1
|
Lyons B, Balkaran JPR, Dunn-Lawless D, Lucian V, Keller SB, O’Reilly CS, Hu L, Rubasingham J, Nair M, Carlisle R, Stride E, Gray M, Coussios C. Sonosensitive Cavitation Nuclei-A Customisable Platform Technology for Enhanced Therapeutic Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:7733. [PMID: 38067464 PMCID: PMC10708135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound-mediated cavitation shows great promise for improving targeted drug delivery across a range of clinical applications. Cavitation nuclei-sound-sensitive constructs that enhance cavitation activity at lower pressures-have become a powerful adjuvant to ultrasound-based treatments, and more recently emerged as a drug delivery vehicle in their own right. The unique combination of physical, biological, and chemical effects that occur around these structures, as well as their varied compositions and morphologies, make cavitation nuclei an attractive platform for creating delivery systems tuned to particular therapeutics. In this review, we describe the structure and function of cavitation nuclei, approaches to their functionalization and customization, various clinical applications, progress toward real-world translation, and future directions for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lyons
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Joel P. R. Balkaran
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Darcy Dunn-Lawless
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Veronica Lucian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Sara B. Keller
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Colm S. O’Reilly
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
| | - Luna Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Jeffrey Rubasingham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Malavika Nair
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Eleanor Stride
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gray
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Constantin Coussios
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; (J.P.R.B.); (D.D.-L.); (V.L.); (S.B.K.); (L.H.); (J.R.); (M.N.); (R.C.); (E.S.); (M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong YX, Liao JC, Liu X, Tian H, Deng LR, Long L. Low intensity focused ultrasound: a new prospect for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Ann Med 2023; 55:2251145. [PMID: 37634059 PMCID: PMC10461511 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2251145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's disease (PD) still lacks effective and safe targeted drug therapy. Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), a new method to stimulate the brain and open the blood-brain barrier (BBB), has been widely concerned by PD researchers due to its non-invasive characteristics.Methods: PubMed was searched for the past 10 years using the terms 'focused ultrasound', 'transcranial ultrasound', 'pulse ultrasound', and 'Parkinson's disease'. Relevant citations were selected from the authors' references. After excluding articles describing high-intensity focused ultrasound or non-Parkinson's disease applications, we found more than 100 full-text analyses for pooled analysis.Results: Current preclinical studies have shown that LIFU could improve PD motor symptoms by regulating microglia activation, increasing neurotrophic factors, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting nerve repair and regeneration, while LIFU combined with microbubbles (MBs) can promote drugs to cross the BBB, which may become a new direction of PD treatment. Therefore, finding an efficient drug carrier system is the top priority of applying LIFU with MBs to deliver drugs.Conclusions: This article aims to review neuro-modulatory effect of LIFU and the possible biophysical mechanism in the treatment of PD, summarize the latest progress in delivering vehicles with MBs, and discuss its advantages and limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xiao Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Chi Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xv Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ren Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Long
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Zhu X, Ji S, Huang Z, Zang Y, Ding Y, Zhang J, Ding Z. Transdermal delivery of colchicine using dissolvable microneedle arrays for the treatment of acute gout in a rat model. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2984-2994. [PMID: 36101018 PMCID: PMC9487926 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2122632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colchicine (Col) is used to prevent and treat acute gout flare; however, its therapeutic use is strictly limited owing to severe gastrointestinal side effects after oral administration. Therefore, we developed a dissolvable Col-loaded microneedle (MN) with hyaluronic acid to deliver Col via the transdermal route. We studied the preparation, mechanical properties, skin insertion, skin irritation, drug content, and transdermal release of the Col-loaded MN. The pharmacokinetics of Col after Col-loaded MN application were compared with those of Col solution gavage over 24 h. Knee joint edema evaluation and the hindfoot mechanical threshold test were conducted to determine the pharmacodynamic profile. The dissolvable Col-loaded MN possessed sufficient mechanical strength to penetrate the skin and release the loaded drug. No skin irritation was observed for 3 days after application. We found that 3.36-fold more Col contained in MNs was delivered through the skin compared with that in gel in vitro, and moderate relative bioavailability in vivo. The Col-loaded MN significantly relieved swollen knee joints and mechanical hypernociception in an acute gout model in rats. The dissolvable Col-loaded MN array reduced inflammation and pain via topical administration when acute gout occurred. Reducing the gastrointestinal side effects of Col-loaded MNs is expected to optimize the therapeutic effects of Col and improve patient compliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoruo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhui Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu Y, Mo Y, Wei J, Yang M, Zhang X, Chen X. Programmable and monitorable intradermal vaccine delivery using ultrasound perforation array. Int J Pharm 2022; 617:121595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
5
|
Rotational Diffusion Dynamics of Fluorescein Derivatives in Binary Mixtures of Solvents: An Experimental and Computational Study. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:647-659. [PMID: 35029779 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
With a view to understand the nature of solute solvent interactions, rotational reorientation times (τr) of three medium sized dipolar laser dyes viz., dichlorofluorescein (DCF), sodium fluorescein (SF) and kiton red (KR) in two binary mixtures namely, aqueous-DMSO and aqueous-1-propanol have been determined employing steady state fluorescence depolarization technique. The experimental results are analyzed in the light of SED hydrodynamic and of Gierer and Wirtz (GW) and Dote, Kivelson and Schwartz (DKS) quasihydrodynamic models. Rotational reorientation times (τr) are plotted as function of viscosity (η) on the binary solvent mixtures. An interesting hook shaped profile is observed in both the binary mixtures of solvents that is likely to shed light on solute-solvent interactions. Further, theoretical study has been carried out using Gaussian 09 software. The optimized geometry, HOMO-LUMO, energy gap and molecular electron potential map (MEPM) were extracted from DFT/B3LYP 6-311g(d) basis set. The hyper conjugation or intra-molecular delocalization was estimated from NBO analysis. Strong interactions were observed between nO33→σ*C31, πN38→σ*C12 and πO32→π*(C31- O33) with E(2) energies of 203.58, 121.89 and 39.92 kJ/mol for SF, KR and DCF.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang D, Chen B, Mu Q, Wang W, Liang K, Wang L, Wang Q. Topical delivery of gambogic acid assisted by the combination of low-frequency ultrasound and chemical enhancers for chemotherapy of cutaneous melanoma. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105975. [PMID: 34391880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cutaneous melanoma activity of the skin-delivered gambogic acid (GA) has been reported in our previous study. However, it is difficult for GA to diffuse passively through intact skin without any enhancement means. In this study, a combination of chemical enhancers (EN: azone and propylene glycol) and physical ultrasound (US) was used to improve the percutaneous permeation of GA and enhance the anti-melanoma activity. The enhancement effect of the combination of EN and US (EN-US) on GA in vitro and in vivo was studied, and the enhancement mechanism and skin irritation were also evaluated. We showed that the parameters of US application at a constant frequency (30 kHz) with a duty cycle of 100% and intensity of 1.75 W/cm2 for 20 min were optimal. In vitro, EN-US showed a considerable enhancement of the permeation of GA, and the enhancement effect was stronger than that with the use of EN or US alone. In vivo antitumor study showed that the tumor growth was significantly inhibited after percutaneous administration of GA by EN-US, more than in the intravenous injection group. The penetration enhancement mechanism revealed that EN-US not only altered the structure of lipid bilayers and keratins to reduce the barrier effect of the stratum corneum but also produced diffusion channels in the skin under the cavitation effect of US, thereby promoting the skin penetration of GA. In addition, there was no observable skin irritation in mice after treatment with EN-US. Our study demonstrated that the combination of EN and US improved the skin permeation and retention of GA to enhance the anti-melanoma activity. This method also provides technical guidance for the future development of topical and transdermal therapeutic system of GA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Boqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qingke Mu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Kaili Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pena AM, Chen X, Pence IJ, Bornschlögl T, Jeong S, Grégoire S, Luengo GS, Hallegot P, Obeidy P, Feizpour A, Chan KF, Evans CL. Imaging and quantifying drug delivery in skin - Part 2: Fluorescence andvibrational spectroscopic imaging methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 153:147-168. [PMID: 32217069 PMCID: PMC7483684 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the delivery and diffusion of topically-applied drugs on human skin is of paramount importance in both pharmaceutical and cosmetics research. This information is critical in early stages of drug development and allows the identification of the most promising ingredients delivered at optimal concentrations to their target skin compartments. Different skin imaging methods, invasive and non-invasive, are available to characterize and quantify the spatiotemporal distribution of a drug within ex vivo and in vivo human skin. The first part of this review detailed invasive imaging methods (autoradiography, MALDI and SIMS). This second part reviews non-invasive imaging methods that can be applied in vivo: i) fluorescence (conventional, confocal, and multiphoton) and second harmonic generation microscopies and ii) vibrational spectroscopic imaging methods (infrared, confocal Raman, and coherent Raman scattering microscopies). Finally, a flow chart for the selection of imaging methods is presented to guide human skin ex vivo and in vivo drug delivery studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Pena
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Xueqin Chen
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Isaac J Pence
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Thomas Bornschlögl
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Sinyoung Jeong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Sébastien Grégoire
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Gustavo S Luengo
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Philippe Hallegot
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller BP22, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Peyman Obeidy
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Amin Feizpour
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Kin F Chan
- Simpson Interventions, Inc., Woodside, CA 94062, United States of America
| | - Conor L Evans
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY149-3, 13(th) St, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu Y, Yang M, Huang H, Shen Y, Liu H, Chen X. Controlled Ultrasound Erosion for Transdermal Delivery and Hepatitis B Immunization. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1208-1220. [PMID: 30803825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although ultrasound is effective for transdermal delivery, it remains difficult to control the position, shape and size of localized skin transport regions. We developed an ultrasound erosion protocol to generate a single-site, circular delivery region with controlled size at the center of patched skin. We found that (i) shorter ultrasound pulses (25 cycles) with higher pulse repetition frequency (4 kHz) and higher peak negative pressure (17.0 MPa) resulted in larger (0.995 mm2) and deeper (∼300 µm) skin delivery regions with a higher success rate (94.44%); and (ii) temperature elevation of the skin increased with ultrasound exposure time, with a 30-s safety threshold. Furthermore, we found that hair follicles decreased the delivery controllability of ultrasound erosion. Therefore, we selected the skin of the hind legs of mice without dense hair follicles to deliver more than 1 μL of vaccine solution and successfully elicit immune responses against hepatitis B surface antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haoqiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Vaccine Research Department, Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carbajo JM, Maraver F. Salt water and skin interactions: new lines of evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2018; 62:1345-1360. [PMID: 29675710 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-018-1545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In Health Resort Medicine, both balneotherapy and thalassotherapy, salt waters and their peloids, or mud products are mainly used to treat rheumatic and skin disorders. These therapeutic agents act jointly via numerous mechanical, thermal, and chemical mechanisms. In this review, we examine a new mechanism of action specific to saline waters. When topically administered, this water rich in sodium and chloride penetrates the skin where it is able to modify cellular osmotic pressure and stimulate nerve receptors in the skin via cell membrane ion channels known as "Piezo" proteins. We describe several models of cutaneous adsorption/desorption and penetration of dissolved ions in mineral waters through the skin (osmosis and cell volume mechanisms in keratinocytes) and examine the role of these resources in stimulating cutaneous nerve receptors. The actions of salt mineral waters are mediated by a mechanism conditioned by the concentration and quality of their salts involving cellular osmosis-mediated activation/inhibition of cell apoptotic or necrotic processes. In turn, this osmotic mechanism modulates the recently described mechanosensitive piezoelectric channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Carbajo
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Maraver
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Professional School of Medical Hydrology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Effect of stratum corneum heterogeneity, anisotropy, asymmetry and follicular pathway on transdermal penetration. J Control Release 2017; 260:234-246. [PMID: 28596104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the complex structure of the stratum corneum on transdermal penetration is not yet fully described by existing models. A quantitative and thorough study of skin permeation is essential for chemical exposure assessment and transdermal delivery of drugs. The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of heterogeneity, anisotropy, asymmetry, follicular diffusion, and location of the main barrier of diffusion on percutaneous permeation. In the current study, the solution of the transient diffusion through a two-dimensional-anisotropic brick-and-mortar geometry of the stratum corneum is obtained using the commercial finite element program COMSOL Multiphysics. First, analytical solutions of an equivalent multilayer geometry are used to determine whether the lipids or corneocytes constitute the main permeation barrier. Also these analytical solutions are applied for validations of the finite element solutions. Three illustrative compounds are analyzed in these sections: diethyl phthalate, caffeine and nicotine. Then, asymmetry with depth and follicular diffusion are studied using caffeine as an illustrative compound. The following findings are drawn from this study: the main permeation barrier is located in the lipid layers; the flux and lag time of diffusion through a brick-and-mortar geometry are almost identical to the values corresponding to a multilayer geometry; the flux and lag time are affected when the lipid transbilayer diffusivity or the partition coefficients vary with depth, but are not affected by depth-dependent corneocyte diffusivity; and the follicular contribution has significance for low transbilayer lipid diffusivity, especially when flux between the follicle and the surrounding stratum corneum is involved. This study demonstrates that the diffusion is primarily transcellular and the main barrier is located in the lipid layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Barbero
