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Opendak M, Meyer H, Callaghan BL, Abramson L, John SR, Bath K, Lee F, Tottenham N, Sullivan R. Understanding the development of a functional brain circuit: reward processing as an illustration. Transl Psychiatry 2025; 15:53. [PMID: 39962048 PMCID: PMC11832941 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-025-03280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Aberrant reward processing is common in psychiatric disorders that begin during development. However, our understanding of the early reward system is limited, due to few studies assessing reward engagement across development. Moreover, the interpretation of these findings is based primarily on our understanding of the adult reward system. Here, we argue that approaches to early reward processing must be re-framed within the context of developmental transitions. This alternate perspective takes into account unique, age-specific brain network functions that promote adaptive behaviors as environmental demands change from infancy through childhood. We survey the literature on developing reward systems and ask the following critical questions: (1) how are rewarding stimuli defined for infants and children? (2) do adult-defined neural reward circuits also support early reward behavior? and (3) how can early circuit perturbation impact infant and adult circuit function? Altogether, we argue that this developmental niche-centered framework is needed for conceptually and theoretically approaching developmental research questions, including but also extending beyond the scope of reward. Finally, this framework can help us understand how disturbance in developmental processes may ultimately manifest as pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Opendak
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Heidi Meyer
- Boston University Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lior Abramson
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shanah Rachel John
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Bath
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Irving Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francis Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nim Tottenham
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Regina Sullivan
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Health, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Li X, Xiong L, Li Y. The role of the prefrontal cortex in modulating aggression in humans and rodents. Behav Brain Res 2025; 476:115285. [PMID: 39369825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in aggression. However, the findings regarding the key neural mechanisms and molecular pathways underlying the modulation of aggression by the PFC are relatively scattered, with many inconsistencies and areas that would benefit from exploration. Here, we highlight the relationship between the PFC and aggression in humans and rodents and describe the anatomy and function of the human PFC, along with homologous regions in rodents. At the molecular level, we detail how the major neuromodulators of the PFC impact aggression. At the circuit level, this review provides an overview of known and potential subcortical projections that regulate aggression in rodents. Finally, at the disease level, we review the correlation between PFC alterations and heightened aggression in specific human psychiatric disorders. Our review provides a framework for PFC modulation of aggression, resolves several intriguing paradoxes from previous studies, and illuminates new avenues for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence and Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lize Xiong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Brain Functional Modulation, Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence and Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Dexter TD, Roberts BZ, Ayoub SM, Noback M, Barnes SA, Young JW. Cross-species translational paradigms for assessing positive valence system as defined by the RDoC matrix. J Neurochem 2025; 169:e16243. [PMID: 39463161 PMCID: PMC11996045 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Functions associated with processing reward-related information are fundamental drivers of motivation, learning, and goal-directed behavior. Such functions have been classified as the positive valence system under the Research Domain and Criteria (RDoC) criteria and are negatively impacted across a range of psychiatric disorders and mental illnesses. The positive valence system is composed of three comprehensive categories containing related but dissociable functions that are organized into either Reward Responsiveness, Reward Learning, or Reward Valuation. The presence of overlapping behavioral dysfunction across diagnostic mental disorders is in-part what motivated the RDoC initiative, which emphasized that the study of mental illness focus on investigating relevant behavior and cognitive functions and their underlying mechanisms, rather than separating efforts on diagnostic categories (i.e., transdiagnostic). Moreover, the RDoC approach is well-suited for preclinical neuroscience research, as the rise in genetic toolboxes and associated neurotechnologies enables researchers to probe specific cellular targets with high specificity. Thus, there is an opportunity to dissect whether behaviors and cognitive functions are supported by shared or distinct neural mechanisms. For preclinical research to effectively inform our understandings of human behavior however, the cognitive and behavioral paradigms should have predictive, neurobiological, and pharmacological predictive validity to the human test. Touchscreen-based testing systems provide a further advantage for this endeavor enabling tasks to be presented to animals using the same media and task design as in humans. Here, we outline the primary categories of the positive valence system and review the work that has been done cross-species to investigate the neurobiology and neurochemistry underlying reward-related functioning. Additionally, we provide clinical tasks outlined by RDoC, along with validity and/or need for further validation for analogous rodent paradigms with a focus on implementing the touchscreen-based cognitive testing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D. Dexter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Samantha M. Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Michael Noback
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Samuel A. Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jared W. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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4
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Girotti M, Bulin SE, Carreno FR. Effects of chronic stress on cognitive function - From neurobiology to intervention. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 33:100670. [PMID: 39295772 PMCID: PMC11407068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress contributes considerably to the development of cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders such as depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addictive behavior. Unfortunately, unlike mood-related symptoms, cognitive impairments are not effectively treated by available therapies, a situation in part resulting from a still incomplete knowledge of the neurobiological substrates that underly cognitive domains and the difficulty in generating interventions that are both efficacious and safe. In this review, we will present an overview of the cognitive domains affected by stress with a specific focus on cognitive flexibility, behavioral inhibition, and working memory. We will then consider the effects of stress on neuronal correlates of cognitive function and the factors which may modulate the interaction of stress and cognition. Finally, we will discuss intervention strategies for treatment of stress-related disorders and gaps in knowledge with emerging new treatments under development. Understanding how cognitive impairment occurs during exposure to chronic stress is crucial to make progress towards the development of new and effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Bulin
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Flavia R. Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr., San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Jiang X, Han X, Kong T, Wu Y, Shan L, Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang F. Association of impulsive behavior and cerebrospinal fluid/plasma oxidation and antioxidation ratio in Chinese men. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148935. [PMID: 38609031 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impulsive behavior is the precursor of many psychiatric and neurological conditions. High levels of impulsive behavior will increase health risk behavior and related injuries. Impulsive behavior is produced and regulated by central and peripheral biological factors, and oxidative stress (OS) can aggravate it. However, previous studies only showed that impulsive behavior was related to the level of the peripheral OS. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the relationship between OS and impulsive behavior in the brain and peripheral blood. METHODS We recruited 64 Chinese men. We measured superoxide dismutase (SOD) (including copper, zinc and manganese) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (including total, inducible and constitutive) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11) was used to evaluate impulsive behavior. The relationship between OS and impulsive behavior was evaluated by partial correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Partial correlation analysis showed that the ratio of total NOS-to-MnSOD and iNOS-to-MnSOD in CSF were negatively correlated with the BIS-11 motor scores (r = -0.431, p = -0.001; r = -0.434, p = -0.001). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the ratio of CSF iNOS-to-MnSOD was the most influential variable on the BIS-11 motor scores(β = -0.434, t = -3.433, 95 %CI(-0.374, -0.098), p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The imbalance of central oxidation and antioxidation is related to impulsive behavior, which broadens our understanding of the correlation between impulsive behavior and OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Jiang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China; Medical Neurobiology Lab, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Friendship Hospital of Urumqi, Urumqi 830049, China
| | - Tiantian Kong
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830063, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Ligang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zhuqing Yang
- Medical Neurobiology Lab, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot 010110, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100096, China.
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Madhyastha S, Rao MS, Renno WM. Serotonergic and Adrenergic Neuroreceptor Manipulation Ameliorates Core Symptoms of ADHD through Modulating Dopaminergic Receptors in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2300. [PMID: 38396978 PMCID: PMC10888658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are due to the hypofunction of the brain's adrenergic (NE) and dopamine (DA) systems. Drugs that enhance DA and NE neurotransmission in the brain by blocking their transporters or receptors are the current therapeutic strategies. Of late, the emerging results point out the serotonergic (5-HT) system, which indirectly modulates the DA activity in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD. On this basis, second-generation antipsychotics, which utilize 5-HT receptors, were prescribed to children with ADHD. However, it is not clear how serotonergic receptors modulate the DA activity to minimize the symptoms of ADHD. The present study investigates the efficacy of serotonergic and alpha-2 adrenergic receptor manipulation in tackling the core symptoms of ADHD and how it affects the DA neuroreceptors in the brain regions involved in ADHD. Fifteen-day-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) received 5-HT1A agonist (ipsapirone) or 5-HT2A antagonist (MDL 100907) (i.p.) or alpha-2 agonist (GFC) from postnatal days 15 to 42 along with age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) (n = 8 in each group). ADHD-like behaviors were assessed using a battery of behavioral tests during postnatal days 44 to 65. After the behavioral tests, rat brains were processed to estimate the density of 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, DA-D1, and DA-D2 neuroreceptors in the prefrontal cortex, the striatum, and the substantia nigra. All three neuroreceptor manipulations were able to minimize the core symptoms of ADHD in SHRs. The positive effect was mainly associated with the upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors in all three areas investigated, while 5-HT1A was in the prefrontal cortex and the substantia nigra. Further, the DA-D1 receptor expression was downregulated by all three neuroreceptor manipulations except for alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists in the striatum and 5-HT2A antagonists in the substantia nigra. The DA-D2 expression was upregulated in the striatum while downregulated in the prefrontal cortex and the substantia nigra. In this animal model study, the 5-HT1A agonist or 5-HT2A antagonist monotherapies were able to curtail the ADHD symptoms by differential expression of DA receptors in different regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Madhyastha
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait; (M.S.R.); (W.M.R.)
