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Yu X, He T, Tong Z, Liao L, Huang S, Fakhouri WD, Edwards DP, Xu J. Molecular mechanisms of TWIST1-regulated transcription in EMT and cancer metastasis. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56902. [PMID: 37680145 PMCID: PMC10626429 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202356902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
TWIST1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to drive cancer metastasis. It is yet unclear what determines TWIST1 functions to activate or repress transcription. We found that the TWIST1 N-terminus antagonizes TWIST1-regulated gene expression, cancer growth and metastasis. TWIST1 interacts with both the NuRD complex and the NuA4/TIP60 complex (TIP60-Com) via its N-terminus. Non-acetylated TWIST1-K73/76 selectively interacts with and recruits NuRD to repress epithelial target gene transcription. Diacetylated TWIST1-acK73/76 binds BRD8, a component of TIP60-Com that also binds histone H4-acK5/8, to recruit TIP60-Com to activate mesenchymal target genes and MYC. Knockdown of BRD8 abolishes TWIST1 and TIP60-Com interaction and TIP60-Com recruitment to TWIST1-activated genes, resulting in decreasing TWIST1-activated target gene expression and cancer metastasis. Both TWIST1/NuRD and TWIST1/TIP60-Com complexes are required for TWIST1 to promote EMT, proliferation, and metastasis at full capacity. Therefore, the diacetylation status of TWIST1-K73/76 dictates whether TWIST1 interacts either with NuRD to repress epithelial genes, or with TIP60-Com to activate mesenchymal genes and MYC. Since BRD8 is essential for TWIST1-acK73/76 and TIP60-Com interaction, targeting BRD8 could be a means to inhibit TWIST1-activated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Tao He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Present address:
Institute for Cancer MedicineSouthwest Medical UniversitySichuanChina
| | - Zhangwei Tong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Craniofacial Research, School of DentistryUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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Burris TP, de Vera IMS, Cote I, Flaveny CA, Wanninayake US, Chatterjee A, Walker JK, Steinauer N, Zhang J, Coons LA, Korach KS, Cain DW, Hollenberg AN, Webb P, Forrest D, Jetten AM, Edwards DP, Grimm SL, Hartig S, Lange CA, Richer JK, Sartorius CA, Tetel M, Billon C, Elgendy B, Hegazy L, Griffett K, Peinetti N, Burnstein KL, Hughes TS, Sitaula S, Stayrook KR, Culver A, Murray MH, Finck BN, Cidlowski JA. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology CXIII: Nuclear Receptor Superfamily-Update 2023. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1233-1318. [PMID: 37586884 PMCID: PMC10595025 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The NR superfamily comprises 48 transcription factors in humans that control a plethora of gene network programs involved in a wide range of physiologic processes. This review will summarize and discuss recent progress in NR biology and drug development derived from integrating various approaches, including biophysical techniques, structural studies, and translational investigation. We also highlight how defective NR signaling results in various diseases and disorders and how NRs can be targeted for therapeutic intervention via modulation via binding to synthetic lipophilic ligands. Furthermore, we also review recent studies that improved our understanding of NR structure and signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-regulated transcription factors that are critical regulators of myriad physiological processes. NRs serve as receptors for an array of drugs, and in this review, we provide an update on recent research into the roles of these drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Burris
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Isabelle Cote
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Colin A Flaveny
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Udayanga S Wanninayake
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Arindam Chatterjee
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - John K Walker
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Nickolas Steinauer
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Laurel A Coons
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Derek W Cain
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Paul Webb
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Douglas Forrest
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Anton M Jetten
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Dean P Edwards
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Sean Hartig
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Carol A Lange
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Carol A Sartorius
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Marc Tetel
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Cyrielle Billon
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Lamees Hegazy
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Kristine Griffett
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Nahuel Peinetti
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Kerry L Burnstein
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Travis S Hughes
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Sadichha Sitaula
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Keitch R Stayrook
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Alexander Culver
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Meghan H Murray
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - Brian N Finck
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
| | - John A Cidlowski
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida (T.P.B., I.C.); Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri (I.M.S.d.V., U.S.W., A.C., J.K.W., N.S., J.Z.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (C.A.F.); Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (L.A.C., K.S.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (L.A.C.); Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina (D.W.C.); Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (A.N.H.); The California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, South San Francisco, California (P.W.); Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (D.G.); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, North Carolina (A.M.J.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (D.P.E., S.L.G., S.H.); Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.A.L.); Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado (J.K.R., C.A.S.); Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts (M.T.); Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, Saint Louis, Missouri (C.B., B.E., L.H.); Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (K.G.); Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (N.P., K.L.B.); Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana (T.S.H.); Asteroid Therapeutics, Inc. Indianapolis, Indiana (S.S., K.R.S., A.C.); Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (M.H.M.); Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (B.N.F.); and Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (J.A.C.)
