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Calcaterra V, Vandoni M, Marin L, Carnevale Pellino V, Rossi V, Gatti A, Patanè P, Cavallo C, Re F, Albanese I, Silvestri D, De Nunzio A, Zuccotti G. Exergames to Limit Weight Gain and to Fight Sedentarism in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:928. [PMID: 37371160 DOI: 10.3390/children10060928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Exergames are defined as digital games that require bodily movements to play, stimulating an active gaming experience to function as a form of physical activity (PA). The players interact with the game through whole-body movements improving energy expenditure. Exergames may be effective in improving physical and psychological aspects of children and adolescents with obesity. In this narrative review, we synthesized the current evidence regarding the role of exergames in modifying body composition and weight and in promoting changes in sedentary behavior to define the benefits of active video games as useful tools for fighting sedentarism and to outline the future directions of exergaming as a supplementation exercise rather than a replacement in educational programs for pediatric obesity. Data from the literature indicate that exergames may offer an interesting impact on childhood obesity and may be considered a potential strategy for controlling weight gain and body composition, promote PA, and decrease time spent on sedentary behavior in children and adolescents with obesity. However, exergame use also has some limits, such as children's poor self-regulation and poor structuring of exergame use. Therefore, a prudent approach should be maintained, and additional high-quality research is needed to determine if exergames can be effectively used in the treatment of childhood obesity and if new digital media, as a supplementation of exercise rather than a replacement, could be considered to combat sedentary behavior in educational programs for pediatric obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vandoni
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Marin
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation, Medicine and Sport (LARMS), 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Carnevale Pellino
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Virginia Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gatti
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pamela Patanè
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation, Medicine and Sport (LARMS), 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cavallo
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Department of Research and Development, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 50, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Fabio Re
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation, Medicine and Sport (LARMS), 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Albanese
- Laboratory of Adapted Motor Activity (LAMA), Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation, Medicine and Sport (LARMS), 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Silvestri
- Department of Research, ASOMI College of Sciences, 2080 Marsa, Malta
| | - Alessandro De Nunzio
- Department of Research and Development, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 50, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Sharma M, Batra K, Singh TP, Dua R, Ickes M, Batra R, Nahar VK. Explaining Screen-Time Behavior Among Preschoolers in Northern India Using Multi Theory Model: A Parental Cross-Sectional Survey. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2021; 43:95-104. [PMID: 33765887 DOI: 10.1177/0272684x211006604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screen-time (ST) is the time spent on digital media. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the daily ST of less than an hour for preschoolers. However, increased ST among preschoolers is becoming a public health concern. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the multi-theory model (MTM)'s applicability in explaining the ST behavior change among preschoolers through parents. METHODS A quota sample of 72 parents was drawn from Northern India. Data were analyzed using multiple regression. RESULTS Behavioral confidence (p < 0.001) and changes in the physical environment (p < 0.001) significantly predicted the initiation of reducing ST. The sustenance of limiting ST was significantly predicted by the emotional transformation (p < 0.001), practice for change (p < 0.001), and changes in the social environment (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the usability of the MTM model in designing and testing interventions for parents to limit ST among their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
| | - Kavita Batra
- Office of Research, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
| | - Tejinder Pal Singh
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Division of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Rohini Dua
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, India
| | - Melinda Ickes
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Ravi Batra
- Department of Information Technology and Testing Center of Excellence, Coforge, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Vinayak K Nahar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States
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Gouri Suresh SS, Schauder SA. Income Segregation and Access to Healthy Food. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:e31-e38. [PMID: 32418802 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differences in diet quality across socioeconomic groups are a key contributor to health gradient. An agent-based model was developed to explore how income segregation affects food access for poor households under idealized circumstances where the poor have the same knowledge of and preferences for healthy food as the nonpoor. METHODS The agent-based model featured households with heterogeneous incomes and automobile ownership characteristics on the basis of 2016 U.S. Census Bureau data. Households had identical preferences and were perfectly informed about the prices and availability of food products in different grocery stores. The model featured 2 fully informed competing grocery stores that chose their locations, product lines, and prices to maximize profits. The model was simulated for different levels of income segregation. The model in this article was created and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS With no segregation, the rich and the poor households had comparatively equal access to grocery stores (in terms of travel distance) and healthy food (in terms of availability). With high segregation, poor households were forced to travel farther for groceries and may find healthy food unavailable at the grocery stores closest to their homes. Incentivizing grocery stores to locate equitably would require offering them substantial subsidies. CONCLUSIONS The model demonstrates that even under idealized conditions of perfect information and fully rational consumers, income segregation leads to adverse consequences for healthy food access by the poor. Agent-based modeling is useful to explore important hypothetical scenarios and should be considered as one of many worthwhile complementary frameworks to study complex topics.
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Jiménez-Marín G, Elías Zambrano R, Galiano-Coronil A, Ravina-Ripoll R. Food and Beverage Advertising Aimed at Spanish Children Issued through Mobile Devices: A Study from a Social Marketing and Happiness Management Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5056. [PMID: 32674347 PMCID: PMC7399972 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eating Disorders (ED) and obesity are a pandemic in developed and developing societies. In 2018, Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumption reported data on obesity (15%) and ED (12%). Spain thus ranks fifth among European countries in childhood obesity, with the highest incidence in the 6-12-year-age group. Many studies point to media as one of the contributing elements to this growth. In this sense, it should be noted that Spanish children are exposed to an average of 9000 television commercials per year and the vast majority of these are for food and beverage products of little or no nutritional value. Educommunication becomes essential here, since media have the capacity to educate, prevent and influence the behaviour as part of their social marketing strategies and within the happiness management philosophy. The aim of this paper is to analyse food and beverage advertising on mobile devices aimed at children. The methodology used includes a content analysis, a survey, and focus groups. The results show that many of the food products are bought or ordered as a direct result of advertising. The main conclusions point to the need to regulate the messages transmitted in order to guide the social function of media so that public health and happiness can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Jiménez-Marín
- Audiovisual and Advertising Department, Faculty of Communication, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (G.J.-M.); (R.E.Z.)
| | - Rodrigo Elías Zambrano
- Audiovisual and Advertising Department, Faculty of Communication, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (G.J.-M.); (R.E.Z.)
| | - Araceli Galiano-Coronil
- Marketing and Communication Department, Faculty of Social Sciences and Communication, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Rafael Ravina-Ripoll
- Business Organization Department, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
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Hu J, Ding N, Yang L, Ma Y, Gao M, Wen D. Association between television viewing and early childhood overweight and obesity: a pair-matched case-control study in China. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:184. [PMID: 31176368 PMCID: PMC6556004 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1557-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Television (TV) viewing may affect children's obesity status. In the present study the association between TV viewing and early childhood overweight/obese status was investigated as well as the association based on age difference. METHODS The present study included 933 children 1-5 years of age that were individually matched on a 1:2 (cases: controls) ratio based on age and community. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test was used to evaluate the association between TV viewing time and the related unhealthy behaviors. Conditional logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between TV viewing and children overweight/obese status in two age groups. The effects of TV viewing-related behaviors on the associations were further investigated. RESULTS TV viewing time > 1 h was positively associated with the prevalence of TV viewing-related unhealthy behaviors (P < 0.05). After controlling for these behaviors, the association between TV viewing and childhood overweight/obese status was significant among 4- to 5-year-old children (odds ratio, OR = 1.72, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.16--2.54), but not significant among 1- to 3-year-old children. CONCLUSIONS Childhood overweight/obese status was positively associated with longer TV viewing time only among 4- to 5-year-old children. The results from the present study may help in identifying the population susceptible for overweight and obesity caused by TV viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Hu
- Department of Social medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ning Ding
- Curriculum and teaching research office, Research Center of Medical Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Shenyang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Social medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Social medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Deliang Wen
- Department of Social medicine, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
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The prevalence and audience reach of food and beverage advertising on Chilean television according to marketing tactics and nutritional quality of products. Public Health Nutr 2018; 22:1113-1124. [PMID: 30486917 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the light of Chile's comprehensive new restriction on unhealthy food marketing, we analyse food advertising on Chilean television prior to the first and final phases of implementation of the restriction. DESIGN Content analysis of marketing strategies of 6976 advertisements, based on products' nutritional quality. Statistical analysis of total and child audience reached using television ratings data. SETTING Advertising from television aired between 06.00 and 00.00 hours during two random composite weeks across April-May 2016 from the four broadcast and four cable channels with the largest youth audiences. RESULTS Food ads represented 16 % of all advertising; 34 % of food ads featured a product high in energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or salt (HEFSS), as defined by the initial regulation. HEFSS ads were seen by more children and contained more child-directed marketing strategies than ads without HEFSS foods. If HEFSS advertising was restricted only in programmes where 20 % are children aged 4-12 years, 31 % of children's and 8 % of the general audience's HEFSS advertising exposure would be reduced. The newest 06.00-22.00 hours restriction captures 80 % of all audience exposure. CONCLUSIONS HEFSS advertising was seen by a large proportion of children before Chile's regulation. Chile's first implementation based on audience composition should reduce a third of this exposure and its second restriction across the television day should eliminate most of the exposure. The current study is a crucial first step in evaluating how Chile's regulation efforts will impact children's diets and obesity prevalence.