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Hori Y, Mimura K, Nagai Y, Hori Y, Kumata K, Zhang MR, Suhara T, Higuchi M, Minamimoto T. Reduced serotonergic transmission alters sensitivity to cost and reward via 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors in monkeys. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002445. [PMID: 38163325 PMCID: PMC10758260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) deficiency is a core biological pathology underlying depression and other psychiatric disorders whose key symptoms include decreased motivation. However, the exact role of 5-HT in motivation remains controversial and elusive. Here, we pharmacologically manipulated the 5-HT system in macaque monkeys and quantified the effects on motivation for goal-directed actions in terms of incentives and costs. Reversible inhibition of 5-HT synthesis increased errors and reaction times on goal-directed tasks, indicating reduced motivation. Analysis found incentive-dependent and cost-dependent components of this reduction. To identify the receptor subtypes that mediate cost and incentive, we systemically administered antagonists specific to 4 major 5-HT receptor subtypes: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT4. Positron emission tomography (PET) visualized the unique distribution of each subtype in limbic brain regions and determined the systemic dosage for antagonists that would achieve approximately 30% occupancy. Only blockade of 5-HT1A decreased motivation through changes in both expected cost and incentive; sensitivity to future workload and time delay to reward increased (cost) and reward value decreased (incentive). Blocking the 5-HT1B receptor also reduced motivation through decreased incentive, although it did not affect expected cost. These results suggest that 5-HT deficiency disrupts 2 processes, the subjective valuation of costs and rewards, via 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors, thus leading to reduced motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Research Center for Medical and Health Data Science, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Hori
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Kyriakidou M, Caballero-Puntiverio M, Andreasen JT, Thomsen M. Relationship between two forms of impulsivity in mice at baseline and under acute and sub-chronic atomoxetine treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 127:110841. [PMID: 37586638 PMCID: PMC11531202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impulsivity is a symptom of various mental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder, and addiction. Impulsivity is not a unitary construct, but is present in different forms, yet only a few rodent studies have explored the relationship between these forms within individual subjects. OBJECTIVES In this study, we compared behaviors representing two impulsivity forms, delay discounting (choice impulsivity) and premature responding (waiting impulsivity), within the same mice. METHODS C57BL/6J male mice were concurrently trained and tested in the delay discounting task and the rodent continuous performance test in a counterbalanced design. The effects of the ADHD medication atomoxetine were tested in both tasks, after both acute (0.3-5.0 mg/kg) and sub-chronic (0.3 mg/kg twice daily for seven days) administration. RESULTS There was no correlation between the two impulsivity forms at baseline. Acute atomoxetine treatment (1, 3, and 5 mg/kg) significantly reduced premature responding. Furthermore, sub-chronic treatment with 0.3 mg/kg of atomoxetine caused a stable decrease in premature responding. Atomoxetine had no significant effect on delay discounting after acute or sub-chronic administration, although the acute administration of 1 mg/kg showed a trend towards increasing delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS The present results support that delay discounting and premature responding represent two different forms of impulsivity that show dissimilar responses to atomoxetine treatment. The consistency with findings in humans lends support to the translatability of the results in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kyriakidou
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper T Andreasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Holden JM. Effects of three serotonin reuptake inhibitors on sign-tracking in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Physiol Behav 2023; 268:114233. [PMID: 37172639 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sign-tracking is a behavior with relevance to cue-triggered relapse addiction, a Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior directed at the conditioned stimulus. The study examined one strategy for reducing the magnetic pull of drug-associated conditioned stimuli, using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) citalopram (0, 10, and 20 mg/kg), escitalopram (0, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (0, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were first trained in a standard sign-tracking task and then acutely administered these drugs in a series of three experiments. In each study, it was found that measures of sign-tracking were reduced, although effects on goal-tracking were different between drugs. This study provides evidence that administration of serotonergic antidepressants is effective in reducing sign-tracking and may have some efficacy in preventing cue-triggered relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Holden
- Department of Psychology, Winona State University, 230-B Phelps Hall, 175 West Mark Street, Winona, MN 55987, USA.
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10
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Eckard ML, Welle K, Sobolewski M, Cory-Slechta DA. A behavioral timing intervention upregulates striatal serotonergic markers and reduces impulsive action in adult male mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114267. [PMID: 36539165 PMCID: PMC9839656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many studies support the hypothesis that time-based interventions reduce impulsive behavior in rodents. However, few studies have directly assessed 1) how such interventions affect impulsive action rather than impulsive choice, 2) if intervention effects differ by sex, and 3) how time-based interventions affect neurochemistry in regions mediating decision-making and reward. Thus, we assessed how a fixed-interval (FI) intervention initiated during late adolescence and extending into adulthood affected dopaminergic and serotonergic analytes in the frontal cortex and striatum and subsequent impulsive action in adult male and female mice. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 45, mice were either trained on a progressive series of FI schedules (FI 20, 40, & 60 s) or remained in the home cage. Following the intervention, increases in striatal serotonergic analytes were found in FI-exposed males and females (n = 8/sex/group) with few changes found in the frontal cortex. Impulsive action was assessed in the remaining mice (n = 10/sex/group) using a fixed-ratio waiting-for-reward (FR-wait) task in which completion of an FR-25 component initiated a "free" pellet component in which pellets were delivered at increasing intervals according to a fixed delay increment that varied across sessions. Responses reset the additive delay and initiated a new FR-25 component. FI-exposed males, but not females, showed fewer delay resets and no-wait resets relative to control mice. Importantly, FI-exposure did not affect discrimination reversal performance in either sex. These data suggest that time-based interventions may reduce impulsive action in addition to impulsive choice perhaps with increased male sensitivity. Additionally, time-based interventions appear to operate through striatal serotonergic augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eckard
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - K Welle
- Mass Spectrometry Resource Laboratory, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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11
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Gallagher R, Kessler K, Bramham J, Dechant M, Friehs MA. A proof-of-concept study exploring the effects of impulsivity on a gamified version of the stop-signal task in children. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1068229. [PMID: 36844283 PMCID: PMC9946965 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1068229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This proof-of-concept study provides an appraisal of a remotely administered gamified Stop-Signal Task (gSST) for future use in studies using child sample. Performance on the standard Stop-Signal (SST) task has been shown previously to differentiate attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder groups from controls. As is the case with the SST, it was envisaged that those with greater impulsivity would perform worse than those with lower levels of impulsivity in the gSST. The potential advantage of the gSST is that it could be perceived as less monotonous than the original SST and has the potential to provide higher data quality in child samples, however future research will need to be conducted to determine this. The gSST was administered remotely via video chat to 30 child participants within a community sample aged 8-12 to investigate the effect of ADHD symptoms and intrinsic motivation on gSST performance. Qualitative data was collected based on feedback from participants to gain insight into how the gSST was received by participants. A positive correlation was observed between impulsive/hyperactivity and gSST performance, however there was insufficient evidence to suggest that impulsivity predicted performance. With regards to accuracy, results suggested that impulsivity level significantly predicted the rate of go-omission errors. No relationships were observed between intrinsic motivation inventory (IMI) subscales and performance or IMI and impulsivity. Nevertheless, mean IMI scores were overarchingly high for each of the IMI subscales, suggesting that regardless of performance and/or level of impulsive behaviour, the child sample obtained in this study demonstrated high levels of intrinsic motivation, which was supported by the predominantly positive subjective feedback provided by the child participants. The present study provides some evidence based on quantitative and qualitative results for the efficacy of gSST for use with children. Future research with a larger sample of children is warranted to examine how performance on the SST and gSST compare/differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gallagher
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Klaus Kessler
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessica Bramham
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Dechant
- ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany
- UCLIC, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian A. Friehs
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Lise-Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychology of Conflict, Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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12
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Bellés L, Arrondeau C, Urueña-Méndez G, Ginovart N. Concurrent measures of impulsive action and choice are partially related and differentially modulated by dopamine D 1- and D 2-like receptors in a rat model of impulsivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 222:173508. [PMID: 36473517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, but the relationships between its constructs and their respective underlying dopaminergic underpinnings in the general population remain unclear. A cohort of Roman high- (RHA) and low- (RLA) avoidance rats were tested for impulsive action and risky decision-making in the rat gambling task, and then for delay discounting in the delay-discounting task to concurrently measure the relationships among the three constructs of impulsivity using a within-subject design. Then, we evaluated the effects of dopaminergic drugs on the three constructs of impulsivity, considering innate differences in impulsive behaviors at baseline. Risky decision-making and delay-discounting were positively correlated, indicating that both constructs of impulsive choice are related. Impulsive action positively correlated with risky decision-making but not with delay discounting, suggesting partial overlap between impulsive action and impulsive choice. RHAs showed a more impulsive phenotype in the three constructs of impulsivity compared to RLAs, demonstrating the comorbid nature of impulsivity in a population of rats. Amphetamine increased impulsive action and had no effect on risky decision-making regardless of baseline levels of impulsivity, but it decreased delay discounting only in high impulsive RHAs. In contrast, while D1R and D3R agonism as well as D2/3R partial agonism decreased impulsive action regardless of baseline levels of impulsivity, D2/3R agonism decreased impulsive action exclusively in high impulsive RHAs. Irrespective of baseline levels of impulsivity, risky decision-making was increased by D1R and D2/3R agonism but not by D3R agonism or D2/3R partial agonism. Finally, while D1R and D3R agonism, D2/3R partial agonism and D2R blockade increased delay discounting irrespective of baseline levels of impulsivity, D2/3R agonism decreased it in low impulsive RLAs only. These findings indicate that the acute effects of dopamine drugs were partially overlapping across dimensions of impulsivity, and that only D2/3R agonism showed baseline-dependent effects on impulsive action and impulsive choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bellés
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Chloé Arrondeau
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Ginna Urueña-Méndez
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Ginovart
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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13
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No effects of acute tryptophan depletion on anxiety or mood in weight-recovered female patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:209-217. [PMID: 35511296 PMCID: PMC9957824 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN) are characterized by increased serotonergic (5-HT) activity that might be related to elevated levels of anxiety. Assuming these traits to be also present in individuals at risk for AN, it was further hypothesized that restricting food intake might be a means to temporarily alleviate dysphoric affective states by reducing central nervous availability of tryptophan (TRP), the sole precursor of 5-HT. One study that supported this hypothesis found anxiolytic effects in individuals with a history of AN during an experimentally induced short-term depletion of TRP supply to the brain. METHODS In this placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study, 22 patients weight-recovered from AN (recAN) and 25 healthy control participants (HC) completed questionnaires assessing anxiety and momentary mood during acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), a dietary intervention that lowers central 5-HT synthesis. RESULTS The ATD procedure effectively reduced the ratio of TRP to competing for large neutral amino acids in the peripheral blood, indicating decreased TRP supply to the brain. Effects of ATD on anxiety and mood did not differ between recAN and HC. Bayesian null hypothesis testing confirmed these initial results. DISCUSSION Our results do not support the hypothesis that short-term depletion of TRP and its impact on the brain 5-HT reduces anxiety or improves mood in AN. As the evidence for the role of 5-HT dysfunction on affective processes in patients with AN is limited, further studies are needed to assess its relevance in the pathophysiology of AN.