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3
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Strutzenberg TS, Zhu Y, Novick SJ, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Doebelin C, He Y, Chang MR, Kamenecka TM, Edwards DP, Griffin PR. Conformational Changes of RORγ During Response Element Recognition and Coregulator Engagement. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167258. [PMID: 34547329 PMCID: PMC8556364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor of the nuclear receptor super family that underpins metabolic activity, immune function, and cancer progression. Despite being a valuable drug target in health and disease, our understanding of the ligand-dependent activities of RORγ is far from complete. Like most nuclear receptors, RORγ must recruit coregulatory protein to enact the RORγ target gene program. To date, a majority of structural studies have been focused exclusively on the RORγ ligand-binding domain and the ligand-dependent recruitment of small peptide segments of coregulators. Herein, we examine the ligand-dependent assembly of full length RORγ:coregulator complexes on cognate DNA response elements using structural proteomics and small angle x-ray scattering. The results from our studies suggest that RORγ becomes elongated upon DNA recognition, preventing long range interdomain crosstalk. We also determined that the DNA binding domain adopts a sequence-specific conformation, and that coregulatory protein may be able to 'sense' the ligand- and DNA-bound status of RORγ. We propose a model where ligand-dependent coregulator recruitment may be influenced by the sequence of the DNA to which RORγ is bound. Overall, the efforts described herein will illuminate important aspects of full length RORγ and monomeric orphan nuclear receptor target gene regulation through DNA-dependent conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingmin Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott J Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | | | - Christelle Doebelin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Mi Ra Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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4
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Tryggvadottir H, Sandén E, Björner S, Bressan A, Ygland Rödström M, Khazaei S, Edwards DP, Nodin B, Jirström K, Isaksson K, Borgquist S, Jernström H. The Prognostic Impact of Intratumoral Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Primary Breast Cancer Depends on the Type of Endocrine Therapy: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:642768. [PMID: 34094928 PMCID: PMC8174786 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.642768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a master regulator of multiple pathways involved in breast cancer, and influences the estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and aromatase/CYP19A1. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the interplay between intratumoral levels of AhR and aromatase, patient characteristics (including AhR and CYP19A1 genotypes), clinicopathological features, and prognosis in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant treatments. A prospective cohort of 1116 patients with primary breast cancer in Sweden, included 2002-2012, was followed until June 30th 2019 (median 8.7 years). Tumor-specific AhR (n=920) and aromatase levels (n=816) were evaluated on tissue microarrays using immunohistochemistry. Associations between cytoplasmatic (AhRcyt) and nuclear (AhRnuc) AhR levels, intratumoral aromatase, clinicopathological features, and prognosis in different treatment groups were analyzed. Low AhRcyt levels (n=183) and positive intratumoral aromatase (n=69) were associated with estrogen receptor (ER)- status and more aggressive tumors. Genotypes were not associated with their respective protein levels. The functional AhR Arg554Lys GG genotype was associated with recurrence-free survival in switch-therapy (sequential tamoxifen/aromatase inhibitors (AI) or AI/tamoxifen) treated patients (HRadj 0.42; 95% CI 0.22-0.83). High AhRcyt levels were associated with longer recurrence-free survival during the first 10 years of follow-up among tamoxifen-only treated patients (HRadj 0.40; 95% CI 0.23-0.71) compared to low AhRcyt levels, whereas an almost inverse association was seen in patients with switch-therapy (P interaction=0.023). Intratumoral aromatase had little prognostic impact. These findings warrant confirmation in an independent cohort, preferably in a randomized clinical trial comparing different endocrine regimens. They might also guide the selection of breast cancer patients for clinical trials with selective AhR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Tryggvadottir
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sandén
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofie Björner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Bressan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Ygland Rödström
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Somayeh Khazaei
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Björn Nodin
- Division of Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Therapeutic Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karolin Isaksson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Helena Jernström
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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5
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Napierala JS, Rajapakshe K, Clark A, Chen YY, Huang S, Mesaros C, Xu P, Blair IA, Hauser LA, Farmer J, Lynch DR, Edwards DP, Coarfa C, Napierala M. Reverse Phase Protein Array Reveals Correlation of Retinoic Acid Metabolism With Cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's Ataxia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100094. [PMID: 33991687 PMCID: PMC8214145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers is important for assessment of disease progression, prediction of symptom development, and determination of treatment effectiveness. While unbiased analyses of differential gene expression using next-generation sequencing methods are now routinely conducted, proteomics studies are more challenging because of traditional methods predominantly being low throughput and offering a limited dynamic range for simultaneous detection of hundreds of proteins that drastically differ in their intracellular abundance. We utilized a sensitive and high-throughput proteomic technique, reverse phase protein array (RPPA), to attain protein expression profiles of primary fibroblasts obtained from patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) and unaffected controls (CTRLs). The RPPA was designed to detect 217 proteins or phosphorylated proteins by individual antibody, and the specificity of each antibody was validated prior to the experiment. Among 62 fibroblast samples (44 FRDA and 18 CTRLs) analyzed, 30 proteins/phosphoproteins were significantly changed in FRDA fibroblasts compared with CTRL cells (p < 0.05), mostly representing signaling molecules and metabolic