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Zhou M, Lalani C, Banda JA, Robinson TN. Sleep duration, timing, variability and measures of adiposity among 8- to 12-year-old children with obesity. Obes Sci Pract 2018; 4:535-544. [PMID: 30574347 PMCID: PMC6298203 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sleep disruption in laboratory studies increases adiposity and decreases glucose tolerance. However, few epidemiological studies have used objective measures of sleep. This study aims to assess associations between sleep duration, timing and regularity with measures of adiposity. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of 188 children with obesity (age: 10.50 ± 1.39 years; body mass index: 29.24 ± 5.04 kg m-2). Nightly sleep duration, bedtime and wake time were measured by multiple-day actigraphy and parent reports. Per cent overweight (per cent over median body mass index for age and sex) was chosen as the primary measure of obesity status. Objective measures of height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood lipids, glucose, insulin, glycated haemoglobin and C-reactive protein were obtained. Television screen time and total caloric intake were assessed via parent questionnaire. Results Each hour later in weekday bedtime was associated with an additional 6.17 per cent overweight (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42-10.92). Each hour greater in day-to-day variability in weekday bedtime and weekday wake time was associated with an additional 10.20 (95% CI: 0.50-19.91) and 10.02 (95% CI: 1.55-18.50) per cent overweight, respectively. Associations were similar after controlling for other obesity-related behaviours (television screen time, total caloric intake and physical activity.). Conclusions Among children with obesity, later bedtime and greater variability in bedtime and wake time are associated with greater adiposity, independent of other obesity-related behaviours. Early bedtime and wake time and consistent day-to-day sleep timing may be strategies to reduce adiposity in high-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhou
- Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - C Lalani
- Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford CA USA
| | - J A Banda
- Department of Health and Kinesiology Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - T N Robinson
- Stanford Solutions Science Lab and Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
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Abstract
Childhood obesity has been recognized as a global pandemic. Preventive strategies have proven to be the most effective public health intervention in curbing this pandemic. A multi-component approach involving dietary modification and advocacy for a healthy lifestyle comprising of regular physical activity, minimizing screen time and behavioral interventions have been found beneficial in preventing obesity. A life-cycle approach has been recommended where preventive interventions go as far back as affecting maternal, fetal and early childhood nutrition and lifestyle. Family, school and community involvement is important for long term results, so is the involvement of government in developing policies that help create an environment and opportunities for healthy diet and physical activity. Management of childhood obesity is challenging. It involves following a structured weight reduction programme individualized for every child, along with adoption of a healthy diet and life style. Anti-obesity drugs have a limited role in childhood years and are not recommended in younger children. Bariatric surgery is reserved for morbidly obese older adolescents but its long term safety data is limited in this age group.
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Swindle TM, Jarrett D, McKelvey L, Whiteside-Mansell L, Edge NC, Kraleti S. Test of a Conceptual Model to Explain Television Exposure of Head Start Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2018; 57:970-980. [PMID: 29082770 PMCID: PMC5938149 DOI: 10.1177/0009922817738340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Excessive television (TV) viewing by children can lead to negative health and developmental outcomes. Using structural equation modeling, this study tests a conceptual model to understand social and familial factors associated with TV exposure among a sample of 767 Head Start families with children between the ages of 3 and 5 years. Fit statistics suggested that the overall model provided an acceptable fit to the observed data. Specifically, significant structural paths suggest that parents' social support affects child TV exposure. Additionally, lower levels of social support were associated with significantly greater parental stress, which also predicted child TV exposure. Findings suggest that physicians and other team members of the patient-centered medical home may benefit from broad-based interventions that address familial factors to combat excess TV exposure among children. Urging parents to turn off the TV could fail to address the underlying causes of child TV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taren M. Swindle
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, #530, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199; United States of America
| | | | - Lorraine McKelvey
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, #530, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199; United States of America
| | - Leanne Whiteside-Mansell
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, #530, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199; United States of America
| | - Nicola Conners Edge
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, #530, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199; United States of America
| | - Shashank Kraleti
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, #530, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199; United States of America
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Lorenzoni G, Rtskhladze IL, Azzolina D, Manza E, Soriani N, Gregori D. How different is the country of Georgia in developing obesity? An international comparison from the OBEY-AD database. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lorenzoni
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Danila Azzolina
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manza
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Soriani
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Gregori
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Lorenzoni G, Rtskhladze IL, Vecchio MG, Zangurashvili L, Kankia N, Lomidze M, Andriadze ZT, Soriani N, Gregori D. Effect of TV advertising on energy intake of Georgian children: Results of an experimental study. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-17153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lorenzoni
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Soriani
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Gregori
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Barber SE, Kelly B, Collings PJ, Nagy L, Bywater T, Wright J. Prevalence, trajectories, and determinants of television viewing time in an ethnically diverse sample of young children from the UK. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:88. [PMID: 28683801 PMCID: PMC5501260 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive screen viewing in early childhood is associated with poor physical and psycho-social health and poor cognitive development. This study aimed to understand the prevalence, trajectory and determinants of television viewing time in early childhood to inform intervention development. Methods In this prospective longitudinal study, mothers of 1558 children (589 white British, 757 Pakistani heritage, 212 other ethnicities) completed questionnaires when their children were approximately 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months old. Mothers answered questions about their own and their child’s TV-time. TV-time trajectories were estimated by linear longitudinal multilevel modeling, potential determinants were considered in models. Results The modelled trajectory estimated that 75% of children aged 12 months exceeded guidelines of zero screen-time. At 12 months of age an accelerated increase in TV-time was observed (<1 h/day at 14 months, >2 h/day by 30 months old). For every hour of mothers’ TV-time and every hour the TV was on in the home, children’s TV-time was 8 min and 1 min higher respectively at 6 months old (P < 0.05), and 15 min and 3 min higher respectively at 36 months old (P < 0.05). Children whose mothers did not agree that it was important their child did not watch too much TV, had 17 min more TV-time than their counterparts (P < 0.05). Children of first time mothers had 6 min more TV-time (P < 0.05). At 12 months of age, children of mothers experiencing stress watched 8 min more TV (P < 0.05). By 36 months, children of Pakistani heritage mothers had 22 min more TV-time than those of white British mothers (P < 0.05), and an additional 35 min of TV-time if their mother was not born in the UK (P < 0.05). Conclusions High levels of TV-time were prevalent. Intervention developers should consider targeting interventions before 12 months of age. Modifiable determinants included mothers’ own TV-time, the time the television is on in the home and mothers’ attitude towards child TV-time. These behaviours may be key components to address in interventions for parents. Mothers experiencing stress, first time mothers, and Pakistani heritage mothers (particularly those born outside of the UK), may be priority groups for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Barber
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Paul J Collings
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Liana Nagy
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.,Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Rd, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Tracey Bywater
