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CD37 high expression as a potential biomarker and association with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224123. [PMID: 32400873 PMCID: PMC7253400 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD37, a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamilies (TM4SF), has been proved to be abnormally expressed in a range of malignancies. Herein, we investigate the effects of CD37 expression and analyze its clinical outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. METHODS The RNA-seq and clinical data of AML patients were obtained from cBioPortal database. CD37 correlated genes, the expression prolife and survival curve of eight key genes were acquired from Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and UALCAN. Pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed based on metascape databases. RESULTS Our results showed that CD37 mRNA expression level was significantly up-regulated in patients with AML compared with healthy persons. Patients with high CD37 expression had shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Pathway analysis data showed that CD37 is involved in DNA replication, RNA transport, Salmonella infection, ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis, cell cycle phase transition and so on. Furthermore, we found eight genes correlated with CD37 are all highly expressed in AML patients, and high expression is associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Our study described systematical expression profiles and the prognostic values of CD37 in AML; our data suggested CD37 might be novel therapeutic target and promising prognostic biomarker in the patients.
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Zhao B, Zhang Z, Chen X, Shen Y, Qin Y, Yang X, Xing Z, Zhang S, Long X, Zhang Y, An S, Wu H, Qi Y. The important roles of protein SUMOylation in the occurrence and development of leukemia and clinical implications. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:3466-3480. [PMID: 33151565 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a severe malignancy of the hematopoietic system, which is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and dedifferentiation of immature hematopoietic precursor cells in the lymphatic system and bone marrow. Leukemia is caused by alterations of the genetic and epigenetic regulation of processes underlying hematologic malignancies, including SUMO modification (SUMOylation). Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins covalently or noncovalently conjugate and modify a large number of target proteins via lysine residues. SUMOylation is a small ubiquitin-like modification that is catalyzed by the SUMO-specific activating enzyme E1, the binding enzyme E2, and the ligating enzyme E3. SUMO is covalently linked to substrate proteins to regulate the cellular localization of target proteins and the interaction of target proteins with other biological macromolecules. SUMOylation has emerged as a critical regulatory mechanism for subcellular localization, protein stability, protein-protein interactions, and biological function and thus regulates normal life activities. If the SUMOylation process of proteins is affected, it will cause a cellular reaction and ultimately lead to various diseases, including leukemia. There is growing evidence showing that a large number of proteins are SUMOylated and that SUMOylated proteins play an important role in the occurrence and development of various types of leukemia. Targeting the SUMOylation of proteins alone or in combination with current treatments might provide powerful targeted therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajie Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengcao Xing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojun Long
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siming An
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yitao Qi
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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3
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Chien N, Varghese C, Green TN, Chan G, Theakston E, Eaddy N, Doocey R, Berkahn L, Hawkins T, Browett PJ, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Treatment outcomes of patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia between 2000 and 2017, a retrospective, single centre experience. Leuk Res 2020; 93:106358. [PMID: 32380366 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) are effective induction therapy for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). However, early thrombo-haemorrhagic complications and mortality remain high. We aimed to investigate how the timing of ATRA initiation and the inclusion of ATO influence patient outcomes. Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed for all patients treated for APL in a single, tertiary centre during 2000-2017. Among 70 patients with APL, 36 (51.4%) presented with thrombo-haemorrhagic complications, and four (5.8%) died within 30 days. The median time to ATRA initiation was 11.2 (range 0-104) h from the time of admission. Patients requiring more transfusions started on ATRA sooner (P = 0.04). Patients with adverse early events did not start ATRA later (P = 0.99). Nevertheless, patients that required additional tests for diagnosis (PML immunofluorescence or molecular) started on ATRA later (28.5 versus 5.3 h; P < 0.0001), and had more thrombo-haemorrhagic complications (P = 0.04). Long-term survival was actually better in patients who started ATRA later (P = 0.03), which is likely explained by higher proportion of low risk patients in this group. Patients treated with ATO (n = 23) maintained higher fibrinogen levels and required less transfusions during induction (P < 0.05), with no disease-related deaths in this group over a median follow-up time of 37.8 months (interquartile range 44.9 months). In summary, fast ATRA initiation reduces early but not late adverse events in APL patients, and the inclusion of ATO helps further improve both early and late outcomes in APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Chien
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris Varghese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - George Chan
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward Theakston
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Eaddy
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Doocey
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leanne Berkahn
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Timothy Hawkins
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Browett
- Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Hussain L, Maimaitiyiming Y, Islam K, Naranmandura H. Acute promyelocytic leukemia and variant fusion proteins: PLZF-RARα fusion protein at a glance. Semin Oncol 2019; 46:133-144. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Early treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia is accurately guided by the PML protein localisation pattern: real-life experience from a tertiary New Zealand centre. Pathology 2019; 51:412-420. [PMID: 30876657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend that a rapid test be used to assist diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), but the choice of an assay is discretionary. PML immunofluorescence (PML IF) identifies the microparticulate pattern of the PML protein localisation, highly specific for APL. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical utility of PML IF in a real-life setting based on a retrospective records review for all patients who had PML IF performed in our centre between 2000 and 2017. Final analysis included 151 patients, 70 of whom had APL. PML IF was reported on average 3 days faster than cytogenetics. Compared with genetic results, PML IF showed sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 100%. PML IF accurately predicted APL in four APL cases with cryptic karyotype/FISH and excluded APL in 98% cases tested based on the suspicious immunophenotype alone, 21/28 of whom had mutated NPM1. Results of PML IF influenced decision to start ATRA in 25 (36%) APL patients and led to its termination in six non-APL patients. In conclusion, PML IF is a fast and reliable test that facilitates accurate treatment decisions when APL is suspected. This performance of PML IF remains hard to match in a real-life setting.