enzymes. As expected, frataxin was significantly downregulated in FRDA samples, thus serving as an internal CTRL for assay integrity. Extensive bioinformatics analyses were conducted to correlate differentially expressed proteins with critical disease parameters (e.g., selected symptoms, age of onset, guanine-adenine-adenine sizes, frataxin levels, and Functional Assessment Rating Scale scores). Members of the integrin family of proteins specifically associated with hearing loss in FRDA. Also, RPPA data, combined with results of transcriptome profiling, uncovered defects in the retinoic acid metabolism pathway in FRDA samples. Moreover, expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3 differed significantly between cardiomyopathy-positive and cardiomyopathy-negative FRDA cohorts, demonstrating that metabolites such as retinol, retinal, or retinoic acid could become potential predictive biomarkers of cardiac presentation in FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yu-Yun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peining Xu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lauren A Hauser
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Farmer
- Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance, Downingtown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David R Lynch
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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6
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Coarfa C, Grimm SL, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Lu HY, Wang X, Christensen KR, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S. Reverse-Phase Protein Array: Technology, Application, Data Processing, and Integration. J Biomol Tech 2021; 32:15-29. [PMID: 34025221 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.21-3202-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) is a high-throughput antibody-based targeted proteomics platform that can quantify hundreds of proteins in thousands of samples derived from tissue or cell lysates, serum, plasma, or other body fluids. Protein samples are robotically arrayed as microspots on nitrocellulose-coated glass slides. Each slide is probed with a specific antibody that can detect levels of total protein expression or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation as a measure of protein activity. Here we describe workflow protocols and software tools that we have developed and optimized for RPPA in a core facility setting that includes sample preparation, microarray mapping and printing of protein samples, antibody labeling, slide scanning, image analysis, data normalization and quality control, data reporting, statistical analysis, and management of data. Our RPPA platform currently analyzes ∼240 validated antibodies that primarily detect proteins in signaling pathways and cellular processes that are important in cancer biology. This is a robust technology that has proven to be of value for both validation and discovery proteomic research and integration with other omics data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and.,Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Lu
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kurt R Christensen
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and.,Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and.,Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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7
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Coarfa C, Grimm SL, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Lu HY, Wang X, Christensen KR, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S. Reverse-Phase Protein Array: Technology, Application, Data Processing, and Integration. J Biomol Tech 2021:jbt.2021-3202-001. [PMID: 33584151 DOI: 10.7171/jbt.2021-3202-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) is a high-throughput antibody-based targeted proteomics platform that can quantify hundreds of proteins in thousands of samples derived from tissue or cell lysates, serum, plasma, or other body fluids. Protein samples are robotically arrayed as microspots on nitrocellulose-coated glass slides. Each slide is probed with a specific antibody that can detect levels of total protein expression or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation as a measure of protein activity. Here we describe workflow protocols and software tools that we have developed and optimized for RPPA in a core facility setting that includes sample preparation, microarray mapping and printing of protein samples, antibody labeling, slide scanning, image analysis, data normalization and quality control, data reporting, statistical analysis, and management of data. Our RPPA platform currently analyzes ∼240 validated antibodies that primarily detect proteins in signaling pathways and cellular processes that are important in cancer biology. This is a robust technology that has proven to be of value for both validation and discovery proteomic research and integration with other omics data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hsin-Yi Lu
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kurt R Christensen
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA; and
- Advanced Technology Cores/Office of Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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8
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Asavasupreechar T, Saito R, Miki Y, Edwards DP, Boonyaratanakornkit V, Sasano H. Systemic distribution of progesterone receptor subtypes in human tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105599. [PMID: 31991170 PMCID: PMC9968951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is expressed in a wide variety of human tissues, including both reproductive and non-reproductive tissues. Upon binding to the PR, progesterone can display several non-reproductive functions, including neurosteroid activity in the central nervous system, inhibition of smooth muscle contractile activity in the gastrointestinal tract, and regulating the development and maturation of the lung. PR exists as two major isoforms, PRA and PRB. Differential expression of these PR isoforms reportedly contributes to different biological activities of the hormone. However, the distribution of the PR isoforms in human tissues has remained virtually unexplored. In this study, we immunolocalized PR expression in various human tissues using PR (1294) specific antibody, which is capable of detecting both PRA and PRB, and PRB (250H11) specific antibody. Tissues from the uterus, ovary, breast, placenta, prostate, testis, cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary, spinal cord, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, pancreas, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, lung, heart, aorta, thymus, adrenal gland, thyroid, spleen, skin, and bone were examined in four different age groups (fetal, pediatric, young, and old) in male and female subjects. PR and PRB were detected in the nuclei of cells in the female reproductive system, in both the nuclei and cytoplasm of pituitary gland and pancreatic acinar cells, and only in the cytoplasm of cells in the testis, stomach, small intestine, colon, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, lung, adrenal gland, and skin. Of particular interest, total PRB expression overlapped with that of total PR expression in most tissues but was negative in the female fetal reproductive system. The findings indicate that progesterone could affect diverse human organs differently than from reproductive organs. These findings provide new insights into the novel biological roles of progesterone in non-reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryoko Saito