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - H Frederick Frasch
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pereira TA, Ramos DN, Lopez RFV. Hydrogel increases localized transport regions and skin permeability during low frequency ultrasound treatment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44236. [PMID: 28287146 PMCID: PMC5347001 DOI: 10.1038/srep44236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Low frequency ultrasound (LFU) enhances skin permeability via the formation of heterogeneous localized transport regions (LTRs). In this work, hydrogels with different zeta potentials were used as the coupling medium for LFU to investigate their contribution to LTR patterns and to the skin penetration of two model drugs, calcein and doxorubicin (DOX). When hydrogels were used, LTRs covering at least a 3-fold greater skin area were observed compared to those resulting from traditional LFU treatment and sodium lauryl sulfate. More LTRs resulted in an enhancement of calcein skin permeation. The zeta potential of the hydrogels affected the skin penetration of the positively charged DOX; the cationic coupling medium decreased the DOX recovered from the viable epidermis by 2.8-fold, whereas the anionic coupling medium increased the DOX accumulation in the stratum corneum by 4.4-fold. Therefore, LFU/hydrogel treatment increases LTRs areas and can target ionized drugs to specific skin layers depending on the zeta potential of the coupling medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Aparecida Pereira
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nishida Ramos
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata F V Lopez
- University of Sao Paulo, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liuzzi R, Carciati A, Guido S, Caserta S. Transport efficiency in transdermal drug delivery: What is the role of fluid microstructure? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 139:294-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
13
|
Jang WH, Shim S, Wang T, Yoon Y, Jang WS, Myung JK, Park S, Kim KH. In vivo characterization of early-stage radiation skin injury in a mouse model by two-photon microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19216. [PMID: 26755422 PMCID: PMC4709756 DOI: 10.1038/srep19216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) injury is tissue damage caused by high energy electromagnetic waves such as X-ray and gamma ray. Diagnosis and treatment of IR injury are difficult due to its characteristics of clinically latent post-irradiation periods and the following successive and unpredictable inflammatory bursts. Skin is one of the many sensitive organs to IR and bears local injury upon exposure. Early-stage diagnosis of IR skin injury is essential in order to maximize treatment efficiency and to prevent the aggravation of IR injury. In this study, early-stage changes of the IR injured skin at the cellular level were characterized in an in vivo mouse model by two-photon microscopy (TPM). Various IR doses were applied to the mouse hind limbs and the injured skin regions were imaged daily for 6 days after IR irradiation. Changes in the morphology and distribution of the epidermal cells and damage of the sebaceous glands were observed before clinical symptoms. These results showed that TPM is sensitive to early-stage changes of IR skin injury and may be useful for its diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Hyuk Jang
- Divison of Integrative Biosciences &Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Centre, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Divison of Integrative Biosciences &Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Jang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Myung
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Centre, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- National Radiation Emergency Medical Centre, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Centre Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological &Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Rep. of Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Divison of Integrative Biosciences &Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hornby S, Walters R, Tierney N, Appa Y, Dorfman G, Kamath Y. Effect of commercial cleansers on skin barrier permeability. Skin Res Technol 2015; 22:196-202. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hornby
- JOHNSON & JOHNSON Consumer Companies, Inc.; Skillman NJ USA
| | - R. Walters
- JOHNSON & JOHNSON Consumer Companies, Inc.; Skillman NJ USA
| | - N. Tierney
- JOHNSON & JOHNSON Consumer Companies, Inc.; Skillman NJ USA
| | - Y. Appa
- JOHNSON & JOHNSON Consumer Companies, Inc.; Skillman NJ USA
| | - G. Dorfman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rutgers University; Piscataway NJ USA
| | - Y. Kamath
- Kamath Consulting Inc.; Monmouth NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Recent insights into cutaneous immunization: How to vaccinate via the skin. Vaccine 2015; 33:4663-74. [PMID: 26006087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Technologies and strategies for cutaneous vaccination have been evolving significantly during the past decades. Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously delivered vaccines allowing for dose reduction and providing a minimally invasive alternative to traditional vaccination. Considerable progress has been made within the field of well-established cutaneous vaccination strategies: Jet and powder injection technologies, microneedles, microporation technologies, electroporation, sonoporation, and also transdermal and transfollicular vaccine delivery. Due to recent advances, the use of cutaneous vaccination can be expanded from prophylactic vaccination for infectious diseases into therapeutic vaccination for both infectious and non-infectious chronic conditions. This review will provide an insight into immunological processes occurring in the skin and introduce the key innovations of cutaneous vaccination technologies.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The study of a drug's dermal penetration profile provides important pharmaceutical data for the rational development of topical and transdermal delivery systems because the skin is a broadly used delivery route for local and systemic drugs and a potential route for gene therapy and vaccines. Monitoring drug penetration across the skin and quantifying its levels in different skin layers have been constant challenges due to the detection limitations of the available techniques, as well as the inherent interference in this tissue. This review explores and discusses several bionalytical methods that are indispensable tools to study drugs across the skin. In addressing the main topic, we structure the review highlighting the skin as an important route of drug administration and its structure, skin membrane models most used and its properties, in vitro and in vivo assays most used in the study of drug delivery to the skin, the techniques for processing the skin for subsequent analysis by bioanalytical methods that have a theoretical and practical approach showing its applicability, limitations and also including examples of its use. This review has a comprehensive approach in order to help researchers design their experiments and update the applicability and advances in this area of expertise.