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14
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Kanen JW, Robbins TW, Trofimova IN. Harnessing temperament to elucidate the complexities of serotonin function. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Tancheva L, Lazarova M, Velkova L, Dolashki A, Uzunova D, Minchev B, Petkova-Kirova P, Hassanova Y, Gavrilova P, Tasheva K, Taseva T, Hodzhev Y, Atanasov AG, Stefanova M, Alexandrova A, Tzvetanova E, Atanasov V, Kalfin R, Dolashka P. Beneficial Effects of Snail Helix aspersa Extract in an Experimental Model of Alzheimer’s Type Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:155-175. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with multifactorial etiology, unsatisfactory treatment, and a necessity for broad-spectrum active substances for cure. The mucus from Helix aspersa snail is a mixture of bioactive molecules with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. So far there are no data concerning the capacity of snail extract (SE) to affect neurodegenerative disorders. Objective: The effects of SE from Helix aspersa on learning and memory deficits in Alzheimer’s type dementia (ATD) induced by scopolamine (Sco) in male Wistar rats were examined and some mechanisms of action underlying these effects were evaluated. Methods: SE (0.5 mL/100 g) was applied orally through a food tube for 16 consecutive days: 5 days before and 11 days simultaneously with Sco (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). At the end of Sco treatment, using behavioral methods, we evaluated memory performance. Additionally, in cortex and hippocampus the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, acetylcholine and monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) content, levels of main oxidative stress markers, and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were determined. Results: We demonstrated that, according to all behavioral tests used, SE significantly improved the cognitive deficits induced by Sco. Furthermore, SE possessed AChE inhibitory activity, moderate antioxidant properties and the ability to modulate monoamines content in two brain structures. Moreover, multiple SE applications not only restored the depressed by Sco expression of CREB and BDNF, but significantly upregulated it. Conclusion: Summarizing results, we conclude that complex mechanisms underlie the beneficial effects of SE on impaired memory in Alzheimer’s type dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubka Tancheva
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Weston Professor of Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
| | - Maria Lazarova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyudmila Velkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Dolashki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diamara Uzunova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Borislav Minchev
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Yozljam Hassanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petja Gavrilova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimira Tasheva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Taseva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yordan Hodzhev
- National Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Magdalenka, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Albena Alexandrova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elina Tzvetanova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ventseslav Atanasov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Reni Kalfin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Healthcare, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Pavlina Dolashka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Center for Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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16
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Tahir T, Wong MM, Maaz M, Naufal R, Tahir R, Naidoo Y. Pharmacotherapy of impulse control disorders: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2022; 311:114499. [PMID: 35305343 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no evidence-based treatment recommendations for impulse control disorders, which include intermittent explosive disorder (IED), kleptomania and pyromania. Therefore, this systematic review sought to identify all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated pharmacological treatments for impulse control disorders, to evaluate their efficacy and tolerability. Searches were conducted within MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. Eight studies were included, six investigated pharmacotherapies for IED, while two investigated management for kleptomania. For the treatment of IED, oxcarbazepine and fluoxetine were the most efficacious. Importantly, divalproex was not superior to placebo in decreasing IED symptoms and was associated with significant adverse effects. In the treatment of kleptomania, only naltrexone was effective. The existing data suggest that the pharmacological treatment for impulse control disorders is an understudied area of psychiatry. Much of the current research on impulse control disorders focuses on management with anticonvulsants and antidepressants. Further studies conducted on these interventions in this population may yield promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Tahir
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Melanie Mitsui Wong
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Maaz
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Roshan Naufal
- Master of Science in Global Health, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Rabia Tahir
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours), McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yedishtra Naidoo
- Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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17
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Desrochers SS, Spring MG, Nautiyal KM. A Role for Serotonin in Modulating Opposing Drive and Brake Circuits of Impulsivity. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:791749. [PMID: 35250501 PMCID: PMC8892181 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.791749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity generally refers to a deficit in inhibition, with a focus on understanding the neural circuits which constitute the "brake" on actions and gratification. It is likely that increased impulsivity can arise not only from reduced inhibition, but also from a heightened or exaggerated excitatory "drive." For example, an action which has more vigor, or is fueled by either increased incentive salience or a stronger action-outcome association, may be harder to inhibit. From this perspective, this review focuses on impulse control as a competition over behavioral output between an initially learned response-reward outcome association, and a subsequently acquired opposing inhibitory association. Our goal is to present a synthesis of research from humans and animal models that supports this dual-systems approach to understanding the behavioral and neural substrates that contribute to impulsivity, with a focus on the neuromodulatory role of serotonin. We review evidence for the role of serotonin signaling in mediating the balance of the "drive" and "brake" circuits. Additionally, we consider parallels of these competing instrumental systems in impulsivity within classical conditioning processes (e.g., extinction) in order to point us to potential behavioral and neural mechanisms that may modulate the competing instrumental associations. Finally, we consider how the balance of these competing associations might contribute to, or be extracted from, our experimental assessments of impulsivity. A careful understanding of the underlying behavioral and circuit level contributions to impulsivity is important for understanding the pathogenesis of increased impulsivity present in a number of psychiatric disorders. Pathological levels of impulsivity in such disorders are likely subserved by deficits in the balance of motivational and inhibitory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katherine M. Nautiyal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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18
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Härmson O, Grima LL, Panayi MC, Husain M, Walton ME. 5-HT 2C receptor perturbation has bidirectional influence over instrumental vigour and restraint. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:123-140. [PMID: 34762147 PMCID: PMC8770415 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin (5-HT) system, particularly the 5-HT2C receptor, has consistently been implicated in behavioural control. However, while some studies have focused on the role 5-HT2C receptors play in regulating motivation to work for reward, others have highlighted its importance in response restraint. To date, it is unclear how 5-HT transmission at this receptor regulates the balance of response invigoration and restraint in anticipation of future reward. In addition, it remains to be established how 5-HT2C receptors gate the influence of internal versus cue-driven processes over reward-guided actions. To elucidate these issues, we investigated the effects of administering the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084, both systemically and directly into the nucleus accumbens core (NAcC), in rats performing a Go/No-Go task for small or large rewards. The results were compared to the administration of d-amphetamine into the NAcC, which has previously been shown to promote behavioural activation. Systemic perturbation of 5-HT2C receptors-but crucially not intra-NAcC infusions-consistently boosted rats' performance and instrumental vigour on Go trials when they were required to act. Concomitantly, systemic administration also reduced their ability to withhold responding for rewards on No-Go trials, particularly late in the holding period. Notably, these effects were often apparent only when the reward on offer was small. By contrast, inducing a hyperdopaminergic state in the NAcC with d-amphetamine strongly impaired response restraint on No-Go trials both early and late in the holding period, as well as speeding action initiation. Together, these findings suggest that 5-HT2C receptor transmission, outside the NAcC, shapes the vigour of ongoing goal-directed action as well as the likelihood of responding as a function of expected reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Härmson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
| | - Laura L Grima
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.