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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9
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Elsarraj HS, Hong Y, Limback D, Zhao R, Berger J, Bishop SC, Sabbagh A, Oppenheimer L, Harper HE, Tsimelzon A, Huang S, Hilsenbeck SG, Edwards DP, Fontes J, Fan F, Madan R, Fangman B, Ellis A, Tawfik O, Persons DL, Fields T, Godwin AK, Hagan CR, Swenson-Fields K, Coarfa C, Thompson J, Behbod F. BCL9/STAT3 regulation of transcriptional enhancer networks promote DCIS progression. NPJ Breast Cancer 2020; 6:12. [PMID: 32352029 PMCID: PMC7181646 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-020-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular processes by which some human ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions advance to the more aggressive form, while others remain indolent, are largely unknown. Experiments utilizing a patient-derived (PDX) DCIS Mouse INtraDuctal (MIND) animal model combined with ChIP-exo and RNA sequencing revealed that the formation of protein complexes between B Cell Lymphoma-9 (BCL9), phosphoserine 727 STAT3 (PS-727-STAT3) and non-STAT3 transcription factors on chromatin enhancers lead to subsequent transcription of key drivers of DCIS malignancy. Downregulation of two such targets, integrin β3 and its associated metalloproteinase, MMP16, resulted in a significant inhibition of DCIS invasive progression. Finally, in vivo targeting of BCL9, using rosemary extract, resulted in significant inhibition of DCIS malignancy in both cell line and PDX DCIS MIND animal models. As such, our studies provide compelling evidence for future testing of rosemary extract as a chemopreventive agent in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S. Elsarraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Darlene Limback
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Ruonan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Jenna Berger
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Stephanie C. Bishop
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South University, 709 Mall Blvd, Savannah, GA 31406 USA
| | - Aria Sabbagh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Linzi Oppenheimer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Haleigh E. Harper
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Anna Tsimelzon
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Susan G. Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX C30 USA
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Joseph Fontes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Fang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Rashna Madan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Ben Fangman
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Ashley Ellis
- University of Kansas School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- MAWD Pathology Group, St Luke’s Health System of Kansas City, 2750 Clay Edwards Dr, Kansas City, MO 64116 USA
| | - Diane L. Persons
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Timothy Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Christy R. Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Katherine Swenson-Fields
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MS 3045, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
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10
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Vossaert L, Wang Q, Salman R, McCombs AK, Patel V, Qu C, Mancini MA, Edwards DP, Malovannaya A, Liu P, Shaw CA, Levy B, Wapner RJ, Bi W, Breman AM, Van den Veyver IB, Beaudet AL. Validation Studies for Single Circulating Trophoblast Genetic Testing as a Form of Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:1262-1273. [PMID: 31785788 PMCID: PMC6904821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that genetic analysis of fetal or trophoblast cells in maternal blood could revolutionize prenatal diagnosis. We implemented a protocol for single circulating trophoblast (SCT) testing using positive selection by magnetic-activated cell sorting and single-cell low-coverage whole-genome sequencing to detect fetal aneuploidies and copy-number variants (CNVs) at ∼1 Mb resolution. In 95 validation cases, we identified on average 0.20 putative trophoblasts/mL, of which 55% were of high quality and scorable for both aneuploidy and CNVs. We emphasize the importance of analyzing individual cells because some cells are apoptotic, in S-phase, or otherwise of poor quality. When two or more high-quality trophoblast cells were available for singleton pregnancies, there was complete concordance between all trophoblasts unless there was evidence of confined placental mosaicism. SCT results were highly concordant with available clinical data from chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis procedures. Although determining the exact sensitivity and specificity will require more data, this study further supports the potential for SCT testing to become a diagnostic prenatal test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Vossaert
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roseen Salman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne K McCombs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anna Malovannaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronald J Wapner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY 10032, USA
| | - Weimin Bi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics, Houston, TX 77021, USA
| | - Amy M Breman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ignatia B Van den Veyver