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Valdez KE, Elsarraj HS, Hong Y, Grimm SL, Ricci LR, Fan F, Tawfik O, May L, Cusick T, Inciardi M, Redick M, Gatewood J, Winblad O, Hilsenbeck S, Edwards DP, Hagan C, Godwin AK, Fabian C, Behbod F. NEMO, a Transcriptional Target of Estrogen and Progesterone, Is Linked to Tumor Suppressor PML in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3802-3813. [PMID: 28515148 PMCID: PMC8236416 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial versus detrimental roles of estrogen plus progesterone (E+P) in breast cancer remains controversial. Here we report a beneficial mechanism of E+P treatment in breast cancer cells driven by transcriptional upregulation of the NFκB modulator NEMO, which in turn promotes expression of the tumor suppressor protein promyelocytic leukemia (PML). E+P treatment of patient-derived epithelial cells derived from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL6. Mechanistic investigations indicated that IL6 upregulation occurred as a result of transcriptional upregulation of NEMO, the gene that harbored estrogen receptor (ER) binding sites within its promoter. Accordingly, E+P treatment of breast cancer cells increased ER binding to the NEMO promoter, thereby increasing NEMO expression, NFκB activation, and IL6 secretion. In two mouse xenograft models of DCIS, we found that RNAi-mediated silencing of NEMO increased tumor invasion and progression. This seemingly paradoxical result was linked to NEMO-mediated regulation of NFκB and IL6 secretion, increased phosphorylation of STAT3 on Ser727, and increased expression of PML, a STAT3 transcriptional target. In identifying NEMO as a pivotal transcriptional target of E+P signaling in breast cancer cells, our work offers a mechanistic explanation for the paradoxical antitumorigenic roles of E+P in breast cancer by showing how it upregulates the tumor suppressor protein PML. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3802-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli E. Valdez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Hanan S. Elsarraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Pathology & Immunology, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Lawrence R. Ricci
- Department of Radiology, Truman Medical Center, 2301 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Fang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Lisa May
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, 1010 N. Kansas, Wichita, KS, 67214
| | - Therese Cusick
- Department of Surgery, The University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, 1010 N. Kansas, Wichita, KS, 67214
| | - Marc Inciardi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Mark Redick
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Jason Gatewood
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Onalisa Winblad
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Susan Hilsenbeck
- Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Pathology & Immunology, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Christy Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Carol Fabian
- Department of Medicine, Breast Cancer Survivorship Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Corresponding author and requests for reprints: Fariba Behbod, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MS 3045, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, Tel: (913) 945-6642, Fax: (913) 945-6838,
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Valiulienė G, Stirblytė I, Jasnauskaitė M, Borutinskaitė V, Navakauskienė R. Anti-leukemic effects of HDACi Belinostat and HMTi 3-Deazaneplanocin A on human acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 799:143-153. [PMID: 28192098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Development of acute myeloid leukemia is usually sustained by deregulated epigenome. Alterations in DNA methylation and histone modifications are common manifestations of the disease. Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is not an exception. Therefore, drugs that target epigenetic processes suggest an appealing strategy for APL treatment. In this study we tested the anti-leukemic activity of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) Belinostat (PXD101, (2E)-N-Hydroxy-3-[3-(phenylsulfamoyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide), and histone methyltransferase inhibitor (HMTi) 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep, 5R-(4-amino-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-3-cyclopentene-1S,2R-diol) combined with retinoic acid (RA) in APL cells NB4 and HL-60. We demonstrated that APL cell treatment with combinations of differentiation inductor RA, HDACi Belinostat and HMTi DZNep caused a depletion of leukemia cell growth and viability, initiated apoptosis and exaggerated RA induced granulocytic differentiation. Also an increased expression of transcription factors C/EBPε and PPARγ was demonstrated, while no significant reduction in C/EBPα gene level was detected. Furthermore, combined treatment depleted gene expression levels of EZH2 and SUZ12, especially in HL-60 cells, and diminished protein levels of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) components EZH2, SUZ12 and EED. In addition, our study has shown that Belinostat and DZNep together with RA caused a depletion in HDAC1 and HDAC2 protein levels, HDAC2 gene expression and increased hyperacetylation of histone H4 in both leukemia cell lines. Using ChIP method we also demonstrated the increased association of hyperacetylated histone H4 with the C/EBPα and C/EBPε promoter regions in HL-60 cells. Summarizing, these findings indicate that combined treatment with RA, Belinostat and 3-Deazaneplanocin A is an effective epigenetic inducer for leukemia cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedrė Valiulienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ieva Stirblytė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Monika Jasnauskaitė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Veronika Borutinskaitė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rūta Navakauskienė
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio ave. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Missiroli S, Bonora M, Patergnani S, Poletti F, Perrone M, Gafà R, Magri E, Raimondi A, Lanza G, Tacchetti C, Kroemer G, Pandolfi PP, Pinton P, Giorgi C. PML at Mitochondria-Associated Membranes Is Critical for the Repression of Autophagy and Cancer Development. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2415-27. [PMID: 27545895 PMCID: PMC5011426 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise molecular mechanisms that coordinate apoptosis and autophagy in cancer remain to be determined. Here, we provide evidence that the tumor suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) controls autophagosome formation at mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs) and, thus, autophagy induction. Our in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate how PML functions as a repressor of autophagy. PML loss promotes tumor development, providing a growth advantage to tumor cells that use autophagy as a cell survival strategy during stress conditions. These findings demonstrate that autophagy inhibition could be paired with a chemotherapeutic agent to develop anticancer strategies for tumors that present PML downregulation. PML regulates autophagic processes from ER/MAM domains in a Ca2+-dependent manner Localization of PML away from the MAMs is dependent on p53 Activation of autophagy by PML depletion promotes survival under stress conditions Block of autophagy restores the activity of chemotherapy in PML-downregulated tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Missiroli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Federica Poletti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Mariasole Perrone
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Roberta Gafà
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Eros Magri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lanza
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif 94800, France; INSERM, U1138, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, Paris 75006, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris 75015, France; Karolinska Institute and Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital Q2:07, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
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Ablain J, Poirot B, Esnault C, Lehmann-Che J, de Thé H. p53 as an Effector or Inhibitor of Therapy Response. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 6:a026260. [PMID: 26637438 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although integrity of the p53 signaling pathway in a given tumor was expected to be a critical determinant of response to therapies, most clinical studies failed to link p53 status and treatment outcome. Here, we present two opposite situations: one in which p53 is an essential effector of cure by targeted leukemia therapies and another one in advanced breast cancers in which p53 inactivation is required for the clinical efficacy of dose-dense chemotherapy. If p53 promotes or blocks therapy response, therapies must be tailored on its status in individual tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ablain
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France INSERM UMR 944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Poirot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France INSERM UMR 944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Oncologie Moléculaire, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Esnault
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France INSERM UMR 944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Jacqueline Lehmann-Che
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France INSERM UMR 944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Oncologie Moléculaire, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Hugues de Thé
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France INSERM UMR 944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France CNRS UMR 7212, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Oncologie Moléculaire, Hôpital St. Louis, 75475 Paris, France Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
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10
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Valiuliene G, Stirblyte I, Cicenaite D, Kaupinis A, Valius M, Navakauskiene R. Belinostat, a potent HDACi, exerts antileukaemic effect in human acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells via chromatin remodelling. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1742-55. [PMID: 25864732 PMCID: PMC4511371 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes play a significant role in leukaemia pathogenesis, therefore histone deacetylases (HDACis) are widely accepted as an attractive strategy for acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) treatment. Belinostat (Bel, PXD101), a hydroxamate-type HDACi, has proved to be a promising cure in clinical trials for solid tumours and haematological malignancies. However, insight into molecular effects of Bel on APL, is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the effect of Bel alone and in combination with differentiation inducer retinoic acid (RA) on human promyelocytic leukaemia NB4 and HL-60 cells. We found that treatment with Bel, depending on the dosage used, inhibits cell proliferation, whereas in combination with RA enhances and accelerates granulocytic leukaemia cell differentiation. We also evaluated the effect of used treatments with Bel and RA on certain epigenetic modifiers (HDAC1, HDAC2, PCAF) as well as cell cycle regulators (p27) gene expression and protein level modulation. We showed that Bel in combination with RA up-regulates basal histone H4 hyperacetylation level more strongly compared to Bel or RA alone. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that Bel induces the accumulation of hyperacetylated histone H4 at the p27 promoter region. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that in control NB4 cells, hyperacetylated histone H4 is mainly found in association with proteins involved in DNA replication and transcription, whereas after Bel treatment it is found with proteins implicated in pro-apoptotic processes, in defence against oxidative stress and tumour suppression. Summarizing, our study provides some novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of HDACi Bel action on APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giedre Valiuliene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ieva Stirblyte
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Cicenaite
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Navakauskiene
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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11
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Lunardi A, Pandolfi PP. A co-clinical platform to accelerate cancer treatment optimization. Trends Mol Med 2014; 21:1-5. [PMID: 25466492 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sophistication in DNA and RNA sequencing technology is unraveling the tremendous genetic and molecular complexity of human cancer. However, the rate at which this knowledge is being translated into patient care is too slow. To this end, we have designed and implemented a new translational platform, 'The Co-Clinical Trial Project', where data obtained in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of human cancer treated with protocols identical to those of ongoing clinical trials or with therapies already established in patients serve to rapidly: (i) stratify patients in terms of response and resistance on the basis of genetic and molecular criteria; (ii) identify mechanisms responsible for tumor resistance; and (iii) evaluate the effectiveness of drug combinations to overcome such resistance based on mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lunardi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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12
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Werner B, Gallagher RE, Paietta EM, Litzow MR, Tallman MS, Wiernik PH, Slack JL, Willman CL, Sun Z, Traulsen A, Dingli D. Dynamics of leukemia stem-like cell extinction in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5386-96. [PMID: 25082816 PMCID: PMC4184925 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many tumors are believed to be maintained by a small number of cancer stem-like cells, where cure is thought to require eradication of this cell population. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) before and during therapy with regard to disease initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. This investigation used a mathematical model of hematopoiesis and a dataset derived from the North American Intergroup Study INT0129. The known phenotypic constraints of APL could be explained by a combination of differentiation blockade of PML-RARα-positive cells and suppression of normal hematopoiesis. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) neutralizes the differentiation block and decreases the proliferation rate of leukemic stem cells in vivo. Prolonged ATRA treatment after chemotherapy can cure patients with APL by eliminating the stem-like cell population over the course of approximately one year. To our knowledge, this study offers the first estimate of the average duration of therapy that is required to eliminate stem-like cancer cells from a human tumor, with the potential for the refinement of treatment strategies to better manage human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Werner
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark R Litzow
- Division of Hematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - James L Slack
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | - Zhuoxin Sun
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department of Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - David Dingli
- Division of Hematology and Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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13
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The case for extracellular Nm23-H1 as a driver of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) progression. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:225-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Gamell C, Jan Paul P, Haupt Y, Haupt S. PML tumour suppression and beyond: Therapeutic implications. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2653-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Piazza F, Semenzato G. Molecular therapeutic approaches to acute myeloid leukemia: targeting aberrant chromatin dynamics and signal transduction. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 4:387-400. [PMID: 15161438 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.4.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia research and clinical management have greatly benefited from the achievements in molecular biology regarding the identification of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of transformation and resistance to therapy. In particular, two categories of alterations, the aberrant activity of transcription/chromatin-remodeling factors and the deregulated activation of signal transduction pathways, have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in leukemic cell differentiation, proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. These molecular lesions have proven to be suitable therapeutic targets in acute promyelocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia and are now also seen as therapeutic targets for a wider group of leukemic disorders. The development of novel drugs such as histone deacetylase inhibitors, demethylating agents and inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases may potentially benefit acute myeloid leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piazza
- Padova University School of Medicine, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Hematological Malignancies, via Orus 2 35129 Padova, Italy.