| | - Marios C Panayi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
- National Institute On Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Mark E Walton
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
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19
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Desrochers SS, Nautiyal KM. Serotonin 1B receptor effects on response inhibition are independent of inhibitory learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 187:107574. [PMID: 34902574 PMCID: PMC8900532 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is defined in terms of deficits in instrumental response inhibition, when the inability to withhold an action produces a negative outcome. However, there are many behavioral and cognitive constructs which theoretically could contribute to disordered impulsivity, including Pavlovian responding, which few studies have considered in this context. In the present set of studies, we examine Pavlovian inhibitory learning and excitatory responding in a mouse model for dysregulated impulsivity, specifically, mice lacking the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR). Consistent with previous results, we show that these mice display increased impulsivity as measured by premature responding in the operant 5-choice serial reaction time test. In a Pavlovian conditioned inhibition paradigm, they also show a decreased ability to withhold responding, but importantly have an intact ability to learn inhibitory associations. In a Pavlovian appetitive conditioning experiment, 5-HT1BR knockout mice show normal responding under a positive contingency schedule, however, they display increased responding to cues presented on an independent schedule from reinforcement in a zero contingency schedule. Interestingly this difference does not occur when the cues are explicitly unpaired in a negative contingency schedule, nor during a 25% reinforcement schedule. Overall, while our results show that the deficits in operant response inhibition in mice lacking 5-HT1BR are likely not due to Pavlovian inhibitory or excitatory learning, it is relevant to consider associative learning in the context of dysregulated impulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine M. Nautiyal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Katherine M. Nautiyal, PhD, 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, 603-646-2778,
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20
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Evans CL, Sawyer KS, Levy SA, Conklin JP, McDonough E, Gansler DA. Factors in the neurodevelopment of negative urgency: Findings from a community-dwelling sample. Brain Neurosci Adv 2022; 6:23982128221079548. [PMID: 35237725 PMCID: PMC8882942 DOI: 10.1177/23982128221079548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated neuroanatomic, genetic, cognitive, sociodemographic and emotional underpinnings of the Negative Urgency subscale of the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation-Seeking and Positive Urgency Impulsive Behavior Scale in a healthy developmental sample. The goal of the investigation is to contribute to the harmonisation of behavioural, brain and neurogenetic aspects of behavioural self-control. Three domains - (1) Demographic, developmental, psychiatric and cognitive ability; (2) Regional brain volumes (neurobiological); and (3) Genetic variability (single nucleotide polymorphisms) - were examined, and models with relevant predictor variables were selected. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and best subset regressions were used to identify sparse models predicting negative urgency scores, which revealed that variables related to emotional regulation and right cingulate volume, as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms in CADM2 and SLC6A4, were associated with negative urgency. Our results contribute to the construct and criterion validity of negative urgency and support the hypothesis that negative urgency is a result of a complex array of influences across domains whose integration furthers developmental psychopathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L. Evans
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk
University, Boston, MA, USA
- Psychology Assessment Center,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kayle S. Sawyer
- Boston University, Boston, MA,
USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston,
MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston,
MA, USA
- Sawyer Scientific, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Sarah A. Levy
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk
University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - EmilyKate McDonough
- Department of Medical Education, Tufts
University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Xu J, Wu F, Li Y, Wang F, Lin W, Qian S, Li H, Fan Y, Li H, Chen L, Xu H, Chen L, Liu Y, Li X, He J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 associating with serotonin and dopamine in the cerebrospinal fluid predicts impulsivity in healthy subjects. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:68. [PMID: 34800969 PMCID: PMC8605581 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is more commonly reported in subjects with mental disorders compared to healthy subjects, suggesting a potential application of impulsivity in predicting impulsivity-related mental disorders. However, no biomarker of impulsivity available so far. This study explored the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a key hormonal mediator of the stress response, and impulsivity in healthy subjects. METHODS A total of 126 healthy persons subjected to surgery of anterior cruciate ligament were recruited in the present study. The impulsiveness of the subjects was evaluated by the Chinese version of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)-11 before surgery. CSF and blood samples of the subjects were collected before spinal anesthesia for surgery. The levels of FGF21, serotonin and dopamine in CSF and the level of FGF21 in blood of the subjects were measured by ELISA using commercial kits. RESULTS Negative correlations were found between BIS-11 total score and either FGF21, serotonin or dopamine in CSF. However, BIS-11 total score was not correlated with FGF21 in blood. In addition, FGF21 was positively correlated with serotonin and dopamine in CSF, respectively. Multivariable linear regression models indicated that the decrease of FGF21 level associating with the decrease of serotonin and dopamine level in CSF contributed to the higher impulsivity. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis indicated an important role of CSF FGF21 predicting high impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS FGF21, serotonin and dopamine in CSF associate with impulsivity in opposite directions. The decrease of CSF FGF21 is related to higher impulsivity, and indicate that CSF FGF21 may predict impulsivity in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Affiliated Cixi Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
| | - Wenhui Lin
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Qian
- The Criminal Science and Technology Department, Zhejiang Police College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disorder Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuncao Fan
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenling, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huai Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijing Chen
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Chen
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jue He
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Neurological Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.
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22
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Netter P. Between Temperament and Psychopathology: Examples from Neuropharmacological Challenge Tests in Healthy Humans. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 80:84-100. [PMID: 33647900 DOI: 10.1159/000514074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper tries to demonstrate that the questionnaire-based continuum between temperament traits and psychopathology can also be shown on the biochemical level. A common feature is the incapacity to adapt to external demands, as demonstrated by examples of disturbed hormone cycles as well as neurotransmitter (TM) responses related to affective and impulse control disorders. METHODS Pharmacological challenge tests performed in placebo-controlled balanced crossover experiments with consecutive challenges by serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) agonistic drugs were applied to healthy subjects, and individual responsivities of each TM system assessed by respective cortisol and prolactin responses were related to questionnaire-based facets of depressiveness and impulsivity, respectively. RESULTS The depression-related traits "Fatigue" and "Physical Anhedonia" were characterized by low and late responses to DA stimulation as opposed to "Social Anhedonia," which rather mirrored the pattern of schizophrenia. Reward-related and premature responding-related impulsivity represented by high scores on "Disinhibition" and "Motor Impulsivity," respectively, as well as the questionnaire-based components of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, "Cognitive" and "Motor Impulsivity," could be discriminated by their patterns of DA/NA responses. 5-HT responses suggested that instead of the expected low availability of 5-HT claimed to be associated with impulse control disorders, low NA responses indicated lack of inhibition in impulsivity and high NA responses in depression-related "Anhedonia" indicated suppression of approach motivation. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the flaws of pharmacological challenge tests, they may be suitable for demonstrating similarities in TM affinities between psychopathological disturbances and respective temperament traits and for separating sub-entities of larger disease spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Netter
- Department of Psychology, University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany,
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Bailey LS, Bagley JR, Dodd R, Olson A, Bolduc M, Philip VM, Reinholdt LG, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Tarantino L, Gagnon L, Chesler EJ, Jentsch JD. Heritable variation in locomotion, reward sensitivity and impulsive behaviors in a genetically diverse inbred mouse panel. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12773. [PMID: 34672075 PMCID: PMC9044817 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse, including alcohol and stimulants like cocaine, produce effects that are subject to individual variability, and genetic variation accounts for at least a portion of those differences. Notably, research in both animal models and human subjects point toward reward sensitivity and impulsivity as being trait characteristics that predict relatively greater positive subjective responses to stimulant drugs. Here we describe use of the eight collaborative cross (CC) founder strains and 38 (reversal learning) or 10 (all other tests) CC strains to examine the heritability of reward sensitivity and impulsivity traits, as well as genetic correlations between these measures and existing addiction-related phenotypes. Strains were all tested for activity in an open field and reward sensitivity (intake of chocolate BOOST®). Mice were then divided into two counterbalanced groups and underwent reversal learning (impulsive action and waiting impulsivity) or delay discounting (impulsive choice). CC and founder mice show significant heritability for impulsive action, impulsive choice, waiting impulsivity, locomotor activity, and reward sensitivity, with each impulsive phenotype determined to be non-correlating, independent traits. This research was conducted within the broader, inter-laboratory effort of the Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction (CSNA) to characterize CC and DO mice for multiple, cocaine abuse related traits. These data will facilitate the discovery of genetic correlations between predictive traits, which will then guide discovery of genes and genetic variants that contribute to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Bailey
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Jared R Bagley
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Rainy Dodd
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa Tarantino
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - James David Jentsch
- State University of New York - Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
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Zapata A, Lupica CR. Lateral habenula cannabinoid CB1 receptor involvement in drug-associated impulsive behavior. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108604. [PMID: 33965396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal and human studies show that cannabis or its derivatives can increase relapse to cocaine seeking following withdrawal. Moreover, cannabis use in humans is associated with impulse control deficits and animal studies implicate endogenous cannabinoids (eCB) in several impulsivity constructs. However, the brain areas where cannabinoids might control impulsivity or cocaine seeking are largely unknown. Here, we assess Lateral Habenula (LHb) involvement on performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) in rats and investigate whether LHb cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R) are involved in these effects. Systemic cocaine increased premature responding, a measure of impulsivity, at a dose (5 mg/kg) that did not alter other measures of task performance. Intra-LHb infusion of the CB1R antagonist AM251 blocked this effect. Systemic injection of the psychoactive constituent of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC, 1 mg/kg), also increased 5CSRTT premature responding at a dose that did not otherwise disrupt task performance. This was blocked by intra-LHb infusion of AM251 in a subgroup of rats showing the largest increases in Δ9-THC-evoked premature responses. Systemic Δ9-THC also prompted impulsive cocaine seeking in a Go/NoGo cocaine self-administration task and this was blocked by intra-LHb AM251. These data show that LHb CB1Rs are involved in deficits in impulse control initiated by cocaine and Δ9-THC, as assessed by the 5CSRTT, and play a role in impulsive cocaine seeking during cocaine self-administration. This suggests that the LHb eCB system contributes to the control of impulsive behavior, and thus represents a potential target for therapeutic treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Zapata