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Asavasupreechar T, Saito R, Edwards DP, Sasano H, Boonyaratanakornkit V. Progesterone receptor isoform B expression in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells decreases cell proliferation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:212-223. [PMID: 30926428 PMCID: PMC9968952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The progesterone receptor (PR) has been reported to play important roles in lung development and function, such as alveolarization, alveolar fluid clearance (AFC) and upper airway dilator muscle activity. In the lung, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are important in the etiology and progression of lung neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Women with lung NETs had significantly better survival rates than men, suggesting that sex steroids and their receptors, such as the PR, could be involved in the progression of lung NETs. The PR exists as two major isoforms, PRA and PRB. How the expression of different PR isoforms affects proliferation and the development of lung NETs is not well understood. To determine the role of the PR isoforms in PNECs, we constructed H727 lung NET cell models expressing PRB, PRA, Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) (control). The expression of PRB significantly inhibited H727 cell proliferation better than that of PRA in the absence of progestin. The expression of the unrelated protein, GFP, had little to no effect on H727 cell proliferation. To better understand the role of the PR isoform in PNECs, we examined PR isoform expression in PNECs in lung tissues. A monoclonal antibody specific to the N-terminus of PRB (250H11 mAb) was developed to specifically recognize PRB, while a monoclonal antibody specific to a common N-terminus epitope present in both PRA and PRB (1294 mAb) was used to detect both PRA and PRB. Using these PR and PRB-specific antibodies, we demonstrated that PR (PRA&PRB) and PRB were expressed in the PNECs of the normal fetal and adult lung, with significantly higher PR expression in the fetal lung. Interestingly, PRB expression in the normal lung was associated with lower cell proliferation than PR expression, suggesting a distinct role of PRB in the PNECs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of PR and PR isoform signaling in lung NET cells may help in developing novel therapeutic strategies that will benefit lung NET patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teeranut Asavasupreechar
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ryoko Saito
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Viroj Boonyaratanakornkit
- Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Age-Related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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12
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Finnerty BM, Moore MD, Verma A, Aronova A, Huang S, Edwards DP, Chen Z, Seandel M, Scognamiglio T, Du YCN, Elemento O, Zarnegar R, Min IM, Fahey TJ. UCHL1 loss alters the cell-cycle in metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:411-423. [PMID: 30689542 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Loss of ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) expression by CpG promoter hypermethylation is associated with metastasis in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors; however, the mechanism of how UCHL1 loss contributes to metastatic potential remains unclear. In this study, we first confirmed that loss of UCHL1 expression on immunohistochemistry was significantly associated with metastatic tumors in a translational pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) cohort, with a sensitivity and specificity of 78% and 89%, respectively. To study the mechanism driving this aggressive phenotype, BON and QGP-1 metastatic PNET cell lines, which do not produce UCHL1, were stably transfected to re-express UCHL1. In vitro assays, RNA-sequencing, and reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) analyses were performed comparing empty-vector negative controls and UCHL1-expressing cell lines. UCHL1 re-expression is associated with lower anchorage-independent colony growth in BON cells, lower colony formation in QGP cells, and a higher percentage of cells in the G0/G1 cell-cycle phase in BON and QGP cells. On RPPA proteomic analysis, there was an upregulation of cell-cycle regulatory proteins CHK2 (1.2 fold change, p=0.004) and P21 (1.2 fold change, p=0.023) in BON cells expressing UCHL1; western blot confirmed upregulation of phosphorylated CHK2 and P21. There were no transcriptomic differences detected on RNA-Sequencing between empty-vector negative controls and UCHL1-expressing cell lines. In conclusion, UCHL1 loss correlates with metastatic potential in PNETs and its re-expression induces a less aggressive phenotype in vitro, in part by inducing cell-cycle arrest through post-translational regulation of phosphorylated CHK2. UCHL1 re-expression should be considered as a functional biomarker in detecting PNETs capable of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen D Moore
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Akanksha Verma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna Aronova
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Department of Healthcare Policy & Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marco Seandel
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Theresa Scognamiglio
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rasa Zarnegar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Irene M Min
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Fahey
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Villanueva H, Grimm SL, Dhamne S, Rajapakshe K, Visbal AP, Davis CM, Ehli EA, Hartig SM, Coarfa C, Edwards DP. Correction to: The Emerging Roles of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) of the Breast. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:109-110. [PMID: 30465315 PMCID: PMC6828223 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Villanueva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sagar Dhamne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adriana P Visbal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christel M Davis
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, 3720 W 69th St, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, 3720 W 69th St, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Shrestha AK, Bettini ML, Menon RT, Gopal VYN, Huang S, Edwards DP, Pammi M, Barrios R, Shivanna B. Consequences of early postnatal lipopolysaccharide exposure on developing lungs in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L229-L244. [PMID: 30307313 PMCID: PMC6383495 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00560.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of infants that is characterized by interrupted lung development. Postnatal sepsis causes BPD, yet the contributory mechanisms are unclear. To address this gap, studies have used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during the alveolar phase of lung development. However, the lungs of infants who develop BPD are still in the saccular phase of development, and the effects of LPS during this phase are poorly characterized. We hypothesized that chronic LPS exposure during the saccular phase disrupts lung development by mechanisms that promote inflammation and prevent optimal lung development and repair. Wild-type C57BL6J mice were intraperitoneally administered 3, 6, or 10 mg/kg of LPS or a vehicle once daily on postnatal days (PNDs) 3-5. The lungs were collected for proteomic and genomic analyses and flow cytometric detection on PND6. The impact of LPS on lung development, cell proliferation, and apoptosis was determined on PND7. Finally, we determined differences in the LPS effects between the saccular and alveolar lungs. LPS decreased the survival and growth rate and lung development in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were associated with a decreased expression of proteins regulating cell proliferation and differentiation and increased expression of those mediating inflammation. While the lung macrophage population of LPS-treated mice increased, the T-regulatory cell population decreased. Furthermore, LPS-induced inflammatory and apoptotic response and interruption of cell proliferation and alveolarization was greater in alveolar than in saccular lungs. Collectively, the data support our hypothesis and reveal several potential therapeutic targets for sepsis-mediated BPD in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kumar Shrestha
