SNPs predicted to provide ~29,000 informative SNPs across ~20,000 loci across the genome, will allow tackling still unsettled questions on its evolutionary history, toward a more comprehensive picture of the origin, past dynamics and future trend of the species' genetic resources. Additionally, but not less importantly, the SNP array described, unlocks the potential to adopt genomic prediction methods to accelerate the still very timid efforts of systematic tree breeding of A. angustifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Italo T. Silva
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, DF, Brasilia, Brazil
- University of Brasília, Cell Biology Department, Campus Universitário, DF, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Orzenil B. Silva-Junior
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, DF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lucileide V. Resende
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, DF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Valderes A. Sousa
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária–EMBRAPA Florestas, PR, Colombo, Brazil
| | - Ananda V. Aguiar
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária–EMBRAPA Florestas, PR, Colombo, Brazil
| | - Dario Grattapaglia
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, DF, Brasilia, Brazil
- University of Brasília, Cell Biology Department, Campus Universitário, DF, Brasília, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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15
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Dorneles MS, Noreña CPZ. Extraction of bioactive compounds from
Araucaria angustifolia
bracts by microwave‐assisted extraction. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S. Dorneles
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTA/UFRGS) Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Caciano P. Z. Noreña
- Institute of Food Science and Technology (ICTA/UFRGS) Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
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16
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de Sousa VA, Reeves PA, Reilley A, de Aguiar AV, Stefenon VM, Richards CM. Genetic diversity and biogeographic determinants of population structure in Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAraucaria (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze) is a primarily dioecious species threatened with extinction that plays an important social and economic role especially in the southern region of Brazil. The aim of this work is to investigate the diversity and likely determinants of genetic lineages in this species for conservation management. For this, a collection of 30-year-old Araucaria was used. Accessions collected from 12 sites across the species range were analyzed, with ten individuals per site. The SSR genotyping was conducted with 15 loci and the data were analyzed using several complementary approaches. Descriptive statistics among sampling sites were used and diversity was partitioned non-hierarchically to estimate the size and composition of genetic clusters using a Bayesian assignment method. To explore possible biological implications of differences between Niche Models and habitat suitability, a series of statistical procedures were used, and tests were carried out using the software ENM Tools and Maxent. Populations from the southernmost zone showed higher genetic variation and a lower inbreeding coefficient compared to the northernmost zone, which may correlate with their isolation. A positive relation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance was observed. Two genetic groups (southernmost and northernmost zones) were evident. The Niche modelling showed separate ranges for each genetic lineage suggesting that differences in selection pressure may be playing a role in the apparent differentiation and may be adaptive. Finally, an evident correlation was observed between genetic data and habitat suitability. The two distinct groups observed must be considered as independent units for conservation and hybridization in breeding programs.
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17
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Amici AA, Nadkarni NM, DiBlasi E, Seger J. Contrasting effects of host tree isolation on population connectedness in two tropical epiphytic bromeliads. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1602-1611. [PMID: 31808153 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Conversion of primary forests to pastures is a major cause of habitat fragmentation in the tropics. Fragmentation is expected to impede gene flow for many plant species that are restricted to remaining forest fragments. Epiphytes may be especially vulnerable to this effect of forest fragmentation because they depend on host trees. However, trees that remain in pastures may enhance connectivity across the landscape for epiphyte species that can thrive on such trees. To investigate this possibility, we studied the genetic structures of two such species on isolated pasture trees and surrounding forest, in relation to their local abundances in different habitat types and aspects of their reproductive biology including pollen and seed dispersal agents, and looked for evidence of increased or diminished gene flow. METHODS We used microsatellite markers to assess geographic patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in two epiphytic bromeliads, Catopsis nitida and Werauhia tonduziana, in the Monteverde region of Costa Rica. RESULTS About 85% of the FST value for Catopsis nitida was found among pastures within regions, while for Weruahia tonduziana, about 80% of the FST value was contributed by differences between regions, indicating much more gene flow within regions, relative to C. nitida. CONCLUSIONS Although there was substantial genetic differentiation among epiphyte populations, those on isolated pasture trees were not substantially less diverse than those in adjacent forests, suggesting that pasture trees may serve as "stepping stones" that help these species maintain their genetic connectedness and diversity at larger geographic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn A Amici
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Nalini M Nadkarni
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Emily DiBlasi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, 501 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
| | - Jon Seger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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18
