1
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Bokhari SMZ, Hamar P. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D (VEGF-D): An Angiogenesis Bypass in Malignant Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13317. [PMID: 37686121 PMCID: PMC10487419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are the key regulators of vasculogenesis in normal and oncological development. VEGF-A is the most studied angiogenic factor secreted by malignant tumor cells under hypoxic and inflammatory stress, which made VEGF-A a rational target for anticancer therapy. However, inhibition of VEGF-A by monoclonal antibody drugs led to the upregulation of VEGF-D. VEGF-D was primarily described as a lymphangiogenic factor; however, VEGF-D's blood angiogenic potential comparable to VEGF-A has already been demonstrated in glioblastoma and colorectal carcinoma. These findings suggested a role for VEGF-D in facilitating malignant tumor growth by bypassing the anti-VEGF-A antiangiogenic therapy. Owing to its high mitogenic ability, higher affinity for VEGFR-2, and higher expression in cancer, VEGF-D might even be a stronger angiogenic driver and, hence, a better therapeutic target than VEGF-A. In this review, we summarized the angiogenic role of VEGF-D in blood vasculogenesis and its targetability as an antiangiogenic therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Hamar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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2
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Poh AR, Ernst M. Functional roles of SRC signaling in pancreatic cancer: Recent insights provide novel therapeutic opportunities. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02701-x. [PMID: 37120696 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant disease with a 5-year survival rate of <10%. Aberrant activation or elevated expression of the tyrosine kinase c-SRC (SRC) is frequently observed in PDAC and is associated with a poor prognosis. Preclinical studies have revealed a multifaceted role for SRC activation in PDAC, including promoting chronic inflammation, tumor cell proliferation and survival, cancer cell stemness, desmoplasia, hypoxia, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Strategies to inhibit SRC signaling include suppressing its catalytic activity, inhibiting protein stability, or by interfering with signaling components of the SRC signaling pathway including suppressing protein interactions of SRC. In this review, we discuss the molecular and immunological mechanisms by which aberrant SRC activity promotes PDAC tumorigenesis. We also provide a comprehensive update of SRC inhibitors in the clinic, and discuss the clinical challenges associated with targeting SRC in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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3
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Meng L, Wei Y, Xiao Y. Chemo-immunoablation of solid tumors: A new concept in tumor ablation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1057535. [PMID: 36713427 PMCID: PMC9878389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical ablation was designed to inject chemical agents directly into solid tumors to kill cells and is currently only used clinically for the palliative treatment of tumors. The application and combination of different drugs, from anhydrous ethanol, and glacial acetic acid to epi-amycin, have been clinically tested for a long time. The effectiveness is unsatisfactory due to chemical agents' poor diffusion and concentration. Immunotherapy is considered a prospective oncologic therapeutic. Still, the clinical applications were limited by the low response rate of patients to immune drugs and the immune-related adverse effects caused by high doses. The advent of intratumoral immunotherapy has well addressed these issues. However, the efficacy of intratumoral immunotherapy alone is uncertain, as suggested by the results of preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we will focus on the research of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment with chemoablation and intratumoral immunotherapy, the synergistic effect between chemotherapeutic drugs and immunotherapy. We propose a new concept of intratumoral chemo-immunoablation. The concept opens a new perspective for tumor treatment from direct killing of tumor cells while, enhancing systemic anti-tumor immune response, and significantly reducing adverse effects of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Meng
- Department of Radiology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Radiology, Chinese PAP Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yingtian Wei
- Department of Radiology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyong Xiao
- Department of Radiology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yueyong Xiao,
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4
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Min HY, Lee HY. Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1670-1694. [PMID: 36224343 PMCID: PMC9636149 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies acting as signal transduction inhibitors has served as a fundamental backbone in precision medicine for cancer treatment. These approaches are now used clinically as first-line therapy for various types of human cancers. Compared to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapeutic agents have efficient anticancer effects with fewer side effects. However, the emergence of drug resistance is a major drawback of molecular targeted therapy, and several strategies have been attempted to improve therapeutic efficacy by overcoming such resistance. Herein, we summarize current knowledge regarding several targeted therapeutic agents, including classification, a brief biology of target kinases, mechanisms of action, examples of clinically used targeted therapy, and perspectives for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Min
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hatami N, Büttner C, Bock F, Simfors S, Musial G, Reis A, Cursiefen C, Clahsen T. Cystathionine β-synthase as novel endogenous regulator of lymphangiogenesis via modulating VEGF receptor 2 and 3. Commun Biol 2022; 5:950. [PMID: 36088423 PMCID: PMC9464209 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLymphangiogenesis is a key player in several diseases such as tumor metastasis, obesity, and graft rejection. Endogenous regulation of lymphangiogenesis is only partly understood. Here we use the normally avascular cornea as a model to identify endogenous regulators of lymphangiogenesis. Quantitative trait locus analysis of a large low-lymphangiogenic BALB/cN x high-lymphangiogenic C57BL/6 N intercross and prioritization by whole-transcriptome sequencing identify a novel gene responsible for differences in lymphatic vessel architecture on chromosome 17, the cystathionine β-synthase (Cbs). Inhibition of CBS in lymphatic endothelial cells results in reduce proliferation, migration, altered tube-formation, and decrease expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) and VEGF-R3, but not their ligands VEGF-C and VEGF-D. Also in vivo inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis is significantly reduce in C57BL/6 N mice after pharmacological inhibition of CBS. The results confirm CBS as a novel endogenous regulator of lymphangiogenesis acting via VEGF receptor 2 and 3-regulation and open new treatment avenues in diseases associated with pathologic lymphangiogenesis.
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6
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Zhang L, Yuan J, Kofi Wiredu Ocansey D, Lu B, Wan A, Chen X, Zhang X, Qiu W, Mao F. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells regulate lymphangiogenesis via the miR-302d-3p/VEGFR3/AKT axis to ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Azzarito G, Visentin M, Leeners B, Dubey RK. Transcriptomic and Functional Evidence for Differential Effects of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell-Secretome on Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137192. [PMID: 35806196 PMCID: PMC9266834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular and lymphatic vessels drive breast cancer (BC) growth and metastasis. We assessed the cell growth (proliferation, migration, and capillary formation), gene-, and protein-expression profiles of Vascular Endothelial Cells (VECs) and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LECs) exposed to a conditioned medium (CM) from estrogen receptor-positive BC cells (MCF-7) in the presence or absence of Estradiol. We demonstrated that MCF-7-CM stimulated growth and capillary formation in VECs but inhibited LEC growth. Consistently, MCF-7-CM induced ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in VECs and inhibited them in LECs. Gene expression analysis revealed that the LECs were overall (≈10-fold) more sensitive to MCF-7-CM exposure than VECs. Growth/angiogenesis and cell cycle pathways were upregulated in VECs but downregulated in LECs. An angiogenesis proteome array confirmed the upregulation of 23 pro-angiogenesis proteins in VECs. In LECs, the expression of genes related to ATP synthesis and the ATP content were reduced by MCF-7-CM, whereas MTHFD2 gene, involved in folate metabolism and immune evasion, was upregulated. The contrasting effect of MCF-7-CM on the growth of VECs and LECs was reversed by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. The effect of MCF-7-CM on VEC growth was also reversed by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway. In conclusion, BC secretome may facilitate cancer cell survival and tumor growth by simultaneously promoting vascular angiogenesis and inhibiting lymphatic growth. The differential effects of BC secretome on LECs and VECs may be of pathophysiological relevance in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Azzarito
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (G.A.); (B.L.)