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Renuka T Menon
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Vashisht Y N Gopal
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Mohan Pammi
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Barrios
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital , Houston, Texas
| | - Binoy Shivanna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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15
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Villanueva H, Grimm S, Dhamne S, Rajapakshe K, Visbal A, Davis CM, Ehli EA, Hartig SM, Coarfa C, Edwards DP. The Emerging Roles of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) of the Breast. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:237-248. [PMID: 30338425 PMCID: PMC6244884 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor to most types of invasive breast cancer (IBC). Although it is estimated only one third of untreated patients with DCIS will progress to IBC, standard of care for treatment is surgery and radiation. This therapeutic approach combined with a lack of reliable biomarker panels to predict DCIS progression is a major clinical problem. DCIS shares the same molecular subtypes as IBC including estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positive luminal subtypes, which encompass the majority (60-70%) of DCIS. Compared to the established roles of ER and PR in luminal IBC, much less is known about the roles and mechanism of action of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) and their cognate receptors in the development and progression of DCIS. This is an underexplored area of research due in part to a paucity of suitable experimental models of ER+/PR + DCIS. This review summarizes information from clinical and observational studies on steroid hormones as breast cancer risk factors and ER and PR as biomarkers in DCIS. Lastly, we discuss emerging experimental models of ER+/PR+ DCIS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/therapy
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Observational Studies as Topic
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Villanueva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sagar Dhamne
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Adriana Visbal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christel M Davis
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, 3720 W 69th St, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Erik A Ehli
- Avera Institute for Human Genetics, 3720 W 69th St, Sioux Falls, SD, 57108, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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16
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Bu W, Liu Z, Jiang W, Nagi C, Huang S, Edwards DP, Jo E, Mo Q, Creighton CJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Leavitt AD, Lewis MT, Wong STC, Li Y. Mammary Precancerous Stem and Non-Stem Cells Evolve into Cancers of Distinct Subtypes. Cancer Res 2018; 79:61-71. [PMID: 30401712 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are distinct cell subpopulations in normal epithelial tissue, including stem cells, progenitor cells, and more differentiated cells, all of which have been extensively studied for their susceptibility to tumorigenesis. However, normal cells usually have to progress through a precancerous lesion state before becoming a full-blown tumor. Precancerous early lesions are heterogeneous, and the cell subset that is the primary source of the eventual tumor remains largely unknown. By using mouse models that are tailored to address this question, we identified a keratin 6a-expressing precancerous stem cell (PcSC) subset and a more differentiated whey acidic protein-positive (WAP+) cell subset in mammary precancerous lesions initiated by the Wnt1 oncogene. Both cell subsets rapidly progressed to cancer upon introduction of constitutively active versions of either HRAS or BRAF. However, the resulting tumors were dramatically different in protein profiles and histopathology: keratin 6a+ precancerous cells gave rise to adenocarcinoma, whereas WAP+ cells yielded metaplastic carcinoma with severe squamous differentiation and more robust activation of MEK/ERK signaling. Therefore, both stem and non-stem cells in mammary precancerous lesions can contribute to the eventual cancers, but their differentiation status determines the resulting cancer phenotype. This work identifies a previously unknown player in cancer heterogeneity and suggests that cancer prevention should target precancerous cells broadly and not be limited to PcSC. SIGNIFICANCE: This work uses a novel mouse mammary gland cancer model to show that tumors initiated from different precancerous mammary epithelial cells are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Bu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandandeep Nagi
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunji Jo
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew D Leavitt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Li
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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17
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Hai L, Szwarc MM, Wetendorf M, Wu SP, Peavey MC, Grimm SL, Edwards DP, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP. A mouse model engineered to conditionally express the progesterone receptor-B isoform. Genesis 2018; 56:e23223. [PMID: 30004627 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Using a Rosa26 gene targeting strategy in mouse embryonic stem cells, we have generated a new transgenic mouse (Pgr-B LSL ), which is designed to conditionally express the epitope-tagged mouse progesterone receptor-B (PGR-B) isoform when crossed with a specific cre driver mouse. To functionally validate this transgenic mouse, we crossed the Pgr-B LSL mouse with the MMTV-CREA transgenic mouse to create the MMTV-CREA/Pgr-B LSL bigenic (termed PR-B:OE to denote PGR-B overexpressor). As expected, transgene-derived PGR-B protein was specifically targeted to the virgin mammary gland epithelium. At a functional level, the PR-B:OE bigenic exhibited abnormal mammary morphogenesis-dilated epithelial ducts, precocious alveologenesis and lateral side-branching, along with a prominent proliferative signature-that resulted in pregnant PR-B:OE mice unable to exhibit mammary gland terminal differentiation at parturition. Because of this developmental failure, the PR-B:OE mammary gland was incapable of producing milk resulting in early neonatal death of otherwise healthy litters. This first line of analysis demonstrates the utility of the Pgr-B LSL mouse to examine the role of the PGR-B isoform in different physiologic and pathophysiologic systems that are responsive to progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hai