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16
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Ablain J, Nasr R, Zhu J, Bazarbachi A, Lallemand-Breittenbach V, de Thé H. How animal models of leukaemias have already benefited patients. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:224-31. [PMID: 23453906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative genetic simplicity of leukaemias, the development of which likely relies on a limited number of initiating events has made them ideal for disease modelling, particularly in the mouse. Animal models provide incomparable insights into the mechanisms of leukaemia development and allow exploration of the molecular pillars of disease maintenance, an aspect often biased in cell lines or ex vivo systems. Several of these models, which faithfully recapitulate the characteristics of the human disease, have been used for pre-clinical purposes and have been instrumental in predicting therapy response in patients. We plea for a wider use of genetically defined animal models in the design of clinical trials, with a particular focus on reassessment of existing cancer or non-cancer drugs, alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Ablain
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Hôpital St. Louis 1, Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
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17
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MOZ increases p53 acetylation and premature senescence through its complex formation with PML. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3895-900. [PMID: 23431171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300490110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytic leukemia zinc finger (MOZ)/KAT6A is a MOZ, Ybf2/Sas3, Sas2, Tip60 (MYST)-type histone acetyltransferase that functions as a coactivator for acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein (AML1)- and Ets family transcription factor PU.1-dependent transcription. We previously reported that MOZ directly interacts with p53 and is essential for p53-dependent selective regulation of p21 expression. We show here that MOZ is an acetyltransferase of p53 at K120 and K382 and colocalizes with p53 in promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies following cellular stress. The MOZ-PML-p53 interaction enhances MOZ-mediated acetylation of p53, and this ternary complex enhances p53-dependent p21 expression. Moreover, we identified an Akt/protein kinase B recognition sequence in the PML-binding domain of MOZ protein. Akt-mediated phosphorylation of MOZ at T369 has a negative effect on complex formation between PML and MOZ. As a result of PML-mediated suppression of Akt, the increased PML-MOZ interaction enhances p21 expression and induces p53-dependent premature senescence upon forced PML expression. Our research demonstrates that MOZ controls p53 acetylation and transcriptional activity via association with PML.
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18
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Nardella C, Lunardi A, Patnaik A, Cantley LC, Pandolfi PP. The APL paradigm and the "co-clinical trial" project. Cancer Discov 2012; 1:108-16. [PMID: 22116793 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous advances in technologies have allowed the attainment of powerful insights into the molecular and genetic determinants that drive human cancers. However, this acquired knowledge has been translated into effective therapeutics very slowly, in part due to difficulty in predicting which drug or drug combination is likely to be effective in the complex mutational background of human cancers. To address this difficulty we have proposed and initiated the "co-clinical trial" project, in which we exploit mouse models that faithfully replicate the variety of mutational events observed in human cancers, to conduct preclinical trials that parallel ongoing human phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we focus on concepts relevant to the application of this novel paradigm and the essential components required for its implementation to ultimately achieve the rational and rapid development of new therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Nardella
- Cancer Genetics Program, Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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de Thé H, Le Bras M, Lallemand-Breitenbach V. The cell biology of disease: Acute promyelocytic leukemia, arsenic, and PML bodies. J Cell Biol 2012; 198:11-21. [PMID: 22778276 PMCID: PMC3392943 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is driven by a chromosomal translocation whose product, the PML/retinoic acid (RA) receptor α (RARA) fusion protein, affects both nuclear receptor signaling and PML body assembly. Dissection of APL pathogenesis has led to the rediscovery of PML bodies and revealed their role in cell senescence, disease pathogenesis, and responsiveness to treatment. APL is remarkable because of the fortuitous identification of two clinically effective therapies, RA and arsenic, both of which degrade PML/RARA oncoprotein and, together, cure APL. Analysis of arsenic-induced PML or PML/RARA degradation has implicated oxidative stress in the biogenesis of nuclear bodies and SUMO in their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues de Thé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 944, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 2 University Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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20
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Satow R, Shitashige M, Jigami T, Fukami K, Honda K, Kitabayashi I, Yamada T. β-catenin inhibits promyelocytic leukemia protein tumor suppressor function in colorectal cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:572-81. [PMID: 22155184 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) nuclear body (NB) formation has been reported in colorectal and other solid tumors. However, genetic alteration of PML is rarely observed in these tumors; the exact mechanisms that mediate loss of PML function are not known. METHODS We previously used a comprehensive shotgun mass spectrometry approach to identify PML as 1 of 70 proteins that coimmunoprecipitate with anti-T-cell factor 4 in DLD-1 and HCT116 colorectal cancer cell lines; we investigated the effects of altered β-catenin expression on PML function in these cells. RESULTS β-catenin specifically interacted with the product of PML transcript variant IV (PML-IV) through the armadillo repeat domain of β-catenin. Overexpression of β-catenin in colorectal cancer cells disrupted the subcellular compartmentalization of PML-IV, whereas knockdown of β-catenin restored formation of PML-NB. Modification of PML by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is required for proper assembly of PML-NB. β-catenin inhibited Ran-binding protein 2-mediated SUMOylation of PML-IV. CONCLUSIONS β-catenin interacts with PML isoform IV and disrupts PML-IV function and PML-NB formation by inhibiting Ran-binding protein 2-mediated SUMO modification of PML-IV. These findings indicate the involvement of a posttranslational mechanism in disruption of PML-NB organization in cancer cells and provide more information about the oncogenic functions of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Satow
- Division of Chemotherapy and Clinical Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Abstract
The promyelocytic leukaemia gene PML was originally identified at the t(15;17) translocation of acute promyelocytic leukaemia, which generates the oncogene PML-retinoic acid receptor α. PML epitomises a subnuclear structure called PML nuclear body. Current models propose that PML through its scaffold properties is able to control cell growth and survival at many different levels. Here we discuss the current literature and propose new avenues for investigation.