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of York, Area 2, Seebohm Rowntree Building, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research in developed countries has demonstrated an association of varying degrees between watching TV and the risk of being overweight and obese. However, there is no evidence of such an association in the context of the South Asian population. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether watching TV increases the risk of being overweight and obese among women in Bangladesh. SETTING Rural and urban areas in Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 16 624 non-pregnant women aged between 15 and 49 years. METHODS The study was based on cross-sectional data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) conducted in 2014. The main outcome variables were overweight and obesity measured by body mass index. Data were analysed by using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample population were, respectively, 4.5% (4.18% to 4.82%) and 20% (95% CI 19.39% to 20.61%). In the multivariable analysis, no statistically significant association was found between watching TV and being overweight. However, the odds of being obese among rural women were 63% higher (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.625, 95% CI 1.179 to 2.241) among those who watched less than once a week, and 68% (AOR 1.683, 95% CI 1.029 to 2.751) higher among women who watched TV at least once a week compared to those who did not watch TV at all. Urban women who watched TV at least once a week were 67% more likely to be obese (AOR 1.665, 95% CI 1.079 to 2.568) compared to those who did not watch at all. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen considerably among women aged between 15 and 49 years since the previous estimates based on BDHS data. Frequent TV watching was associated with a higher risk of being obese among adult women in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwajit Ghose
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Messages about appearance, food, weight and exercise in "tween" television. Eat Behav 2016; 23:70-75. [PMID: 27543918 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tweens (children ages ~8-14years) are a relatively recently defined age group, increasingly targeted by marketers. Individuals in this age group are particularly vulnerable to opinions and behaviors presented in media messages, given their level of cognitive and social development. However, little research has examined messages about appearance, food, weight, and exercise in television specifically targeting tweens, despite the popularity of this media type among this age group. This study used a content analytic approach to explore these messages in the five most popular television shows for tweens on the Disney Channel (as of 2015). Using a multiple-pass approach, relevant content in episodes from the most recently completed seasons of each show was coded. Appearance related incidents occurred in every episode; these most frequently mentioned attractiveness/beauty. Food related incidents were also present in every episode; typically, these situations were appearance and weight neutral. Exercise related incidents occurred in 53.3% of episodes; the majority expressed resistance to exercise. Weight related incidents occurred in 40.0% of the episodes; the majority praised the muscular ideal. Women were more likely to initiate appearance incidents, and men were more likely to initiate exercise incidents. These results suggest that programs specifically marketed to tweens reinforce appearance ideals, including stereotypes about female attractiveness and male athleticism, two constructs linked to eating pathology and body dissatisfaction. Given the developmental vulnerability of the target group, these findings are concerning, and highlight potential foci for prevention programming, including media literacy, for tweens.
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Korošec Ž, Pravst I. Television food advertising to children in Slovenia: analyses using a large 12-month advertising dataset. Int J Public Health 2016; 61:1049-1057. [PMID: 27628488 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-016-0896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The marketing of energy-dense foods is recognised as a probable causal factor in children's overweight and obesity. To stimulate policymakers to start using nutrient profiling to restrict food marketing, a harmonised model was recently proposed by the WHO. Our objective is to evaluate the television advertising of foods in Slovenia using the above-mentioned model. METHODS An analysis is performed using a representative dataset of 93,902 food-related advertisements broadcast in Slovenia in year 2013. The advertisements are linked to specific foods, which are then subject to categorisation according to the WHO and UK nutrient profile model. RESULTS Advertising of chocolate and confectionery represented 37 % of food-related advertising in all viewing times, and 77 % in children's (4-9 years) viewing hours. During these hours, 96 % of the food advertisements did not pass the criteria for permitted advertising according to the WHO profile model. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from Slovenia shows that, in the absence of efficient regulatory marketing restrictions, television advertising of food to children is almost exclusively linked to energy-dense foods. Minor modifications of the proposed WHO nutrient profile model are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Korošec
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Pravst
- Nutrition Institute, Tržaška cesta 40, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Dias KA, Coombes JS, Green DJ, Gomersall SR, Keating SE, Tjonna AE, Hollekim-Strand SM, Hosseini MS, Ro TB, Haram M, Huuse EM, Davies PSW, Cain PA, Leong GM, Ingul CB. Effects of exercise intensity and nutrition advice on myocardial function in obese children and adolescents: a multicentre randomised controlled trial study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010929. [PMID: 27044585 PMCID: PMC4823457 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of paediatric obesity is increasing, and with it, lifestyle-related diseases in children and adolescents. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has recently been explored as an alternate to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in adults with chronic disease and has been shown to induce a rapid reversal of subclinical disease markers in obese children and adolescents. The primary aim of this study is to compare the effects of HIIT with MICT on myocardial function in obese children and adolescents. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Multicentre randomised controlled trial of 100 obese children and adolescents in the cities of Trondheim (Norway) and Brisbane (Australia). The trial will examine the efficacy of HIIT to improve cardiometabolic outcomes in obese children and adolescents. Participants will be randomised to (1) HIIT and nutrition advice, (2) MICT and nutrition advice or (3) nutrition advice. Participants will partake in supervised exercise training and/or nutrition sessions for 3 months. Measurements for study end points will occur at baseline, 3 months (postintervention) and 12 months (follow-up). The primary end point is myocardial function (peak systolic tissue velocity). Secondary end points include vascular function (flow-mediated dilation assessment), quantity of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, myocardial structure and function, body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, autonomic function, blood biochemistry, physical activity and nutrition. Lean, healthy children and adolescents will complete measurements for all study end points at one time point for comparative cross-sectional analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This randomised controlled trial will generate substantial information regarding the effects of exercise intensity on paediatric obesity, specifically the cardiometabolic health of this at-risk population. It is expected that communication of results will allow for the development of more effective evidence-based exercise prescription guidelines in this population while investigating the benefits of HIIT on subclinical markers of disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01991106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin A Dias
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sjaan R Gomersall
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arnt Erik Tjonna
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siri Marte Hollekim-Strand
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mansoureh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein Baade Ro
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Margrete Haram
- Department of Radiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Else Marie Huuse
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter S W Davies
- Children's Nutrition Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter A Cain
- Heart Care Partners, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary M Leong
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charlotte B Ingul
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Beyond Food Promotion: A Systematic Review on the Influence of the Food Industry on Obesity-Related Dietary Behaviour among Children. Nutrients 2015; 7:8565-76. [PMID: 26501319 PMCID: PMC4632434 DOI: 10.3390/nu7105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor food and beverages as a result of a changing obesogenic environment contributes substantially to the increasing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. This paper reviews the nature and extent of food industry influences which expose children to commercial influences and thus might affect unhealthy dietary behaviour and finally contributes to obesity. A systematic search of nine electronic databases (including PubMed, PsycINFO, EconLit) and reference lists of original studies and reviews using key search terms identified 1900 articles. Of these only thirty-six articles met the inclusion and quality criteria. A narrative synthesis of the reviewed studies revealed six key obesogenic environments by which the food industry possibly influences obesity-related dietary behaviours in young children. These were schools, retailers, mass media “television”, mass media “internet”, home and promotional campaigns. Identifying these obesogenic environments is critical for monitoring and controlling the food industry, the development of effective environmental-level interventions to prevent childhood overweight and obesity and to identify knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research to support informed decisions of policy makers.