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carl R Lupica
- Electrophysiology Research Section, Cellular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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25
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Rinehart L, Spencer S. Which came first: Cannabis use or deficits in impulse control? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110066. [PMID: 32795592 PMCID: PMC7750254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulse control deficits are often found to co-occur with substance use disorders (SUDs). On the one hand, it is well known that chronic intake of drugs of abuse remodels the brain with significant consequences for a range of cognitive behaviors. On the other hand, individual variation in impulse control may contribute to differences in susceptibility to SUDs. Both of these relationships have been described, thus leading to a "chicken or the egg" debate which remains to be fully resolved. Does impulsivity precede drug use or does it manifest as a function of problematic drug usage? The link between impulsivity and SUDs has been most strongly established for cocaine and alcohol use disorders using both preclinical models and clinical data. Much less is known about the potential link between impulsivity and cannabis use disorder (CUD) or the directionality of this relationship. The initiation of cannabis use occurs most often during adolescence prior to the brain's maturation, which is recognized as a critical period of development. The long-term effects of chronic cannabis use on the brain and behavior have started to be explored. In this review we will summarize these observations, especially as they pertain to the relationship between impulsivity and CUD, from both a psychological and biological perspective. We will discuss impulsivity as a multi-dimensional construct and attempt to reconcile the results obtained across modalities. Finally, we will discuss possible avenues for future research with emerging longitudinal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinehart
- University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Sade Spencer
- University of Minnesota, Department of Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Kanen JW, Arntz FE, Yellowlees R, Cardinal RN, Price A, Christmas DM, Apergis-Schoute AM, Sahakian BJ, Robbins TW. Serotonin depletion amplifies distinct human social emotions as a function of individual differences in personality. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:81. [PMID: 33518708 PMCID: PMC7847998 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in a wide range of mental capacities essential for navigating the social world, including emotion and impulse control. Much recent work on serotonin and social functioning has focused on decision-making. Here we investigated the influence of serotonin on human emotional reactions to social conflict. We used a novel computerised task that required mentally simulating social situations involving unjust harm and found that depleting the serotonin precursor tryptophan-in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled design-enhanced emotional responses to the scenarios in a large sample of healthy volunteers (n = 73), and interacted with individual differences in trait personality to produce distinctive human emotions. Whereas guilt was preferentially elevated in highly empathic participants, annoyance was potentiated in those high in trait psychopathy, with medium to large effect sizes. Our findings show how individual differences in personality, when combined with fluctuations of serotonin, may produce diverse emotional phenotypes. This has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychopathology, determining who may be more sensitive to serotonin-modulating treatments, and casts new light on the functions of serotonin in emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Kanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Fréderique E Arntz
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robyn Yellowlees
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annabel Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - David M Christmas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annemieke M Apergis-Schoute
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Kanen JW, Arntz FE, Yellowlees R, Christmas DM, Price A, Apergis-Schoute AM, Sahakian BJ, Cardinal RN, Robbins TW. Effect of Tryptophan Depletion on Conditioned Threat Memory Expression: Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:590-598. [PMID: 33631385 PMCID: PMC8099731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Responding emotionally to danger is critical for survival. Normal functioning also requires flexible alteration of emotional responses when a threat becomes safe. Aberrant threat and safety learning occur in many psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia, in which emotional responses can persist pathologically. While there is evidence that threat and safety learning can be modulated by the serotonin systems, there have been few studies in humans. We addressed a critical clinically relevant question: How does lowering serotonin affect memory retention of conditioned threat and safety memory? Methods Forty-seven healthy participants underwent conditioning to two stimuli predictive of threat on day 1. One stimulus but not the other was subsequently presented in an extinction session. Emotional responding was assessed by the skin conductance response. On day 2, we employed acute dietary tryptophan depletion to lower serotonin temporarily, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized between-groups design. We then tested for the retention of conditioned threat and extinction memory. We also measured self-reported intolerance of uncertainty, known to modulate threat memory expression. Results The expression of emotional memory was attenuated in participants who had undergone tryptophan depletion. Individuals who were more intolerant of uncertainty showed even greater attenuation of emotion following depletion. Conclusions These results support the view that serotonin is involved in predicting aversive outcomes and refine our understanding of the role of serotonin in the persistence of emotional responsivity, with implications for individual differences in vulnerability to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Kanen
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Frederique E Arntz
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Robyn Yellowlees
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Christmas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel Price
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke M Apergis-Schoute
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Serotonin depletion impairs both Pavlovian and instrumental reversal learning in healthy humans. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7200-7210. [PMID: 34429517 PMCID: PMC8873011 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is involved in updating responses to changing environmental circumstances. Optimising behaviour to maximise reward and minimise punishment may require shifting strategies upon encountering new situations. Likewise, autonomic responses to threats are critical for survival yet must be modified as danger shifts from one source to another. Whilst numerous psychiatric disorders are characterised by behavioural and autonomic inflexibility, few studies have examined the contribution of serotonin in humans. We modelled both processes, respectively, in two independent experiments (N = 97). Experiment 1 assessed instrumental (stimulus-response-outcome) reversal learning whereby individuals learned through trial and error which action was most optimal for obtaining reward or avoiding punishment initially, and the contingencies subsequently reversed serially. Experiment 2 examined Pavlovian (stimulus-outcome) reversal learning assessed by the skin conductance response: one innately threatening stimulus predicted receipt of an uncomfortable electric shock and another did not; these contingencies swapped in a reversal phase. Upon depleting the serotonin precursor tryptophan-in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled design-healthy volunteers showed impairments in updating both actions and autonomic responses to reflect changing contingencies. Reversal deficits in each domain, furthermore, were correlated with the extent of tryptophan depletion. Initial Pavlovian conditioning, moreover, which involved innately threatening stimuli, was potentiated by depletion. These results translate findings in experimental animals to humans and have implications for the neurochemical basis of cognitive inflexibility.
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29
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Desrochers SS, Lesko EK, Magalong VM, Balsam PD, Nautiyal KM. A role for reward valuation in the serotonergic modulation of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3293-3309. [PMID: 34390360 PMCID: PMC8605981 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impulsive behavior is a deleterious component of a number of mental health disorders but has few targeted pharmacotherapies. One contributing factor to the difficulty in understanding the neural substrates of disordered impulsivity is the diverse presentations of impulsive behavior. Defining the behavioral and cognitive processes which contribute to different subtypes of impulsivity is important for understanding the neural underpinnings of dysregulated impulsive behavior. METHODS Using a mouse model for disordered impulsivity, our goal was to identify behavioral and cognitive processes that are associated with increased impulsivity. Specifically, we were interested in the facets of impulsivity modulated by serotonin signaling. We used mice lacking the serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR) and measured different types of impulsivity as well as goal-directed responding, extinction, habitual-like behavior, cue reactivity, and reward reactivity. RESULTS Mice lacking expression of 5-HT1BR had increased levels of impulsive action, goal-directed responding, and motivation, with no differences seen in rate of extinction, development of habitual behavior, delay discounting, or effort-based discounting. Interestingly, mice lacking 5-HT1BR expression also showed an overall increase in the choice of higher value rewards, increased hedonic responses to sweet rewards, and responded more for cues that predict reward. We developed a novel paradigm to demonstrate that increasing anticipated reward value could directly increase impulsive action. Furthermore, we found that 5-HT1BR KO-induced impulsivity could be ameliorated by decreasing the reward value relative to controls, suggesting that the increased 5-HT1BR-associated impulsive action may be a result of increased reward valuation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data show that the effects of serotonin on impulsive action are mediated through the modulation of hedonic value, which may alter the reward representations that motivate action. Overall, this data supports a role for reward value as an important substrate in impulsive action which may drive clinically relevant increases in impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Desrochers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Emma K Lesko
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Valerie M Magalong
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College and Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Peter D Balsam
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College and Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Katherine M Nautiyal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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Proudfoot P, Heubeck B, Ward J, Degenhardt L. Ecstasy Use, Outcome Expectancies, and Sexual Risk Taking. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9544.2010.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Proudfoot
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Bernd Heubeck
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Jeff Ward
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra
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DIY-NAMIC Behavior: A High-Throughput Method to Measure Complex Phenotypes in the Homecage. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0160-20.2020. [PMID: 32561574 PMCID: PMC7358334 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0160-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex behavioral assessment is necessary to comprehensively assess in vivo manipulations in rodent models for neuropsychiatric disorders. Operant behavioral paradigms provide rich datasets and allow for the careful analysis of behavioral phenotypes. However, one major limitation in these studies is the expense and work-load that are required using traditional methods. The equipment for commercial operant boxes can be prohibitively expensive, and the daily experimenter effort and mouse costs required for these studies is extensive. Rodents are generally trained on task-specific paradigms for months, tested every day for 5–7 d/week. Additionally, appetitive paradigms usually require food restriction and are also commonly run in the non-active light phase of the rodent circadian rhythm. These limitations make operant behavioral testing especially difficult during adolescence, a time period of interest with regards to the development of adult-like phenotypes and a high-risk period for the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, including those which involve impulsive behavior. In order to address these issues, we developed an automated, inexpensive, open-source method which allows the implementation of most standard operant paradigms in the homecage of rodents in shorter time frames without food restriction, and with much less experimenter effort. All construction and code for the do-it-yourself Nautiyal Automated Modular Instrumental Conditioning (DIY-NAMIC) system are open source. We demonstrate their utility here by measuring impulsive behavior in a pharmacology experiment, as well as in adolescent mice.