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Zambrano J, Garzon-Lopez CX, Yeager L, Fortunel C, Cordeiro NJ, Beckman NG. The effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on plant functional traits and functional diversity: what do we know so far? Oecologia 2019; 191:505-518. [PMID: 31515618 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation result in significant landscape changes that ultimately affect plant diversity and add uncertainty to how natural areas will respond to future global change. This uncertainty is important given that the loss of biodiversity often includes losing key ecosystem functions. Few studies have explored the effects of landscape changes on plant functional diversity and evidence so far has shown far more pervasive effects than previously reported by species richness and composition studies. Here we present a review on the impact of habitat loss and fragmentation on (1) individual functional traits-related to persistence, dispersal and establishment-and (2) functional diversity. We also discuss current knowledge gaps and propose ways forward. From the literature review we found that studies have largely focused on dispersal traits, strongly impacted by habitat loss and fragmentation, while traits related to persistence were the least studied. Furthermore, most studies did not distinguish habitat loss from spatial fragmentation and were conducted at the plot or fragment-level, which taken together limits the ability to generalize the scale-dependency of landscape changes on plant functional diversity. For future work, we recommend (1) clearly distinguishing the effects of habitat loss from those of fragmentation, and (2) recognizing the scale-dependency of predicted responses when functional diversity varies in time and space. We conclude that a clear understanding of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on functional diversity will improve predictions of the resiliency and resistance of plant communities to varying scales of disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zambrano
- The School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Carol X Garzon-Lopez
- Grupo de Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 #18A-12, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lauren Yeager
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
| | - Claire Fortunel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,AMAP (botAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations), IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert J Cordeiro
- Department of Biology (mc WB 816), Roosevelt University, 425 S. Wabash Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.,Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lakeshore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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19
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Koralewski TE, Westbrook JK, Grant WE, Wang HH. Coupling general physical environmental process models with specific question-driven ecological simulation models. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Recart W, Ottoson B, Campbell DR. Water influences how seed production responds to conspecific and heterospecific pollen. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:713-721. [PMID: 31002744 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Outcrossing species depend on pollen from conspecific individuals that may not be exposed to the same abiotic conditions as maternal plants. Additionally, many flowers receive heterospecific pollen, which can also influence seed production. Studies aimed to understand how abiotic conditions influence seed production tend to focus on maternal conditions and leave unexplored the effect of abiotic conditions experienced by pollen donors. We tested how water availability to pollen donors, both conspecific and heterospecific, influenced the seed production of recipient plants exposed to different water availability regimes. METHODS In a greenhouse setting we manipulated the water availability (low- or high-water treatment) to potted recipient plants (Phacelia parryi), to conspecific pollen donors, and to heterospecific pollen donors (Brassica nigra). We hand pollinated recipient plants with different pollen mixes that represented all combinations of conspecific pollen mixed with heterospecific pollen. From these hand pollinations we determined the amount of pollen that was transferred, pollen volume, pollen shape, and seed production. RESULTS Higher water availability to conspecific pollen donors led to higher seed production. Under low water availability to heterospecific pollen donors, seed production was unaffected by recipient or conspecific pollen donor treatment. Under high water availability to heterospecific pollen donors, seed production was highest when conspecific pollen donors and pollen recipients also received the high-water treatment. CONCLUSIONS Environmental conditions of pollen donors can influence the seed production of maternal plants. These results illustrate potential impacts of environmental heterogeneity on post-pollination events that lead to seed production and thus impact a pollinator's contribution to plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilnelia Recart
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, California, 92697-2525, USA
| | - Brittany Ottoson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, California, 92697-2525, USA
| | - Diane R Campbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, California, 92697-2525, USA
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21
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Tella JL, Blanco G, Dénes FV, Hiraldo F. Overlooked Parrot Seed Dispersal in Australia and South America: Insights on the Evolution of Dispersal Syndromes and Seed Size in Araucaria Trees. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Pollen flow and paternity in an isolated and non-isolated black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) timber seed orchard. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207861. [PMID: 30513103 PMCID: PMC6279045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial pollination of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is not practical and timber breeders have historically utilized only open-pollinated half-sib families. An alternate approach called “breeding without breeding,” consists of genotyping open-pollinated progeny using DNA markers to identify paternal parents and then constructing full-sib families. In 2014, we used 12 SSR markers to genotype 884 open-pollinated half-sib progeny harvested from two clonal orchards containing 206 trees, comprised of 52 elite timber selections. Seed was harvested in 2011 from each of two ramets of 23 clones, one upwind and one downwind, based on prevailing wind direction from the west—southwest. One orchard was isolated from wild black walnut and composed of forward selections while the other orchard was adjacent to a natural forest containing mature black walnut composed of backward selections. Isolation significantly increased within-orchard pollination (85%) of the progeny from the isolated orchard compared to 42% from the non-isolated orchard. Neither prevailing wind direction nor seed tree position in the orchard affected paternity patterns or wild pollen contamination. Genetic diversity indices revealed that progeny from both orchards were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with very little inbreeding and no selfing. A significant level of inbreeding was present among the forward selected parents, but not the first generation (backward selected) parents. Some orchard clones failed to sire any progeny while other clones pollinated upwards of 20% of progeny.