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Börnhorst C, Wijnhoven TMA, Kunešová M, Yngve A, Rito AI, Lissner L, Duleva V, Petrauskiene A, Breda J. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: associations between sleep duration, screen time and food consumption frequencies. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:442. [PMID: 25924872 PMCID: PMC4440513 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both sleep duration and screen time have been suggested to affect children's diet, although in different directions and presumably through different pathways. The present cross-sectional study aimed to simultaneously investigate the associations between sleep duration, screen time and food consumption frequencies in children. METHODS The analysis was based on 10 453 children aged 6-9 years from five European countries that participated in the World Health Organization European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Logistic multilevel models were used to assess associations of parent-reported screen time as well as sleep duration (exposure variables) with consumption frequencies of 16 food items (outcome variables). All models were adjusted for age, sex, outdoor play time, maximum educational level of parents and sleep duration or screen time, depending on the exposure under investigation. RESULTS One additional hour of screen time was associated with increased consumption frequencies of 'soft drinks containing sugar' (1.28 [1.19;1.39]; odds ratio and 99% confidence interval), 'diet/light soft drinks' (1.21 [1.14;1.29]), 'flavoured milk' (1.18 [1.08;1.28]), 'candy bars or chocolate' (1.31 [1.22;1.40]), 'biscuits, cakes, doughnuts or pies' (1.22 [1.14;1.30]), 'potato chips (crisps), corn chips, popcorn or peanuts' (1.32 [1.20;1.45]), 'pizza, French fries (chips), hamburgers'(1.30 [1.18;1.43]) and with a reduced consumption frequency of 'vegetables (excluding potatoes)' (0.89 [0.83;0.95]) and 'fresh fruits' (0.91 [0.86;0.97]). Conversely, one additional hour of sleep duration was found to be associated with increased consumption frequencies of 'fresh fruits' (1.11 [1.04;1.18]) and 'vegetables (excluding potatoes)' (1.14 [1.07;1.23]). CONCLUSION The results suggest a potential relation between high screen time exposure and increased consumption frequencies of foods high in fat, free sugar or salt whereas long sleep duration may favourably be related to children's food choices. Both screen time and sleep duration are modifiable behaviours that may be tackled in childhood obesity prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Börnhorst
- Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Achterstrasse 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Trudy M A Wijnhoven
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-Course, WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marie Kunešová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 11694, Prague 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Agneta Yngve
- School of Hospitality, Culinary Arts and Meal Science, Örebro University, Campus Grythyttan, P.O. Box 1, SE, 712 02, Grythyttan, Sweden.
| | - Ana I Rito
- National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Section for Epidemiology and Social medicine (EPSO), Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 454, SE, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Vesselka Duleva
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Center of Public Health and Analyses, 15 Akad. Ivan Evstatiev Geshov Blvd, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ausra Petrauskiene
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu str. 4, 50009, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - João Breda
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Promoting Health through the Life-Course, WHO Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Organizing "Play Streets" during school vacations can increase physical activity and decrease sedentary time in children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12:14. [PMID: 25888734 PMCID: PMC4334854 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A Play Street is a street that is reserved for children’s safe play for a specific period during school vacations. It was hypothesized that a Play Street near children’s home can increase their moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and decrease their sedentary time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Play Streets on children’s MVPA and sedentary time. A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to determine the effects of Play Streets on children’s MVPA and sedentary time. Data were collected in Ghent during July and August 2013. The study sample consisted of 126 children (54 from Play streets, 72 from control streets). Children wore an accelerometer for 8 consecutive days and their parents fill out a questionnaire before and after the measurement period. During the intervention, streets were enclosed and reserved for children’s play. Four-level (neighborhood – household – child – time of measurement (no intervention or during intervention)) linear regression models were conducted in MLwiN to determine intervention effects. Positive intervention effects were found for sedentary time (β = -0.76 ± 0.39; χ2 = 3.9; p = 0.05) and MVPA (β = 0.82 ± 0.43; χ2 = 3.6; p = 0.06). Between 14h00 and 19h00, MVPA from children living in Play Streets increased from 27 minutes during normal conditions to 36 minutes during the Play Street intervention, whereas control children’s MVPA decreased from 27 to 24 minutes. Sedentary time from children living in the Play Street decreased from 146 minutes during normal conditions to 138 minutes during the Play Street intervention, whereas control children’s sedentary time increased from 156 minutes to 165 minutes. The intervention effects on MVPA (β = -0.62 ± 0.25; χ2 = 6.3; p = 0.01) and sedentary time (β = 0.85 ± 0.0.33; χ2 = 6.6; p = 0.01) remained significant when the effects were investigated during the entire day, indicating that children did not compensate for their increased MVPA and decreased sedentary time, during the rest of the day. Creating a safe play space near urban children’s home by the Play Street intervention is effective in increasing children’s MVPA and decreasing their sedentary time.
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Dias PJP, Domingos IP, Ferreira MG, Muraro AP, Sichieri R, Gonçalves-Silva RMV. Prevalence and factors associated with sedentary behavior in adolescents. Rev Saude Publica 2015; 48:266-74. [PMID: 24897048 PMCID: PMC4206135 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2014048004635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of sedentary behavior and associated factors in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, of both sexes, belonging to a 1994-1999 birth cohort in the city of Cuiabá, MT, Central Western Brazil. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing sociodemographic, economic, lifestyle and anthropometric variables. Sedentary behavior was determined as using television and/or computer/video games for a time greater than or equal to 4 hours/day. Associations with sedentary behavior were evaluated using body mass index in childhood and adolescence and sociodemographic and behavioral variables using hierarchical logistic regression. RESULTS The overall prevalence of sedentary behavior was 58.1%. Of the 1,716 adolescents evaluated, 50.7% (n = 870) were male. In multivariate analysis, after adjustment for confounding factors, the variables that remained associated with sedentary behavior were: age (14 and over) (OR = 3.51, 95%CI 2.19;5.60); higher socioeconomic class (OR = 3.83, 95%CI 2.10;7.01), higher level of maternal education (OR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.09;3.01); living in the country (OR = 0.49, 95%CI 0.30;0.81); insufficient physical activity (OR = 1.25, 95%CI 1.02;1.53); experimentation with alcoholic beverages (OR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.08;1.66) and being overweight in adolescence (OR = 1.33, 95%CI 1.06;1.68). CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of adolescents in sedentary activities and the lack of association with being overweight in childhood, indicates the need for educational initiatives to reduce multiple risk behaviors. Encouraging physical activity in young people as a way of reducing sedentary behavior and, consequently, being overweight is fundamental.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Muraro
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brasil
| | - Rosely Sichieri
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Scully P, Reid O, Macken A, Healy M, Saunders J, Leddin D, Cullen W, Dunne C, O'Gorman CS. Food and beverage cues in UK and Irish children-television programming. Arch Dis Child 2014; 99:979-84. [PMID: 24982416 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-305430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased time in which children spend watching television is a well-described contributor to paediatric obesity. This study investigated the frequency and type of food and beverage placement in children-specific television broadcasts and compared data from UK (UK) and Irish television stations. DESIGN Content analysis, totalling 82.5 h, reflecting 5 weekdays of children-specific television broadcasting on UK and Irish television channels was performed. To allow comparison between UK and Irish food and beverage cues, only broadcasts between 06.00 and 11.30 were analysed. Data were coded separately by two analysts and transferred to SPSS for analyses. Food and beverage cues were coded based on type of product, product placement, product use, motivation, outcome and characters involved. RESULTS A total of 1155 food and beverage cues were recorded. Sweet snacks were the most frequent food cue (13.3%), followed by sweets/candy (11.4%). Tea/coffee was the most frequent beverage cue (13.5%), followed by sugar-sweetened beverages (13.0%). The outcome of the cue was positive in 32.6%, negative in 19.8%, and neutral in 47.5% of cases. The most common motivating factor associated with each cue was celebratory/social (25.2%), followed by hunger/thirst (25.0%). Comparison of UK and Irish placements showed both to portray high levels of unhealthy food cues. However, placements for sugar-sweetened beverages were relatively low on both channels. CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence of the prominence of unhealthy foods in children's programming. These data may provide guidance for healthcare professionals, regulators and programme makers in planning for a healthier portrayal of food and beverage in children's television.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Scully
- The Children's Ark, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Orlaith Reid
- The Children's Ark, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alan Macken
- The Children's Ark, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mark Healy
- C-Star, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Des Leddin
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, Limerick, Ireland Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Walter Cullen
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Colum Dunne
- Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Clodagh S O'Gorman
- The Children's Ark, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), Graduate Entry Medical School, Limerick, Ireland Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Measuring brand awareness as a component of eating habits in Indian children: the development of the IBAI questionnaire. Indian J Pediatr 2014; 81 Suppl 1:23-9. [PMID: 24916131 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-014-1447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an instrument that allows one to estimate the Indian children's brand awareness of alimentary products. METHODS The IBAI (International Brand Awareness Instrument), an age specific tool composed of 12 sheets with images reporting brand logos of alimentary products, has been adjusted for the Indian context in order to investigate on infants' cognitive skills of recalling and recognizing. The IBAI was piloted in a sample of 100 children aged from 3 to 10 y and enrolled in New Delhi schools. RESULTS Children aged 7-10 y showed an higher brand awareness as compared to those of 3-6 y. CONCLUSIONS The IBAI instrument may be a component for further analysis of the influence of food marketing on child's diet, foods' choices and preferences within the Indian social and cultural macro-context. Findings suggest that children over 6 y are particularly gullible by brands and TV promoted advertising. Prevention through information should, therefore be offered to school aged children and their parents, involving teachers, nutritionists and experts in developmental psychology also.