Collapse
|
17
|
Azagury A, Khoury L, Enden G, Kost J. Ultrasound mediated transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 72:127-43. [PMID: 24463344 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injections. However, the stratum corneum serves as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances to the skin. Application of ultrasound (US) irradiation to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances into and through the skin. This review presents the main findings in the field of sonophoresis in transdermal drug delivery as well as transdermal monitoring and the mathematical models associated with this field. Particular attention is paid to the proposed enhancement mechanisms and future trends in the fields of cutaneous vaccination and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Azagury
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Luai Khoury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Giora Enden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Joseph Kost
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schoellhammer CM, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Skin permeabilization for transdermal drug delivery: recent advances and future prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:393-407. [PMID: 24392787 PMCID: PMC3980659 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.875528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal delivery has potential advantages over other routes of administration. It could reduce first-pass metabolism associated with oral delivery and is less painful than injections. However, the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), limits passive diffusion to small lipophilic molecules. Therefore, methods are needed to safely permeabilize the SC so that ionic and larger molecules may be delivered transdermally. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on low-frequency sonophoresis, microneedles, electroporation and iontophoresis, and combinations of these methods to permeabilize the SC. The mechanisms of enhancements and developments in the last 5 years are discussed. Potentially high-impact applications, including protein delivery, vaccination and sensing are presented. Finally, commercial interest and clinical trials are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Not all permeabilization methods are appropriate for all applications. Focused studies into applications utilizing the advantages of each method are needed. The total dose and kinetics of delivery must be considered. Vaccination is one application where permeabilization methods could make an impact. Protein delivery and analyte sensing are also areas of potential impact, although the amount of material that can be delivered (or extracted) is of critical importance. Additional work on the miniaturization of these technologies will help to increase commercial interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Schoellhammer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Room 76-661, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA +1 617 253 3107 ; +1 617 258 8827 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yew E, Rowlands C, So PTC. Application of Multiphoton Microscopy in Dermatological Studies: a Mini-Review. JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE OPTICAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2014; 7:1330010. [PMID: 25075226 PMCID: PMC4112132 DOI: 10.1142/s1793545813300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the historical and more recent developments of multiphoton microscopy, as applied to dermatology. Multiphoton microscopy offers several advantages over competing microscopy techniques: there is an inherent axial sectioning, penetration depths that compete well with confocal microscopy on account of the use of near-infrared light, and many two-photon contrast mechanisms, such as second-harmonic generation, have no analogue in one-photon microscopy. While the penetration depths of photons into tissue are typically limited on the order of hundreds of microns, this is of less concern in dermatology, as the skin is thin and readily accessible. As a result, multiphoton microscopy in dermatology has generated a great deal of interest, much of which is summarized here. The review covers the interaction of light and tissue, as well as the various considerations that must be made when designing an instrument. The state of multiphoton microscopy in imaging skin cancer and various other diseases is also discussed, along with the investigation of aging and regeneration phenomena, and finally, the use of multiphoton microscopy to analyze the transdermal transport of drugs, cosmetics and other agents is summarized. The review concludes with a look at potential future research directions, especially those that are necessary to push these techniques into widespread clinical acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Yew
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 CREATE Way CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
| | - Christopher Rowlands
- Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Peter T. C. So
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), 1 CREATE Way CREATE Tower, Singapore 138602
- Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
- GR Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mitragotri S. Engineering approaches to transdermal drug delivery: a tribute to contributions of prof. Robert Langer. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:263-76. [PMID: 23921113 DOI: 10.1159/000351947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery continues to provide an advantageous route of drug administration over injections. While the number of drugs delivered by passive transdermal patches has increased over the years, no macromolecule is currently delivered by the transdermal route. Substantial research efforts have been dedicated by a large number of researchers representing varied disciplines including biology, chemistry, pharmaceutics and engineering to understand, model and overcome the skin's barrier properties. This article focuses on engineering contributions to the field of transdermal drug delivery. The article pays tribute to Prof. Robert Langer, who pioneered the engineering approach towards transdermal drug delivery. Over a period spanning nearly 25 years since his first publication in the field of transdermal drug delivery, Bob Langer has deeply impacted the field by quantitative analysis and innovative engineering. At the same time, he has inspired several generations of engineers by collaborations and mentorship. His scientific insights, innovative technologies, translational efforts and dedicated mentorship have transformed the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao YZ, Du LN, Lu CT, Jin YG, Ge SP. Potential and problems in ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1621-33. [PMID: 23637531 PMCID: PMC3635663 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s43589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound is an important local stimulus for triggering drug release at the target tissue. Ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems (URDDS) have become an important research focus in targeted therapy. URDDS include many different formulations, such as microbubbles, nanobubbles, nanodroplets, liposomes, emulsions, and micelles. Drugs that can be loaded into URDDS include small molecules, biomacromolecules, and inorganic substances. Fields of clinical application include anticancer therapy, treatment of ischemic myocardium, induction of an immune response, cartilage tissue engineering, transdermal drug delivery, treatment of Huntington’s disease, thrombolysis, and disruption of the blood–brain barrier. This review focuses on recent advances in URDDS, and discusses their formulations, clinical application, and problems, as well as a perspective on their potential use in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zheng Zhao
- Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bloksgaard M, Brewer J, Bagatolli LA. Structural and dynamical aspects of skin studied by multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy-based methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:586-94. [PMID: 23608611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review reports on applications of particular multiphoton excitation microscopy-based methodologies employed in our laboratory to study skin. These approaches allow in-depth optical sectioning of the tissue, providing spatially resolved information on specific fluorescence probes' parameters. Specifically, by applying these methods, spatially resolved maps of water dipolar relaxation (generalized polarization function using the 6-lauroyl-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)naphthale probe), activity of protons (fluorescence lifetime imaging using a proton sensitive fluorescence probe--2,7-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein) and diffusion coefficients of distinct fluorescence probes (raster imaging correlation spectroscopy) can be obtained from different regions of the tissue. Comparative studies of different tissue strata, but also between equivalent regions of normal and abnormal excised skin, including applications of fluctuation correlation spectroscopy on transdermal penetration of liposomes are presented and discussed. The data from the different studies reported reveal the intrinsic heterogeneity of skin and also prove these strategies to be powerful noninvasive tools to explore structural and dynamical aspects of the tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bloksgaard
- Membrane Biophysics and Biophotonics group/MEMPHYS, Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grzybowski A, Pietrzak K. Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972): Two-photon effect on dermatology. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:221-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Chen L, Han L, Lian G. Recent advances in predicting skin permeability of hydrophilic solutes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:295-305. [PMID: 22580335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the permeation of hydrophilic molecules is of relevance to many applications including transdermal drug delivery, skin care as well as risk assessment of occupational, environmental, or consumer exposure. This paper reviews recent advances in modeling skin permeability of hydrophilic solutes, including quantitative structure-permeability relationships (QSPR) and mechanistic models. A dataset of measured human skin permeability of hydrophilic and low hydrophobic solutes has been compiled. Generally statistically derived QSPR models under-estimate skin permeability of hydrophilic solutes. On the other hand, including additional aqueous pathway is necessary for mechanistic models to improve the prediction of skin permeability of hydrophilic solutes, especially for highly hydrophilic solutes. A consensus yet has to be reached as to how the aqueous pathway should be modeled. Nevertheless it is shown that the contribution of aqueous pathway can constitute to more than 95% of the overall skin permeability. Finally, future prospects and needs in improving the prediction of skin permeability of hydrophilic solutes are discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Spatially resolved two-color diffusion measurements in human skin applied to transdermal liposome penetration. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:1260-8. [PMID: 23223136 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A multiphoton excitation-based fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy method, Raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS), was used to measure the local diffusion coefficients of distinct model fluorescent substances in excised human skin. In combination with structural information obtained by multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscopy imaging, the acquired diffusion information was processed to construct spatially resolved diffusion maps at different depths of the stratum corneum (SC). Experiments using amphiphilic and hydrophilic fluorescently labeled molecules show that their diffusion in SC is very heterogeneous on a microscopic scale. This diffusion-based strategy was further exploited to investigate the integrity of liposomes during transdermal penetration. Specifically, the diffusion of dual-color fluorescently labeled liposomes--containing an amphiphilic fluorophore in the lipid bilayer and a hydrophilic fluorophore encapsulated in the liposome lumen--was measured using cross-correlation RICS. This type of experiment allows discrimination between separate (uncorrelated) and joint (correlated) diffusion of the two different fluorescent probes, giving information about liposome integrity. Independent of the liposome composition (phospholipids or transfersomes), our results show a clear lack of cross-correlation below the skin surface, indicating that the penetration of intact liposomes is highly compromised by the skin barrier.
Collapse
|
26
|
Schoellhammer CM, Polat BE, Mendenhall J, Maa R, Jones B, Hart DP, Langer R, Blankschtein D. Rapid skin permeabilization by the simultaneous application of dual-frequency, high-intensity ultrasound. J Control Release 2012; 163:154-60. [PMID: 22940128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasound has been studied extensively due to its ability to enhance skin permeability. In spite of this effort, improvements in enhancing the efficacy of transdermal ultrasound treatments have been limited. Currently, when greater skin permeability is desired at a given frequency, one is limited to increasing the intensity or the duration of the ultrasound treatment, which carries the risk of thermal side effects. Therefore, the ability to increase skin permeability without increasing ultrasound intensity or treatment time would represent a significant and desirable outcome. Here, we hypothesize that the simultaneous application of two distinct ultrasound frequencies, in the range of 20 kHz to 3 MHz, can enhance the efficacy of ultrasound exposure. Aluminum foil pitting experiments showed a significant increase in cavitational activity when two frequencies were applied instead of just one low frequency. Additionally, in vitro tests with porcine skin indicated that the permeability and resulting formation of localized transport regions are greatly enhanced when two frequencies (low and high) are used simultaneously. These results were corroborated with glucose (180 Da) and inulin (5000 Da) transdermal flux experiments, which showed greater permeant delivery both into and through the dual-frequency pre-treated skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Schoellhammer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pappinen S, Pryazhnikov E, Khiroug L, Ericson MB, Yliperttula M, Urtti A. Organotypic cell cultures and two-photon imaging: Tools for in vitro and in vivo assessment of percutaneous drug delivery and skin toxicity. J Control Release 2012; 161:656-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
28
|
