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In Utero Development and Immunosurveillance of B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:543-561. [PMID: 35294722 PMCID: PMC8924576 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-00963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent type of pediatric cancer with a peak incidence at 2–5 years of age. ALL frequently begins in utero with the emergence of clinically silent, preleukemic cells. Underlying leukemia-predisposing germline and acquired somatic mutations define distinct ALL subtypes that vary dramatically in treatment outcomes. In addition to genetic predisposition, a second hit, which usually occurs postnatally, is required for development of overt leukemia in most ALL subtypes. An untrained, dysregulated immune response, possibly due to an abnormal response to infection, may be an important co-factor triggering the onset of leukemia. Furthermore, the involvement of natural killer (NK) cells and T helper (Th) cells in controlling the preleukemic cells has been discussed. Identifying the cell of origin of the preleukemia-initiating event might give additional insights into potential options for prevention. Modulation of the immune system to achieve prolonged immunosurveillance of the preleukemic clone that eventually dies out in later years might present a future directive. Herein, we review the concepts of prenatal origin as well as potential preventive approaches to pediatric B cell precursor (BCP) ALL.
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2
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Paulsson K, Johansson B. High hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:637-60. [PMID: 19415723 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
High hyperdiploidy (51-67 chromosomes) is the most common cytogenetic abnormality pattern in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), occurring in 25-30% of such cases. High hyperdiploid ALL is characterized cytogenetically by a nonrandom gain of chromosomes X, 4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, and 21 and clinically by a favorable prognosis. Despite the high frequency of this karyotypic subgroup, many questions remain regarding the epidemiology, etiology, presence of other genetic changes, the time and cell of origin, and the formation and pathogenetic consequences of high hyperdiploidy. However, during the last few years, several studies have addressed some of these important issues, and these, as well as previous reports on high hyperdiploid childhood ALL, are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Paulsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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3
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le Viseur C, Hotfilder M, Bomken S, Wilson K, Röttgers S, Schrauder A, Rosemann A, Irving J, Stam RW, Shultz LD, Harbott J, Jürgens H, Schrappe M, Pieters R, Vormoor J. In childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, blasts at different stages of immunophenotypic maturation have stem cell properties. Cancer Cell 2008; 14:47-58. [PMID: 18598943 PMCID: PMC2572185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the leukemic stem cell potential of blasts at different stages of maturation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Human leukemic bone marrow was transplanted intrafemorally into NOD/scid mice. Cells sorted using the B precursor differentiation markers CD19, CD20, and CD34 were isolated from patient samples and engrafted mice before serial transplantation into primary or subsequent (up to quaternary) recipients. Surprisingly, blasts representative of all of the different maturational stages were able to reconstitute and reestablish the complete leukemic phenotype in vivo. Sorted blast populations mirrored normal B precursor cells with transcription of a number of stage-appropriate genes. These observations inform a model for leukemia-propagating stem cells in childhood ALL.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/analysis
- Antigens, CD20/analysis
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Separation
- Child, Preschool
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping/methods
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Phenotype
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph le Viseur
- University Children’s Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48129 Münster, German
| | - Marc Hotfilder
- University Children’s Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48129 Münster, German
| | - Simon Bomken
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kerrie Wilson
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Silja Röttgers
- University Children’s Hospital Gießen, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 35385 Gießen, Germany
| | - André Schrauder
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annegret Rosemann
- University Children’s Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48129 Münster, German
| | - Julie Irving
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ronald W. Stam
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jochen Harbott
- University Children’s Hospital Gießen, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 35385 Gießen, Germany
| | - Heribert Jürgens
- University Children’s Hospital Münster, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 48129 Münster, German
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rob Pieters
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Josef Vormoor
- Newcastle University, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Newcastle University, North-East England Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4EP, UK
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4