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Gregori D, Ballali S, Vecchio MG, Sciré AS, Foltran F, Berchialla P. Randomized Controlled Trials Evaluating Effect of Television Advertising on Food Intake in Children: Why Such a Sensitive Topic is Lacking Top-Level Evidence? Ecol Food Nutr 2014; 53:562-577. [PMID: 25105865 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2014.883976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of evidence coming from randomized controlled trials (RCT) aimed at assessing the effect of television advertising on food intake in children from 4 to 12 years old. Randomized controlled trials were searched in PubMed database and included if they assessed the effect of direct exposure to television food advertising over the actual energy intake of children. Seven studies out of 2166 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The association between television advertising and energy intake is based on a very limited set of randomized researches lacking a solid ground of first-level evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Gregori
- a Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Marsh S, Foley LS, Wilks DC, Maddison R. Family-based interventions for reducing sedentary time in youth: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2014; 15:117-33. [PMID: 24102891 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Family involvement in interventions to reduce sedentary time may help foster appropriate long-term screen-based habits in children. This review systematically synthesized evidence from randomized controlled trials of interventions with a family component that targeted reduction of sedentary time, including TV viewing, video games and computer use, in children. MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Embase were searched from inception through March 2012. Seventeen articles were considered eligible and included in the review. Studies were judged to be at low-to-moderate risk of bias. Despite inconsistent study results, level of parental involvement, rather than the setting itself, appeared an important determinant of intervention success. Studies including a parental component of medium-to-high intensity were consistently associated with statistically significant changes in sedentary behaviours. Participant age was also identified as a determinant of intervention outcomes; all three studies conducted in pre-school children demonstrated significant decreases in sedentary time. Finally, TV exposure appeared to be related to changes in energy intake rather than physical activity. Future studies should assess the effects of greater parental involvement and child age on success of sedentary behaviour interventions. More research is required to better understand the relationship between screen time and health behaviours, particularly energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marsh
- National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dev DA, McBride BA, Fiese BH, Jones BL, Cho H. Risk factors for overweight/obesity in preschool children: an ecological approach. Child Obes 2013; 9:399-408. [PMID: 24020790 PMCID: PMC3791057 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2012.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of risk factors is critical to preventing the childhood obesity epidemic. Risk factors that contribute to obesity are multifactorial. However, limited research has focused on identifying obesity risk factors using an ecological approach. METHODS Baseline self-report survey data from the STRONG Kids program were used. The sample consisted of 329 parent-child dyads recruited from childcare programs in east-central Illinois. Child height and weight were measured and converted to age- and sex-specific z-scores using standard growth charts. An ecological model provided the theoretical framework for the selection of 22 previously reported childhood obesity risk factors. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors. RESULTS Of 22 potential risk factors, three were found to be significantly associated with child overweight/obesity. These included child nighttime sleep duration (χ(2)=8.56; p=0.003), parent BMI (χ(2)=5.62; p=0.01), and parental restrictive feeding for weight control (χ(2)=4.77; p=0.02). Children who slept for 8 hours and less were 2.2 times more likely to be overweight/obese [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-3.7), whereas children with an overweight/obese parent were 1.9 times more likely to be overweight/obese (95% CI: 1.12-3.2). Finally, children whose parents used restrictive feeding practices were 1.75 times more likely to be overweight/obese (95% CI: 1.06-2.9). CONCLUSIONS Using an ecological approach, we conclude that childhood obesity prevention efforts may benefit from targeting the key risk factors of child sleep duration, parent BMI, and parental restrictive feeding practices as focus areas for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti A. Dev
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Brent A. McBride
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,STRONG Kids: The STRONG Kids Research Team includes Kristen Harrison, PhD, Kelly Bost, PhD, Brent McBride, PhD, Sharon Donovan, PhD, RD, Diana Grigsby-Toussaint, PhD, Janet Liechty, PhD, Angela Wiley, PhD, Margarita Teran-Garcia, PhD, and Barbara Fiese, PhD
| | - Barbara H. Fiese
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.,STRONG Kids: The STRONG Kids Research Team includes Kristen Harrison, PhD, Kelly Bost, PhD, Brent McBride, PhD, Sharon Donovan, PhD, RD, Diana Grigsby-Toussaint, PhD, Janet Liechty, PhD, Angela Wiley, PhD, Margarita Teran-Garcia, PhD, and Barbara Fiese, PhD
| | - Blake L. Jones
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Hyunkeun Cho
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
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Roberts M, Pettigrew S, Chapman K, Quester P, Miller C. Children's exposure to food advertising: An analysis of the effectiveness of self-regulatory codes in Australia. Nutr Diet 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Roberts
- Business School; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- Business School; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia
| | - Kathy Chapman
- Health Strategies; Cancer Council New South Wales; Woolloomooloo New South Wales
| | - Pascale Quester
- The University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Caroline Miller
- School of Population Health; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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Kuo F, Goebel LA, Satkamp N, Beauchamp R, Kurrasch JM, Smith AR, Maguire JM. Service learning in a pediatric weight management program to address childhood obesity. Occup Ther Health Care 2013; 27:142-162. [PMID: 23855572 DOI: 10.3109/07380577.2013.780318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an inter-professional service learning collaboration and reflects benefits and considerations when incorporating a family-oriented approach in the community-based pediatric weight management program. Because obesity has tremendous consequences on a nation's health and economy, a pediatrician in a community health network has utilized an inter-professional team to implement a pediatric weight management program targeting children between the ages of 8 and 15 years. The team incorporates a culturally sensitive curriculum using a family-oriented approach for obesity prevention and intervention. Physicians, registered dietitians, occupational therapists, nurse practitioners, and mental health professionals assist participants in adopting a healthier lifestyle by addressing physical and psychosocial issues related to obesity, developing a nutrition plan, making healthier food choices, and finding fun ways to be more physically active. Graduate occupational therapy students work closely with the team members to assist delivery of interactive activities and behavior intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Kuo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Indiana University School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Understanding the physical and social contexts of children's nonschool sedentary behavior: an ecological momentary assessment study. J Phys Act Health 2013; 11:588-95. [PMID: 23493261 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2011-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on children's sedentary behavior has relied on recall-based self-report or accelerometer methods, which do not assess the context of such behavior. PURPOSE This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to determine where and with whom children's sedentary behavior occurs during their nonschool time. METHODS Children (N = 120) ages 9-13 years (51% male, 33% Hispanic) wore mobile phones that prompted surveys (20 total) for 4 days. Surveys measured current activity (eg, exercise, watching TV), physical location (eg, home, outdoors), and social company (eg, family, friends). RESULTS Children engaged in a greater percentage of leisure-oriented (eg, watching TV) than productive (eg, reading, doing homework) sedentary behavior (70% vs 30%, respectively). Most of children's sedentary activity occurred at home (85%). Children's sedentary activity took place most often with family members (58%). Differences in physical context of sedentary behavior were found for older vs. younger children (P < .05). Type of sedentary behavior differed by gender, racial/ethnic group, and social context (P < .05). CONCLUSION Children may prefer or have greater opportunities to be sedentary in some contexts than others. Research demonstrates the potential for using EMA to capture real-time information about children's sedentary behavior during their nonschool time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi S. Niemeier
- a University of Wisconsin , 130 Williams Center , WI , 53190-1790 , Whitewater
| | - Joel M. Hektner