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Niedzielak T, Ravenelle R, Joseph M, Calhoun C, Plotkin B, Jones R, Herrera M, Tiffany Donaldson S. 5-HT1A and α2 adrenergic receptor levels are associated with high anxiety-like patterns and impulsivity in selectively bred Long Evans rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 383:112522. [PMID: 32007493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity and anxiety are psychological traits involved in many aspects of the drug addiction cycle. However, few preclinical models exist for examining both impulsive and anxiety patterns. In the current study, we investigated whether 6th generation rats selectively bred for high anxiety (HAn)-like behavior would display amphetamine (AMPH) hyperactivity. In the same generational line, we also determined if HAn animals would display impulsivity in an operant task. Filial 5 male Long Evans rats phenotyped as HAn and low anxiety (LAn) were tested on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and in locomotor chambers following a low dose of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg, IP). Next, a separate group of F5 animals was exposed to a differential reinforcement of low rate of responding (DRL: 30 s) operant schedule to assess impulsivity. Postmortem, 5-HT1A and α2 adrenergic receptor protein levels were measured in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell, and α2 adrenergic counts were assessed in the locus coeruleus (LC), and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. F5 outbred HAn rats had decreased percent open arm time and entries on the EPM and elevated AMPH-induced locomotion. In the DRL, HAn rats displayed an impulsive profile, they attained fewer total rewards, had more inter-response times, and showed greater burst ratios. We found that HAn rats had a higher number of 5-HT1A receptor immunostained cells in the mPFC but were not different than LAn in NAc core or shell. By contrast, levels of the α2 adrenergic receptor protein were no different in the mPFC while HAn rats had greater levels in the LC and lower levels in the PVN. Overall, these data further validate our outbred trait anxiety rats: HAn males show anxiety-like behavior, AMPH hypersensitivity, greater impulsivity, and varying levels of limbic and midbrain 5-HT1A and α2 adrenergic receptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Niedzielak
- Broward Health Medical Center, 3100 SW 62nd Avenue, Miami, FL, 33155, USA
| | - Rebecca Ravenelle
- City University of New York, CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marie Joseph
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Corey Calhoun
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Brooke Plotkin
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Raquel Jones
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Maria Herrera
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - S Tiffany Donaldson
- Developmental and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA, 02125, USA.
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Silveira MM, Wittekindt SN, Mortazavi L, Hathaway BA, Winstanley CA. Investigating serotonergic contributions to cognitive effort allocation, attention, and impulsive action in female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:452-466. [PMID: 31913079 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119896043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals must frequently evaluate whether it is worth allocating cognitive effort for desired outcomes. Motivational deficits are a common feature of psychiatric illness such as major depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are commonly used to treat this disorder, yet some data suggest these compounds are ineffective at treating amotivation, and may even exacerbate it. AIMS Here we used the rodent Cognitive Effort Task (rCET) to assess serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) contributions to decision-making with cognitive effort costs. METHODS The rCET is a modified version of the 5-choice serial reaction time task, a well-validated test of visuospatial attention and impulse control. At the start of each rCET trial, rats chose one of two levers, which set the difficulty of an attentional challenge, namely the localization of a visual stimulus illuminated for 0.2 or 1 s on hard versus easy trials. Successful completion of hard trials was rewarded with double the sugar pellets. Twenty-four female Long-Evans rats were trained on the rCET and systemically administered the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT, the 5-HT2A antagonist M100907, the 5-HT2C agonist Ro-60-0175, as well as the 5-HT2C antagonist SB 242, 084. RESULTS 5-HT2A antagonism dose-dependently reduced premature responding, while 5-HT2C antagonism had the opposite effect. 8-OH-DPAT impaired accuracy of target detection at higher doses, while Ro-60-0175 dose-dependently improved accuracy on difficult trials. However, none of the drugs affected the rats' choice of the harder option. CONCLUSION When considered with existing work evaluating decision-making with physical effort costs, it appears that serotonergic signalling plays a minor role in guiding effort allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason M Silveira
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sebastian N Wittekindt
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leili Mortazavi
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brett A Hathaway
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catharine A Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Sholler DJ, Merritt CR, Davis-Reyes BD, Golovko G, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA. Inherent Motor Impulsivity Associates with Specific Gene Targets in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2020; 435:161-173. [PMID: 32240784 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
High impulsivity characterizes a myriad of neuropsychiatric diseases, and identifying targets for neuropharmacological intervention to reduce impulsivity could reveal transdiagnostic treatment strategies. Motor impulsivity (impulsive action) reflects in part the failure of "top-down" executive control by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The present study profiled the complete set of mRNA molecules expressed from genes (transcriptome) in the mPFC of male, outbred rats stably expressing high (HI) or low (LI) motor impulsivity based upon premature responses in the 1-choice serial reaction time (1-CSRT) task. RNA-sequencing identified expression of 18 genes that was higher in the mPFC of HI vs. LI rats. Functional gene enrichment revealed that biological processes related to calcium homeostasis and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways, particularly glutamatergic, were overrepresented in the mPFC of HI vs. LI rats. Transcription factor enrichment identified mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) and RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) as overrepresented in the mPFC of HI rats relative to LI rats, while in silico analysis predicted a conserved SMAD binding site within the voltage-gated calcium channel subunit alpha1 E (CACNA1E) promoter region. qRT-PCR analyses confirmed that mRNA expression of CACNA1E, as well as expression of leucyl and cystinyl aminopeptidase (LNPEP), were higher in the mPFC of HI vs. LI rats. These outcomes establish a transcriptomic landscape in the mPFC that is related to individual differences in motor impulsivity and propose novel gene targets for future impulsivity research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Sholler
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Christina R Merritt
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Brionna D Davis-Reyes
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Groman SM. The Neurobiology of Impulsive Decision-Making and Reinforcement Learning in Nonhuman Animals. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 47:23-52. [PMID: 32157666 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive decisions are those that favor immediate over delayed rewards, involve the acceptance of undue risk or uncertainty, or fail to adapt to environmental changes. Pathological levels of impulsive decision-making have been observed in individuals with mental illness, but there may be substantial heterogeneity in the processes that drive impulsive choices. Understanding this behavioral heterogeneity may be critical for understanding associated diverseness in the neural mechanisms that give rise to impulsivity. The application of reinforcement learning algorithms in the deconstruction of impulsive decision-making phenotypes can help bridge the gap between biology and behavior and provide insights into the biobehavioral heterogeneity of impulsive choice. This chapter will review the literature on the neurobiological mechanisms of impulsive decision-making in nonhuman animals; specifically, the role of the amine neuromodulatory systems (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine) in impulsive decision-making and reinforcement learning processes is discussed. Ultimately, the integration of reinforcement learning algorithms with sophisticated behavioral and neuroscience techniques may be critical for advancing the understanding of the neurochemical basis of impulsive decision-making.