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23
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Ramos SLF, Dequigiovanni G, Sebbenn AM, Lopes MTG, de Macêdo JLV, Veasey EA, Alves‐Pereira A, da Silva PP, Garcia JN, Kageyama PY. Paternity analysis, pollen flow, and spatial genetic structure of a natural population of Euterpe precatoria in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11143-11157. [PMID: 30519432 PMCID: PMC6262938 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Euterpe precatoria, known as açaí do Amazonas, is a regionally important palm of the Amazon rainforest for the fruit production through extractive agriculture. Little information is available with regard to genetic diversity, gene flow, and spatial genetic structure (SGS) of açaí populations, which are essential for the use, management, and conservation of genetic resources of the species. This research aimed to assess the genetic diversity, inbreeding level, SGS, and gene flow in four ontogenetic stages of a natural E. precatoria population in the Brazilian Amazon, based on 18 microsatellite loci. The study was carried out in a natural population dispersed in an area of about 10 ha. Leaf tissues of 248 plants were mapped and sampled and classified into four ontogenetic stages: reproductive (59), immature (70), young (60), and seedling (59). Genetic diversity indices were high for all ontogenetic stages. The fixation index (F) for all ontogenetic stages was not significantly different from zero, indicating the absence of inbreeding. A significant SGS was found for all ontogenetic stages (68-110 m), indicating seed dispersal over short distances. Paternity analysis detected pollen immigration of 39.1%, a selfing rate of 4.2%, and a mean pollen dispersal distance within the population of 531 m. The results indicate substantial allele input in the population via pollen immigration, contributing to the maintenance of the genetic diversity of the population. However, within a population, the renewal with new progenies selected from seed plants spaced at least 110 m apart is important to avoid collecting seeds from related plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Dequigiovanni
- Departamento de GenéticaEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP)PiracicabaSPBrazil
| | - Alexandre Magno Sebbenn
- Seção de Melhoramento e Conservação Genética FlorestalInstituto Florestal de São PauloSão PauloSPBrazil
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Ann Veasey
- Departamento de GenéticaEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP)PiracicabaSPBrazil
| | - Alessandro Alves‐Pereira
- Departamento de GenéticaEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP)PiracicabaSPBrazil
| | | | - José Nivaldo Garcia
- Departamento de Ciências FlorestaisEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP)PiracicabaSPBrazil
| | - Paulo Yoshio Kageyama
- Departamento de Ciências FlorestaisEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP)PiracicabaSPBrazil
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24
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Silva VL, Mallmann IT, Graeff V, Schmitt JL, Mehltreter K. Phytosociological contrast of ferns and lycophytes from forest fragments with different surroundings matrices in southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 79:495-504. [PMID: 30304255 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.186077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest edges typically exhibit higher luminosity and lower humidity than the forest interior, resulting in an abiotic gradient. However, the degree of abiotic difference can be affected from the type of the matrix, influencing the selection of species. We compared the floristic and phytosociological structure of understory communities of ferns and lycophytes of the edge and interior of three forest sites influenced by different types of surrounding matrices (natural field, Pinus plantation, and cultivation of crops). In the region of Araucaria Forest, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, twelve 10 × 10 m plots were selected at the edge and interior of each site, totaling 72 plots and to evaluate the phytosociological contrast, using as a parameter coverage and species richness per plot to evaluate this contrast. We recorded a total of 38 species in the studied areas, distributed in 15 families. The results show that the edge effect acts at different intensities in the analyzed sites. In the site with unnatural matrix, the composition was more homogeneous both in the edges and in the interiors and presented lower richness, showing a more pronounced and deep impact. Already in the site with natural matrix surroundings, although the border also presents low richness, the interior was about 3x richer. Based on our results, we concluded that fern conservation efforts should focus on fragments of Araucaria Forest inserted in the natural field, because the conversion of natural field into Pinus planting and cultivation of crops decreases ferns species both in the edges and forest interiors of the studied fragments, besides altering the phytosociological structure leading the communities to simplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Silva
- Laboratório de Botânica, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, CEP 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil.,Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecología Funcional, Carretera antigua a Coatepec-351, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - I T Mallmann
- Laboratório de Botânica, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, CEP 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - V Graeff
- Laboratório de Botânica, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, CEP 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - J L Schmitt
- Laboratório de Botânica, Universidade Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, CEP 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - K Mehltreter
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Ecología Funcional, Carretera antigua a Coatepec-351, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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25
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O'Connell MC, Castilla AR, Lee LX, Jha S. Bee movement across heterogeneous tropical forests: multi‐paternal analyses reveal the importance of neighborhood composition for pollen dispersal. Biotropica 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. O'Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Antonio R. Castilla
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station Austin TX 78712 USA
- Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves/InBIO Universidade de Lisboa Tapada da Ajuda 1349‐017 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Leticia X. Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station Austin TX 78712 USA
- Department of Earth and Environment Boston University 685 Commonwealth Avenue Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station Austin TX 78712 USA
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26
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Browne L, Ottewell K, Sork VL, Karubian J. The relative contributions of seed and pollen dispersal to gene flow and genetic diversity in seedlings of a tropical palm. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3159-3173. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Browne
- 400 Lindy Boggs Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Fundación para la Conservación de los Andes Tropicales Quito Ecuador
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Kym Ottewell
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions Kensington WA Australia
| | - Victoria L. Sork
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles California
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Jordan Karubian
- 400 Lindy Boggs Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Fundación para la Conservación de los Andes Tropicales Quito Ecuador
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27
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Browne L, Karubian J. Habitat loss and fragmentation reduce effective gene flow by disrupting seed dispersal in a neotropical palm. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3055-3069. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Browne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes Quito Ecuador
- UCLA La Kretz Center for California Conservation Science Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California Los Angeles California
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana
- Foundation for the Conservation of the Tropical Andes Quito Ecuador
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28
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Pollination of the Australian cycad Cycas ophiolitica (Cycadaceae): the limited role of wind pollination in a cycad with beetle pollinator mutualists, and its ecological significance. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467418000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Cycads in the Zamiaceae are well known for their host-specific insect pollination mutualisms. Pollination of Cycas in the sister family Cycadaceae is less well-documented, with beetle pollination possibly coexisting with a limited potential for wind pollination, a hypothesis we tested for C. ophiolitica in Central Queensland, Australia. Cones were associated with three species of beetle: an undescribed weevil (Curculionidae), Hapalips sp. (Erotylidae) and Ulomoides sp. (Tenebrionidae). Pollination-vector exclusion experiments compared the pollination success (quantified as % ovules pollinated per cone) of control cones against bagged or netted cones that excluded wind or insects respectively (n = 10 for all treatments). Insects do pollinate C. ophiolitica in the absence of wind, the median (first quartile-third quartile) pollination success of control plants being 83.7% (60.8–87.2%) while bagged cones, from which wind, but not insects, were excluded, pollinated at 52.9% (19.5–74.8%). For netted cones, (excluding insects but not wind), pollination fell to 12.6% (10.9–45.9%). Airborne pollen (as quantified by capture on a series of adhesive pollen traps) decreased rapidly with distance from male cones, potentially becoming ineffective for wind pollination at ~5 m. Airborne pollen load in the vicinity of female cones, and distance of females from neighbouring males, suggests wind pollination may occur sporadically, but only at high spatial densities. Although Cycas appears to be primarily insect pollinated, this limited potential for ambophily may be significant given the history of dispersal and pollinator host shifts among these cycads.