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Hotfilder M, Röttgers S, Rosemann A, Schrauder A, Schrappe M, Pieters R, Jürgens H, Harbott J, Vormoor J. Leukemic stem cells in childhood high-risk ALL/t(9;22) and t(4;11) are present in primitive lymphoid-restricted CD34+CD19- cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1442-9. [PMID: 15735032 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Open questions in the pathogenesis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are which hematopoietic cell is target of the malignant transformation and whether primitive stem cells contribute to the leukemic clone. Although good-prognosis ALL is thought to originate in a lymphoid progenitor, it is unclear if this applies to high-risk ALL. Therefore, immature CD34(+)CD19(-) bone marrow cells from 8 children with ALL/t(9;22) and 12 with ALL/t(4;11) were purified and analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and colony assays. Fifty-six percent (n = 8, SD 31%) and 68% (n = 12, SD 26%) of CD34(+)CD19(-) cells in ALL/t(9;22) and ALL/t(4;11), respectively, carried the translocation. In addition, 5 of 168 (3%) and 22 of 228 (10%) myeloerythroid colonies expressed BCR/ABL and MLL/AF4. RT-PCR results were confirmed by sequence analysis. Interestingly, in some patients with ALL/t(4;11), alternative splicing was seen in myeloid progenitors compared with the bulk leukemic population, suggesting that these myeloid colonies might be part of the leukemic cell clone. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, however, shows that none of these myeloid colonies (0 of 41 RT-PCR-positive colonies) originated from a progenitor cell that carries the leukemia-specific translocation. Thus, leukemic, translocation-positive CD34(+)CD19(-) progenitor/stem cells that were copurified by cell sorting were able to survive in these colony assays for up to 28 days allowing amplification of the respective fusion transcripts by sensitive RT-PCR. In conclusion, we show that childhood high-risk ALL/t(9;22) and t(4;11) originate in a primitive CD34(+)CD19(-) progenitor/stem cell without a myeloerythroid developmental potential.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, abl/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/ultrastructure
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/immunology
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hotfilder
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Bassan R, Gatta G, Tondini C, Willemze R. Adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 50:223-61. [PMID: 15182827 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in adults is a relatively rare neoplasm with a curability rate around 30% at 5 years. This consideration makes it imperative to dissect further the biological mechanisms of disease, in order to selectively implement an hitherto unsatisfactory success rate. The recognition of discrete ALL subtypes (some of which deserve specific therapeutic approaches, like T-lineage ALL (T-ALL) and mature B-lineage ALL (B-ALL)) is possible through an accurate combination of cytomorphology, immunophenotytpe and cytogenetic assays and has been a major result of clinical research studies conducted over the past 20 years. Two-three major prognostic groups are now easily identifiable, with a survival probability ranging from <10 to 20% (Philadelphia-positive ALL) to about 50-60% (low-risk T-ALL and selected patients with B-lineage ALL). These issues are extensively reviewed and form the basis of current knowledge. The second major point relates to the emerging importance of studies that reveal a dysregulated gene activity and its clinical counterpart. It is now clear that prognostication is a complex matter ranging from patient-related issues to cytogenetics to molecular biology, including the evaluation of minimal residual disease (MRD) and possibly gene array tests. On these bases, the role of a correct, highly personalised therapeutic choice will soon become fundamental. Therapeutic progress may be obtainable through a careful integration of chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and the new targeted treatments with highly specific metabolic inhibitors and humanised monoclonal antibodies.
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Plasschaert SLA, Kamps WA, Vellenga E, de Vries EGE, de Bont ESJM. Prognosis in childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a question of maturation? Cancer Treat Rev 2004; 30:37-51. [PMID: 14766125 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-7372(03)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a disease diagnosed in children as well as adults. Progress in the treatment of ALL has led to better survival rates, however, children have benefited more from improved treatment modalities than adults. Recent evidence has underscored that the difference in characteristics and biology of adult versus childhood ALL might be the result of a different origin. According to the two-hit paradigm of Knudson, to develop cancer two genetic events are necessary. It has been suggested, that in childhood ALL the first genetic event happens in the more mature lymphoid committed progenitor cells, whereas in adult ALL the first hit occurs in multipotent stem cells. This review compares patient characteristics, the extent of the disease, leukaemic cell characteristics and treatment between childhood and adult ALL. This is discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the maturation stage of the cells, from which the leukaemia arises, is responsible for the differential behaviour of adult and childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine L A Plasschaert
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
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7