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Dalley JW, Ersche KD. Neural circuitry and mechanisms of waiting impulsivity: relevance to addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180145. [PMID: 30966923 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Impatience-the failure to wait or tolerate delayed rewards (e.g. food, drug and monetary incentives)-is a common behavioural tendency in humans. However, when rigidly and rapidly expressed with limited regard for future, often negative consequences, impatient or impulsive actions underlie and confer susceptibility for such diverse brain disorders as drug addiction, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and major depressive disorder. Consequently, 'waiting' impulsivity has emerged as a candidate endophenotype to inform translational research on underlying neurobiological mechanisms and biomarker discovery for many of the so-called impulse-control disorders. Indeed, as reviewed in this article, this research enterprise has revealed a number of unexpected targets and mechanisms for intervention. However, in the context of drug addiction, impulsive decisions that maximize short-term gains (e.g. acute drug consumption) over longer-term punishment (e.g. unemployment, homelessness, personal harm) defines one aspect of impulsivity, which may or may not be related to rapid, unrestrained actions over shorter timescales. We discuss the relevance of this distinction in impulsivity subtypes for drug addiction with reference to translational research in humans and other animals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Dalley
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3EB , UK.,2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 0SZ , UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- 1 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 3EB , UK
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Alonso L, Peeva P, Ramos-Prats A, Alenina N, Winter Y, Rivalan M. Inter-individual and inter-strain differences in cognitive and social abilities of Dark Agouti and Wistar Han rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 377:112188. [PMID: 31473288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Healthy animals displaying extreme behaviours that resemble human psychiatric symptoms are relevant models to study the natural psychobiological processes of maladapted behaviours. Using a Rat Gambling Task, healthy individuals spontaneously making poor decisions (PDMs) were found to co-express a combination of other cognitive and reward-based characteristics similar to symptoms observed in human patients with impulse-control disorders. The main goals of this study were to 1) confirm the existence of PDMs and their unique behavioural phenotypes in Dark Agouti (DA) and Wistar Han (WH) rats, 2) to extend the behavioural profile of the PDMs to probability-based decision-making and social behaviours and 3) to extract key discriminative traits between DA and WH strains, relevant for biomedical research. We have compared cognitive abilities, natural behaviours and physiological responses in DA and WH rats at the strain and at the individual level. Here we found that the naturally occurring PDM's profile was consistent between both rat lines. Then, although the PDM individuals did not take more risks in probability discounting task, they seemed to be of higher social ranks. Finally and despite their similarities in performance, WH and DA lines differed in degree of reward sensitivity, impulsivity, locomotor activity and open space-occupation. The reproducibility and conservation of the complex phenotypes of PDMs and GDMs (good decision makers) in these two genetically different strains support their translational potential. Both strains, present large phenotypic variation in behaviours pertinent for the study of the underlying mechanisms of poor decision making and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Alonso
- Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Polina Peeva
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Arnau Ramos-Prats
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - York Winter
- Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Rivalan
- Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Szechtman H, Harvey BH, Woody EZ, Hoffman KL. The Psychopharmacology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Preclinical Roadmap. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:80-151. [PMID: 31826934 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review evaluates current knowledge about obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with the goal of providing a roadmap for future directions in research on the psychopharmacology of the disorder. It first addresses issues in the description and diagnosis of OCD, including the structure, measurement, and appropriate description of the disorder and issues of differential diagnosis. Current pharmacotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, including monotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and augmentation with antipsychotic medication and with psychologic treatment. Neuromodulatory therapies for OCD are also described, including psychosurgery, deep brain stimulation, and noninvasive brain stimulation. Psychotherapies for OCD are then reviewed, focusing on behavior therapy, including exposure and response prevention and cognitive therapy, and the efficacy of these interventions is discussed, touching on issues such as the timing of sessions, the adjunctive role of pharmacotherapy, and the underlying mechanisms. Next, current research on the neurobiology of OCD is examined, including work probing the role of various neurotransmitters and other endogenous processes and etiology as clues to the neurobiological fault that may underlie OCD. A new perspective on preclinical research is advanced, using the Research Domain Criteria to propose an adaptationist viewpoint that regards OCD as the dysfunction of a normal motivational system. A systems-design approach introduces the security motivation system (SMS) theory of OCD as a framework for research. Finally, a new perspective on psychopharmacological research for OCD is advanced, exploring three approaches: boosting infrastructure facilities of the brain, facilitating psychotherapeutic relearning, and targeting specific pathways of the SMS network to fix deficient SMS shut-down processes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A significant proportion of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not achieve remission with current treatments, indicating the need for innovations in psychopharmacology for the disorder. OCD may be conceptualized as the dysfunction of a normal, special motivation system that evolved to manage the prospect of potential danger. This perspective, together with a wide-ranging review of the literature, suggests novel directions for psychopharmacological research, including boosting support systems of the brain, facilitating relearning that occurs in psychotherapy, and targeting specific pathways in the brain that provide deficient stopping processes in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Erik Z Woody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
| | - Kurt Leroy Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (H.S.); SAMRC Unit on Risk Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, and Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa (B.H.H.); Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (E.Z.W.); and Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico (K.L.H.)
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Ramos S, López-Tolsa GE, Sjoberg EA, Pellón R. Effect of Schedule-Induced Behavior on Responses of Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto Rats in a Delay-Discounting Task: A Preliminary Report. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:255. [PMID: 31798428 PMCID: PMC6874143 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Delay discounting is the loss of the subjective value of an outcome as the time to its delivery increases. It has been suggested that organisms can become more tolerant of this delay when engaging in schedule-induced behaviors. Schedule-induced behaviors are those that develop at a high rate during intermittent reinforcement schedules without the need of arranged contingency to the reinforcer, and they have been considered as a model of compulsivity. There is evidence that relates compulsivity to greater delay discounting. The rate of delay discounting represents how impulsive the subject is, as the rate of discounting increases the higher the impulsivity. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to undertake a preliminary evaluation of whether developing schedule-induced behaviors affects performance in a delay-discounting task, by comparing spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The rats were exposed to a task that consisted of presenting the subjects with two levers: one produced a small, immediate food reinforcer while the other one produced a larger, delayed reinforcer. During Condition A, the levers were presented, and a water bottle and a running wheel were available in the conditioning chambers; during Condition B, only the levers were presented. SHR and WKY rats developed schedule-induced behaviors during Condition A and showed no difference in discounting rates, contradicting previous reports. Lick allocation during response-reinforcer delays and the inter-trial interval (ITI) showed, respectively, pre- and post-food distributions. Discounting rates during Condition B (when rats could not engage in schedule-induced behaviors) did not reach statistical significance difference among strains of animals, although it was observed a tendency for WKY to behave more self-controlled. Likewise it was not found any effect of schedule-induced behavior on discounting rates, however, a tendency for WKY rats to behave more impulsive during access to drink and run seems to tentatively support the idea of schedule-induced behavior as a model of compulsivity in those rats, being impulsivity simply defined as an excess in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ramos
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela E López-Tolsa
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Espen A Sjoberg
- Animal Behavior Laboratories, Department of Behavioral Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Schools of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ricardo Pellón
- Animal Learning and Behavior Laboratory, Departamento de Psicología Básica I, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
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Effect of ADHD medication in male C57BL/6J mice performing the rodent Continuous Performance Test. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1839-1851. [PMID: 30656365 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The rodent Continuous Performance Test (rCPT) is a novel rodent paradigm to assess attention and impulsivity that resembles the human CPT. This task measures the rodents' ability to discriminate between target and non-target stimuli. The effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication on rCPT performance in mice remains to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVE To investigate the predictive validity of the mouse rCPT by studying the effects of ADHD medication methylphenidate, atomoxetine, amphetamine, guanfacine, and modafinil in four behavioral subgroups based on performance and impulsivity levels. METHODS Two cohorts of male C57BL/6J mice were used, and the effect of treatment was tested in a variable stimulus duration probe. Performance and impulsive subgroups were made based on discriminability and percentage premature responses, respectively. RESULTS Methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and amphetamine improved performance in the low-performing animals, with no effect in the high-performers. These improvements were a result of increased hit rate and/or decreased false-alarm rate. Furthermore, these drugs decreased percentage premature responses in the high-impulsive group. Methylphenidate, guanfacine, and modafinil increased premature responses in the low-impulsive group. Modafinil impaired performance in the high-performers by increasing false-alarm rate. CONCLUSION The effect of ADHD treatment was dependent on baseline, as seen by increases in performance for the low-performers and decreases in impulsivity for the high-impulsive animals. These results agree with clinical data and may support the inverted U-shaped arousal-performance theory. The rCPT combined with behavioral separation into subgroups has high predictive validity, and our study is a step forward towards establishing the clinical translatability of the rCPT.
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Yates JR. Examining the neurochemical underpinnings of animal models of risky choice: Methodological and analytic considerations. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:178-201. [PMID: 30570275 PMCID: PMC6467223 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Because risky choice is associated with several psychiatric conditions, recent research has focused on examining the underlying neurochemical processes that control risk-based decision-making. Not surprisingly, several tasks have been developed to study the neural mechanisms involved in risky choice. The current review will briefly discuss the major tasks used to measure risky choice and will summarize the contribution of several major neurotransmitter systems to this behavior. To date, the most common measures of risky choice are the probability discounting task, the risky decision task, and the rat gambling task. Across these three tasks, the contribution of the dopaminergic system has been most studied, although the effects of serotonergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic ligands will be discussed. Drug effects across these tasks have been inconsistent, which makes determining the precise role of neurotransmitter systems in risky choice somewhat difficult. Furthermore, procedural differences can modulate drug effects in these procedures, and the way data are analyzed can alter the interpretations one makes concerning pharmacological manipulations. By taking these methodological/analytic considerations into account, we may better elucidate the neurochemistry of risky decision-making. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Vassileva J, Conrod PJ. Impulsivities and addictions: a multidimensional integrative framework informing assessment and interventions for substance use disorders. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180137. [PMID: 30966920 PMCID: PMC6335463 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulse control is becoming a critical survival skill for the twenty-first century. Impulsivity is implicated in virtually all externalizing behaviours and disorders, and figures prominently in the aetiology and long-term sequelae of substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite its robust clinical and predictive validity, the study of impulsivity is complicated by its multidimensional nature, characterized by a variety of trait-like personality dimensions, as well as by more state-dependent neurocognitive dimensions, with variable convergence across measures. This review provides a hierarchical framework for linking self-report and neurocognitive measures to latent constructs of impulsivity and, in turn, to different psychopathology vulnerabilities, including substance-specific addictions and comorbidities. Impulsivity dimensions are presented as novel behavioural targets for prevention and intervention. Novel treatment approaches addressing domains of impulsivity are reviewed and recommendations for future directions in research and clinical interventions for SUDs are offered. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Vassileva
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricia J. Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche, CHU Ste Justine, Montreal, Canada
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Isles AR, Winstanley CA, Humby T. Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180128. [PMID: 30966916 PMCID: PMC6335461 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our willingness to take risks, our ability to wait or the speed with which to make decisions are central features of our personality. However, it is now recognized that impulsive and risk-taking behaviours are not a unitary construct, and different aspects can be both psychologically and neurally dissociated. The range of neurochemicals and brain systems that govern these behaviours is extensive, and this may be a contributing factor to the phenotypic range seen in the human population. However, this variety can also be pathological as extremes in risk-taking and impulsive behaviours are characteristics of many neuropsychiatric and indeed neurodegenerative disorders. This spans obsessive-compulsive disorder, where behaviour becomes ridged and non-spontaneous, to the nonsensical risk-taking seen in gambling and drug taking. This article is part of the theme issue 'Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Isles
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Catharine A. Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus, 2136 West Mall, British Columbia, CanadaV6T 1Z4
| | - Trevor Humby
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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Modelling Differential Vulnerability to Substance Use Disorder in Rodents: Neurobiological Mechanisms. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 258:203-230. [PMID: 31707470 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of drug use within society, only a subset of individuals actively taking addictive drugs lose control over their intake and develop compulsive drug-seeking and intake that typifies substance use disorder (SUD). Although research in this field continues to be an important and dynamic discipline, the specific neuroadaptations that drive compulsive behaviour in humans addicted to drugs and the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie an individual's innate susceptibility to SUD remain surprisingly poorly understood. Nonetheless, it is clear from research within the clinical domain that some behavioural traits are recurrently co-expressed in individuals with SUD, thereby inviting the hypothesis that certain behavioural endophenotypes may be predictive, or at least act in some way, to modify an individual's probability for developing this disorder. The analysis of such endophenotypes and their catalytic relationship to the expression of addiction-related behaviours has been greatly augmented by experimental approaches in rodents that attempt to capture diagnostically relevant aspects of this progressive brain disorder. This work has evolved from an early focus on aberrant drug reinforcement mechanisms to a now much richer account of the putatively impaired cognitive control processes that ultimately determine individual trajectories to compulsive drug-related behaviours. In this chapter we discuss the utility of experimental approaches in rodents designed to elucidate the neurobiological and genetic underpinnings of so-called risk traits and how these innate vulnerabilities collectively contribute to the pathogenesis of SUD.