- b Department of Human Development and Family Studies , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , 58108-6050
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Holm JE, Lilienthal KR, Poltavski DV, Vogeltanz-Holm N. Relationships between health behaviors and weight status in American Indian and white rural children. J Rural Health 2013; 29:349-59. [PMID: 24088209 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preventing obesity in childhood is an increasingly important public health goal. Prevention efforts can be improved by better understanding relationships between health behaviors and overweight and obesity. This study examined such relationships in young American Indian and white children living in the rural United States. METHODS Self-report measures of diet, screen time (passive and active), and physical activity were combined with cardiovascular fitness in cross-sectional analyses to predict weight categories based on body mass index percentiles in 306 American Indian and white children (aged 8-9 years) from a rural area in the upper Midwestern United States. FINDINGS Multinomial logistic regression models were statistically significant for girls (χ2 [20] = 42.73, P < .01), boys (χ2 [20] = 50.44, P < .001), American Indian (χ2 [20] = 36.67, P < .05), and white children (χ2 [20] = 55.99, P < .001). Obesity was associated with poorer cardiovascular fitness in girls (OR = 0.82), boys (OR = 0.83), American Indian (OR = 0.79), and white children (OR = 0.85), and with passive screen time in girls (OR = 1.69), boys (OR = 2.1), and white children (OR = 1.81). Overweight was associated with passive screen time (OR = 2.24) and inversely with active screen time (OR = 0.54), but only in boys. CONCLUSIONS Logistic regression models were more successful at predicting obesity than overweight in all groups of participants. Poorer cardiovascular fitness showed the strongest and most consistent association with obesity, but passive screen time was also a significant and important contributor to the prediction of obesity in most prediction models. Prediction models were similar in girls, boys, American Indian, and white children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Holm
- Department of Psychology and Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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Abstract
The aim of this paper was to systematically review the evidence for the association between television viewing and diet in children ages 2-6. Data sources included PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERIC, SportDISCUS, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science and hand searches of reference lists of relevant articles. Twelve studies were reviewed in which the relationship between television viewing and diet was assessed in children between the ages of 2 and 6. All but one study reported significant relationship between television viewing time and adverse dietary outcomes. Parent-reported television viewing time was used to assay child television viewing in all included studies. Food frequency survey was the most frequent method of dietary assessment, and parent served as proxies for children in all studies. Lower fruit and/or vegetable intake was the most frequently reported dietary outcome, followed by increased energy intake with increased television viewing. The majority of studies reported adverse dietary outcomes with as little as 1 h of daily television exposure. While these results are consistent with recommendations from child health advocates to limit television viewing in young children, they also suggest that further efforts to limit television viewing in young children may be needed to aid in obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ford
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27516-2524, USA.
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Centis E, Marzocchi R, Di Luzio R, Moscatiello S, Salardi S, Villanova N, Marchesini G. A controlled, class-based multicomponent intervention to promote healthy lifestyle and to reduce the burden of childhood obesity. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:436-45. [PMID: 22911919 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity prevention in childhood and adolescence represent a priority for public health; school is a privileged place for health promotion interventions. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to test the effectiveness of a multicomponent 5-month intervention on the habits of primary school children, making the families aware of the importance of healthy choices. METHODS Two hundred nine children attending the fourth class of primary school, divided into interventional (n = 103) and control arm (n = 106) were included in the study. In the intervention group, parents and teachers received more intense lifestyle counseling, associated with weekly motivational telephone calls to families to motivate further their lifestyle changes. Standard deviation score (SDS) body mass index (BMI) was the primary outcome measure; on open-air games and TV watching were secondary outcomes. RESULTS At baseline, no differences were observed between groups. At 8-month follow-up, mean SDS BMI had decreased by 0.06 units in the intervention arm and increased by 0.12 in controls (time × treatment anova, P < 0.002). Outdoor activities increased from 6.23 h week(-1) to 9.93 in the intervention group (P < 0.001), not in controls. This change was associated differences in TV watching from baseline (intervention, -0.96 h week(-1); P = 0.037; controls, +1.33 h week(-1); P = 0.031). CONCLUSION A multicomponent school-based intervention addressing the needs of children, teachers and families produced a significant and favourable short-term effect on overweight/obese schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Centis
- Unit of Metabolic Diseases & Clinical Dietetics, Alma Mater Studiorum University, Bologna, Italy
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Kyriazis I, Rekleiti M, Saridi M, Beliotis E, Toska A, Souliotis K, Wozniak G. Prevalence of obesity in children aged 6-12 years in Greece: nutritional behaviour and physical activity. Arch Med Sci 2012. [PMID: 23185196 PMCID: PMC3506229 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.31296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last two decades, obesity has proved to be one of the most important problems of public health, and it is considerably more frequent in developed countries, not only in adults, but in children, too. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two thousand three hundred and seventy-four pupils in primary education were considered for the study (1206 boys and 1168 girls). RESULTS In the population-based study, the proportion of overweight children was 23.9%, of obese children 7.3%, and of those with central obesity 35.5%. The boys were obese in a higher percentage than the girls (9.2% vs. 5.3%, p < 0.05). The obesity rates were gradually reduced as the children were growing older. The nutritional habits which were identified to have a positive association with obesity were the following: skipping breakfast, not consuming fruits and vegetables, and consuming bread and soft drinks. Children's healthy nutrition in school was related to lower rates of generalised and central obesity, while the hours spent watching TV were positively associated with all types of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Results from the study suggest that a high proportion of children are overweight or obese. Therefore, it is important to adhere to a healthy lifestyle which emphasizes healthy food choices and habits, regular physical activity, and limiting screen time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanouil Beliotis
- Diabetes Outpatient Clinic, ‘Asklipieion Voulas’ General Hospital, Attica, Greece
| | | | - Kyriakos Souliotis
- Department of Social and Educational Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Korinthos, Greece
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Verstraeten R, Roberfroid D, Lachat C, Leroy JL, Holdsworth M, Maes L, Kolsteren PW. Effectiveness of preventive school-based obesity interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:415-38. [PMID: 22760565 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.035378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing rapidly in low- and middle-income countries, and informed policies to tackle the problem must be defined. OBJECTIVE We systematically reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of school-based interventions targeting dietary behavior and/or physical activity for the primary prevention of obesity in children and adolescents aged 6-18 y in low- and middle-income countries. DESIGN We searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, ERIC, Cochrane Library, and Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases for peer-reviewed controlled studies published in English, Spanish, French, German, or Dutch between January 1990 and July 2011. The quality of the included studies was appraised independently by 2 authors who used the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool. RESULTS From a total of 7218 unique references, we retained 22 studies. Most of the interventions (82%) had a positive effect on dietary behavior and physical activity behavior (effect size ranged from -0.48 to 1.61). BMI decreased in 8 studies (effect size ranged from -0.7 to 0.0). Effective interventions targeted both diet and physical activity, involved multiple stakeholders, and integrated educational activities into the school curriculum. CONCLUSIONS School-based interventions have the potential to improve dietary and physical activity behavior and to prevent unhealthy body weights in low- and middle-income countries. To reach their full potential, interventions should conduct process evaluations to document program implementation. The effect and the pathways through which interventions have this effect need to be better documented through rigorous evaluation studies.