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29
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Soares LE, Goetze M, Zanella CM, Bered F. Genetic diversity and population structure of Vriesea reitzii (Bromeliaceae), a species from the Southern Brazilian Highlands. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:308-317. [PMID: 29583153 PMCID: PMC5913716 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southern Brazilian Highlands are composed by a mosaic of Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) and grassland formations, an interesting landscape for the study of population structure. We analyzed the genetic diversity within and among populations of the MOF-endemic bromeliad Vriesea reitzii by genotyping seven nuclear microsatellite loci in 187 individuals from six populations. We characterized levels of genetic diversity and assessed the genetic structure among populations. Vriesea reitzii populations showed high levels of genetic variation (number of alleles 28 - 43, allelic richness 3.589 - 5.531) and moderate levels of genetic differentiation (FST = 0.123, RST = 0.096). The high levels of genetic diversity may be explained by species life-history traits, such as habit and mating system. The moderate structure may be a product of the combination of ancient and contemporary gene flow, resulting from the expansion of the forest in the Holocene, and/or due to facilitated dispersal mediated by the MOF’s mosaic landscape. The genetic results indicated no imminent threat to this bromeliad. However, the species is highly associated with the MOF, putting landscape conservation at the center of conservation efforts for the species’ maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Márcia Goetze
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila M Zanella
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, UK
| | - Fernanda Bered
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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The Interplay between Forest Management Practices, Genetic Monitoring, and Other Long-Term Monitoring Systems. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9030133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gomes Viana JP, Bohrer Monteiro Siqueira MV, Araujo FL, Grando C, Sanae Sujii P, Silvestre EDA, Novello M, Pinheiro JB, Cavallari MM, Brancalion PHS, Rodrigues RR, Pereira de Souza A, Catchen J, Zucchi MI. Genomic diversity is similar between Atlantic Forest restorations and natural remnants for the native tree Casearia sylvestris Sw. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513673 PMCID: PMC5841640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of tropical forest restoration has been the recovery of forest structure and tree taxonomic diversity, with limited attention given to genetic conservation. Populations reintroduced through restoration plantings may have low genetic diversity and be genetically structured due to founder effects and genetic drift, which limit the potential of restoration to recover ecologically resilient plant communities. Here, we studied the genetic diversity, genetic structure and differentiation using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers between restored and natural populations of the native tree Casearia sylvestris in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. We sampled leaves from approximately 24 adult individuals in each of the study sites: two restoration plantations (27 and 62 years old) and two forest remnants. We prepared and sequenced a genotyping-by-sequencing library, SNP markers were identified de novo using Stacks pipeline, and genetic parameters and structure analyses were then estimated for populations. The sequencing step was successful for 80 sampled individuals. Neutral genetic diversity was similar among restored and natural populations (AR = 1.72 ± 0.005; HO = 0.135 ± 0.005; HE = 0.167 ± 0.005; FIS = 0.16 ± 0.022), which were not genetically structured by population subdivision. In spite of this absence of genetic structure by population we found genetic structure within populations but even so there is not spatial genetic structure in any population studied. Less than 1% of the neutral alleles were exclusive to a population. In general, contrary to our expectations, restoration plantations were then effective for conserving tree genetic diversity in human-modified tropical landscapes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that genotyping-by-sequencing can be a useful tool in restoration genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Gomes Viana
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas–SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Lucas Araujo
- Graduate Program in Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, Agronomic Institute of Campinas, Campinas–SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Grando
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas–SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Sanae Sujii
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas–SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Novello
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas–SP, Brazil
| | - José Baldin Pinheiro
- Department of Genetics, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Julian Catchen
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Champaign–IL, United States of America
| | - Maria I. Zucchi
- Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Piracicaba–SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Genetic conservation of small populations of the endemic tree Swartzia glazioviana (Taub.) Glaz. (Leguminosae) in the Atlantic Forest. CONSERV GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-017-0962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Maharramova E, Huseynova I, Kolbaia S, Gruenstaeudl M, Borsch T, Muller LAH. Phylogeography and population genetics of the riparian relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) in the South Caucasus. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1333540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Maharramova
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar Highway 40, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Irada Huseynova
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar Highway 40, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Matbuat Ave. 2A, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Sandro Kolbaia
- National Botanical Garden of Georgia, Botanikuri Str. 1, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael Gruenstaeudl
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludo A. H. Muller