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - San-Pin Wu
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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18
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Hai L, Szwarc MM, Wetendorf M, Wu SP, Peavey MC, Grimm SL, Edwards DP, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP. Cover Image, Volume 56, Issue 8. Genesis 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hai
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Maria M. Szwarc
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | | | - San-Pin Wu
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Durham North Carolina
| | | | - Sandra L. Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
| | - Francesco J. DeMayo
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Durham North Carolina
| | - John P. Lydon
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston Texas
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19
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Jayaraman P, Parikh F, Newton JM, Hanoteau A, Rivas C, Krupar R, Rajapakshe K, Pathak R, Kanthaswamy K, MacLaren C, Huang S, Coarfa C, Spanos C, Edwards DP, Parihar R, Sikora AG. TGF-β1 programmed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) acquire immune-stimulating and tumor killing activity capable of rejecting established tumors in combination with radiotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1490853. [PMID: 30288358 PMCID: PMC6169570 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1490853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) play an important role in tumor immune evasion. MDSC programming or polarization has been proposed as a strategy for leveraging the developmental plasticity of myeloid cells to reverse MDSC immune suppressive functions, or cause them to acquire anti-tumor activity. While MDSC derived ex vivo from murine bone marrow precursor cells with tumor-conditioned medium efficiently suppressed T cell proliferation, MDSC derived from conditioned medium in presence of TGF-β1 (TGFβ-MDSC) acquired a novel immune-stimulatory phenotype, losing the ability to inhibit T cell proliferation and acquiring enhanced antigen-presenting capability. Altered immune function was associated with SMAD-2 dependent upregulation of maturation and costimulatory molecules, and downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an effector mechanism of immunosuppression. TGFβ-MDSC also upregulated FAS-ligand expression, leading to FAS-dependent killing of murine human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancer cells and tumor spheroids in vitro and anti-tumor activity in vivo. Radiation upregulated FAS expression on tumor cells, and the combination of radiotherapy and intratumoral injection of TGFβ-MDSC strongly enhanced class I expression on tumor cells and induction of HPV E7 tetramer-positive CD8 + T cells, leading to clearance of established tumors and long-term survival. TGFβ-MDSC derived from human PBMC with tumor conditioned medium also lost immunosuppressive function and acquired tumor-killing activity. Thus, TGFβ1 mediated programming of nascent MDSC leads to a potent anti-tumor phenotype potentially suitable for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Jayaraman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Falguni Parikh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jared M. Newton
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aurelie Hanoteau
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rosemarie Krupar
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravi Pathak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kavin Kanthaswamy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cassie MacLaren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad Spanos
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine
| | - Dean P. Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Robin Parihar
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Singh R, Karri D, Shen H, Shao J, Dasgupta S, Huang S, Edwards DP, Ittmann MM, O'Malley BW, Yi P. TRAF4-mediated ubiquitination of NGF receptor TrkA regulates prostate cancer metastasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3129-3143. [PMID: 29715200 DOI: 10.1172/jci96060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are important drivers of cancers. In addition to genomic alterations, aberrant activation of WT RTKs plays an important role in driving cancer progression. However, the mechanisms underlying how RTKs drive prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we show that non-proteolytic ubiquitination of RTK regulates its kinase activity and contributes to RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. TRAF4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer. We demonstrated here that it is a key player in regulating RTK-mediated prostate cancer metastasis. We further identified TrkA, a neurotrophin RTK, as a TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination substrate that promotes cancer cell invasion and found that inhibition of TrkA activity abolished TRAF4-dependent cell invasion. TRAF4 promoted K27- and K29-linked ubiquitination at the TrkA kinase domain and increased its kinase activity. Mutation of TRAF4-targeted ubiquitination sites abolished TrkA tyrosine autophosphorylation and its interaction with downstream proteins. TRAF4 knockdown also suppressed nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulated TrkA downstream p38 MAPK activation and invasion-associated gene expression. Furthermore, elevated TRAF4 levels significantly correlated with increased NGF-stimulated invasion-associated gene expression in prostate cancer patients, indicating that this signaling axis is significantly activated during oncogenesis. Our results revealed a posttranslational modification mechanism contributing to aberrant non-mutated RTK activation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dileep Karri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jiangyong Shao