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Brigitte Leeners
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (G.A.); (B.L.)
| | - Raghvendra K. Dubey
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (G.A.); (B.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
- Correspondence:
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8
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Qian F, Arner BE, Kelly KM, Annageldiyev C, Sharma A, Claxton DF, Paulson RF, Prabhu KS. Interleukin-4 treatment reduces leukemia burden in acute myeloid leukemia. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22328. [PMID: 35471732 PMCID: PMC9994642 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a signature cytokine pivotal in Type 2 helper T cell (Th2) immune response, particularly in allergy and hypersensitivity. Interestingly, IL-4 increases endogenous levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2 ) and its metabolites, Δ12 -prostaglandin J2 (Δ12 -PGJ2 ) and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14 -prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2 ), collectively called cyclopentenone PGs (CyPGs). However, the therapeutic role of IL-4 in hematologic malignancies remains unclear. Here, we employed a murine model of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where human MLL-AF9 fusion oncoprotein was expressed in hematopoietic progenitor cells, to test the effect of IL-4 treatment in vivo. Daily intraperitoneal treatment with IL-4 at 60 µg/kg/d significantly alleviated the severity of AML, as seen by decreased leukemia-initiating cells (LICs). The effect of IL-4 was mediated, in part, by the enhanced expression of hematopoietic- PGD2 synthase (H-PGDS) to effect endogenous production of CyPGs, through autocrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms. Similar results were seen with patient-derived AML cells cultured ex vivo with IL-4. Use of GW9662, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) antagonist, suggested endogenous CyPGs-PPARγ axis mediated p53-dependent apoptosis of LICs by IL-4. Taken together, our results reveal a beneficial role of IL-4 treatment in AML suggesting a potential therapeutic regimen worthy of clinical trials in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Qian
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Brooke E. Arner
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Kelly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Mammalian Pathology Section, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charyguly Annageldiyev
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - David F. Claxton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology and Penn State Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - K. Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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9
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D'Alessandro R, Refolo MG, Schirizzi A, De Leonardis G, Donghia R, Guerra V, Giannelli G, Lolli IR, Laterza MM, De Vita F, Messa C, Lotesoriere C. Variations in Circulating Levels of Angiopoietin-2 Over Time Are Predictive of Ramucirumab-Paclitaxel Therapy Outcome in Advanced Gastric Cancer: Results of Prospective Study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862116. [PMID: 35463372 PMCID: PMC9019360 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of paclitaxel and ramucirumab is the second-line therapy of choice in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. To date, no biomarkers are available in gastric cancer to predict the outcome of antiangiogenic therapy. The present prospective study included 35 patients undergoing second-line therapy with ramucirumab and paclitaxel. Serum samples were systematically collected from the beginning of therapy and at each cycle until disease progression. Multiplex analysis of a panel of angiogenic factors identified markers for which the changes at defined time intervals were significantly different in patients with progression-free survival ≤3 (Rapid Progression Group) compared to those with progression-free survival >3 (Control Disease Group). Comparative analysis revealed significantly different results in the two groups of patients for VEGFC and Angiopoietin-2, both involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. VEGFC increased in the progressive-disease group, while it decreased in the control-disease group. This decrease persisted beyond the third cycle, and it was statistically significant compared to the basal level in patients with longer progression-free survival. Angiopoietin-2 decreased significantly after 2 months of therapy. At progression time, there was a significant increase in VEGFC and Angiopoietin-2, suggesting the activation pathways counteracting the blockade of VEGFR2 by ramucirumab. Overall results showed that a greater change in VEGFC and Angiopoietin-2 levels measured at the beginning of the third cycle of therapy corresponded to a lower risk of progression and thus to longer progression-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba D'Alessandro
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Refolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Annalisa Schirizzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Giampiero De Leonardis
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Rossella Donghia
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Vito Guerra
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Ivan Roberto Lolli
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Laterza
- Complex Operating Unit Oncologia, Local Health Authority Napoli 2 Nord, P.O. "S.M. delle Grazie", Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando De Vita
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Study of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Messa
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Claudio Lotesoriere
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
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10
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Kurochkin MA, German SV, Abalymov A, Vorontsov DА, Gorin DA, Novoselova MV. Sentinel lymph node detection by combining nonradioactive techniques with contrast agents: State of the art and prospects. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202100149. [PMID: 34514735 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The status of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) has a substantial prognostic value because these nodes are the first place where cancer cells accumulate along their spreading route. Routine SLN biopsy ("gold standard") involves peritumoral injections of radiopharmaceuticals, such as technetium-99m, which has obvious disadvantages. This review examines the methods used as "gold standard" analogs to diagnose SLNs. Nonradioactive preoperative and intraoperative methods of SLN detection are analyzed. Promising photonic tools for SLNs detection are reviewed, including NIR-I/NIR-II fluorescence imaging, photoswitching dyes for SLN detection, in vivo photoacoustic detection, imaging and biopsy of SLNs. Also are discussed methods of SLN detection by magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonic imaging systems including as combined with photoacoustic imaging, and methods based on the magnetometer-aided detection of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The advantages and disadvantages of nonradioactive SLN-detection methods are shown. The review concludes with prospects for the use of conservative diagnostic methods in combination with photonic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey V German
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Spectroscopy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Dmitry А Vorontsov
- State Budgetary Institution of Health Care of Nizhny Novgorod "Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary", Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Yuan Z, Zhu Z, Zhu F, Ding F, Wang Y, Wang X, Luo X, Yang J, Liu F, Sun D. Impact of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells on dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans cells in an indirect co-culture: an in vitro study. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:440. [PMID: 34362454 PMCID: PMC8344160 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous adipose tissue transfer may be performed for aesthetic needs following the resection of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), the most common cutaneous soft tissue sarcoma, excluding Kaposi sarcoma. The regenerative effectiveness of cell-assisted lipotransfer is dependent on the presence of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs). This is the first study to evaluate the potential oncological risks as ADSCs could unintentionally be sited within the proximity of the tumor microenvironment of DFSP cells. METHODS Primary DFSP cells were indirectly co-cultured with ADSCs in a conditioned medium or in a Transwell system. The impact was analyzed by assessing proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and tumor-associated genes and proteins. Results of these assays were compared between co-culture and mono-culture conditions. RESULTS Our experimental results showed that ADSCs were able to promote proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of DFSP cells; this was accompanied by a significant increase in the expression levels of beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor, collagen type I alpha 1 chain, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. CONCLUSIONS The current report clearly demonstrates that ADSCs can enhance different malignant properties of DFSP cells in vitro, which should not be neglected when considering the clinical use of human ADSCs and its related derivatives in skin regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Yuan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fangxing Zhu
- Department of Oral and Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Feixue Ding
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yinmin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xusong Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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12
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Poh AR, Ernst M. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Therapeutic Opportunities and Clinical Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122860. [PMID: 34201127 PMCID: PMC8226457 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrophages are a major component of the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and their increased abundance is associated with poor patient survival. Given the multi-faceted role of macrophages in promoting pancreatic tumor development and progression, these cells represent promising targets for anti-cancer therapy. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignant disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Macrophages are one of the earliest infiltrating cells in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and are associated with an increased risk of disease progression, recurrence, metastasis, and shorter overall survival. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated an unequivocal role of macrophages in PDAC by contributing to chronic inflammation, cancer cell stemness, desmoplasia, immune suppression, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Several macrophage-targeting therapies have also been investigated in pre-clinical models, and include macrophage depletion, inhibiting macrophage recruitment, and macrophage reprogramming. However, the effectiveness of these drugs in pre-clinical models has not always translated into clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that underpin macrophage heterogeneity within the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, and examine the contribution of macrophages at various stages of PDAC progression. We also provide a comprehensive update of macrophage-targeting therapies that are currently undergoing clinical evaluation, and discuss clinical challenges associated with these treatment modalities in human PDAC patients.