Polat BE, Deen WM, Langer R, Blankschtein D. A physical mechanism to explain the delivery of chemical penetration enhancers into skin during transdermal sonophoresis - Insight into the observed synergism. J Control Release 2012; 158:250-60. [PMID: 22100440 PMCID: PMC3294085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synergism between low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs), especially surfactants, in transdermal enhancement has been investigated extensively since this phenomenon was first observed over a decade ago. In spite of the identifying that the origin of this synergism is the increased penetration and subsequent dispersion of CPEs in the skin in response to LFS treatment, to date, no mechanism has been directly proposed to explain how LFS induces the observed increased transport of CPEs. In this study, we propose a plausible physical mechanism by which the transport of all CPEs is expected to have significantly increased flux into the localized-transport regions (LTRs) of LFS-treated skin. Specifically, the collapse of acoustic cavitation microjets within LTRs induces a convective flux. In addition, because amphiphilic molecules preferentially adsorb onto the gas/water interface of cavitation bubbles, amphiphiles have an additional adsorptive flux. In this sense, the cavitation bubbles effectively act as carriers for amphiphilic molecules, delivering surfactants directly into the skin when they collapse at the skin surface as cavitation microjets. The flux equations derived for CPE delivery into the LTRs and non-LTRs during LFS treatment, compared to that for untreated skin, explain why the transport of all CPEs, and to an even greater extent amphiphilic CPEs, is increased during LFS treatment. The flux model is tested with a non-amphiphilic CPE (propylene glycol) and both nonionic and ionic amphiphilic CPEs (octyl glucoside and sodium lauryl sulfate, respectively), by measuring the flux of each CPE into untreated skin and the LTRs and non-LTRs of LFS-treated skin. The resulting data shows very good agreement with the proposed flux model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris E. Polat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William M. Deen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seto JE, Polat BE, VanVeller B, Lopez RF, Langer R, Blankschtein D. Fluorescent penetration enhancers for transdermal applications. J Control Release 2012; 158:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
30
|
Polat BE, Hart D, Langer R, Blankschtein D. Ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery: mechanisms, scope, and emerging trends. J Control Release 2011; 152:330-48. [PMID: 21238514 PMCID: PMC3436072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of ultrasound for the delivery of drugs to, or through, the skin is commonly known as sonophoresis or phonophoresis. The use of therapeutic and high frequencies of ultrasound (≥0.7MHz) for sonophoresis (HFS) dates back to as early as the 1950s, while low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS, 20-100kHz) has only been investigated significantly during the past two decades. Although HFS and LFS are similar because they both utilize ultrasound to increase the skin penetration of permeants, the mechanisms associated with each physical enhancer are different. Specifically, the location of cavitation and the extent to which each process can increase skin permeability are quite dissimilar. Although the applications of both technologies are different, they each have strengths that could allow them to improve current methods of local, regional, and systemic drug delivery. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms associated with both HFS and LFS, specifically concentrating on the key mechanistic differences between these two skin treatment methods. Background on the relevant physics associated with ultrasound transmitted through aqueous media will also be discussed, along with implications of these phenomena on sonophoresis. Finally, a thorough review of the literature is included, dating back to the first published reports of sonophoresis, including a discussion of emerging trends in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris E. Polat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Polat BE, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Low-frequency sonophoresis: application to the transdermal delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 7:1415-32. [PMID: 21118031 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.538679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Transdermal delivery of macromolecules provides an attractive alternative route of drug administration when compared to oral delivery and hypodermic injection because of its ability to bypass the harsh gastrointestinal tract and deliver therapeutics non-invasively. However, the barrier properties of the skin only allow small, hydrophobic permeants to traverse the skin passively, greatly limiting the number of molecules that can be delivered via this route. The use of low-frequency ultrasound for the transdermal delivery of drugs, referred to as low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS), has been shown to increase skin permeability to a wide range of therapeutic compounds, including both hydrophilic molecules and macromolecules. Recent research has demonstrated the feasibility of delivering proteins, hormones, vaccines, liposomes and other nanoparticles through LFS-treated skin. In vivo studies have also established that LFS can act as a physical immunization adjuvant. LFS technology is already clinically available for use with topical anesthetics, with other technologies currently under investigation. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review provides an overview of mechanisms associated with LFS-mediated transdermal delivery, followed by an in-depth discussion of the current applications of LFS technology for the delivery of hydrophilic drugs and macromolecules, including its use in clinical applications. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain an insight into the field of LFS-mediated transdermal drug delivery, including how the use of this technology can improve on more traditional drug delivery methods. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Ultrasound technology has the potential to impact many more transdermal delivery platforms in the future due to its unique ability to enhance skin permeability in a controlled manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris E Polat
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Polat BE, Lin S, Mendenhall JD, VanVeller B, Langer R, Blankschtein D. Experimental and molecular dynamics investigation into the amphiphilic nature of sulforhodamine B. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:1394-402. [PMID: 21222449 PMCID: PMC3037431 DOI: 10.1021/jp109866q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulforhodamine B (SRB), a common fluorescent dye, is often considered to be a purely hydrophilic molecule, having no impact on bulk or interfacial properties of aqueous solutions. This assumption is due to the high water solubility of SRB relative to most fluorescent probes. However, in the present study, we demonstrate that SRB is in fact an amphiphile, with the ability to adsorb at an air/water interface and to incorporate into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. In fact, SRB reduces the surface tension of water by up to 23 mN/m, and the addition of SRB to an aqueous SDS solution induces a significant decrease in the cmc of SDS. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of these findings. The simulations revealed that SRB has defined polar "head" and nonpolar "tail" regions when adsorbed at the air/water interface as a monomer. In contrast, when incorporated into SDS micelles, only the sulfonate groups were found to be highly hydrated, suggesting that the majority of the SRB molecule penetrates into the micelle. To illustrate the implications of the amphiphilic nature of SRB, an interesting case study involving the effect of SRB on ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris E. Polat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shangchao Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Mendenhall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Blankschtein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Polat BE, Seto JE, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Application of the aqueous porous pathway model to quantify the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate on ultrasound-induced skin structural perturbation. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:1387-97. [PMID: 20963845 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on skin structural perturbation when utilized simultaneously with low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS). Pig full-thickness skin (FTS) and pig split-thickness skin (STS) treated with LFS/SLS and LFS were analyzed in the context of the aqueous porous pathway model to quantify skin perturbation through changes in skin pore radius and porosity-to-tortuosity ratio (ε/τ). In addition, skin treatment times required to attain specific levels of skin electrical resistivity were analyzed to draw conclusions about the effect of SLS on reproducibility and predictability of skin perturbation. We found that LFS/SLS-treated FTS, LFS/SLS-treated STS, and LFS-treated FTS exhibited similar skin perturbation. However, LFS-treated STS exhibited significantly higher skin perturbation, suggesting greater structural changes to the less robust STS induced by the purely physical enhancement mechanism of LFS. Evaluation of ε/τ values revealed that LFS/SLS-treated FTS and STS have similar transport pathways, whereas LFS-treated FTS and STS have lower ε/τ values. In addition, LFS/SLS treatment times were much shorter than LFS treatment times for both FTS and STS. Moreover, the simultaneous use of SLS and LFS not only results in synergistic enhancement, as reflected in the shorter skin treatment times, but also in more predictable and reproducible skin perturbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris E Polat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Polat BE, Figueroa PL, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Transport pathways and enhancement mechanisms within localized and non-localized transport regions in skin treated with low-frequency sonophoresis and sodium lauryl sulfate. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:512-29. [PMID: 20740667 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery utilizing low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have revealed that skin permeability enhancement is not homogenous across the skin surface. Instead, highly perturbed skin regions, known as localized transport regions (LTRs), exist. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted to identify intrinsic properties and formation mechanisms of LTRs and the surrounding less-perturbed non-LTRs. By independently analyzing LTR, non-LTR, and total skin samples treated at multiple LFS frequencies, we found that the pore radii (r(pore)) within non-LTRs are frequency-independent, ranging from 18.2 to 18.5 Å, but significantly larger than r(pore) of native skin samples (13.6 Å). Conversely, r(pore) within LTRs increase significantly with decreasing frequency from 161 to 276 Å and to ∞ (>300 Å) for LFS/SLS-treated skin at 60, 40, and 20 kHz, respectively. Our findings suggest that different mechanisms contribute to skin permeability enhancement within each skin region. We propose that the enhancement mechanism within LTRs is the frequency-dependent process of cavitation-induced microjet collapse at the skin surface, whereas the increased r(pore) values in non-LTRs are likely due to SLS perturbation, with enhanced penetration of SLS into the skin resulting from the frequency-independent process of microstreaming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris E Polat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wolloch L, Kost J. The importance of microjet vs shock wave formation in sonophoresis. J Control Release 2010; 148:204-11. [PMID: 20655341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency ultrasound application has been shown to greatly enhance transdermal drug delivery. Skin exposed to ultrasound is affected in a heterogeneous manner, thus mass transport through the stratum corneum occurs mainly through highly permeable localized transport regions (LTRs). Shock waves and microjets generated during inertial cavitations are responsible for the transdermal permeability enhancement. In this study, we evaluated the effect of these two phenomena using direct and indirect methods, and demonstrated that the contribution of microjets to skin permeability enhancement is significantly higher than shock waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lior Wolloch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhong H, Guo Z, Wei H, Zeng C, Xiong H, He Y, Liu S. In vitro study of ultrasound and different-concentration glycerol-induced changes in human skin optical attenuation assessed with optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:036012. [PMID: 20615014 DOI: 10.1117/1.3432750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the ultrasound-induced skin optical clearing enhancement with topical application of 60% glycerol (G) on in vitro porcine skin and in vivo human skin. Our purpose was to find the relation between the effect of optical skin clearing and different concentrations of glycerol and to find more effective ultrasound-glycerol combinations on optical skin clearing. The enhancement effect of ultrasound [Sonophoresis (SP) delivery] in combination with 40% G, 60% G, and 80% G on in vitro human skin optical clearing was investigated. Light imaging depths of skin were measured using optical coherence tomography. Different concentrations of glycerol and ultrasound with a frequency of 1 MHz and an intensity of 0.5 W/cm(2) was simultaneously applied for 15 min. The results show that with the increase of concentration of glycerol, the optical clearing of skin is much improved. Optical clearing capability of glycerol was more enhanced with simultaneous application of ultrasound compared with glycerol alone. The attenuation coefficients of skin tissues after application of 40% G/SP, 60% G/SP, and 80% G/SP decreased approximately 11.8%, 18.5%, and 20.0% at 15 min compared with 40% G, 60% G, and 80% G alone, respectively. The greatest decrease in attenuation coefficients at 60 min was approximately 52.3% and 63.4% for 80% G (without ultrasound) and 80% G/SP (with ultrasound), respectively, which are 2.1-fold and 2.6-fold to that in the 40% G.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Zhong
- South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science of Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Seto JE, Polat BE, Lopez RFV, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Effects of ultrasound and sodium lauryl sulfate on the transdermal delivery of hydrophilic permeants: Comparative in vitro studies with full-thickness and split-thickness pig and human skin. J Control Release 2010; 145:26-32. [PMID: 20346994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous application of ultrasound and the surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (referred to as US/SLS) to skin enhances transdermal drug delivery (TDD) in a synergistic mechanical and chemical manner. Since full-thickness skin (FTS) and split-thickness skin (STS) differ in mechanical strength, US/SLS treatment may have different effects on their transdermal transport pathways. Therefore, we evaluated STS as an alternative to the well-established US/SLS-treated FTS model for TDD studies of hydrophilic permeants. We utilized the aqueous porous pathway model to compare the effects of US/SLS treatment on the skin permeability and the pore radius of pig and human FTS and STS over a range of skin electrical resistivity values. Our findings indicate that the US/SLS-treated pig skin models exhibit similar permeabilities and pore radii, but the human skin models do not. Furthermore, the US/SLS-enhanced delivery of gold nanoparticles and quantum dots (two model hydrophilic macromolecules) is greater through pig STS than through pig FTS, due to the presence of less dermis that acts as an artificial barrier to macromolecules. In spite of greater variability in correlations between STS permeability and resistivity, our findings strongly suggest the use of 700microm-thick pig STS to investigate the in vitro US/SLS-enhanced delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee SE, Choi KJ, Menon GK, Kim HJ, Choi EH, Ahn SK, Lee SH. Penetration pathways induced by low-frequency sonophoresis with physical and chemical enhancers: iron oxide nanoparticles versus lanthanum nitrates. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 130:1063-72. [PMID: 19940858 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) has been shown to disrupt the structure of stratum corneum (SC) lipid bilayers and enhance SC permeability. In this study, we examined the penetration pathway of lanthanum nitrate (LaNO(3)) tracer in viable epidermis after combined treatment of LFS and tape stripping (TS), as a physical enhancer, or oleic acid (OA) application, as a chemical enhancer, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a positive control, we visualized the passive diffusion pathway of LaNO(3) and iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles after the incision of hairless mouse skin. Next, we applied LFS immediately after TS or OA application and visualized the penetration pathway of LaNO(3). Each treatment showed restricted penetration to the SC-stratum granulosum (SG) interface or upper SG layer. However, the additional application of LFS induced diffuse intracellular distribution of LaNO(3) throughout the viable epidermis. Quantitative analysis also revealed that combined treatment significantly increases LaNO(3) penetration into viable epidermis when compared with each treatment. Our ultrastructural findings show the synergistic effect of LFS and TS or OA application on transdermal drug delivery. We also found that this combined treatment enhances the penetration of LaNO(3) through the viable epidermis through an intracellular pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of ultrasound in therapeutics and drug delivery has gained importance in recent years, evident by the increase in patents filed and new commercial devices launched. The present review discusses new advancements in sonophoretic drug delivery in the last two decades, and highlights important challenges still to be met to make this technology of more use in the alleviation of diseases. KEY FINDINGS Phonophoretic research often suffers from poor calibration in terms of the amount of ultrasound energy emitted, and therefore current research must focus on safety of exposure to ultrasound and miniaturization of devices in order to make this technology a commercial reality. More research is needed to identify the role of various parameters influencing sonophoresis so that the process can be optimized. Establishment of long-term safety issues, broadening the range of drugs that can be delivered through this system, and reduction in the cost of delivery are issues still to be addressed. SUMMARY Sonophoresis (phonophoresis) has been shown to increase skin permeability to various low and high molecular weight drugs, including insulin and heparin. However, its therapeutic value is still being evaluated. Some obstacles in transdermal sonophoresis can be overcome by combination with other physical and chemical enhancement techniques. This review describes recent advancements in equipment and devices for phonophoresis, new formulations tried in sonophoresis, synergistic effects with techniques such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis and electroporation, as well as the growing use of ultrasound in areas such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular disorders, temporary modification of the blood-brain barrier for delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents, hormone replacement therapy, sports medicine, gene therapy and nanotechnology. This review also lists patents pertaining to the formulations and techniques used in sonophoretic drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Rao
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana, 133001, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kuo TR, Wu CL, Hsu CT, Lo W, Chiang SJ, Lin SJ, Dong CY, Chen CC. Chemical enhancer induced changes in the mechanisms of transdermal delivery of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3002-8. [PMID: 19232716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The overlapping wavelength of photoluminescence (PL) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and autofluorescence (AF) from the stratum corneum (SC) has for a long time held back researchers from investigating the chemically enhanced penetration pathways of ZnO NPs into the SC lipids. However, the non-linear polarization effect of second harmonic generation (SHG) may be used for ZnO NPs to be distinguished from the AF of the SC. This study combined the SHG of ZnO NPs and the AF of the SC to image the transdermal delivery of ZnO NPs under the chemical enhancer conditions of oleic acid (OA), ethanol (EtOH) and oleic acid-ethanol (OA-EtOH). In addition to qualitative imaging, the microtransport properties of ZnO NPs were quantified to give the enhancements of the vehicle-to-skin partition coefficient (K), the SHG intensity gradient (G) and the effective diffusion path length (L). The results showed that OA, EtOH and OA-EtOH were all capable of enhancing the transdermal delivery of ZnO NPs by increasing the intercellular lipid fluidity or extracting lipids from the SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Rong Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kushner J, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Heterogeneity in skin treated with low-frequency ultrasound. J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:4119-28. [PMID: 18240305 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence using colored, fluorescent permeants suggests that skin treated with low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) is perturbed in a heterogeneous manner. Macroscopic and microscopic visualization studies, topical penetration studies, transdermal permeability studies, and skin electrical resistivity measurements have shown that discrete domains, referred to as localized transport regions (LTRs), which are formed during LFS treatment of the skin, possess greatly reduced barrier properties, and therefore exhibit increased permeant skin penetration, compared to the surrounding regions of LFS-treated skin. The transformation of LTR formation from a heterogeneous to a homogeneous phenomenon has the potential benefit of increasing the maximum level of transdermal permeability or of reducing the area of skin required to deliver a desired dose of drug transdermally. Future studies, aimed at elucidating both the mechanisms of LTR formation and the limits of nondamaging formation of LTRs in the skin, are required to incorporate these proposed improvements to enhance the efficacy and practical utility of low-frequency sonophoresis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kushner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Benson HA, Namjoshi S. Proteins and Peptides: Strategies for Delivery to and Across the Skin. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:3591-610. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
43
|
Ogura M, Paliwal S, Mitragotri S. Low-frequency sonophoresis: current status and future prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:1218-23. [PMID: 18450318 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of ultrasound enhances skin permeability to drugs, a phenomenon referred to as sonophoresis. Significant strides have been made in sonophoresis research in recent years, especially under low-frequency conditions (20 kHz<f<100 kHz). This article reviews the mechanistic principles and current status of sonophoresis under low-frequency conditions. Several therapeutic macromolecules including insulin, low-molecular weight heparin, and vaccines have been delivered using low-frequency sonophoresis in vivo. Clinical trials have been performed with several drugs including lidocaine and cyclosporin. Novel theoretical and experimental approaches have provided insights into the mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis. Current understanding of these mechanisms is presented.
Collapse
|