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Padmakumar S, Jones G, Pawar G, Khorkova O, Hsiao J, Kim J, Amiji MM, Bleier BS. Minimally Invasive Nasal Depot (MIND) technique for direct BDNF AntagoNAT delivery to the brain. J Control Release 2021; 331:176-186. [PMID: 33484777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery conferred by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have been a significant obstacle in the development of large molecule therapeutics for CNS disease. Though significantly safer than direct CNS administration via intrathecal (IT) or intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection, the topical intranasal delivery of CNS therapeutics has failed to become clinically useful due to a variety of practical and physiologic drawbacks leading to high dose variability and poor bioavailability. This study describes the minimally invasive nasal depot (MIND) technique, a novel method of direct trans-nasal CNS drug delivery which overcomes the dosing variability and efficiency challenges of traditional topical trans-nasal, trans-olfactory strategies by delivering the entire therapeutic dose directly to the olfactory submucosal space. We found that the implantation of a depot containing an AntagoNAT (AT) capable of de-repressing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression enabled CNS distribution of ATs with significant and sustained upregulation of BDNF with efficiencies approaching 40% of ICV delivery. As the MIND technique is derived from common outpatient rhinological procedures routinely performed in Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) clinics, our findings support the significant translational potential of this novel minimally invasive strategy as a reliable therapeutic delivery approach for the treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Padmakumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Gregory Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Grishma Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Jane Hsiao
- Opko Health, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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Mejido DC, Peny JA, Vieira MN, Ferreira ST, De Felice FG. Insulin and leptin as potential cognitive enhancers in metabolic disorders and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yuan D, Yi X, Zhao Y, Poon CD, Bullock KM, Hansen KM, Salameh TS, Farr SA, Banks WA, Kabanov AV. Intranasal delivery of N-terminal modified leptin-pluronic conjugate for treatment of obesity. J Control Release 2017; 263:172-184. [PMID: 28344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that is delivered via a specific transport system across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the brain where it acts on the hypothalamus receptors to control appetite and thermogenesis. Peripheral resistance to leptin due to its impaired brain delivery prevents therapeutic use of leptin in overweight and moderately obese patients. To address this problem, we modified the N-terminal amine of leptin with Pluronic P85 (LepNP85) and administered this conjugate intranasally using the nose-to-brain (INB) route to bypass the BBB. We compared this conjugate with the native leptin, the N-terminal leptin conjugate with poly(ethylene glycol) (LepNPEG5K), and two conjugates of leptin with Pluronic P85 attached randomly to the lysine amino groups of the hormone. Compared to the random conjugates of leptin with P85, LepNP85 has shown higher affinity upon binding with the leptin receptor, and similarly to native hormone activated hypothalamus receptors after direct injection into brain. After INB delivery, LepNP85 conjugate was transported to the brain and accumulated in the hypothalamus and hippocampus to a greater extent than the native leptin and LepNPEG5K and activated leptin receptors in hypothalamus at lower dose than native leptin. Our work suggests that LepNP85 can access the brain directly after INB delivery and confirms our hypothesis that the improvement in brain accumulation of this conjugate is due to its enhanced brain absorption. In conclusion, the LepNP85 with optimized conjugation chemistry is a promising candidate for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfen Yuan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Xiang Yi
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristin M Bullock
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kim M Hansen
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Research and Development, VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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4
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Miyake MM, Bleier BS. Bypassing the blood-brian barrier using established skull base reconstruction techniques. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 1:11-16. [PMID: 29204535 PMCID: PMC5698502 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological disorders represent a profound healthcare problem accounting for 6.3% of the global disease burden. Alzheimer's disease alone is expected to impact over 115 million people worldwide by 2050 with a cost of over $1 trillion per year to the U.S. economy. Despite considerable advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of neurological disorders, the development of disease modifying therapies have failed to keep pace. This lack of effective treatments is directly attributable to the presence of the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers (BBB and BCSFB) which prevent up to 98% of all potential neuropharmaceutical agents from reaching the central nervous system (CNS). These obstacles have thereby severely limited