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13
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Kim Y, Sengupta S, Sim T. Natural and Synthetic Lactones Possessing Antitumor Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031052. [PMID: 33494352 PMCID: PMC7865919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally, accounting for an estimated 8 million deaths each year. As a result, there have been urgent unmet medical needs to discover novel oncology drugs. Natural and synthetic lactones have a broad spectrum of biological uses including anti-tumor, anti-helminthic, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Particularly, several natural and synthetic lactones have emerged as anti-cancer agents over the past decades. In this review, we address natural and synthetic lactones focusing on their anti-tumor activities and synthetic routes. Moreover, we aim to highlight our journey towards chemical modification and biological evaluation of a resorcylic acid lactone, L-783277 (4). We anticipate that utilization of the natural and synthetic lactones as novel scaffolds would benefit the process of oncology drug discovery campaigns based on natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science (Brain Korea 21 Project), College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Sandip Sengupta
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science (Brain Korea 21 Project), College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science (Brain Korea 21 Project), College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-0797
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14
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Deng L, He K, Pan Y, Wang H, Luo Y, Xia Q. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in primary hepatocellular carcinoma and its related targeting therapy. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:2109-2116. [PMID: 33859517 PMCID: PMC8040428 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.56003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver macrophages consist of ontogenically distinct populations termed Kupffer cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) inhepatocellularcarcinoma (HCC) play a prominent role in tumormicroenvironment by presenting M1(induced by IFN γ along with LPS) and M2(induced by IL-4 and IL13) polarization. Although TAMs are involved in tumor immune surveillance during the course of HCC, they contribute to tumour progression at different levels by inhibiting the anti-tumor immune response, promoting the generation of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, and supporting the proliferation and survival of tumor cells. In this paper, the multiple functions of TAMs in HCC were reviewed to provide assistance for future researches about therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiao Pan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Derynck R, Turley SJ, Akhurst RJ. TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020; 18:9-34. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-020-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Wang S, Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Chawla N, Guo K, Montana M, Hallak JA, Han KY, Ema M, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Quantification of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in the Dual ex vivo Aortic and Thoracic Duct Assay. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:30-40. [PMID: 31553284 PMCID: PMC6978644 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190925145842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Background Lymphatic vessel formation (lymphangiogenesis) plays important roles in cancer metastasis, organ rejection, and lymphedema, but the underlying molecular events remain unclear. Furthermore, despite significant overlap in the molecular families involved in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, little is known about the crosstalk between these processes. The ex vivo aortic ring assay and lymphatic ring assay have enabled detailed studies of vessel sprouting, but harvesting and imaging clear thoracic duct samples remain challenging. Here we present a modified ex vivo dual aortic ring and thoracic duct assay using tissues from dual fluorescence reporter Prox1-GFP/Flt1-DsRed (PGFD) mice, which permit simultaneous visualization of blood and lymphatic endothelial cells. Objective To characterize the concurrent sprouting of intrinsically fluorescent blood and lymphatic vessels from harvested aorta and thoracic duct samples. Methods Dual aorta and thoracic duct specimens were harvested from PGFD mice, grown in six types of endothelial cell growth media (one control, five that each lack a specific growth factor), and visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Linear mixed models were used to compare the extent of vessel growth and sprouting over a 28-day period. Results Angiogenesis occurred prior to lymphangiogenesis in our assay. The control medium generally induced superior growth of both vessel types compared with the different modified media formulations. The greatest decrease in lymphangiogenesis was observed in vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C)-devoid medium, suggesting the importance of VEGF-C in lymphangiogenesis. Conclusion The modified ex vivo dual aortic ring and thoracic duct assay represents a powerful tool for studying angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Neeraj Chawla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mario Montana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joelle A Hallak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Disease Models, Shia University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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17
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Han Y, Sengupta S, Lee BJ, Cho H, Kim J, Choi HG, Dash U, Kim JH, Kim ND, Kim JH, Sim T. Identification of a Unique Resorcylic Acid Lactone Derivative That Targets Both Lymphangiogenesis and Angiogenesis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9141-9160. [PMID: 31513411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized 11 novel L-783277 derivatives, in which a structure rigidifying phenyl ring is incorporated into the 14-membered chiral resorcylic acid lactone system. The SAR study with these substances demonstrated that 17 possesses excellent kinase selectivity against a panel of 335 kinases in contrast to L-783277 and inhibits VEGFR3, VEGFR2, and FLT3 with single-digit nanomolar IC50 values. Also, we found that 21, a stereoisomer of 17, has excellent potency (IC50 = 9 nM) against VEGFR3 and selectivity over VEGFR2 and FLT3. 17, a potent dual VEGFR3 and VEGFR2 inhibitor, effectively suppresses both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in a 3D-microfluidic tumor lymphangiogenesis assay and in vivo corneal assay while SAR131675 blocks only lymphangiogenesis. In addition, 17 blocks the endothelial tube formation and suppresses proliferation of PHE tumor vascular model. 17 will be a valuable templatefor developing therapeutically active and selective substances that target both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsun Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sandip Sengupta
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Joo Lee
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute , Seoul National University Hospital , 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu , Seoul 110-744 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine , Seoul National University , 103 Daehakro, Jongro-gu , Seoul 110-744 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiknyeo Kim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Uttam Dash
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute , Seoul National University Hospital , 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu , Seoul 110-744 , Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- NDBio Therapeutics Inc. , 32 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 21984 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute , Seoul National University Hospital , 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu , Seoul 110-744 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea.,Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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18
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Cho YK, Shin EY, Uehara H, Ambati B. Antiangiogenesis Effect of Albendazole on the Cornea. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:254-261. [PMID: 31033390 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the anti-(lymph)angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of albendazole and to study whether these effects are additive with bevacizumab therapy in a murine corneal suture model. Methods: Corneal neovascularization (NV) and lymphangiogenesis (LY) were compared in a corneal suture model after administration of a subconjunctival injection of albendazole, bevacizumab, dexamethasone, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Immunohistochemical staining and analysis were performed in each group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and interleukin-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, and VEGFR-3. To evaluate the additive effect of albendazole, corneal NV and LY were also analyzed in a combined group of albendazole and bevacizumab therapy and the additive effect was compared with that in the group of double dose of bevacizumab. Results: The albendazole group showed less NV and less LY compared with the PBS control group (P < 0.01). When albendazole was combined with bevacizumab therapy, a significant decrease in NV and LY was seen compared with bevacizumab treatment alone, and with albendazole alone (all P values <0.05). The combination group showed better antilymphangiogenesis effect than the group of double dose bevacizumab. The albendazole-treated group showed reduced expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, TNF-alpha, and VEGFR-2 compared with corneas from the PBS group (P value <0.05 in all respective comparisons). Conclusion: Albendazole significantly decreased NV and LY in the cornea. This beneficial effect is additively enhanced when combined with bevacizumab treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Kyung Cho