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Araújo MRG, Melo Júnior AFD, Menezes EV, Brandão MM, Cota LG, Oliveira DAD, Royo VDA, Vieira FA. Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and gene flow in Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae): Analysis in an overlapping generation. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Beghè D, Piotti A, Satovic Z, de la Rosa R, Belaj A. Pollen-mediated gene flow and fine-scale spatial genetic structure in Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:671-679. [PMID: 28028015 PMCID: PMC5571374 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wild olive ( Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris ) is important from an economic and ecological point of view. The effects of anthropogenic activities may lead to the genetic erosion of its genetic patrimony, which has high value for breeding programmes. In particular, the consequences of the introgression from cultivated stands are strongly dependent on the extent of gene flow and therefore this work aims at quantitatively describing contemporary gene flow patterns in wild olive natural populations. METHODS The studied wild population is located in an undisturbed forest, in southern Spain, considered one of the few extant hotspots of true oleaster diversity. A total of 225 potential father trees and seeds issued from five mother trees were genotyped by eight microsatellite markers. Levels of contemporary pollen flow, in terms of both pollen immigration rates and within-population dynamics, were measured through paternity analyses. Moreover, the extent of fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) was studied to assess the relative importance of seed and pollen dispersal in shaping the spatial distribution of genetic variation. KEY RESULTS The results showed that the population under study is characterized by a high genetic diversity, a relatively high pollen immigration rate (0·57), an average within-population pollen dispersal of about 107 m and weak but significant SGS up to 40 m. The population is a mosaic of several intermingled genetic clusters that is likely to be generated by spatially restricted seed dispersal. Moreover, wild oleasters were found to be self-incompatible and preferential mating between some genotypes was revealed. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the within-population genetic structure and gene flow dynamics will lead to identifying possible strategies aimed at limiting the effect of anthropogenic activities and improving breeding programmes for the conservation of olive tree forest genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Beghè
- Department of Food Science, Parco Area delle Scienze, 95/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Tree and Timber (IVALSA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - A. Piotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Z. Satovic
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - R. de la Rosa
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), Centro ‘Alameda del Obispo’, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - A. Belaj
- Andalusian Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IFAPA), Centro ‘Alameda del Obispo’, Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Inbreeding depression from selfing and mating between relatives in the Neotropical tree Cariniana legalis Mart. Kuntze. CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ramos SLF, Dequigiovanni G, Sebbenn AM, Lopes MTG, Kageyama PY, de Macêdo JLV, Kirst M, Veasey EA. Spatial genetic structure, genetic diversity and pollen dispersal in a harvested population of Astrocaryum aculeatum in the Brazilian Amazon. BMC Genet 2016; 17:63. [PMID: 27108235 PMCID: PMC4842287 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Astrocaryum aculeatum is a palm tree species native to the tropical regions of South America, exploited commercially by local farmers for the pulp extracted from its fruits. The objective of this research was to compare the genetic diversity between adult plants and seedlings from open-pollinated seeds, quantify the pollen flow and dispersal, the spatial genetic structure, and the effective size of a population that has been continuously harvested for its fruits. The study was carried out in a natural population of A. aculeatum distributed over approximately 8 ha in the State of Amazonas (Brazil), separated by 400 m from the closest neighboring population. In total, 112 potential pollen donors, 12 mother plants and 120 offspring were mapped and genotyped. Results Genetic diversity was high for parents and the offspring. The fixation indexes for adults (F = -0.035) and offspring (F = -0.060) were negative and not significant. A significant spatial genetic structure was detected for the adult plants (up to the distance of 45 m) indicating short-distance seed dispersal. Paternity analysis detected 9.2 % of pollen immigration and the average distance of pollination within the population was 81 m. The average effective pollination neighborhood area between plants was 1.51 ha. Conclusions Our results indicate that substantial introduction of new alleles has occurred in the population through pollen immigration, contributing to the maintenance of genetic diversity. Conservation efforts aimed at maintaining the gene pool of the current population or establishing new populations should utilize offspring from mother plants selected to be spaced by at least 50 m to prevent collecting seeds from relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Linorio Ferreyra Ramos
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Departamento de Genética, C.P. 9, CEP 13418-900, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Dequigiovanni
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Departamento de Genética, C.P. 9, CEP 13418-900, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Magno Sebbenn
- Instituto Florestal de São Paulo, Seção de Melhoramento e Conservação Genética Florestal, C.P. 1322, CEP 01059-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Gomes Lopes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), CEP 60077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo Yoshio Kageyama
- ESALQ/USP, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Matias Kirst
- University of Florida, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0410, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ann Veasey
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Departamento de Genética, C.P. 9, CEP 13418-900, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Warner PA, Willis BL, Oppen MJH. Sperm dispersal distances estimated by parentage analysis in a brooding scleractinian coral. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1398-415. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Warner
- AIMS@JCU and Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
| | - Bette L. Willis
- AIMS@JCU and Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. Oppen
- AIMS@JCU and Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science PMB3, Townsville MC Townsville Qld 4810 Australia
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. 23010 Australia
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Mating system and pollen dispersal in Eugenia dysenterica (Myrtaceae) germplasm collection: tools for conservation and domestication. Genetica 2016; 144:139-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-016-9884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Medina-Macedo L, de Lacerda AEB, Sebbenn AM, Ribeiro JZ, Soccol CR, Bittencourt JVM. Using genetic diversity and mating system parameters estimated from genetic markers to determine strategies for the conservation of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze (Araucariaceae). CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Broadhurst L. Pollen dispersal in fragmented populations of the dioecious wind-pollinated tree, Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak, drooping she-oak; Allocasuarinaceae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119498. [PMID: 25742183 PMCID: PMC4350918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation clearing, land modification and agricultural intensification have impacted on many ecological communities around the world. Understanding how species respond to fragmentation and the scales over which functionality is retained, can be critical for managing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Allocasuarina