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22
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Yip KW, Cuddy M, Pinilla C, Giulanotti M, Heynen-Genel S, Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. A high-content screening (HCS) assay for the identification of chemical inducers of PML oncogenic domains (PODs). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:251-8. [PMID: 21233309 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110394181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PML is a multi-functional protein with roles in tumor suppression and host defense against viruses. When active, PML localizes to subnuclear structures named PML oncogenic domains (PODs) or PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), whereas inactive PML is located diffusely throughout the nucleus of cells. The objective of the current study was to develop a high content screening (HCS) assay for the identification of chemical activators of PML. We describe methods for automated analysis of POD formation using high throughput microscopy (HTM) to localize PML immunofluorescence in conjunction with image analysis software for POD quantification. Using this HCS assay in 384 well format, we performed pilot screens of a small synthetic chemical library and mixture-based combinatorial libraries, demonstrating the robust performance of the assay. HCS counter-screening assays were also developed for hit characterization, based on immunofluorescence analyses of the subcellular location of phosphorylated H2AX or phosphorylated CHK1, which increase in a punctate nuclear pattern in response to DNA damage. Thus, the HCS assay devised here represents a high throughput screen that can be utilized to discover POD-inducing compounds that may restore the tumor suppressor activity of PML in cancers or possibly promote anti-viral states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Yip
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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23
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Liška F, Šnajdr P, Šedová L, Šeda O, Chylíková B, Slámová P, Krejčí E, Sedmera D, Grim M, Křenová D, Křen V. Deletion of a conserved noncoding sequence inPlzfintron leads toPlzfdown-regulation in limb bud and polydactyly in the rat. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:673-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a tumor suppressor identified in acute PML and implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of tumors. PML is essential for the proper assembly of a nuclear macromolecular structure called the PML nuclear body (PML-NB). PML and PML-NBs are functionally promiscuous and have been associated with the regulation of several cellular functions. Above all these is the control of apoptosis, a function of PML whose physiological relevance is emphasized by in vivo studies that demonstrate that mice and cells lacking Pml are resistant to a vast variety of apoptotic stimuli. The function of PML in regulating apoptosis is not confined to a linear pathway; rather, PML works within a regulatory network that finely tunes various apoptotic pathways, depending on the cellular context and the apoptotic stimulus. Here, we will summarize earlier and recent advances on the molecular mechanisms by which PML regulates apoptosis and the implication of these findings for cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bernardi
- Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Park SJ, Kim M, Kim NH, Oh MK, Cho JK, Jin JY, Kim IS. Auranofin promotes retinoic acid- or dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated cell differentiation of promyelocytic leukaemia cells by increasing histone acetylation. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1196-205. [PMID: 18500361 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate the molecular mechanism for the effect of auranofin on the induction of cell differentiation, the cellular events associated with differentiation were analysed in acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The APL blasts from leukaemia patients and NB4 cells were cotreated with auroanofin and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) at suboptimal concentration. The HL-60 cells were treated with auroanofin and a subeffective dose of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 vit D3) in combination. The effect of auroanofin was investigated on histone acetylation at the promoter of differentiation-associated genes and expression of cell cycle regulators. KEY RESULTS Treatment with auroanofin and ATRA cooperatively induced granulocytic differentiation of fresh APL blasts isolated from patients and NB4 cells. The combined treatment also increased reorganization of nuclear PML bodies and histone acetylation at the promoter of the RARbeta2 gene. Auroanofin also promoted monocytic differentiation of the HL-60 cells triggered by subeffective concentration of 1,25(OH)2 vit D3. The combined treatment of auroanofin and 1,25(OH)2 vit D3 stimulated histone acetylation at p21 promoters and increased the accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase. Consistent with this, the expressions of p21, p27 and PTEN were increased and the levels of cyclin A, Cdk2 and Cdk4 were decreased. Furthermore, the hypophosphorylated form of pRb was markedly increased in cotreated cells. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate that auroanofin in combination with low doses of either ATRA or 1,25(OH)2 vit D3 promotes APL cell differentiation by enhancing histone acetylation and the expression of differentiation-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Park
- 1Department of Natural Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Schmid G, Kramer MP, Maurer M, Wandl S, Wesierska-Gadek J. Cellular and organismal ageing: Role of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the induction of transient and terminal senescence. J Cell Biochem 2008; 101:1355-69. [PMID: 17471501 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an impact of the p53 tumor suppressor protein in the processes of cellular and organismal ageing became evident. First hints were found in model organisms like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster where a clear connection between ageing phenotypes and pathways that are regulated by p53, were found. Interestingly, pathways that are central to the ageing process are usually also involved in energy metabolism and are highly conserved throughout evolution. This also supports the long known empiric finding that caloric restriction has a positive impact on the life span of a wide variety of organisms. Within the last years, on the molecular level, an involvement of the insulin-like growth factor and of the histone deacetylase SRIT1 could be shown. Insight on the impact of p53 on ageing at the organismal level came from mice expressing aberrant forms of the p53 protein. Obviously, the balance of the full length p53 protein and of the shorter p44/DeltaNp53 isomer bear a strong impact on ageing. The shorter isoform regulates full length p53 and in cases where there is too much of the longer isoform, this leads to elevated apoptosis resulting in decreased tumor incidence but also in premature ageing due to exhaustion of the renewal potential. Therefore, modulating the expression of the truncated p53 isoform accordingly, might lead to increased health-span and elevated life-span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Schmid
- Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Altucci L, Leibowitz MD, Ogilvie KM, de Lera AR, Gronemeyer H. RAR and RXR modulation in cancer and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:793-810. [PMID: 17906642 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are ligand-controlled transcription factors that function as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) to regulate cell growth and survival. The success of RAR modulation in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) has stimulated considerable interest in the development of RAR and RXR modulators. This has been aided by recent advances in the understanding of the biological role of RARs and RXRs and in the design of selective receptor modulators that might overcome the limitations of current drugs. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for therapeutic strategies based on RXR and RAR modulators, with a focus on cancer and metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Patologia Generale, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Vico Luigi de Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
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28
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Rawat VPS, Thoene S, Naidu VM, Arseni N, Heilmeier B, Metzeler K, Petropoulos K, Deshpande A, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Bohlander SK, Spiekermann K, Hiddemann W, Feuring-Buske M, Buske C. Overexpression of CDX2 perturbs HOX gene expression in murine progenitors depending on its N-terminal domain and is closely correlated with deregulated HOX gene expression in human acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2007; 111:309-19. [PMID: 17855634 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-04-085407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying deregulation of HOX gene expression in AML are poorly understood. The ParaHox gene CDX2 was shown to act as positive upstream regulator of several HOX genes. In this study, constitutive expression of Cdx2 caused perturbation of leukemogenic Hox genes such as Hoxa10 and Hoxb8 in murine hematopoietic progenitors. Deletion of the N-terminal domain of Cdx2 abrogated its ability to perturb Hox gene expression and to cause acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. In contrast inactivation of the putative Pbx interacting site of Cdx2 did not change the leukemogenic potential of the gene. In an analysis of 115 patients with AML, expression levels of CDX2 were closely correlated with deregulated HOX gene expression. Patients with normal karyotype showed a 14-fold higher expression of CDX2 and deregulated HOX gene expression compared with patients with chromosomal translocations such as t(8:21) or t(15;17). All patients with AML with normal karyotype tested were negative for CDX1 and CDX4 expression. These data link the leukemogenic potential of Cdx2 to its ability to dysregulate Hox genes. They furthermore correlate the level of CDX2 expression with HOX gene expression in human AML and support a potential role of CDX2 in the development of human AML with aberrant Hox gene expression.