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Eun Young Shin
- 2 Research Institute of Medical Science, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hironori Uehara
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Balamurali Ambati
- 3 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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19
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Mei Y, Liu H. IL-37: An anti-inflammatory cytokine with antitumor functions. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2018; 2:e1151. [PMID: 32935478 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-37 is a newly identified IL-1 family cytokine. Unlike other members in IL-1 family, IL-37 has been demonstrated to be an anti-inflammatory cytokine in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. IL-37 is regarded as a dual-function cytokine as both the extracellular and intracellular IL-37 are biologically functional. Extracellular IL-37 can bind to IL-18Rα and IL-1R8 to form a triple complex, regulating the downstream STAT3 and PTEN signaling. Intracellular IL-37 can interact with Smad3, translocate into nucleus, and regulate downstream target gene expressions. Recently, the role of IL-37 in tumor development has been extensively studied. RECENT FINDINGS IL-37 has been found to play an antitumor role in various types of tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Many mechanism studies have been carried out to elaborate the possible effects of IL-37 on tumor growth, immune responses, and tumor angiogenesis. More importantly, the function of IL-37 may be dependent on its concentration and receptor expression. It can form dimers at high concentrations to be inactivated, thus inhibiting its anti-inflammatory function. We focused on the role of IL-37 in various tumor types and provided the hypothesis regarding the underlying mechanisms. CONCLUSION IL-37 may affect tumor development through multiple mechanisms: (1) IL-37 directly influences tumor cell viability; (2) IL-37 regulates the immune response to promote the antitumor immunity; and (3) IL-37 suppresses tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Future studies are warranted to further investigate the mechanisms of these multifaceted functions of IL-37 in animal models and cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mei
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Exploration of novel pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine derivatives with improved anticancer efficacy as dual inhibitors of c-Met/VEGFR-2. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:814-831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Li HM. Liver regeneration microenvironment in liver cancer: Research progress and prospect. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1529-1536. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i26.1529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The proposal of the new concept of liver regeneration microenvironment in liver cancer (LC) contributes to the overall understanding of how LC microenvironment influences the occurrence and development of LC through liver regeneration microenvironment, inflammatory microenvironment, immune microenvironment, and angiogenesis microenvironment, and helps explore more comprehensive and effective preventive and therapeutic measures for LC to improve the capability of LC prevention and cure. On the basis of eliminating hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tissues, the maintenance of normal liver regeneration and improvement of liver regeneration microenvironment in LC is an important strategy for LC prevention and treatment. Improving liver regeneration microenvironment to prevent or reverse the occurrence, development, and metastasis of LC should be an important research direction of LC prevention and treatment research. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine research and application have made some progress in improving liver regeneration microenvironment to prevent or reverse the occurrence, development, recurrence, and metastasis of LC. However, it remains to be solved on how to accurately reveal the comprehensive network mechanism and how to provide advanced evidence-based medical evidence, which needs further extensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Min Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Basic Theory, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China
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22
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Ma C, Luo C, Yin H, Zhang Y, Xiong W, Zhang T, Gao T, Wang X, Che D, Fang Z, Li L, Xie J, Huang M, Zhu L, Jiang P, Qi W, Zhou T, Yang Z, Wang W, Ma J, Gao G, Yang X. Kallistatin inhibits lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer by downregulating VEGF-C expression and secretion. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:617-631. [PMID: 29243194 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-induced lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis are predominant during the metastasis of many types of cancers. However, the endogenous inhibitors that counterbalance the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of tumors have not been well evaluated. Kallistatin has been recognized as an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor. METHODS AND RESULTS Our recent study showed for the first time that the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was reduced in lung and stomach sections from kallistatin-overexpressing transgenic mice. Kallistatin expresses anti-lymphangiogenic activity by inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs). Therefore, the present study focuses on the relationships of changes in kallistatin expression with the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer and its underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that the expression of kallistatin in cancer tissues, metastatic lymph nodes, and plasma of gastric cancer patients was significantly downregulated and that the plasma level of kallistatin was negatively associated with the phase of lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, treatment with kallistatin recombinant protein decreased LVD and lymph node metastases in the implanted gastric xenograft tumors of nude mice. Mechanically, kallistatin suppressed the lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis by downregulating VEGF-C expression and secretion through the LRP6/IKK/IҡB/NF-ҡB signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that kallistatin functions as an endogenous lymphangiogenesis inhibitor and has an important part in the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Ma
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chuanghua Luo
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Haofan Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianxiao Gao
- Department of Hematologic Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Di Che
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lei Li
- Reproductive Medicine Center, the Third Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinye Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Liuqing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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23
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Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? J Immunol Res 2018. [PMID: 29507865 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8917804]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in "distant" pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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24
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Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8917804. [PMID: 29507865 PMCID: PMC5821995 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8917804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in “distant” pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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25
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Cho YK, Shin EY, Uehara H, Ambati B. Effect of itraconazole on the cornea in a murine suture model and penetrating keratoplasty model. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1647-1654. [PMID: 29181306 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.11.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the anti-(lymph)angiogenic and/or anti-inflammatory effect of itraconazole in a corneal suture model and penetrating keratoplasty (PK) model. METHODS Graft survival, corneal neovascularization, and corneal lymphangiogenesis were compared among itraconazole, amphotericin B, dexamethasone, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and surgery-only groups following subconjunctival injection in mice that underwent PK and corneal suture. Immunohistochemical staining and analysis were performed in each group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. RESULTS In the suture model, the itraconazole group showed less angiogenesis, less lymphangiogenesis, and less inflammatory infiltration than the PBS group (all P<0.05). The itraconazole group showed reduced expression of VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, TNF-alpha, IL-6 than the PBS group (all P<0.05). In PK model, the two-month graft survival rate was 28.57% in itraconazole group, 62.50% in dexamethasone group, 12.50% in PBS group, 0 in amphotericin B group and 0 in surgery-only group. Graft survival in the itraconazole group was higher than that in the amphotericin, PBS and surgery-only group (P=0.057, 0.096, 0.012, respectively). The itraconazole group showed less total angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis than PBS group (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Itraconazole decrease neovascularization, lymphangiogenesis, and inflammation in both a corneal suture model and PK model. Itraconazole has anti-(lymph)-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to its intrinsic antifungal effect and is therefore an alternative treatment option in cases where steroids cannot be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Kyung Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, St.Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, Korea