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Niemeier BS, Hektner JM, Enger KB. Parent participation in weight-related health interventions for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med 2012; 55:3-13. [PMID: 22575353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review child and adolescent weight-related health intervention characteristics, with a particular focus on levels of parental participation, and examine differences in intervention effectiveness. METHODS Multiple social science, health, and medical databases were searched, and experimental randomized controlled studies of child and adolescent weight-related health interventions, reported in January 2004 through December 2010, were collected. Intervention characteristics were reviewed, and pre- and post-measurement data, including body mass index, were extracted for analyses. Differences in effect sizes of experimental and control groups were used to evaluate effectiveness of interventions. RESULTS Reports of 42 interventions were included. Intervention activities consisted of nutrition education, physical activity education, physical activity sessions, behavior education, behavior therapy, or a combination of these activities. Significant differences existed among levels of parent participation, p<0.05. In addition, intervention duration positively predicted intervention effectiveness, p=0.006, and the linear combination of parent participation and intervention duration significantly predicted intervention effectiveness, p=0.001. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that weight-related health interventions that require parent participation more effectively reduce body mass indexes of child and adolescent participants. In addition, longer interventions that include parent participation appear to have greater success. Suggestions for future research and related interventions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi S Niemeier
- University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, & Coaching, 130 Williams Center, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA.
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Boulos R, Vikre EK, Oppenheimer S, Chang H, Kanarek RB. ObesiTV: how television is influencing the obesity epidemic. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:146-53. [PMID: 22677722 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health concern in the United States. Over the last several decades, the prevalence of obesity among both adults and children has grown at an alarming rate and is now reaching epidemic proportions. The increase in obesity has been associated with rises in a host of other chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. While the causes of obesity are multifaceted, there is growing evidence that television viewing is a major contributor. Results of numerous studies indicate a direct association between time spent watching television and body weight. Possible explanations for this relationship include: 1) watching television acts as a sedentary replacement for physical activity; 2) food advertisements for nutrient-poor, high-calorie foods stimulate food intake; and 3) television viewing is associated with "mindless" eating. In addition to decreasing physical activity and increasing the consumption of highly palatable foods, television viewing can also promote weight gain in indirect ways, such as through the use of targeted product placements in television shows; by influencing social perceptions of body image; and airing programs that portray cooking, eating and losing weight as entertainment. This paper will provide an interdisciplinary review of the direct and indirect ways in which television influences the obesity epidemic, and conclude with ways in which the negative impact of television on obesity could be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boulos
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Mothers' perceptions of the negative impact on TV food ads on children's food choices. Appetite 2012; 59:372-6. [PMID: 22641145 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This exploratory study investigates the opinions of mothers who have at least one child between the ages of 7 and 12 in terms of the impact of TV food advertising on their children. This research also examines whether there is any third person effect active in mothers' opinions of TV food advertising aimed at children by asking them about both the impact on their own children, and the children of strangers. The results reveal that most mothers in the study have generally negative attitudes toward TV food advertising aimed at children, but they believe that the children of strangers are more negatively impacted by exposure to the ads than their own children.
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Multilevel analysis of the Be Active Eat Well intervention: environmental and behavioural influences on reductions in child obesity risk. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36:901-7. [PMID: 22531087 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Be Active Eat Well (BAEW) community-based child obesity prevention intervention was successful in modestly reducing unhealthy weight gain in primary school children using a multi-strategy and multi-setting approach. OBJECTIVE To (1) examine the relationship between changes in obesity-related individual, household and school factors and changes in standardised child body mass index (zBMI), and (2) determine if the BAEW intervention moderated these effects. METHODS The longitudinal relationships between changes in individual, household and school variables and changes in zBMI were explored using multilevel modelling, with measurement time (baseline and follow-up) at level 1, individual (behaviours, n = 1812) at level 2 and households (n = 1318) and schools (n = 18) as higher levels (environments). The effect of the intervention was tested while controlling for child age, gender and maternal education level. RESULTS This study confirmed that the BAEW intervention lowered child zBMI compared with the comparison group (-0.085 units, P = 0.03). The variation between household environments was found to be a large contributor to the percentage of unexplained change in child zBMI (59%), compared with contributions from the individual (23%) and school levels (1%). Across both groups, screen time (P = 0.03), sweet drink consumption (P = 0.03) and lack of household rules for television (TV) viewing (P = 0.05) were associated with increased zBMI, whereas there was a non-significant association with the frequency the TV was on during evening meals (P = 0.07). The moderating effect of the intervention was only evident for the relationship between the frequency of TV on during meals and zBMI, however, this effect was modest (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS The development of childhood obesity involves multi-factorial and multi-level influences, some of which are amenable to change. Obesity prevention strategies should not only target individual behaviours but also the household environment and family practices. Although zBMI changes were modest, these findings are encouraging as small reductions can have population level impacts on childhood obesity levels.
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Gebremariam MK, Totland TH, Andersen LF, Bergh IH, Bjelland M, Grydeland M, Ommundsen Y, Lien N. Stability and change in screen-based sedentary behaviours and associated factors among Norwegian children in the transition between childhood and adolescence. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:104. [PMID: 22309715 PMCID: PMC3299586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to inform interventions to prevent sedentariness, more longitudinal studies are needed focusing on stability and change over time in multiple sedentary behaviours. This paper investigates patterns of stability and change in TV/DVD use, computer/electronic game use and total screen time (TST) and factors associated with these patterns among Norwegian children in the transition between childhood and adolescence. Methods The baseline of this longitudinal study took place in September 2007 and included 975 students from 25 control schools of an intervention study, the HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) study. The first follow-up took place in May 2008 and the second follow-up in May 2009, with 885 students participating at all time points (average age at baseline = 11.2, standard deviation ± 0.3). Time used for/spent on TV/DVD and computer/electronic games was self-reported, and a TST variable (hours/week) was computed. Tracking analyses based on absolute and rank measures, as well as regression analyses to assess factors associated with change in TST and with tracking high TST were conducted. Results Time spent on all sedentary behaviours investigated increased in both genders. Findings based on absolute and rank measures revealed a fair to moderate level of tracking over the 2 year period. High parental education was inversely related to an increase in TST among females. In males, self-efficacy related to barriers to physical activity and living with married or cohabitating parents were inversely related to an increase in TST. Factors associated with tracking high vs. low TST in the multinomial regression analyses were low self-efficacy and being of an ethnic minority background among females, and low self-efficacy, being overweight/obese and not living with married or cohabitating parents among males. Conclusions Use of TV/DVD and computer/electronic games increased with age and tracked over time in this group of 11-13 year old Norwegian children. Interventions targeting these sedentary behaviours should thus be introduced early. The identified modifiable and non-modifiable factors associated with change in TST and tracking of high TST should be taken into consideration when planning such interventions.