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Jaing TH, Hung IJ, Shih LY, Yang CP, Hsueh C, Lo WC. Extramedullary relapse in the left proximal femur with Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25:65-8. [PMID: 12544776 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200301000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe a rare presentation of extra-medullary relapse in an adolescent boy with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia who had undergone allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after first remission. In spite of enduring bone marrow remission, the patient experienced a local relapse in the left proximal femur within 3 years of the transplant. The findings from radiography, bone scintigraphy, and chimerism analysis with short tandem repeats as well as bone marrow aspirates taken via the iliac crests were indeterminate. Magnetic resonance imaging at the onset of hip pain was characterized by decreased signal intensity of the left proximal femur, a finding characteristic of bone marrow edema. Confirmation of extra-medullary relapse of the proximal femur was delayed until histologic proof of the computed tomography-guided biopsy samples was obtained. Overt bone marrow relapse was identified 14 months later. Reestablishment of normal donor hematopoiesis was achieved with reinduction chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adolescent
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Femur/pathology
- Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Male
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Her Jaing
- Divisions of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pane F, Intrieri M, Quintarelli C, Izzo B, Muccioli GC, Salvatore F. BCR/ABL genes and leukemic phenotype: from molecular mechanisms to clinical correlations. Oncogene 2002; 21:8652-67. [PMID: 12476311 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), a minute chromosome that derives from the balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, was first described in 1960 and was for a long time the only genetic lesion consistently associated with human cancer. This chromosomal translocation results in the fusion between the 5' part of BCR gene, normally located on chromosome 22, and the 3' part of the ABL gene on chromosome 9 giving origin to a BCR/ABL fusion gene which is transcribed and then translated into a hybrid protein. Three main variants of the BCR/ABL gene have been described, that, depending on the length of the sequence of the BCR gene included, encode for the p190(BCR/ABL), P210(BCR/ABL), and P230(BCR/ABL) proteins. These three main variants are associated with distinct clinical types of human leukemias. Herein we review the data on the correlations between the type of BCR/ABL gene and the corresponding leukemic clinical features. Lastly, drawing on experimental data, we provide insight into the different transforming power of the three hybrid BCR/ABL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pane
- CEINGE Biotechnologie Avanzate, and Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Facoltà di Medicina, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy.
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9
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Hongo T, Okada S, Inoue N, Yamada S, Yajima S, Watanabe C, Fujii Y, Horikoshi Y. Two groups of Philadelphia chromosome-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia classified by pretreatment multidrug sensitivity or resistance in in vitro testing. Int J Hematol 2002; 76:251-9. [PMID: 12416736 DOI: 10.1007/bf02982795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective chemotherapy is imperative for children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) because of the poor prognosis of this condition. Initial cellular drug resistance is thought to be an important cause of induction failure and early relapse. We carried out in vitro tests using a methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium assay on bone marrow samples from 274 children with newly diagnosed ALL. Sixteen children (5.8%) had Ph-positive results of cytogenetic analysis. We examined in vitro drug resistance to 14 agents and found that leukemic cells in Ph ALL were significantly more resistant than were cells in non-Ph ALL to melphalan, bleomycin, etoposide, mitoxantrone, L-asparaginase, and vinblastine. With the prednisolone, L-asparaginase, and vincristine (PAV) combination of drugs, 10 of the 16 Ph patients with ALL (62.5%) showed relative resistance (RR) (sensitivity to only 1 or to none of the 3 drugs) at initiation of treatment. These 10 patients experienced significantly poorer event-free survival (EFS) than did the 6 patients with supersensitivity (SS) (defined as sensitivity to all 3 or to 2 of the 3 drugs, P = .019). Leukemic cells from RR patients were found to be multiresistant to 12 drugs with 2.0- to 58.4-fold RR compared with cells from SS patients. This PAV sensitivity delineates initially sensitive and resistant groups. Of these, the SS subgroup of Ph ALL patients may be curable with chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. For EFS improvement in the RR group, it may be necessary to use a new chemotherapy approach from initiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Survival
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruaki Hongo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
The Ph chromosome has been genetically linked to CML and ALL. Its chimeric fusion gene product, BCR-ABL, can generate leukemia in mice. This review will discuss selected model systems developed to study BCR-ABL induced leukemia and focuses on what we have learned about the human disease from these models. Five main experimental approaches will be discussed including: (i) Reconstitution of mice with bone marrow cells retrovirally transduced with BCR-ABL; (ii) Transgenic mice expressing BCR-ABL; (iii) Knock-in mice with BCR-ABL expression driven from the endogenous bcr locus; (iv) Development of CML-like disease in mice with loss of function mutations in heterologous genes; and (v) ES in vitro hematopoietic differentiation coupled with regulated BCR-ABL expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Genetic
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wong
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, CA 90095-1662, USA
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Harrison CJ. The management of patients with leukaemia: the role of cytogenetics in this molecular era. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:19-30. [PMID: 10651720 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C J Harrison
- Department of Haematology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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