| | - Eun Young Shin
- Research Institute of Medical Science, St.Vincent's Hospital, the Catholic University of Korea, 93 Ji-Dong, Paldal-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 16247, Korea
| | - Hironori Uehara
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | - Balamurali Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Ma C, Yin H, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Luo C, Che D, Fang Z, Li L, Qin S, Liang J, Qi W, Yang Z, Zhou T, Ma J, Yang X, Gao G. Kallistatin exerts anti-lymphangiogenic effects by inhibiting lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:2000-2010. [PMID: 28440474 PMCID: PMC5435323 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallistatin has been recognized as an endogenous angiogenic inhibitor. However, its effects on lymphatic endothelial cells and lymphangiogenesis remain poorly understood. Lymphangiogenesis is involved in tumor metastasis via the lymphatic vasculature in various types of tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of kallistatin on lymphangiogenesis and the mechanism of action involved. Treatment with kallistatin recombinant protein or overexpression of kallistatin inhibited the proliferation, migration and tube formation of human lymphatic endothelial cells (hLECs), and induced apoptosis of hLECs. Furthermore, our results showed that the lymphatic vessel density (LVD) was reduced in lung and stomach sections from kallistatin-overexpressing transgenic mice. Treatment with kallistatin recombinant protein decreased the LVD in the implanted gastric xenograft tumors of nude mice. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to demonstrate that kallistatin possesses anti-lymphangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, kallistatin inhibited proliferation and migration of hLECs by reducing the phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, respectively. These findings suggested that kallistatin may be a promising agent that could be used to suppress cancer metastasis by inhibiting both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Ma
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Haofan Yin
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chuanghua Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Di Che
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Fang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Reproductive Center, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Shuxing Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jieying Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Program of Molecular Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis is the main cause of mortality in cancer patients. Two major routes of cancer cell spread are currently being recognized: dissemination via blood vessels (hematogenous spread) and dissemination via the lymphatic system (lymphogenous spread). Here, our current knowledge on the role of both blood and lymphatic vessels in cancer cell metastasis is summarized. In addition, I will discuss why cancer cells select one or both of the two routes to disseminate and I will provide a short description of the passive and active models of intravasation. Finally, lymphatic vessel density (LVD), blood vessel density (BVD), interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and tumor hypoxia, as well as regional lymph node metastasis and the recently discovered primo vascular system (PVS) will be highlighted as important factors influencing tumor cell motility and spread and, ultimately, clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis are important phenomena involved in the spread of cancer cells and they are associated with a poor prognosis. It is anticipated that new discoveries and advancing knowledge on these phenomena will allow an improvement in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Chmielna 1, 20-079, Lublin, Poland.
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Li HM. Microcirculation of liver cancer, microenvironment of liver regeneration, and the strategy of Chinese medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 22:163-7. [PMID: 26919996 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculation of liver cancer is the micro-vascular system which comes from the tissue of liver cancer. It can offer the nutritional requirement for accelerating the cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. The intrinsic mechanism of angiogenesis is the key link in the formation of liver cancer microcirculation system. Liver regeneration microenvironment also plays an important role in the construction of liver cancer microcirculation, through the improvement of liver regeneration microenvironment affecting tumor microcirculation is the new strategy of prevention and treatment of liver cancer. In recent years, it is found that many kinds of Chinese medicine can inhibit angiogenesis, decrease the microvessel density, and delay or prevent the development of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-min Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Scientific Research Level-3 Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Research Office of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases on the Dialectical Thought of Liver and Kidney, Wuhan, China
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Fink DM, Steele MM, Hollingsworth MA. The lymphatic system and pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 381:217-36. [PMID: 26742462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge of the biology, pathology and clinical understanding of lymphatic invasion and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. We discuss the clinical and biological consequences of lymphatic invasion and metastasis, including paraneoplastic effects on immune responses and consider the possible benefit of therapies to treat tumors that are localized to lymphatics. A review of current techniques and methods to study interactions between tumors and lymphatics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci M Fink
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
| | - Maria M Steele
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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A potential small-molecule synthetic antilymphangiogenic agent norcantharidin inhibits tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of human colonic adenocarcinomas through blocking VEGF-A,-C,-D/VEGFR-2,-3 "multi-points priming" mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:527. [PMID: 26187792 PMCID: PMC4506614 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor lymphangiogenesis plays an important role in promoting growth and metastasis of tumors, but no antilymphangiogenic agent is used clinically. Based on the effect of norcantharidin (NCTD) on lymphangiogenesis of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), we firstly investigated the antilymphangiogenic activity of NCTD as a tumor lymphangiogenic inhibitor for human colonic adenocarcinomas (HCACs). Methods In vivo and in vitro experiments to determine the effects of NCTD on tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of the in-situ colonic xenografts in nude mice, and lymphatic tube formation of the three-dimensional (3-D) of the co-culture system of HCAC HT-29 cells and LECs were done. Proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, Ki-67, Bcl-2 and cell cycle of LECs and the co-culture system in vitro were respectively determined. Streparidin-peroxidase staining, SABC, western blotting and RT-PCR were respectively used to examine the expression of LYVE-1, D2-40, CK20 (including their LMVD), and VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in vitro and in vivo. Results NCTD inhibited tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of the in-situ colonic xenografts in vivo, and these observations were confirmed by facts that lymphatic tube formation, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, S-phase cell cycle, and Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression in vitro, and LYVE-1, D2-40, CK20 expression and their LMVD in vitro and in vivo were inhibited and affected. Furthermore, the expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 at protein/mRNA levels in the process of lymphatic tube formation in vitro and tumor lymphangiogenesis in vivo was downregulated; NCTD in combination with mF4-31C1 or Sorafenib enhanced these effects. Conclusions NCTD inhibits tumor growth and lymphangiogenesis of HCACs through “multi-points priming” mechanisms i.e. affecting related malignant phenotypes, inhibiting Ki-67 and Bcl-2 expression, inducing S-phase cell cycle arrest, and directly or indirectly downregulating VEGF-A,-C,-D/VEGFR-2,-3 signaling pathways. The present finding strongly suggests that NCTD could serve as a potential antilymphangiogenic agent for tumor lymphangiogenesis and is of importance to explore NCTD is used for antitumor metastatic comprehensive therapy for HCACs.