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29
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Yoshida H, Ichikawa H, Tagata Y, Katsumoto T, Ohnishi K, Akao Y, Naoe T, Pandolfi PP, Kitabayashi I. PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha inhibits PML IV enhancement of PU.1-induced C/EBPepsilon expression in myeloid differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:5819-34. [PMID: 17562868 PMCID: PMC1952121 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02422-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PML and PU.1 play important roles in myeloid differentiation. PML-deficient mice have an impaired capacity for terminal maturation of their myeloid precursor cells. This finding has been explained, at least in part, by the lack of PML action to modulate retinoic acid-differentiating activities. In this study, we found that C/EBPepsilon expression is reduced in PML-deficient mice. We showed that PU.1 directly activates the transcription of the C/EBPepsilon gene that is essential for granulocytic differentiation. The type IV isoform of PML interacted with PU.1, promoted its association with p300, and then enhanced PU.1-induced transcription and granulocytic differentiation. In contrast to PML IV, the leukemia-associated PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion protein dissociated the PU.1/PML IV/p300 complex and inhibited PU.1-induced transcription. These results suggest a novel pathogenic mechanism of the PML-retinoic acid receptor alpha fusion protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Yoshida
- Molecular Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Tsukiji 5-Chome, Chuo-Ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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30
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Ohnuma-Ishikawa K, Morio T, Yamada T, Sugawara Y, Ono M, Nagasawa M, Yasuda A, Morimoto C, Ohnuma K, Dang NH, Hosoi H, Verdin E, Mizutani S. Knockdown of XAB2 Enhances All-Trans Retinoic Acid–Induced Cellular Differentiation in All-Trans Retinoic Acid–Sensitive and –Resistant Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1019-29. [PMID: 17283134 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA)-binding protein 2 (XAB2) is composed of 855 amino acids, contains 15 tetratricopeptide repeat motifs, and associates with Cockayne syndrome group A and B proteins and RNA polymerase II, as well as XPA. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that XAB2 is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, transcription, and transcription-coupled DNA repair, leading to preimplantation lethality, and is essential for mouse embryogenesis. Retinoids are effective for the treatment of preneoplastic diseases including xeroderma pigmentosum and other dermatologic diseases such as photoaging. We therefore focused on defining the effect of XAB2 on cellular differentiation in the presence of ATRA treatment. In the present study, we showed that overexpression of XAB2 inhibited ATRA-induced cellular differentiation in human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, and that knockdown of XAB2 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased ATRA-sensitive cellular differentiation in the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL60 at both physiologic (10(-9)-10(-8) mol/L) and therapeutic (10(-7) mol/L) concentrations of ATRA. Moreover, we found that XAB2 was associated with retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) and histone deacetylase 3 in the nuclei. Finally, using siRNA against XAB2, we showed that the ATRA-resistant neuroblastoma cell line IMR-32 underwent cellular differentiation induced by ATRA at a therapeutic concentration (10(-6) mol/L). These results strongly suggest that XAB2 is a component of the RAR corepressor complex with an inhibitory effect on ATRA-induced cellular differentiation and that XAB2 plays a role in ATRA-mediated cellular differentiation as an important aspect of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ohnuma-Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate Medical School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 11308519, Japan
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31
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Jing Y, Waxman S. The design of selective and non-selective combination therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 313:245-69. [PMID: 17217047 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34594-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is an unique subtype of acute myeloid leukemia typically carrying a specific reciprocal chromosome translocation, t(15;17), leading to the expression of a leukemia-generating fusion protein, PML-RARalpha. APL patients are responsive to APL-selective reagents such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or arsenic trioxide and non-selective cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nearly all de novo APL patients undergo clinical remission when treated with ATRA plus chemotherapy or with the combinational selective therapy, ATRA plus As2O3. Combining ATRA with As2O3 as an induction followed by chemotherapy consolidation results in more profound clinical remissions compared to treatment with any agent alone or any of the other possible combinations. The mechanism of action of each of these agents differs. ATRA induces APL cell differentiation and PML-RARalpha proteolysis. As2O3 induces APL cell partial differentiation, PML-RARalpha proteolysis, and apoptosis. Chemotherapy, mainly using anthracyclines, induces APL cell death. The combined effects of selective APL therapy (ATRA and As2O3) and/or non-selective chemotherapy in APL cells in vitro and their mechanisms in relation to clinical protocol design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1178, New York, NY 10029-6547, USA
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32
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Ayrault O, Andrique L, Larsen CJ, Séité P. [The negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis: a new Arf-dependent pathway controlling cell proliferation?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2006; 22:519-24. [PMID: 16687121 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2006225519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolar Arf protein has initially been shown to regulate cell cycle through the so-called Arf-mdm2-p53 pathway. In addition to this well characterized pathway, convergent data published since 2000 indicate that Arf can inhibit cell proliferation in absence of p53, suggesting the existence of a p53-independent pathway. Several partners have recently been described that could participate in an alternative regulatory process. Recent results show that : (1) Arf binds the rDNA promoter to inhibit the transcription of the 47S rRNA precursor and (2) Arf interacts with the nucleophosmin/B23 protein to negatively regulate rRNA maturation, it is assumed that the tumour suppressor may downregulate the cell cycle progression through the control of ribosome biogenesis, thus resulting in completion of cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ayrault
- EA 3805, Equipe d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Pôle Biologie-Santé, 40, avenue du recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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33
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Milella M, Konopleva M, Precupanu CM, Tabe Y, Ricciardi MR, Gregorj C, Collins SJ, Carter BZ, D'Angelo C, Petrucci MT, Foà R, Cognetti F, Tafuri A, Andreeff M. MEK blockade converts AML differentiating response to retinoids into extensive apoptosis. Blood 2006; 109:2121-9. [PMID: 17077328 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The aberrant function of transcription factors and/or kinase-based signaling pathways that regulate the ability of hematopoietic cells to proliferate, differentiate, and escape apoptosis accounts for the leukemic transformation of myeloid progenitors. Here, we demonstrate that simultaneous retinoid receptor ligation and blockade of the MEK/ERK signaling module, using the small-molecule inhibitor CI-1040, result in a strikingly synergistic induction of apoptosis in both acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells with constitutive ERK activation. This proapoptotic synergism requires functional RAR and RXR retinoid receptors, as demonstrated using RAR- and RXR-selective ligands and RAR-defective cells. In the presence of MEK inhibitors, however, retinoid-induced chromatin remodeling, target-gene transcription, and granulocytic differentiation are strikingly inhibited and apoptosis induction becomes independent of death-inducing ligand/receptor pairs; this suggests that apoptosis induction by combined retinoids and MEK inhibitors is entirely distinct from the classical “postmaturation” apoptosis induced by retinoids alone. Finally, we identify disruption of Bcl-2–dependent mitochondrial homeostasis as a possible point of convergence for the proapoptotic synergism observed with retinoids and MEK inhibitors. Taken together, these results indicate that combined retinoid treatment and MEK blockade exert powerful antileukemic effects and could be developed into a novel therapeutic strategy for both AML and APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Milella
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
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34
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Bansal D, Scholl C, Fröhling S, McDowell E, Lee BH, Döhner K, Ernst P, Davidson AJ, Daley GQ, Zon LI, Gilliland DG, Huntly BJP. Cdx4 dysregulates Hox gene expression and generates acute myeloid leukemia alone and in cooperation with Meis1a in a murine model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16924-9. [PMID: 17068127 PMCID: PMC1636555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604579103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HOX genes have emerged as critical effectors of leukemogenesis, but the mechanisms that regulate their expression in leukemia are not well understood. Recent data suggest that the caudal homeobox transcription factors CDX1, CDX2, and CDX4, developmental regulators of HOX gene expression, may contribute to HOX gene dysregulation in leukemia. We report here that CDX4 is expressed normally in early hematopoietic progenitors and is expressed aberrantly in approximately 25% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples. Cdx4 regulates Hox gene expression in the adult murine hematopoietic system and dysregulates Hox genes that are implicated in leukemogenesis. Furthermore, bone marrow progenitors that are retrovirally engineered to express Cdx4 serially replate in methylcellulose cultures, grow in liquid culture, and generate a partially penetrant, long-latency AML in bone marrow transplant recipients. Coexpression of the Hox cofactor Meis1a accelerates the Cdx4 AML phenotype and renders it fully penetrant. Structure-function analysis demonstrates that leukemic transformation requires intact Cdx4 transactivation and DNA-binding domains but not the putative Pbx cofactor interaction motif. Together, these data indicate that Cdx4 regulates Hox gene expression in adult hematopoiesis and may serve as an upstream regulator of Hox gene expression in the induction of acute leukemia. Inasmuch as many human leukemias show dysregulated expression of a spectrum of HOX family members, these collective findings also suggest a central role for CDX4 expression in the genesis of acute leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Homeobox
- Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Mice
- Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Bansal
- *Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | - Benjamin H. Lee
- *Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Konstanze Döhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Patricia Ernst
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755
| | | | | | | | - D. Gary Gilliland
- *Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
- Children's Hospital
- **Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Brian J. P. Huntly
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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35