research and development into novel therapeutic strategies for neurological disease. Current experimental methods to bypass the BBB, including pharmacologic modification and direct transcranial catheter implantation, are expensive, are associated with significant complications, and cannot be feasibly scaled up to meet the chronic needs of a large, aging patient population. TRANSMUCOSAL DRUG DELIVERY An innovative method of direct CNS drug delivery using heterotopic mucosal grafts was described. This method is based on established endoscopic skull base nasoseptal flap reconstruction techniques. The model has successfully demonstrated CNS delivery of chromophore-tagged molecules 1000 times larger than those typically permitted by the BBB. CONCLUSIONS This innovative technique represents the first described method of permanently bypassing the blood-brain barrier using purely autologous tissues. This has the potential to dramatically improve the current treatment of neurological disease by providing a safe and chronic transnasaldelivery pathway for high molecular weight neuropharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M. Miyake
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- CAPES-Brazil Scholarship, Brazil
| | - Benjamin S. Bleier
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Scherer T, Lehnert H, Hallschmid M. Brain insulin and leptin signaling in metabolic control: from animal research to clinical application. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2013; 42:109-25. [PMID: 23391243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Besides the well-characterized effects of brain insulin and leptin in regulating food intake, insulin and leptin signaling to the central nervous system modulates a variety of metabolic processes, such as glucose and lipid homeostasis, as well as energy expenditure. This review summarizes the current literature on the contribution of central nervous insulin and leptin action to metabolic control in animals and humans. Potential therapeutic options based on the direct delivery of these peptides to the brain by, for example, intranasal administration, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Lochhead JJ, Thorne RG. Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:614-28. [PMID: 22119441 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 715] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is very difficult due to the blood-brain barrier's (BBB) ability to severely restrict entry of all but small, non-polar compounds. Intranasal administration is a non-invasive method of drug delivery which may bypass the BBB to allow therapeutic substances direct access to the CNS. Intranasal delivery of large molecular weight biologics such as proteins, gene vectors, and stem cells is a potentially useful strategy to treat a variety of diseases/disorders of the CNS including stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders. Here we give an overview of relevant nasal anatomy and physiology and discuss the pathways and mechanisms likely involved in drug transport from the nasal epithelium to the CNS. Finally we review both pre-clinical and clinical studies involving intranasal delivery of biologics to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Lochhead
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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7
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Pénicaud L, Meillon S, Brondel L. Leptin and the central control of feeding behavior. Biochimie 2012; 94:2069-74. [PMID: 22546505 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of leptin by Friedman and coll. in 1995 was a major step forward in our comprehensive view of energy homeostasis. Since the original paper, a tremendous amount of work has been performed in laboratories all over the world. Many recent reviews have described this work in details. In the present review, we focus on the role of leptin on food intake. It is accepted by most authors working in this field that the control of food intake can be divided in two closely-related system: the homeostatic system and the hedonic system. Leptin has been shown to act on both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Pénicaud
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-2100 Dijon, France.
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González Jiménez E, Aguilar Cordero MJ, García García CDJ, García López PA, Alvarez Ferre J, Padilla López CA. [Leptin: a peptide with therapeutic potential in the obese]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 57:322-7. [PMID: 20605117 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is the result of a positive balance between total energy intake and its catabolism. Although many factors are involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, the discovery of leptin led to energy homeostasis being investigated in greater depth. Since its identification, leptin has been considered important in the development of obesity, given its anorexigenic effect and influence on food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin is involved in diverse physiological processes such as energy balance, appetite and body weight control, fat and carbohydrate metabolism, and reproduction. However, to be able to function, this hormone has many specific receptors both centrally (hypothalamus) and peripherally in the skeletal muscle, lungs and kidneys. This study aims to review the key aspects relating leptin to the development of obesity and discusses its potential as an anorectic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio González Jiménez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España.