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Yuan X, Chen Y, Li X, Zhang G, Jin D, Zhao H, Su Z, Fan Y. Norcantharidin Inhibits Lymphangiogenesis by Downregulating the Expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in Human Dermal Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in vitro. Pharmacology 2015; 95:1-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000362418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Schlereth SL, Refaian N, Iden S, Cursiefen C, Heindl LM. Impact of the prolymphangiogenic crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment on lymphatic cancer metastasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:639058. [PMID: 25254213 PMCID: PMC4165560 DOI: 10.1155/2014/639058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is a very early step in lymphatic metastasis. It is regulated and promoted not only by the tumor cells themselves, but also by cells of the tumor microenvironment, including cancer associated fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, dendritic cells, or macrophages. Even the extracellular matrix as well as cytokines and growth factors are involved in the process of lymphangiogenesis and metastasis. The cellular and noncellular components influence each other and can be influenced by the tumor cells. The knowledge about mechanisms behind lymphangiogenesis in the tumor microenvironmental crosstalk is growing and offers starting points for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona L. Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nasrin Refaian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iden
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Ruddell A, Croft A, Kelly-Spratt K, Furuya M, Kemp CJ. Tumors induce coordinate growth of artery, vein, and lymphatic vessel triads. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:354. [PMID: 24886322 PMCID: PMC4045915 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors drive blood vessel growth to obtain oxygen and nutrients to support tumor expansion, and they also can induce lymphatic vessel growth to facilitate fluid drainage and metastasis. These processes have generally been studied separately, so that it is not known how peritumoral blood and lymphatic vessels grow relative to each other. METHODS The murine B16-F10 melanoma and chemically-induced squamous cell carcinoma models were employed to analyze large red-colored vessels growing between flank tumors and draining lymph nodes. Immunostaining and microscopy in combination with dye injection studies were used to characterize these vessels. RESULTS Each peritumoral red-colored vessel was found to consist of a triad of collecting lymphatic vessel, vein, and artery, that were all enlarged. Peritumoral veins and arteries were both functional, as detected by intravenous dye injection. The enlarged lymphatic vessels were functional in most mice by subcutaneous dye injection assay, however tumor growth sometimes blocked lymph drainage to regional lymph nodes. Large red-colored vessels also grew between benign papillomas or invasive squamous cell carcinomas and regional lymph nodes in chemical carcinogen-treated mice. Immunostaining of the red-colored vessels again identified the clustered growth of enlarged collecting lymphatics, veins, and arteries in the vicinity of these spontaneously arising tumors. CONCLUSIONS Implanted and spontaneously arising tumors induce coordinate growth of blood and lymphatic vessel triads. Many of these vessel triads are enlarged over several cm distance between the tumor and regional lymph nodes. Lymphatic drainage was sometimes blocked in mice before lymph node metastasis was detected, suggesting that an unknown mechanism alters lymph drainage patterns before tumors reach draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna Ruddell
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexandra Croft
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 357190, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Momoko Furuya
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Riabov V, Gudima A, Wang N, Mickley A, Orekhov A, Kzhyshkowska J. Role of tumor associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:75. [PMID: 24634660 PMCID: PMC3942647 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is an essential process for supplying rapidly growing malignant tissues with essential nutrients and oxygen. An angiogenic switch allows tumor cells to survive and grow, and provides them access to vasculature resulting in metastatic disease. Monocyte-derived macrophages recruited and reprogrammed by tumor cells serve as a major source of angiogenic factors boosting the angiogenic switch. Tumor endothelium releases angiopoietin-2 and further facilitates recruitment of TIE2 receptor expressing monocytes (TEM) into tumor sites. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) sense hypoxia in avascular areas of tumors, and react by production of angiogenic factors such as VEGFA. VEGFA stimulates chemotaxis of endothelial cells (EC) and macrophages. In some tumors, TAM appeared to be a major source of MMP9. Elevated expression of MMP9 by TAM mediates extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and the release of bioactive VEGFA. Other angiogenic factors released by TAM include basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and adrenomedullin (ADM). The same factors used by macrophages for the induction of angiogenesis [like vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and MMP9] support lymphangiogenesis. TAM can express LYVE-1, one of the established markers of lymphatic endothelium. TAM support tumor lymphangiogenesis not only by secretion of pro-lymphangiogenic factors but also by trans-differentiation into lymphatic EC. New pro-angiogenic factor YKL-40 belongs to a family of mammalian chitinase-like proteins (CLP) that act as cytokines or growth factors. Human CLP family comprises YKL-40, YKL-39, and SI-CLP. Production of all three CLP in macrophages is antagonistically regulated by cytokines. It was recently established that YKL-40 induces angiogenesis in vitro and in animal tumor models. YKL-40-neutralizing monoclonal antibody blocks tumor angiogenesis and progression. The role of YKL-39 and SI-CLP in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riabov
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandru Gudima
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Amanda Mickley
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Nanopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Department of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg Mannheim, Germany
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35
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Overexpression of AKIP1 promotes angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:384-93. [PMID: 24413079 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A-kinase-interacting protein 1 (AKIP1) is found to be overexpressed in breast and prostate cancers, suggesting that AKIP1 might act as a potent oncogenic protein. However, the clinical significance and biological role of AKIP1 in cancer progression remain largely unknown. Herein, we report that AKIP1 is markedly overexpressed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines and clinical ESCC samples. AKIP1 expression significantly correlates with ESCC progression and patients' shorter survival time. Furthermore, we find that overexpressing AKIP1 induces, whereas silencing AKIP1 reduces, ESCC angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrate that AKIP1 transcriptionally upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) via interaction with its promoter through cooperation with multiple transcriptional factors, including SP1, AP2 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Importantly, significant correlation between levels of AKIP1 and VEGF-C is observed in a cohort of human ESCC, as well as in non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and ovarian cancer. Hence, these findings indicate an important role for AKIP1 in ESCC angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and uncover a novel mechanism for the upregulation of VEGF-C in cancers.