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Jauregi A, Kessler K, Hassel S. Linking Cognitive Measures of Response Inhibition and Reward Sensitivity to Trait Impulsivity. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2306. [PMID: 30546331 PMCID: PMC6279859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity is regarded as a multifaceted construct that comprises two dimensions: rapid-response impulsivity and reward-delay impulsivity. It is unclear, however, which aspects of trait impulsivity, as assessed by self-report measures are related to rapid-response impulsivity and/or to reward-delay impulsivity, as different results have been reported in studies using both self-report and cognitive measures. This study aimed to directly relate self-report measures of impulsivity to cognitive measures of impulsivity in individuals at low- or high-levels on two impulsivity dimensions, specifically rapid-response impulsivity and reward-delay impulsivity. Participants were classified into high- or low-impulsivity groups based on (1) level of rapid-response impulsivity (determined by BIS-11 Motor subscale scores); (2) level of reward-delay impulsivity (determined by BIS/BAS subscale scores); and (3) a combination of rapid-response impulsivity and reward-delay impulsivity levels. Impulsivity was assessed using Go/No-Go, Stop-Signal and Delay-Discounting tasks and self-report measures. The high rapid-response impulsivity group showed significantly higher reward-delay impulsivity on both, the Delay-Discounting tasks and on self-report measures assessing reward-delay impulsivity, than the low-risk group. Based on the level of reward-delay impulsivity, the high reward-delay impulsivity group scored significantly higher on task-based (cognitive) and self-report measures assessing rapid-response inhibition than the low reward-delay impulsivity group. Combining both dimensions of impulsivity showed that the high-impulsivity group performed significantly worse in rapid-response paradigms and temporally discounted significantly more impulsively than the low-impulsivity group. Thus, combined impulsivity factors provide better assessment of impulsivity than each dimension alone. In conclusion, robust differences in impulsivity can be identified in non-clinical young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Jauregi
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Kessler
- Aston Brain Centre, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Hassel
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Conditioned Inhibition and its Relationship to Impulsivity: Empirical and Theoretical Considerations. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40732-018-0325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Clay JM, Adams C, Archer P, English M, Hyde A, Stafford LD, Parker MO. Psychosocial stress increases craving for alcohol in social drinkers: Effects of risk-taking. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:192-197. [PMID: 29462766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to stress and trait impulsivity are independent predictors of relapse in recovering alcoholics, but potential mechanisms that link these two risk-factors in terms of their putative additive or interactive contributions to relapse are not known. The aim of this study was to use a model of stress-induced relapse to test the hypothesis that acute psychosocial stress increases craving for alcohol in social drinkers. We also tested the hypothesis that change in craving could be explained by variability in impulsivity and risk-taking. METHODS Participants completed questionnaires to assess drinking behaviour (Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire [ADQ]; and an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT]), craving (Desires for Alcohol Questionnaire [DAQ] and impulsivity (Barrett Impulsiveness Scale [BIS]). Participants also completed two computer tasks to assess risk-taking and impulsivity, the Balloon Analogue Risk Test (BART) and a continuous performance task (CPT). Participants then underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and completed a final DAQ to assess post-stress craving. RESULTS Participants showed an increase in craving following exposure to the TSST. In addition, risk-taking was positively correlated with change in craving. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that acute psychosocial stress increases subjective craving in social drinkers, but that the effects may be trait-dependent, with stress-induced increases in craving correlated with risk-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Clay
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Cameron Adams
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Peter Archer
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mark English
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Abbey Hyde
- School of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | | | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK.
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Yates JR. Dissecting drug effects in preclinical models of impulsive choice: emphasis on glutamatergic compounds. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:607-626. [PMID: 29305628 PMCID: PMC5823766 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impulsive choice is often measured with delay discounting paradigms. Because there are multiple discounting procedures, as well as different statistical analyses that can be applied to data generated from these paradigms, there are some inconsistencies in the literature regarding drug effects on impulsive choice. OBJECTIVES The goal of the current paper is to review the methodological and analytic approaches used to measure discounting and to discuss how these differences can account for differential drug effects observed across studies. RESULTS Because some procedures/analyses use a single data point as the dependent variable, changes in this value following pharmacological treatment may be interpreted as alterations in sensitivity to delayed reinforcement, but when other procedures/analyses are used, no changes in behavior are observed. Even when multiple data points are included, some studies show that the statistical analysis (e.g., ANOVA on raw proportion of responses vs. using hyperbolic/exponential functions) can lead to different interpretations. Finally, procedural differences (e.g., delay presentation order, signaling the delay to reinforcement, etc.) in the same discounting paradigm can alter how drugs affect sensitivity to delayed reinforcement. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should utilize paradigms that allow one to observe alterations in responding at each delay (e.g., concurrent-chains schedules). Concerning statistical analyses, using parameter estimates derived from nonlinear functions or incorporating the generalized matching law can allow one to determine if drugs affect sensitivity to delayed reinforcement or impair discrimination of the large and small magnitude reinforcers. Using these approaches can help further our understanding of the neurochemical underpinnings of delay discounting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, 1 Nunn Drive, Highland Heights, KY, 41099, USA.
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Abstract
Impulsivity has traditionally been thought to involve various behavioral traits that can be measured using different laboratory protocols. Whereas some authors regard different measures of impulsivity as reflecting fundamentally distinct and unrelated behavioral tendencies (fragmentation approach), others regard those different indexes as analogue forms of the same behavioral tendency, only superficially different (unification approach). Unifying accounts range from mere intuitions to more sophisticated theoretical systems. Some of the more complete attempts at unifying are intriguing but have validity weaknesses. We propose a new unifying attempt based on theoretical points posed by other authors and supplemented by theory and research on associative learning. We then apply these assumptions to characterize the paradigms used to study impulsivity in laboratory settings and evaluate their scope as an attempt at unification. We argue that our approach possesses a good balance of parsimony and empirical and theoretical grounding, as well as a more encompassing scope, and is more suitable for experimental testing than previous theoretical frameworks. In addition, the proposed approach is capable of generating a new definition of impulsivity and outlines a hypothesis of how self-control can be developed. Finally, we examine the fragmentation approach from a different perspective, emphasizing the importance of finding similarities among seemingly different phenomena.
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The neurobiology of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: from neurotransmitters to neural networks. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:327-336. [PMID: 29383446 PMCID: PMC6015621 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2771-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Impulse control disorders (ICD) are common neuropsychiatric disorders that can arise in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients after commencing dopamine replacement therapy. Approximately 15% of all patients develop these disorders and many more exhibit subclinical symptoms of impulsivity. ICD is thought to develop due to an interaction between the use of dopaminergic medication and an as yet unknown neurobiological vulnerability that either pre-existed before PD onset (possibly genetic) or is associated with neural alterations due to the PD pathology. This review discusses genes, neurotransmitters and neural networks that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of ICD in PD. Although dopamine and the related reward system have been the main focus of research, recently, studies have started to look beyond those systems to find new clues to the neurobiological underpinnings of ICD and come up with possible new targets for treatment. Studies on the whole-brain connectome to investigate the global alterations due to ICD development are currently lacking. In addition, there is a dire need for longitudinal studies that are able to disentangle the contributions of individual (genetic) traits and secondary effects of the PD pathology and chronic dopamine replacement therapy to the development of ICD in PD.
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