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Naoe T, Suzuki T, Kiyoi H, Urano T. Nucleophosmin: a versatile molecule associated with hematological malignancies. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:963-9. [PMID: 16984370 PMCID: PMC11159987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleophosmin (NPM) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that plays multiple roles in ribosome assembly and transport, cytoplasmic-nuclear trafficking, centrosome duplication and regulation of p53. In hematological malignancies, the NPM1 gene is frequently involved in chromosomal translocation, mutation and deletion. The NPM1 gene on 5q35 is translocated with the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene in anaplastic large cell lymphoma with t(2;5). The MLF1 and RARA genes are fused with NPM1 in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(3;5) and acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(5;17), respectively. In each fused protein, the N-terminal NPM portion is associated with oligomerization of a partner protein leading to altered signal transduction or transcription. Recently, mutations of exon 12 have been found in a significant proportion of de novo AML, especially in those with a normal karyotype. Mutant NPM is localized aberrantly in the cytoplasm, but the molecular mechanisms for leukemia remain to be studied. Studies of knock-out mice have revealed new aspects regarding NPM1 as a tumor-suppressor gene. This review focuses on the clinical significance of the NPM1 gene in hematological malignancies and newly discovered roles of NPM associated with oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Naoe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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36
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Seo SR, Ferrand N, Faresse N, Prunier C, Abécassis L, Pessah M, Bourgeade MF, Atfi A. Nuclear retention of the tumor suppressor cPML by the homeodomain protein TGIF restricts TGF-beta signaling. Mol Cell 2006; 23:547-59. [PMID: 16916642 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The homeodomain protein TGIF has been implicated in the negative regulation of TGF-beta signaling. In this study, we report an unexpected role of TGIF in the inhibition of Smad2 phosphorylation, which occurs by a mechanism independent of its association with Smad2. This inhibitory function of TGIF is executed in concert with c-Jun, which facilitates the interaction of TGIF with cPML, resulting in the nuclear sequestration of cPML and the disruption of the cPML-SARA complex. Notably, knockdown of TGIF by siRNA caused increased association of cPML with SARA and cytoplasmic accumulation of cPML. Furthermore, c-Jun(-/-) fibroblasts exhibit enhanced association of cPML with SARA. c-Jun(-/-) fibroblasts also lose their sensitivity to TGIF-mediated disruption of the cPML-SARA complex and of nuclear sequestration of cPML. We suggest that the interaction of TGIF with cPML through c-Jun may negatively regulate TGF-beta signaling through controlling the localization of cPML and, consequently, the assembly of the cPML-SARA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ryeon Seo
- INSERM U673, Hôpital St-Antoine, 184 Rue du Faubourg St-Antoine, 75571 Paris
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37
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Grisendi S, Pandolfi PP. Two decades of cancer genetics: from specificity to pleiotropic networks. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 70:83-91. [PMID: 16869741 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2005.70.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Modeling cancer in mice has reached an even greater relevance in the field of hematological malignancies, due to the already advanced characterization of the molecular basis of many hematological disorders. These mouse models have often allowed us to achieve insight into the pathogenesis of the human disease as well as to test novel therapeutic modalities in preclinical studies. However, one of the most rewarding cultural shifts triggered by these modeling efforts stems from what was originally perceived as background noise or modeling inaccuracy. Manipulation of the involved genes often triggered cancer susceptibility in cell types other than the hematopoietic lineages. This prompted us to challenge a fundamental misconception in cancer genetics that the approximately 200 genes directly involved in chromosomal translocations associated with hematopoietic malignancies are specifically and functionally restricted to leukemia/lymphoma pathogenesis only. The genetics underlying the pathogenesis of leukemia and lymphoma have historically been regarded as distinct from those underlying the pathogenesis of solid tumors because hematopoietic malignancies are often associated with characteristic chromosomal translocations that are leukemia- or lymphoma-specific. In this paper, we discuss how leukemia/lymphoma genes indeed participate in fundamental proto-oncogenic and growth-suppressive networks and may play a wider role in cancer pathogenesis. We focus on paradigmatic examples such as c-myc and PML, as well as on more recent findings from our laboratory concerning the role of NPM in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grisendi
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Program, Department of Pathology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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38
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Scaglioni PP, Yung TM, Cai LF, Erdjument-Bromage H, Kaufman AJ, Singh B, Teruya-Feldstein J, Tempst P, Pandolfi PP. A CK2-dependent mechanism for degradation of the PML tumor suppressor. Cell 2006; 126:269-83. [PMID: 16873060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The PML tumor suppressor controls key pathways for growth suppression, induction of apoptosis, and cellular senescence. PML loss occurs frequently in human tumors through unknown posttranslational mechanisms. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is oncogenic and frequently upregulated in human tumors. Here we show that CK2 regulates PML protein levels by promoting its ubiquitin-mediated degradation dependent on direct phosphorylation at Ser517. Consequently, PML mutants that are resistant to CK2 phosphorylation display increased tumor-suppressive functions. In a faithful mouse model of lung cancer, we demonstrate that Pml inactivation leads to increased tumorigenesis. Furthermore, CK2 pharmacological inhibition enhances the PML tumor-suppressive property in vivo. Importantly, we found an inverse correlation between CK2 kinase activity and PML protein levels in human lung cancer-derived cell lines and primary specimens. These data identify a key posttranslational mechanism that controls PML protein levels and provide therapeutic means toward PML restoration through CK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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39
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Janssen K, Hofmann TG, Jans DA, Hay RT, Schulze-Osthoff K, Fischer U. Apoptin is modified by SUMO conjugation and targeted to promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies. Oncogene 2006; 26:1557-66. [PMID: 16924230 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apoptin, a protein of the chicken anemia virus (CAV), represents a novel potential anticancer therapeutic, because it induces apoptotic death specifically in tumor but not normal cells. The cellular localization appears to be crucial for apoptin's selective toxicity. In normal cells apoptin remains in the cytoplasm, whereas in transformed cells it migrates into the nucleus and kills the cell. However, the manner by which apoptin is able to distinguish between tumor and normal cells is unknown. Here, we report for the first time that apoptin interacts directly with the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) in tumor cells and accumulates in PML nuclear bodies (NBs), which are involved in apoptosis induction and viral replication. We also demonstrate that apoptin is sumoylated and that a sumoylation-deficient apoptin mutant is no longer recruited to PML-NBs, but localizes in the nuclear matrix. This mutant fails to bind PML, but can still induce apoptosis as efficiently as wild-type apoptin. Moreover, apoptin kills also PML-/- cells and promyelocytic leukemia cells with defective PML expression. Our results therefore suggest that apoptin kills tumor cells independently of PML and sumoylation, however, the interaction of apoptin with PML and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins might be relevant for CAV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Janssen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Zhou J, Pérès L, Honoré N, Nasr R, Zhu J, de Thé H. Dimerization-induced corepressor binding and relaxed DNA-binding specificity are critical for PML/RARA-induced immortalization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:9238-43. [PMID: 16757557 PMCID: PMC1474145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603324103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia involves the transcriptional repression of master genes of myeloid differentiation by the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML/RARA) oncogene. PML-enforced RARA homodimerization allows the tighter binding of corepressors, silencing RARA target genes. In addition, homodimerization dramatically extends the spectrum of DNA-binding sites of the fusion protein compared with those of normal RARA. Yet, any contribution of these two properties of PML/RARA to differentiation arrest and immortalization of primary mouse hematopoietic progenitors was unknown. We demonstrate that dimerization-induced silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid receptors (SMRT)-enhanced binding and relaxed DNA-binding site specificity are both required for efficient immortalization. Thus, enforced RARA dimerization is critical not only for triggering transcriptional repression but also for extending the repertoire of target genes. Our studies exemplify how dimerization-induced gain of functions converts an unessential transcription factor into a dominant oncogenic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Université de Paris 7, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
- Pôle de Recherche Franco–Chinois en Sciences du Vivant et de Génomique and
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, 197 Rui-Jin Road II, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Laurent Pérès
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Université de Paris 7, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Nicole Honoré
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Université de Paris 7, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Rihab Nasr
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Université de Paris 7, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | - Jun Zhu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Université de Paris 7, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
- Pôle de Recherche Franco–Chinois en Sciences du Vivant et de Génomique and
| | - Hugues de Thé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7151, Université de Paris 7, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Avenue C. Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
- Pôle de Recherche Franco–Chinois en Sciences du Vivant et de Génomique and
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41
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Hiddemann W, Spiekermann K, Braess J, Feuring-Buske M, Buske C, Büchner T. Risikoadaptierte Therapie der akuten myeloischen Leukämie. Internist (Berl) 2006; 47 Suppl 1:S33-9. [PMID: 16773364 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-006-1622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and molecular techniques have provided increasing insights into the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These investigations showed that AML is not a homogeneous disease but a heterogeneous group of biologically different subentities. These subentities are currently primarily defined by cytogenetics and molecular markers. They differ substantially in response to therapy and long-term outcome and hence allow different risk groups of patients to be defined. These will guide therapeutic decisions in future therapeutic strategies and may ultimately lead to an individualized treatment concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hiddemann
- Medizinische Klinik III, Universität München, Grosshadern, 81377 München.