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36
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Gomes FG, Nedel F, Alves AM, Nör JE, Tarquinio SBC. Tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis: tumor/endothelial crosstalk and cellular/microenvironmental signaling mechanisms. Life Sci 2012. [PMID: 23178150 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are key features of tumor progression and metastasis. The role of tumor cells-derived factors in the promotion of associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis is much studied and, no doubt, very important for the understanding of cancer progression. This review aims to present and discuss the work done on the pro-angiogenic and lymphangiogenic cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment and the signaling pathways that regulate this crosstalk. Such multifactor studies are critical for the development of future therapeutic approaches for cancer because they take into account the complexities of cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Gueths Gomes
- Nucleus of Cellular and Tecidual Biology (NCTBio), Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
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Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox S, Achen MG, Stacker SA. The connection between lymphangiogenic signalling and prostaglandin biology: a missing link in the metastatic pathway. Oncotarget 2012; 3:893-906. [PMID: 23097685 PMCID: PMC3478465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports important independent roles for lymphangiogenic growth factor signaling and prostaglandins in the metastatic spread of cancer. The significance of the lymphangiogenic growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, is well established in animal models of metastasis, and a strong correlation exits between an increase in expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D, and metastatic spread in various solid human cancers. Similarly, key enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2, prototypic targets of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)), are frequently over-expressed or de-regulated in the progression of cancer. Recent data have suggested an intersection of lymphangiogenic growth factor signaling and the prostaglandin pathways in the control of metastatic spread via the lymphatic vasculature. Furthermore, this correlates with current clinical data showing that some NSAIDs enhance the survival of cancer patients through reducing metastasis. Here, we discuss the potential biochemical and cellular basis for such anti-cancer effects of NSAIDs through the prostaglandin and VEGF signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Karnezis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Luangdilok S, Box C, Harrington K, Rhŷs-Evans P, Eccles S. MAPK and PI3K signalling differentially regulate angiogenic and lymphangiogenic cytokine secretion in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:520-9. [PMID: 21074412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-C and VEGF-A) play important roles in tumour-induced lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis, respectively, key processes implicated in promoting tumour growth and metastatic spread. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that EGFR overexpression in squamous carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) is linked to high levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-C (but low levels of VEGF-D) and is associated with poor prognosis. The present study explored the signalling pathways regulating the induction of VEGF-C and VEGF-A in the SCCHN cell lines CAL 27 and Detroit 562. The addition of exogenous EGF induced the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-A in a concentration-dependent manner and this was blocked by a selective EGFR inhibitor, gefitinib. In both cell lines stimulated with endogenous or exogenous ligand, inhibition of MEK1/2 (with U0126 or PD98059) or PI3K (with PI-103 or LY294002) resulted in a marked reduction of EGFR-induced VEGF-A expression, whereas exogenous EGF-induced VEGF-C upregulation was blocked by inhibitors of MEK but not PI3K. Inhibition of p38 MAPK suppressed EGF-induced VEGF-C upregulation in CAL 27 cells, but inhibited EGF-induced VEGF-A upregulation in Detroit 562. Taken together, our evidence suggests that both endogenous and exogenous EGFR activation induces VEGF-A expression requiring both PI3K and MAPK signalling whereas VEGF-C expression is dependent on MAPK, but not the PI3K or mTOR pathways in SCCHN cell lines. p38 MAPK appears to be differentially linked to either VEGF-A or VEGF-C regulation in different cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutima Luangdilok
- Tumour Biology and Metastasis Team, Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, McElwain Laboratories, Cotswold Road, Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
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39
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Abstract
It is well known that radiation significantly impacts the morbidity of thyroid cancer and that is why Belarus has the highest incidence of the malignancy. Author describes statistical data, classification of angiogenesis, and typical pathological features of malignant thyroid diseases with regard to the vascular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matvey Vladimir Sprindzuk
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk. Belarus, 220040, Minsk, Bogdanovicha lane, 112/38. ,
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40
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Karpova MB, Fujii K, Jenni D, Dummer R, Urosevic-Maiwald M. Evaluation of lymphangiogenic markers in Sézary syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 52:491-501. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.517877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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41
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Datta K, Muders M, Zhang H, Tindall DJ. Mechanism of lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer. Future Oncol 2010; 6:823-36. [PMID: 20465393 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of lymph node metastases indicates poor prognosis for prostate cancer patients. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanism(s) of lymph node metastasis is important to understand the progression of prostate cancer and also to develop therapeutic interventions. In this article, the known mechanisms for lymph node metastasis are discussed and the involvement of lymphatic vessels in prostate cancer lymph node metastasis is comprehensively summarized. In addition, contradictory findings regarding the importance of lymphangiogenesis in facilitating lymph node metastasis in prostate cancer are pointed out and reconcilation is attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Gugg 17-93, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Xu LB, Liu C, Gao GQ, Yu XH, Zhang R, Wang J. Nerve growth factor-beta expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and nerve infiltration in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 2010; 34:1039-45. [PMID: 20119692 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are important processes in the progression of malignant tumors. Previous studies have shown that nerve growth factor-beta (NGF-beta) can promote the initiation and progression of many tumors. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) has become recognized as the most important lymphangiogenic factor. In the present study, the expression of NGF-beta in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma and its relationship with lymphangiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, nerve infiltration, and VEGF-C expression was investigated. METHODS Nerve growth factor-beta and VEGF-C expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry in samples from 28 cases of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in the tumor tissue that indicated lymphangiogenesis were calculated by immunostaining with the lymphendothelial-specific antibody D2-40. The relationship between NGF-beta expression and VEGF-C expression, lymphangiogenesis, lymph node metastasis, and nerve infiltration was evaluated. RESULTS The overexpression of NGF-beta and VEGF-C occurred in 57.1% (16/28) and 46.4% (13/28) of tumor samples, respectively. Nerve growth factor-beta overexpression was highly correlated with VEGF-C overexpression (P = 0.005), LVD (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021), nerve infiltration (P = 0.019), and tumor stage (P = 0.040). Furthermore, VEGF-C overexpression was highly correlated with LVD (P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001). However, there was no statistic significance in the relation between NGF-beta expression and sex (P = 0.185), age (P = 0.387), maximal tumor size (P = 0.736), Bismuth classification (P = 0.627) as well as histological grade (P = 0.203). CONCLUSIONS Nerve growth factor-beta might promote lymph node metastasis and nerve infiltration in human hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Bo Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong Province, China
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Abstract
Work on the lymphatic system began in the 17th century, and by the beginning of the 19th century the anatomy of most of the lymphatic system had been described. One of the most important questions in this field has been the determination of the embryological origin of the lymphatic endothelium. Two theories were proposed. The first suggested that lymphatic endothelium derived by sprouting from venous endothelium, the so-called centrifugal theory. The second, the so-called centripetal theory, suggested that lymphatic endothelium differentiates in situ from primitive mesenchyme, and secondarily acquires connection with the vascular system. More recent evidence has provided support for both hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Italy.
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Pazgal I, Boycov O, Shpilberg O, Okon E, Bairey O. Expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and their receptor VEGFR-3 in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:2213-20. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190701632822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Airoldi I, Di Carlo E, Cocco C, Caci E, Cilli M, Sorrentino C, Sozzi G, Ferrini S, Rosini S, Bertolini G, Truini M, Grossi F, Galietta LJV, Ribatti D, Pistoia V. IL-12 can target human lung adenocarcinoma cells and normal bronchial epithelial cells surrounding tumor lesions. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6119. [PMID: 19582164 PMCID: PMC2702099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer death. We have shown previously that IL-12rb2 KO mice develop spontaneously lung adenocarcinomas or bronchioalveolar carcinomas. Aim of the study was to investigate i) IL-12Rβ2 expression in human primary lung adenocarcinomas and in their counterparts, i.e. normal bronchial epithelial cells (NBEC), ii) the direct anti-tumor activity of IL-12 on lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and vivo, and the mechanisms involved, and iii) IL-12 activity on NBEC. Methodology/Principal Findings Stage I lung adenocarcinomas showed significantly (P = 0.012) higher frequency of IL-12Rβ2 expressing samples than stage II/III tumors. IL-12 treatment of IL-12R+ neoplastic cells isolated from primary adenocarcinoma (n = 6) inhibited angiogenesis in vitro through down-regulation of different pro-angiogenic genes (e.g. IL-6, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and laminin-5), as assessed by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and PCR array. In order to perform in vivo studies, the Calu6 NSCLC cell line was transfected with the IL-12RB2 containing plasmid (Calu6/β2). Similar to that observed in primary tumors, IL-12 treatment of Calu6/β2+ cells inhibited angiogenesis in vitro. Tumors formed by Calu6/β2 cells in SCID/NOD mice, inoculated subcutaneously or orthotopically, were significantly smaller following IL-12 vs PBS treatment due to inhibition of angiogenesis, and of IL-6 and VEGF-C production. Explanted tumors were studied by histology, immuno-histochemistry and PCR array. NBEC cells were isolated and cultured from lung specimens of non neoplastic origin. NBEC expressed IL-12R and released constitutively tumor promoting cytokines (e.g. IL-6 and CCL2). Treatment of NBEC with IL-12 down-regulated production of these cytokines. Conclusions This study demonstrates that IL-12 inhibits directly the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma and targets the adjacent NBEC. These novel anti-tumor activities of IL-12 add to the well known immune-modulatory properties of the cytokine and may provide a rational basis for the development of a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Airoldi
- AIRC Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, G Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy.