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Ebenegger V, Marques-Vidal P, Kriemler S, Nydegger A, Zahner L, Niederer I, Bürgi F, Puder JJ. Differences in aerobic fitness and lifestyle characteristics in preschoolers according to their weight status and sports club participation. Obes Facts 2012; 5:23-33. [PMID: 22433614 DOI: 10.1159/000336603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses differences in adiposity, aerobic fitness, and lifestyle characteristics in preschoolers according to their weight status and sports club (SC) participation. METHOD As part of the Ballabeina study, 600 randomly selected preschoolers (mean age 5.1 ± 0.6 years; 50.2% girls) were analyzed. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance, aerobic fitness by the 20-meter shuttle run test, and physical activity by accelerometers. Eating habits, media use, and SC participation were assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS Overweight children (Swiss national percentiles) and children not participating in SC had both lower aerobic fitness and higher % body fat compared to their respective counterparts (all p ≤ 0.028). In addition, children not participating in SC were less physically active, had more media use, and ate less healthy compared to children participating in SC (all p ≤ 0.023). Controlling for parental sociocultural determinants attenuated differences in % body fat, in physical activity, and in eating habits. CONCLUSION Aerobic fitness differs both according to weight status and SC participation in preschoolers. Furthermore, in view of the many differences in lifestyle behaviors, SC participation at this age could represent a more discriminatory indicator of healthy lifestyle characteristics than weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ebenegger
- Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Lausanne, Route de Chavannes 33, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Al-Haifi AR, Al-Fayez MA, Al-Nashi B, Al-Athari BI, Bawadi H, Musaiger AO. Right Diet: a television series to combat obesity among adolescents in Kuwait. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012; 5:205-12. [PMID: 22826638 PMCID: PMC3402008 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s32636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent obesity is a growing public health problem in Kuwait. Reducing obesity can lower the risk of several chronic diseases. Fourteen obese adolescent boys volunteered to participate in a 6-month multidimensional television series on weight loss. METHODS The adolescent boys were recruited through advertisements in schools. The program included counseling sessions, nutritional education, exercise, family support, peer group involvement, and incentives designed to motivate participants. RESULTS The mean age of the boys was 15.6 ± 0.8 years. On average, subjects lost 10.6 ± 8.9 kg in weight and gained 3.3 ± 1.6 cm in height during the study period. The difference in mean body mass index at baseline and at 6 months following intervention was significant (P < 0.001) at 36.8 ± 4.6 and 32.0 ± 5.4, kg/m(2) respectively. Participants ranked counseling as the most important component of the program, followed by family support and type of program. CONCLUSION This type of television series could be used as a model for future public health programs to prevent and control obesity among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Al-Haifi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Showaikh, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad A Al-Fayez
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Showaikh, Kuwait
| | - Bader Al-Nashi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Showaikh, Kuwait
| | | | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdulrahman O Musaiger
- Nutrition and Health Studies Unit, University of Bahrain and Arab Center for Nutrition, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Correspondence: Abdulrahman O Musaiger, Nutrition and Health Studies Unit, University of Bahrain, Arab Center for Nutrition, PO Box 26923, Kingdom of Bahrain, Tel +973 3962 5955, Fax +973 1734 6339, Email
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Misra A, Nigam P, Hills AP, Chadha DS, Sharma V, Deepak KK, Vikram NK, Joshi S, Chauhan A, Khanna K, Sharma R, Mittal K, Passi SJ, Seth V, Puri S, Devi R, Dubey AP, Gupta S. Consensus physical activity guidelines for Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther 2012; 14:83-98. [PMID: 21988275 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2011.0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
India is currently undergoing rapid economic, demographic, and lifestyle transformations. A key feature of the latter transformation has been inappropriate and inadequate diets and decreases in physical activity. Data from various parts of India have shown a steady increase in the prevalence of lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), etc., frequently in association with overweight or obesity. Comparative data show that Asian Indians are more sedentary than white Caucasians. In this review, the Consensus Group considered the available physical activity guidelines from international and Indian studies and formulated India-specific guidelines. A total of 60 min of physical activity is recommended every day for healthy Asian Indians in view of the high predisposition to develop T2DM and CHD. This should include at least 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, 15 min of work-related activity, and 15 min of muscle-strengthening exercises. For children, moderate-intensity physical activity for 60 min daily should be in the form of sport and physical activity. This consensus statement also includes physical activity guidelines for pregnant women, the elderly, and those suffering from obesity, T2DM, CHD, etc. Proper application of guidelines is likely to have a significant impact on the prevalence and management of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, T2DM, and CHD in Asian Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Misra
- Fortis-CDOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Musaiger AO. Overweight and obesity in eastern mediterranean region: prevalence and possible causes. J Obes 2011; 2011:407237. [PMID: 21941635 PMCID: PMC3175401 DOI: 10.1155/2011/407237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to explore the prevalence of overweight and obesity among various age groups as well as discuss the possible factors that associated with obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A systematic review of published papers between 1990 and 2011 was carried out. Obesity reached an alarming level in all age groups of the EMR countries. The prevalence of overweight among preschool children(<5 years) ranged from 1.9% to 21.9%, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children ranged from 7% to 45%. Among adults the prevalence of overweight and obesity ranged from 25% to 81.9%. Possible factors determining obesity in this region include: nutrition transition, inactivity, urbanization, marital status, a shorter duration of breastfeeding, frequent snacking, skipping breakfast, a high intake of sugary beverages, an increase in the incidence of eating outside the home, long periods of time spent viewing television, massive marketing promotion of high fat foods, stunting, perceived body image, cultural elements and food subsidize policy. A national plan of action to overcome obesity is urgently needed to reduce the economic and health burden of obesity in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman O. Musaiger
- Nutrition and Health Research Unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Bahrain and Arab Center for Nutrition, P.O. Box 26923, Manama, Bahrain
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Prell H, Palmblad E, Lissner L, Berg CM. Health discourse in Swedish television food advertising during children's peak viewing times. Appetite 2011; 56:607-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
In Australia, caries experience of 6-year-old and 12-year-old children has increased since the mid to late 1990s. Previously, caries rates had declined, attributable to community water fluoridation. The recent caries increase has been attributed speculatively to changes in fluid intake, including increased consumption of sweet drinks and bottled waters. Increasing urbanization and globalization have altered children's diets worldwide, promoting availability and access to processed foods and sweet drinks. Studies in Australia and internationally have demonstrated significant associations between sweet drink intake and caries experience. Despite widespread fluoride availability in contemporary Australian society, the relationship between sugar consumption and caries development continues and restricting sugar intake remains key to caries prevention. Caries risk assessment should be included in treatment planning for all children; parents should be advised of their child's risk level and given information on oral health promotion. Readily-implemented caries risk assessment tools applicable to parents and clinicians are now available. Public health information should increase awareness that consuming sweet drinks can have deleterious effects on the dentition as well as the potential for promoting systemic disease. Restricting sales of sweet drinks and sweet foods and providing healthy food and drinks for purchase in schools is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Lee
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Huang L, Mehta K, Wong ML. Television food advertising in Singapore: the nature and extent of children's exposure. Health Promot Int 2011; 27:187-96. [DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dar021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Kuhle S, Allen AC, Veugelers PJ. Prevention potential of risk factors for childhood overweight. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2011. [PMID: 21214049 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to better target prevention initiatives for the obesity epidemic in Canada, policy-makers, in addition to information about risk factors, require an understanding of the preventive potential which is best provided by the risk factor's population attributable risk fraction (PARF). OBJECTIVE To estimate the PARF for childhood overweight risk factors as identified by a population-based study of elementary schoolchildren in Nova Scotia. METHODS Population-based survey data of Grade 5 students who participated in the 2003 Children's Lifestyle and School Performance Study in Nova Scotia, Canada, were linked to a provincial perinatal registry. PARFs were calculated from a parsimonious multilevel logistic regression model. RESULTS Physical activity, sedentary activity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and maternal pre-pregnancy weight were considered potentially preventable. Sedentary activity (as estimated from time spent viewing TV, computers and video games or "screen time") and maternal pre-pregnancy weight appeared to offer the greatest potential for prevention. In total, approximately 40% of-overweight in childhood could potentially be prevented. CONCLUSION Excess screen time and maternal pre-pregnancy weight offer the greatest potential for prevention of childhood overweight at 11 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kuhle
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB
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Abstract
Obesity is affecting an increasing proportion of children globally. Despite an appreciation that physical activity is essential for the normal growth and development of children and prevents obesity and obesity-related health problems, too few children are physically active. A concurrent problem is that today's young people spend more time than previous generations did in sedentary pursuits, including watching television and engaging in screen-based games. Active behavior has been displaced by these inactive recreational choices, which has contributed to reductions in activity-related energy expenditure. Implementation of multifactorial solutions considered to offer the best chance of combating these trends is urgently required to redress the energy imbalance that characterizes obesity. The counterproductive 'shame and blame' mentality that apportions responsibility for the childhood obesity problem to sufferers, their parents, teachers or health-care providers needs to be changed. Instead, these groups should offer constant support and encouragement to promote appropriate physical activity in children. Failure to provide activity opportunities will increase the likelihood that the children of today will live less healthy (and possibly shorter) lives than their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hills
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Technology Network Centre for Metabolic Fitness, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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