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42
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Rego EM, Ruggero D, Tribioli C, Cattoretti G, Kogan S, Redner RL, Pandolfi PP. Leukemia with distinct phenotypes in transgenic mice expressing PML/RAR alpha, PLZF/RAR alpha or NPM/RAR alpha. Oncogene 2006; 25:1974-9. [PMID: 16331271 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal translocations involving the RAR alpha locus on chromosome 17 are the hallmark of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The RAR alpha gene fuses to variable partners (PML, PLZF, NPM, NuMA and STAT5B: X genes) leading to the expression of APL-specific fusion proteins with identical RAR alpha moieties. To analyse whether the variable X moiety could affect the activity of the fusion protein in vivo, we generated and characterized, on a comparative basis, NPM/RAR alpha transgenic mice (TM) in which the fusion gene is expressed under the control of a human Cathepsin G (hCG) minigene. We compared the features of the leukemia observed in these TM with those in hCG-PML/RAR alpha and hCG-PLZF/RAR alpha TM. In all three transgenic models, leukemia developed after a variably long latency, with variable penetrance. However, the three leukemias displayed distinct cytomorphological features. hCG-NPM/RAR alpha leukemic cells resembled monoblasts. This phenotype contrasts with what was observed in the hCG-PML/RAR alpha TM model in which the leukemic phase was characterized by the proliferation of promyelocytic blasts. Similarly, hCG-PLZF/RAR alpha TM displayed a different phenotype where terminally differentiated myeloid cells predominated. Importantly, the NPM/RAR alpha oncoprotein was found to localize in the nucleolus, unlike PML/RAR alpha and PLZF/RAR alpha, thus possibly interfering with the normal function of NPM. Similarly to what was observed in human APL patients, we found that NPM/RAR alpha and PML/RAR alpha, but not PLZF/RAR alpha leukemia, was responsive to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or As2O3 treatments. Taken together, our results underscore the critical relevance of the X moiety in dictating the biology of the disease and the activity of the APL fusion oncoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Rego
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA
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43
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Sternsdorf T, Phan VT, Maunakea ML, Ocampo CB, Sohal J, Silletto A, Galimi F, Le Beau MM, Evans RM, Kogan SC. Forced retinoic acid receptor alpha homodimers prime mice for APL-like leukemia. Cancer Cell 2006; 9:81-94. [PMID: 16473276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Revised: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RARA becomes an acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) oncogene by fusion with any of five translocation partners. Unlike RARalpha, the fusion proteins homodimerize, which may be central to oncogenic activation. This model was tested by replacing PML with dimerization domains from p50NFkappaB (p50-RARalpha) or the rapamycin-sensitive dimerizing peptide of FKBP12 (F3-RARalpha). The X-RARalpha fusions recapitulated in vitro activities of PML-RARalpha. For F3-RARalpha, these properties were rapamycin sensitive. Although in vivo the artificial fusions alone are poor initiators of leukemia, p50-RARalpha readily cooperates with an activated mutant CDw131 to induce APL-like disease. These results demonstrate that the dimerization interface of RARalpha fusion partners is a critical element in APL pathogenesis while pointing to other features of PML for enhancing penetrance and progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Carcinogens/metabolism
- Cell Line
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation/genetics
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/chemistry
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/chemistry
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sternsdorf
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Bernassola F, Oberst A, Melino G, Pandolfi PP. The promyelocytic leukaemia protein tumour suppressor functions as a transcriptional regulator of p63. Oncogene 2006; 24:6982-6. [PMID: 16007146 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
p63 plays unique developmental roles in epidermal morphogenesis, despite its structural similarity with p53. The p63 gene has two distinct promoters, coding for proteins containing an N-terminal transactivation domain (TA isoforms) and for proteins lacking this region (DeltaN isoforms). The full-length transcriptionally active TAp63 isoforms are capable of transactivating the majority of the p53 target promoters thus inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. On the contrary, the DeltaNp63 isoforms seem to counteract the transactivation activities of p53 and TAp63 proteins, thus possibly conferring a proliferative advantage to cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling the transcriptional activity of p63 remain largely unclear. Here we present data indicating that (i) the promyelocytic leukaemia protein (PML) physically interacts with p63, (ii) p63 is localized into the PML nuclear-bodies (PML-NBs) in vivo, and (iii) PML regulates p63 transcriptional activity. We show that the interaction of p63 with PML increases the levels of p63 in cultured cells as well as its ability to transactivate the p53-responsive elements of the GADD45, p21 and bax promoters. These data are consistent with a general role for PML as a functional modulator of all the p53 family members. Our findings strengthen the relevance of the cross talk between PML and the p53 family members, imply a new tumour suppressive function of PML and unveil a possible role for PML in epidermal morphogenesis and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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45
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Altucci L, Rossin A, Hirsch O, Nebbioso A, Vitoux D, Wilhelm E, Guidez F, De Simone M, Schiavone EM, Grimwade D, Zelent A, de Thé H, Gronemeyer H. Rexinoid-triggered differentiation and tumor-selective apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia by protein kinase A-mediated desubordination of retinoid X receptor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:8754-65. [PMID: 16204045 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apart from PML-retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha) acute promyelocytic leukemia all other acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are unresponsive to retinoid differentiation therapy. However, elevating the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) confers onto retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective agonists ("rexinoids") the ability to induce terminal granulocyte differentiation and apoptosis of all-trans retinoic acid-resistant and insensitive AML cells and patients' blasts. Protein kinase A activation leads to corepressor release from the RAR subunit of the RAR-RXR heterodimer, resulting in "desubordination" of otherwise silent RXR, which acquires transcriptional competence in response to cognate ligands. Rexinoid-cAMP induction of endogenous RARbeta is blunted in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking RARs, but reintroduction of exogenous RARalpha reestablishes responsiveness, thus confirming that the RARalpha-RXR heterodimer is the rexinoid mediator. The apoptogenic effect of this treatment involves enhanced expression of the death receptor DR5 and its cognate ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand, both of which are known to induce apoptosis in a tumor cell-selective manner and lead to the activation of initiator caspases. Immunohistochemistry confirmed induction of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand and DR5 in AML patient blasts cultured ex vivo. AML patients' blasts responded to rexinoid-cAMP combination treatment with induction of maturation and apoptosis, independent of karyotype, immunophenotype, and French-American-British classification status. Clonogenic assays revealed complete inhibition of blast clonogenicity in four out of five tested samples. Our results suggest that despite the genetic, morphologic, and clinical variability of this disease, the combination of rexinoids and cAMP-elevating drugs, such as phosphodiesterase inhibitors, might lead to a novel therapeutic option for AML patients by inducing a tumor-selective death pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP/biosynthesis
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Drug Synergism
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoid X Receptors/agonists
- Retinoid X Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Altucci
- Department of Cell Biology and Signal Transduction, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch Cedex, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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46