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Bardelli M, Leucci E, Schürfeld K, Bellan C, Passiatore G, Rocchigiani M, Bartolommei S, Orlandini M, Zagursky J, Lazzi S, De Falco G, Tosi P, Oliviero S, Leoncini L. VEGF-D is expressed in activated lymphoid cells and in tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:2014-21. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190701540975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Buchholz BM, Gütgemann I, Fischer HP, Gorschlüter M, Türler A, Kalff JC, Hirner A, Standop J. Lymph node dissection in primary intrahepatic malignant mesothelioma: case report and implications for diagnosis and therapy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:1123-30. [PMID: 19280219 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-009-0476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this rare case of intrahepatic malignant mesothelioma with subsequent lymph node metastases, hepatic segmentectomy in combination with repeated lymphadenectomy resulted in prolonged survival, currently 37 months after initial diagnosis. DISCUSSION Immunohistochemically, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expressing tumor cells were surrounded by a dense D 2-40-positive lymphangiovascular network, suggesting tumor induced lymphangiogenesis correlating to 2-deoxy-2[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography-positive recurrent intraabdominal and intrathoracic lymphatic tumor spread. Therefore, extended lymphadenectomy during primary tumor resection and combined adjuvant chemotherapy with promising anticancer agents possessing antilymphangiogenic and antimetabolite properties should be considered to prolong survival in cases of extrathoracic malignant mesothelioma. Additionally, as shown in our case, individual operative concepts and (sometimes) multiple operations can be beneficial for highly selected patients. Importantly, a case-by-case optimized antitumor regimen requires interdisciplinary expertise and consensus of all involved faculties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Buchholz
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany.
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Fritz-Six KL, Dunworth WP, Li M, Caron KM. Adrenomedullin signaling is necessary for murine lymphatic vascular development. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:40-50. [PMID: 18097475 DOI: 10.1172/jci33302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vascular system mediates fluid homeostasis, immune defense, and tumor metastasis. Only a handful of genes are known to affect the development of the lymphatic vasculature, and even fewer represent therapeutic targets for lymphatic diseases. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional peptide vasodilator that transduces its effects through the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (calcrl) when the receptor is associated with a receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP2). Here we report on the involvement of these genes in lymphangiogenesis. AM-, calcrl-, or RAMP2-null mice died mid-gestation after development of interstitial lymphedema. This conserved phenotype provided in vivo evidence that these components were required for AM signaling during embryogenesis. A conditional knockout line with loss of calcrl in endothelial cells confirmed an essential role for AM signaling in vascular development. Loss of AM signaling resulted in abnormal jugular lymphatic vessels due to reduction in lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, AM caused enhanced activation of ERK signaling in human lymphatic versus blood endothelial cells, likely due to induction of CALCRL gene expression by the lymphatic transcriptional regulator Prox1. Collectively, our studies identify a class of genes involved in lymphangiogenesis that represent a pharmacologically tractable system for the treatment of lymphedema or inhibition of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Fritz-Six
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Itakura E, Yamamoto H, Oda Y, Tsuneyoshi M. Detection and characterization of vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in a series of angiosarcomas. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97:74-81. [PMID: 18041747 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiosarcomas are malignant mesenchymal neoplasms, including sarcomas of presumptive vascular endothelial origin and sarcomas of probable lymphatic origin. It is, however, often difficult to determine whether they are from blood vascular or lymphatic endothelium. The majority of angiosarcomas are thought to originate from vascular endothelia and spread via bloodstream to lung, but lymphatic metastases can occur. METHODS We investigated immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF-A, VEGF-C) and their receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3) in a series of 34 angiosarcomas. RESULTS VEGF-A was expressed by 32/34 (94%), VEGF-C by 4/34 (12%), VEGFR-1 by 32/34 (94%), VEGFR-2 by 22/34 (65%), and VEGFR-3 by 27/34 (79%). Patients who expressed low or no VEGFR-2 showed a significantly unfavorable prognosis by log-rank test (P = 0.010) and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 5.16; 95% CI, 1.40-19.04; P = 0.014). VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-3 were not significantly associated with patients' prognosis. CONCLUSIONS VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 were detected in diverse subtypes of angiosarcomas. In cooperation, VEGF-A and VEGF-C are likely to be involved in the development of angiosarcoma associated with lymphedema. VEGF-C expression may cause susceptibility to lymphatic metastasis through tumor lymphangiogenesis. Angiosarcoma of the scalp, which is traditionally considered as a true hemangiosarcoma, may include some cases of lymphatic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijun Itakura
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Regina M, Zimmerman R, Malik G, Gausas R. Lymphangiogenesis concurrent with haemangiogenesis in the human cornea. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 35:541-4. [PMID: 17760636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2007.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corneal transplant rejection can occur with and without neovascularization; therefore, it is necessary to elucidate what other factors allow for rejection. It has been suggested that the lymphatic system may play a role in graft failure, but it has also been held that the cornea is devoid of lymphatics. Use of a new monoclonal antibody against a lymphatic endothelial marker, D2-40, has been used to detect lymphatics in other tissues. The purpose of this study was to use this new tool to determine if the human cornea can undergo lymphangiogenesis. METHODS Twelve corneal buttons submitted for routine pathology were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody against D2-40 to detect the presence/absence of lymphatics by light microscopy. RESULTS By the criteria defined, lymphatic vessels were identified in seven out of 12 corneal buttons. In these cases, there was also evidence of neovascularization. Lymphatic positive buttons included four cases where there were histological markers of inflammation. There were no identifiable lymphatics in the remaining five cases and no sign of vascularization. CONCLUSIONS Corneal lymphatics were identified in association with corneal neovascularization, via the use of a monoclonal antibody against D2-40. In non-vascularized corneas, lymphatics were absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Regina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-2689, USA
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