verticillata (drooping sheoak, drooping she-oak) is a dioecious, wind-pollinated and -dispersed species with key conservation values across southeastern Australia. But vegetation clearing associated with agricultural expansion has reduced the abundance and spatial distribution of this species in many regions. Spatial genetic structure, relatedness among trees, pollen dispersal and mating patterns were examined in fragmented A. verticillata populations selected to represent the types of remnants that now characterise this species. Short scale spatial genetic structure (5-25 m) and relatedness among trees were observed in most populations. Unexpectedly, the two male trees closest to each female did not have a reproductive advantage accounting for only 4-15% of the seed produced in larger populations. Biparental inbreeding was also generally low (<4%) with limited evidence of seed crop domination by some male trees. More male trees contributed to seed crops in linear remnants (mean 17) compared to those from patch remnants (mean 11.3) which may reflect differences in pollen dispersal within the two remnant types. On average, pollen travels ~100 m irrespective of remnant type but was also detected to have dispersed as far as 1 km in open landscapes. Low biparental inbreeding, limited reproductive assurance for near-neighbour and probably related males and variability in the distances over which females sample pollen pools suggest that some mechanism to prevent matings between relatives exists in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Broadhurst
- Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, National Research Collections, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
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Bertolasi B, Leonarduzzi C, Piotti A, Leonardi S, Zago L, Gui L, Gorian F, Vanetti I, Binelli G. A last stand in the Po valley: genetic structure and gene flow patterns in Ulmus minor and U. pumila. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:683-92. [PMID: 25725008 PMCID: PMC4343291 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ulmus minor has been severely affected by Dutch elm disease (DED). The introduction into Europe of the exotic Ulmus pumila, highly tolerant to DED, has resulted in it widely replacing native U. minor populations. Morphological and genetic evidence of hybridization has been reported, and thus there is a need for assessment of interspecific gene flow patterns in natural populations. This work therefore aimed at studying pollen gene flow in a remnant U. minor stand surrounded by trees of both species scattered across an agricultural landscape. METHODS All trees from a small natural stand (350 in number) and the surrounding agricultural area within a 5-km radius (89) were genotyped at six microsatellite loci. Trees were morphologically characterized as U. minor, U. pumila or intermediate phenotypes, and morphological identification was compared with Bayesian clustering of genotypes. For paternity analysis, seeds were collected in two consecutive years from 20 and 28 mother trees. Maximum likelihood paternity assignment was used to elucidate intra- and interspecific gene flow patterns. KEY RESULTS Genetic structure analyses indicated the presence of two genetic clusters only partially matching the morphological identification. The paternity analysis results were consistent between the two consecutive years of sampling and showed high pollen immigration rates (∼0·80) and mean pollination distances (∼3 km), and a skewed distribution of reproductive success. Few intercluster pollinations and putative hybrid individuals were found. CONCLUSIONS Pollen gene flow is not impeded in the fragmented agricultural landscape investigated. High pollen immigration and extensive pollen dispersal distances are probably counteracting the potential loss of genetic variation caused by isolation. Some evidence was also found that U. minor and U. pumila can hybridize when in sympatry. Although hybridization might have beneficial effects on both species, remnant U. minor populations represent a valuable source of genetic diversity that needs to be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bertolasi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - C Leonarduzzi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - A Piotti
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - S Leonardi
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - L Zago
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - L Gui
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - F Gorian
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - I Vanetti
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
| | - G Binelli
- Centro Nazionale per lo Studio e la Conservazione della Biodiversità Forestale, Corpo Forestale dello Stato, Via del Ponte 256, 37059 Peri (VR), Italy, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università di Parma, Viale Usberti 11/A, Parma, Italy, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy and Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese (VA), Italy
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Finger A, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kettle CJ, Valentin T, Ghazoul J. Genetic connectivity of the moth pollinated tree Glionnetia sericea in a highly fragmented habitat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111111. [PMID: 25347541 PMCID: PMC4210268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-distance gene flow is thought to be one prerequisite for the persistence of plant species in fragmented environments. Human influences have led to severe fragmentation of native habitats in the Seychelles islands, with many species surviving only in small and isolated populations. The endangered Seychelles endemic tree Glionnetia sericea is restricted to altitudes between 450 m and 900 m where the native forest vegetation has been largely lost and replaced with exotic invasives over the last 200 years. This study explores the genetic and ecological consequences of population fragmentation in this species by analysing patterns of genetic diversity in a sample of adults, juveniles and seeds, and by using controlled pollination experiments. Our results show no decrease in genetic diversity and no increase in genetic structuring from adult to juvenile cohorts. Despite significant inbreeding in some populations, there is no evidence of higher inbreeding in juvenile cohorts relative to adults. A Bayesian structure analysis and a tentative paternity analysis indicate extensive historical and contemporary gene flow among remnant populations. Pollination experiments and a paternity analysis show that Glionnetia sericea is self-compatible. Nevertheless, outcrossing is present with 7% of mating events resulting from pollen transfer between populations. Artificial pollination provided no evidence for pollen limitation in isolated populations. The highly mobile and specialized hawkmoth pollinators (Agrius convolvuli and Cenophodes tamsi; Sphingidae) appear to promote extensive gene flow, thus mitigating the potential negative ecological and genetic effects of habitat fragmentation in this species. We conclude that contemporary gene flow is sufficient to maintain genetic connectivity in this rare and restricted Seychelles endemic, in contrast to other island endemic tree species with limited contemporary gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Finger
- Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chris J. Kettle
- Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaboury Ghazoul
- Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Ellstrand NC. Is gene flow the most important evolutionary force in plants? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:737-53. [PMID: 24752890 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although theory has demonstrated rather low levels of gene flow are sufficient to counteract opposing mutation, drift, and selection, widespread recognition of the evolutionary importance of gene flow has come slowly. The perceived role of gene flow as an evolutionary force has vacillated over the last century. In the last few decades, new methods and analyses have demonstrated that plant gene flow rates vary tremendously-from nil to very high-depending on the species and specific populations involved, and sometimes over time for individual populations. In many cases, the measured gene flow rates are evolutionarily significant at distances of hundreds and sometimes thousands of meters, occurring at levels sufficient to counteract drift, spread advantageous alleles, or thwart moderate levels of opposing local selection. Gene flow in plants is likely to often act as a cohesive force, uniting individual plant species into real evolutionary units. Also, gene flow can evolve under natural selection, decreasing or increasing. The fact of frequent, but variable, plant gene flow has important consequences for applied issues in which the presence or absence of gene flow might influence the outcome of a policy, regulatory, or management decision. Examples include the unintended spread of engineered genes, the evolution of invasiveness, and conservation. New data-rich genomic techniques allow closer scrutiny of the role of gene flow in plant evolution. Most plant evolutionists now recognize the importance of gene flow, and it is receiving increased recognition from other areas of plant biology as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman C Ellstrand
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124 USA
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45
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Saro I, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, González-Pérez MA, Sosa PA. Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of the Canarian endemic palm (Phoenix canariensis). Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 113:215-23. [PMID: 24619186 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity of small populations is greatly influenced by local dispersal patterns and genetic connectivity among populations, with pollen dispersal being the major component of gene flow in many plants species. Patterns of pollen dispersal, mating system parameters and spatial genetic structure were investigated in a small isolated population of the emblematic palm Phoenix canariensis in Gran Canaria island (Canary Islands). All adult palms present in the study population (n=182), as well as 616 seeds collected from 22 female palms, were mapped and genotyped at 8 microsatellite loci. Mating system analysis revealed an average of 5.8 effective pollen donors (Nep) per female. There was strong variation in correlated paternity rates across maternal progenies (ranging from null to 0.9) that could not be explained by the location and density of local males around focal females. Paternity analysis revealed a mean effective pollen dispersal distance of ∼71 m, with ∼70% of effective pollen originating from a distance of <75 m, and 90% from <200 m. A spatially explicit mating model indicated a leptokurtic pollen dispersal kernel, significant pollen immigration (12%) from external palm groves and a directional pollen dispersal pattern that seems consistent with local altitudinal air movement. No evidence of inbreeding or genetic diversity erosion was found, but spatial genetic structure was detected in the small palm population. Overall, the results suggest substantial pollen dispersal over the studied population, genetic connectivity among different palm groves and some resilience to neutral genetic erosion and subsequently to fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Saro
- Grupo de Biogeografía, Conservación y Territorio, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - J J Robledo-Arnuncio
- Department of Forest Ecology and Genetics, Forest Research Center (CIFOR), INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A González-Pérez
- Grupo de Biogeografía, Conservación y Territorio, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - P A Sosa
- Grupo de Biogeografía, Conservación y Territorio, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
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46
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Gerber S, Chadœuf J, Gugerli F, Lascoux M, Buiteveld J, Cottrell J, Dounavi A, Fineschi S, Forrest LL, Fogelqvist J, Goicoechea PG, Jensen JS, Salvini D, Vendramin GG, Kremer A. High rates of gene flow by pollen and seed in oak populations across Europe. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85130. [PMID: 24454802 PMCID: PMC3890301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3], [47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5–8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21–88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20–66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gerber
- BIOGECO, UMR1202, INRA, Cestas, France ; BIOGECO, UMR1202, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Felix Gugerli
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Joan Cottrell
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Dounavi
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Institute for Plant Protection, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Laura L Forrest
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Daniela Salvini
- Institute for Plant Protection, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy ; Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Antoine Kremer
- BIOGECO, UMR1202, INRA, Cestas, France ; BIOGECO, UMR1202, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
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47
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Jo L, Dos Santos ALW, Bueno CA, Barbosa HR, Floh EIS. Proteomic analysis and polyamines, ethylene and reactive oxygen species levels of Araucaria angustifolia (Brazilian pine) embryogenic cultures with different embryogenic potential. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:94-104. [PMID: 24327423 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is an important biotechnological tool in the large-scale propagation of elite genotypes and ex situ conservation of conifer species. Protocols for the induction and proliferation of embryogenic cultures (ECs) of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze) are well established, although the proper formation of mature somatic embryos (SEs) is still problematic. Thus, the identification of molecular markers for the screening of ECs able to respond to maturation conditions (abscisic acid and osmotic agents) is highly desirable. To develop molecular markers for the early detection of ECs able to develop well-formed SEs under maturation conditions, we analyzed the proteins found during the proliferation phase of A. angustifolia cell lines with different embryogenic capabilities, with one cell line being responsive to maturation conditions (R cell line), and one cell line that presented blocked development of SEs (B cell line). In addition, based on the peptides identified, polyamine levels (free