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Hiddemann W, Spiekermann K, Buske C, Feuring-Buske M, Braess J, Haferlach T, Schoch C, Kern W, Schnittger S, Berdel W, Wörmann B, Heinecke A, Sauerland C, Büchner T. Towards a pathogenesis-oriented therapy of acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 56:235-45. [PMID: 16207531 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and molecular techniques have provided increasing insights into the biology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These investigations showed that AML is not a homogeneous disease but a heterogeneous group of biologically different subentities. These subentities are currently primarily defined by cytogenetics by which three main subgroups can be discriminated: AML with balanced translocations, AML with unbalanced aberrations and AML without cytogenetically detectable aberrations. Within the latter group molecular alterations are identified in more than half of cases such as NPM mutations, FLT3 mutations, MLL duplications and mutations of CEBP-alpha. The clinical meaning of these findings is illustrated by substantial differences in response to therapy and long-term outcome. As demonstrated by the recent multicenter trial of the German AML Cooperative Group (AMLCG) and other studies intensification of induction therapy may improve the results in distinct subtypes but fails to do so in others. Therefore, new strategies need to be explored which incorporate the knowledge about the biology of AML to develop biology adapted treatment strategies. This process has just begun and is predominantly determined by the availability of new agents and their evaluation in clinical phase I and II studies. A variety of targets are currently explored and some trials have yielded promising results already. The step towards a biology adapted treatment of AML is long and requires the combined efforts of researchers, clinicians and the pharmaceutical industry. The first steps towards this goal have been taken and give rise to the hope for more effective and more specific therapies of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hiddemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Munich Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, München 81377, Germany.
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Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is tightly controlled by the various pathways that regulate cell proliferation and cell death. Breaking this balance is often associated with cancer development. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway plays an important role in cellular homeostasis by regulating cell growth inhibition, cellular senescence, differentiation and apoptosis. Deregulated TGF-beta signaling is known to be involved in a variety of human cancers, including those of the colon, pancreas, breast and prostate. While TGF-beta is a potent negative regulator of hematopoiesis, the role of aberrant TGF-beta signaling in leukemogenesis remains largely unknown. Recently, evidence demonstrating deregulated TGF-beta signaling in leukemogenesis, particularly in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), has started to emerge. In this review, we summarize the current progress towards the understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which aberrant TGF-beta signaling may participate in leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kuan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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48
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Chou WC, Dang CV. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: recent advances in therapy and molecular basis of response to arsenic therapies. Curr Opin Hematol 2005; 12:1-6. [PMID: 15604884 DOI: 10.1097/01.moh.0000148552.93303.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While arsenic has long been known as a poison and environmental carcinogen, its dramatic effect in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has made its mechanism of action a topic of intense interest. This paper reviews recent findings that reveal why a traditional poison has become a magical potion for a major type of APL, which is characterized by a balanced chromosomal translocation t(15;17). RECENT FINDINGS Daily IV infusion of arsenic trioxide (As2O3; ATO) for 30 to 40 days can lead to complete remission in about 85% of patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed APL. Oral preparations of ATO and tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfide (As4S4) seem to be as effective as parenteral ATO, with similar toxicity profiles. The combination of all-trans retinoic acid and ATO in patients with newly diagnosed APL has yielded more durable remission than monotherapy. The mechanism of arsenic cytotoxicity is thought to involve posttranslational modification followed by degradation of the PML-retinoic acid receptor-alpha (PML-RARalpha) fusion protein; targeting of PML to nuclear bodies with restoration of its physiologic functions; and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidase in leukemic cells or collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. The understanding of arsenic cytotoxicity has stimulated modifications that promise to improve efficacy, such as interfering with ROS scavenging or boosting of ROS production to enhance the cytotoxicity, and adding cAMP or interferons to ATO regimens. SUMMARY Recent advances in the clinical use of arsenic, the mechanism of arsenic-mediated cytotoxicity, and modulations of ATO to increase its efficacy and expand its clinical spectrum are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Chou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Mistry AR, Felix CA, Whitmarsh RJ, Mason A, Reiter A, Cassinat B, Parry A, Walz C, Wiemels JL, Segal MR, Adès L, Blair IA, Osheroff N, Peniket AJ, Lafage-Pochitaloff M, Cross NCP, Chomienne C, Solomon E, Fenaux P, Grimwade D. DNA topoisomerase II in therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:1529-38. [PMID: 15829534 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa042715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal translocations leading to chimeric oncoproteins are important in leukemogenesis, but how they form is unclear. We studied acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with the t(15;17) translocation that developed after treatment of breast or laryngeal cancer with chemotherapeutic agents that poison topoisomerase II. METHODS We used long-range polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis to characterize t(15;17) genomic breakpoints in therapy-related APL. To determine whether topoisomerase II was directly involved in mediating breaks of double-stranded DNA at the observed translocation breakpoints, we used a functional in vitro assay to examine topoisomerase II-mediated cleavage in the normal homologues of the PML and RARA breakpoints. RESULTS Translocation breakpoints in APL that developed after exposure to mitoxantrone, a topoisomerase II poison, were tightly clustered in an 8-bp region within PML intron 6. In functional assays, this "hot spot" and the corresponding RARA breakpoints were common sites of mitoxantrone-induced cleavage by topoisomerase II. Etoposide and doxorubicin also induced cleavage by topoisomerase II at the translocation breakpoints in APL arising after exposure to these agents. Short, homologous sequences in PML and RARA suggested the occurrence of DNA repair by means of the nonhomologous end-joining pathway. CONCLUSIONS Drug-induced cleavage of DNA by topoisomerase II mediates the formation of chromosomal translocation breakpoints in mitoxantrone-related APL and in APL that occurs after therapy with other topoisomerase II poisons.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- DNA Damage
- DNA Repair
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Doxorubicin/adverse effects
- Etoposide/adverse effects
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/chemically induced
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Mitoxantrone/pharmacology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/enzymology
- Neoplasms, Second Primary/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Mistry
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, London
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50
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Zhu J, Zhou J, Peres L, Riaucoux F, Honoré N, Kogan S, de Thé H. A sumoylation site in PML/RARA is essential for leukemic transformation. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:143-53. [PMID: 15710327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has been proposed to involve transcriptional repression through enhanced corepressors binding onto RARA moieties of PML/RARA homodimers. Unexpectedly, we show that the K160 sumoylation site in the PML moiety of PML/RARA is required for efficient immortalization/differentiation arrest ex vivo, implying that RARA homodimerization is insufficient to fully immortalize primary hematopoietic progenitor cells. Similarly, PML/RARAK160R transgenic mice develop myeloproliferative syndromes, but never APL. The Daxx repressor no longer binds PML/RARAK160R, but fusion of these two proteins restores the differentiation block ex vivo. Thus, transcriptional repression dependent on a specific sumoylation site in PML is critical for the APL phenotype, while forced RARA dimerization could control expansion of the myeloid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- CNRS UPR 9051, laboratoire associé N11 du comité de Paris de la Ligue contre le Cancer, affilié à l'Université de Paris VII, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris, Cedex 10, France
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