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9
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Dhuria SV, Hanson LR, Frey WH. Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: mechanisms and experimental considerations. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1654-73. [PMID: 19877171 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of systemically administered therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS), posing a significant challenge to drug development efforts to treat neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders. Intranasal delivery is a noninvasive and convenient method that rapidly targets therapeutics to the CNS, bypassing the BBB and minimizing systemic exposure. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying intranasal delivery to the CNS, with a discussion of pathways from the nasal cavity to the CNS involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, the vasculature, the cerebrospinal fluid, and the lymphatic system. In addition to the properties of the therapeutic, deposition of the drug formulation within the nasal passages and composition of the formulation can influence the pathway a therapeutic follows into the CNS after intranasal administration. Experimental factors, such as head position, volume, and method of administration, and formulation parameters, such as pH, osmolarity, or inclusion of permeation enhancers or mucoadhesives, can influence formulation deposition within the nasal passages and pathways followed into the CNS. Significant research will be required to develop and improve current intranasal treatments and careful consideration should be given to the factors discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyeilla V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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10
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Shimizu H, Oh-I S, Hashimoto K, Nakata M, Yamamoto S, Yoshida N, Eguchi H, Kato I, Inoue K, Satoh T, Okada S, Yamada M, Yada T, Mori M. Peripheral administration of nesfatin-1 reduces food intake in mice: the leptin-independent mechanism. Endocrinology 2009; 150:662-71. [PMID: 19176321 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a novel satiety molecule in the hypothalamus and is also present in peripheral tissues. Here we sought to identify the active segment of nesfatin-1 and to determine the mechanisms of its action after peripheral administration in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of nesfatin-1 suppressed food intake in a dose-dependent manner. Nesfatin-1 has three distinct segments; we tested the effect of each segment on food intake. Injection of the midsegment decreased food intake under leptin-resistant conditions such as db/db mice and mice fed a high-fat diet. After injection of the midsegment, expression of c-Fos was significantly activated in the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) but not in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; the nicotinic cholinergic pathway to the NTS contributed to midsegment-induced anorexia. Midsegment injection significantly increased expression of proopiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript genes in the NTS but not in the arcuate nucleus. Investigation of mutant midsegments demonstrated that a region with amino acid sequence similarity to the active site of agouti-related peptide was indispensable for anorexigenic induction. Our findings indicate that the midsegment of nesfatin-1 causes anorexia, possibly by activating POMC and CART neurons in the NTS via a leptin-independent mechanism after peripheral stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shimizu
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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11
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Xu L, Rensing N, Yang XF, Zhang HX, Thio LL, Rothman SM, Weisenfeld AE, Wong M, Yamada KA. Leptin inhibits 4-aminopyridine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in rodents. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:272-80. [PMID: 18097472 DOI: 10.1172/jci33009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone that reduces excitability in some hypothalamic neurons via leptin receptor activation of the JAK2 and PI3K intracellular signaling pathways. We hypothesized that leptin receptor activation in other neuronal subtypes would have anticonvulsant activity and that intranasal leptin delivery would be an effective route of administration. We tested leptin's anticonvulsant action in 2 rodent seizure models by directly injecting it into the cortex or by administering it intranasally. Focal seizures in rats were induced by neocortical injections of 4-aminopyridine, an inhibitor of voltage-gated K+ channels. These seizures were briefer and less frequent upon coinjection of 4-aminopyridine and leptin. In mice, intranasal administration of leptin produced elevated brain and serum leptin levels and delayed the onset of chemical convulsant pentylenetetrazole-induced generalized convulsive seizures. Leptin also reduced neuronal spiking in an in vitro seizure model. Leptin inhibited alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal slices but failed to inhibit synaptic responses in slices from leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. JAK2 and PI3K antagonists prevented leptin inhibition of AMPAergic synaptic transmission. We conclude that leptin receptor activation and JAK2/PI3K signaling may be novel targets for anticonvulsant treatments. Intranasal leptin administration may have potential as an acute abortive treatment for convulsive seizures in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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12
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Merkus FWHM, van den Berg MP. Can nasal drug delivery bypass the blood-brain barrier?: questioning the direct transport theory. Drugs R D 2007; 8:133-44. [PMID: 17472409 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200708030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between the nasal cavity and the CNS by the olfactory neurones has been investigated extensively during the last decades with regard to its feasibility to serve as a direct drug transport route to the CSF and brain. This drug transport route has gained much interest as it may circumvent the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents some drugs from entering the brain. Approximately 100 published papers mainly reporting animal experiments were reviewed to evaluate whether the experimental design used and the results generated provided adequate pharmacokinetic information to assess whether the investigated drug was transported directly from the olfactory area to the CNS. In the analysis the large anatomical differences between the olfactory areas of animals and humans and the experimental conditions used were evaluated. The aim of this paper was to establish the actual evidence for the feasibility of this direct transport route in humans. Twelve papers presented a sound experimental design to study direct nose to CNS transport of drugs based on the authors' criteria. Of these, only two studies in rats were able to provide results that can be seen as an indication for direct transport from the nose to the CNS. No pharmacokinetic evidence could be found to support a claim that nasal administration of drugs in humans will result in an enhanced delivery to their target sites in the brain compared with intravenous administration of the same drug under similar dosage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans W H M Merkus
- Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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13
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Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Nouaille S, Zilberfarb V, Corthier G, Gruss A, Langella P, Issad T. Effects of intranasal administration of a leptin-secreting Lactococcus lactis recombinant on food intake, body weight, and immune response of mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:5300-7. [PMID: 17601816 PMCID: PMC1950963 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00295-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived pleiotropic hormone that modulates a large number of physiological functions, including control of body weight and regulation of the immune system. In this work, we show that a recombinant strain of the food-grade lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis (LL-lep) can produce and efficiently secrete human leptin. The secreted leptin is a fully biologically active hormone, as demonstrated by its capacity to stimulate a STAT3 reporter gene in HEK293 cells transfected with the Ob-Rb leptin receptor. The immunomodulatory activity of leptin-secreting L. lactis was evaluated in vivo by coexpression with the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein. In C57BL/6 mice immunized intranasally with a recombinant L. lactis strain coproducing leptin and E7 antigen, the adaptive immune response was significantly higher than in mice immunized with recombinant L. lactis producing only E7 antigen, demonstrating adjuvanticity of leptin. We then analyzed the effects of intranasally administered LL-lep in obese ob/ob mice. We observed that daily administration of LL-lep to these mice significantly reduced body weight gain and food intake. These results demonstrate that leptin can be produced and secreted in an active form by L. lactis and that leptin-producing L. lactis regulates in vivo antigen-specific immune responses, as well as body weight and food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex, France
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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15
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Hanson LR, Frey WH. Strategies for intranasal delivery of therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of neuroAIDS. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2006; 2:81-6. [PMID: 18040829 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-006-9039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal drug administration is a noninvasive method of bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to deliver neurotrophins and other therapeutic agents to the brain and spinal cord. This method allows drugs that do not cross the BBB to be delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) and eliminates the need for systemic delivery, thereby reducing unwanted systemic side effects. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways. Intranasal delivery occurs by an extracellular route and does not require that drugs bind to any receptor or undergo axonal transport. Intranasal delivery also targets the nasal associated lymphatic tissues (NALT) and deep cervical lymph nodes. In addition, intranasally administered therapeutics are observed at high levels in the blood vessel walls and perivascular spaces of the cerebrovasculature. Using this intranasal method in animal models, researchers have successfully reduced stroke damage, reversed Alzheimer's neurodegeneration, reduced anxiety, improved memory, stimulated cerebral neurogenesis, and treated brain tumors. In humans, intranasal insulin has been shown to improve memory in normal adults and patients with Alzheimer's disease. Intranasal delivery strategies that can be employed to treat and prevent NeuroAIDS include: (1) target antiretrovirals to reach HIV that harbors in the CNS; (2) target therapeutics to protect neurons in the CNS; (3) modulate the neuroimmune function of moncyte/macrophages by targeting the lymphatics, perivascular spaces of the cerebrovasculature, and the CNS; and (4) improve memory and cognitive function by targeting therapeutics to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah R Hanson
- Alzheimer's Research Center at Regions Hospital, HealthPartners Research Foundation, 640 Jackson Street, Mailstop 11203A, St. Paul, Minnesota, MN, USA
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Getchell TV, Kwong K, Saunders CP, Stromberg AJ, Getchell ML. Leptin regulates olfactory-mediated behavior in ob/ob mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:848-56. [PMID: 16549076 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated olfactory-mediated pre-ingestive behavior in leptin (ob/ob) and leptin receptor (db/db) mutant mice compared to age- and gender-matched wild-type (wt) mice. Olfactory-mediated behavior was tested using a buried food paradigm 5 times/day at 2-h intervals for 6 days. Mean food-finding times of ob/ob and db/db mice were approximately 10 times shorter than those of wt mice. To test the effect of leptin replacement in ob/ob mice, leptin (1 or 5 microg/g body weight in sterile saline) or carrier was injected i.p. once daily prior to testing. Mean food finding times in ob/ob mice injected with carrier or with 1 microg/g leptin were similar and were 2-3 times faster than in wt mice. Mean food finding times in ob/ob mice injected with 5 microg/g leptin tripled compared to carrier-injected ob/ob mice and were of the same order of magnitude as those of wt mice, suggesting functional leptin replacement. A 3-factor repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences between the 6 cohorts (P = 0.0001), food finding times (P< or = 0.0001), and cohort by day interaction (P< or = 0.0001). Post hoc tests suggested that the ob/ob+5 mug/g leptin cohort performed more like the wt cohort in the food-finding test than like the ob/ob or ob/ob+carrier cohort. Potential local sites of leptin production and action were identified with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in epithelial and gland cells of the olfactory and nasal mucosae. Our results strongly suggest that leptin acting through leptin receptors modulates olfactory-mediated pre-ingestive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Getchell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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