and conjugate), ethylene production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) emission were analyzed using both EC lines (R and B cell lines). A marked difference in the biochemistry of ECs between these two cell lines was observed. Eleven proteins that were differentially expressed in the cell lines were identified by the combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Among these, S-adenosylmethionine synthase, the enzyme associated with polyamines and ethylene biosynthesis, was observed exclusively in the R cell line, while a protein linked to the oxidative stress subunit F of NADH dehydrogenase was observed exclusively in the B cell lines. Additionally, B cell lines showed higher levels of diamine putrescine and lower levels of ethylene. Higher values of ethylene and ROS were observed for the cell line that showed normal development of SEs. Altogether, our results open new perspectives in the optimization of culture conditions for A. angustifolia somatic embryogenesis, as well as establishing biochemical markers for the early selection of ECs during maturation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Jo
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology (BIOCEL), Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of Sao Paulo, 05422-970 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Côrtes MC, Uriarte M, Lemes MR, Gribel R, John Kress W, Smouse PE, Bruna EM. Low plant density enhances gene dispersal in the Amazonian understory herbHeliconia acuminata. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:5716-29. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Côrtes
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology; Columbia University; 1200 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Av. André Araujo 2936 Manaus AM 69083-000 Brazil
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology; Columbia University; 1200 Amsterdam Avenue New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Maristerra R. Lemes
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Reprodutiva de Plantas; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Av. André Araujo 2936 Manaus AM 69083-000 Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Rua Jardim Botânico 1008 Rio de Janeiro RJ 22460-030 Brazil
| | - Rogério Gribel
- Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Reprodutiva de Plantas; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Av. André Araujo 2936 Manaus AM 69083-000 Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Rua Jardim Botânico 1008 Rio de Janeiro RJ 22460-030 Brazil
| | - W. John Kress
- Department of Botany; National Museum of Natural History; MRC-166; Smithsonian Institution; PO Box 37012 Washington DC USA
| | - Peter E. Smouse
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources; Rutgers University; 14 College Farm Road New Brunswick NJ 08901-8551 USA
| | - Emilio M. Bruna
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Av. André Araujo 2936 Manaus AM 69083-000 Brazil
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; 711 Newell Drive Gainesville FL 32611-0430 USA
- Center for Latin American Studies; University of Florida; 319 Grinter Hall Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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49
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Shohami D, Nathan R. Fire-induced population reduction and landscape opening increases gene flow via pollen dispersal in Pinus halepensis. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:70-81. [PMID: 24128259 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Population reduction and disturbances may alter dispersal, mating patterns and gene flow. Rather than taking the common approach of comparing different populations or sites, here we studied gene flow via wind-mediated effective pollen dispersal on the same plant individuals before and after a fire-induced population drop, in a natural stand of Pinus halepensis. The fire killed 96% of the pine trees in the stand and cleared the vegetation in the area. Thirteen trees survived in two groups separated by ~80 m, and seven of these trees had serotinous (closed) prefire cones that did not open despite the fire. We analysed pollen from closed pre and postfire cones using microsatellites. The two groups of surviving trees were highly genetically differentiated, and the pollen they produced also showed strong among-group differentiation and very high kinship both before and after the fire, indicating limited and very local pollen dispersal. The pollen not produced by the survivors also showed significant prefire spatial genetic structure and high kinship, indicating mainly within-population origin and limited gene flow from outside, but became spatially homogeneous with random kinship after the fire. We suggest that postfire gene flow via wind-mediated pollen dispersal increased by two putative mechanisms: (i) a drastic reduction in local pollen production due to population thinning, effectively increasing pollen immigration through reduced dilution effect; (ii) an increase in wind speeds in the vegetation-free postfire landscape. This research shows that dispersal can alleviate negative genetic effects of population size reduction and that disturbances might enhance gene flow, rather than reduce it.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shohami
- Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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50
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Contemporary pollen-mediated gene immigration reflects the historical isolation of a rare, animal-pollinated shrub in a fragmented landscape. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 112:172-81. [PMID: 24065181 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation is generally considered to have negative impacts on widespread outbreeders but impacts on gene flow and diversity in patchy, naturally rare, self-compatible plant species remain unclear. We investigated diversity, gene flow and contemporary pollen-mediated gene immigration in the rare, narrowly distributed endemic shrub Calothamnus quadrifidus ssp. teretifolius. This taxon occurs in an internationally recognized biodiversity hotspot subjected to recent human-induced fragmentation and the condition of the remnants ranges from intact to highly degraded. Using microsatellites, we found that inbreeding, historically low gene flow and significant population differentiation have characterized the genetic system of C. quadrifidus ssp. teretifolius. Inbreeding arises from self-pollination, a small amount of biparental inbreeding and significant correlation of outcross paternity but fecundity was high suggesting populations might have purged their lethals. Paternity analyses show that pollinators can move pollen over degraded and intact habitat but populations in both intact and degraded remnants had few pollen parents per seed parent and low pollen immigration. Genetic diversity did not differ significantly between intact and degraded remnants but there were signs of genetic bottlenecks and reduced diversity in some degraded remnants. Overall, our study suggests human-induced fragmentation has not significantly changed the mating system, or pollen immigration to, remnant populations and therefore genetic connectivity need not be the highest conservation priority. Rather, for rare species adapted to higher levels of inbreeding, conservation efforts may be best directed to managing intact habitats and ecosystem processes.
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