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Subhamoy Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Giles ED, Jindal S, Wellberg EA, Schedin T, Anderson SM, Thor AD, Edwards DP, MacLean PS, Schedin P. Metformin inhibits stromal aromatase expression and tumor progression in a rodent model of postmenopausal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2018; 20:50. [PMID: 29898754 PMCID: PMC6000949 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-018-0974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type II diabetes are linked to increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Patients treated with the antidiabetic drug metformin for diabetes or metabolic syndrome have reduced breast cancer risk, a greater pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant therapy, and improved breast cancer survival. We hypothesized that metformin may be especially effective when targeted to the menopausal transition, as this is a lifecycle window when weight gain and metabolic syndrome increase, and is also when the risk for obesity-related breast cancer increases. METHODS Here, we used an 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumor rat model of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive postmenopausal breast cancer to evaluate the long-term effects of metformin administration on metabolic and tumor endpoints. In this model, ovariectomy (OVX) induces rapid weight gain, and an impaired whole-body response to excess calories contributes to increased tumor glucose uptake and increased tumor proliferation. Metformin treatment was initiated in tumor-bearing animals immediately prior to OVX and maintained for the duration of the study. RESULTS Metformin decreased the size of existing mammary tumors and inhibited new tumor formation without changing body weight or adiposity. Decreased lipid accumulation in the livers of metformin-treated animals supports the ability of metformin to improve overall metabolic health. We also found a decrease in the number of aromatase-positive, CD68-positive macrophages within the tumor microenvironment, suggesting that metformin targets the immune microenvironment in addition to improving whole-body metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that peri-menopause/menopause represents a unique window of time during which metformin may be highly effective in women with established, or at high risk for developing, breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, 373 Olsen Blvd; 2253 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Sonali Jindal
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mailing Code: L215, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Troy Schedin
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ann D Thor
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mailing Code: L215, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 1130 NW 22nd Ave #100, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
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22
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Mundt F, Rajput S, Li S, Ruggles KV, Mooradian AD, Mertins P, Gillette MA, Krug K, Guo Z, Hoog J, Erdmann-Gilmore P, Primeau T, Huang S, Edwards DP, Wang X, Wang X, Kawaler E, Mani DR, Clauser KR, Gao F, Luo J, Davies SR, Johnson GL, Huang KL, Yoon CJ, Ding L, Fenyö D, Ellis MJ, Townsend RR, Held JM, Carr SA, Ma CX. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Reveals Potential Roles of NEK9 and MAP2K4 in Resistance to PI3K Inhibition in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2732-2746. [PMID: 29472518 PMCID: PMC5955814 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of PI3K signaling is frequently observed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), yet PI3K inhibitors have shown limited clinical activity. To investigate intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms of resistance, we analyzed a panel of patient-derived xenograft models of TNBC with varying responsiveness to buparlisib, a pan-PI3K inhibitor. In a subset of patient-derived xenografts, resistance was associated with incomplete inhibition of PI3K signaling and upregulated MAPK/MEK signaling in response to buparlisib. Outlier phosphoproteome and kinome analyses identified novel candidates functionally important to buparlisib resistance, including NEK9 and MAP2K4. Knockdown of NEK9 or MAP2K4 reduced both baseline and feedback MAPK/MEK signaling and showed synthetic lethality with buparlisib in vitro A complex in/del frameshift in PIK3CA decreased sensitivity to buparlisib via NEK9/MAP2K4-dependent mechanisms. In summary, our study supports a role for NEK9 and MAP2K4 in mediating buparlisib resistance and demonstrates the value of unbiased omic analyses in uncovering resistance mechanisms to targeted therapy.Significance: Integrative phosphoproteogenomic analysis is used to determine intrinsic resistance mechanisms of triple-negative breast tumors to PI3K inhibition. Cancer Res; 78(10); 2732-46. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Mundt
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sandeep Rajput
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kelly V Ruggles
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Arshag D Mooradian
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philipp Mertins
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Proteomics Platform, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A Gillette
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karsten Krug
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Zhanfang Guo
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeremy Hoog
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Petra Erdmann-Gilmore
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tina Primeau
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Xuya Wang
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Emily Kawaler
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - D R Mani
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Karl R Clauser
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Feng Gao
- Division of Public Health Science, Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jingqin Luo
- Division of Public Health Science, Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Sherri R Davies
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kuan-Lin Huang
- Department of Medicine, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christopher J Yoon
- Department of Medicine, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Medicine, McDonnell Genome Institute, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Fenyö
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - R Reid Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason M Held
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven A Carr
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Cynthia X Ma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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23
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Haricharan S, Punturi N, Singh P, Holloway KR, Anurag M, Schmelz J, Schmidt C, Lei JT, Suman V, Hunt K, Olson JA, Hoog J, Li S, Huang S, Edwards DP, Kavuri SM, Bainbridge MN, Ma CX, Ellis MJ. Loss of MutL Disrupts CHK2-Dependent Cell-Cycle Control through CDK4/6 to Promote Intrinsic Endocrine Therapy Resistance in Primary Breast Cancer. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:1168-1183. [PMID: 28801307 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significant endocrine therapy-resistant tumor proliferation is present in ≥20% of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) primary breast cancers and is associated with disease recurrence and death. Here, we uncover a link between intrinsic endocrine therapy resistance and dysregulation of the MutL mismatch repair (MMR) complex (MLH1/3, PMS1/2), and demonstrate a direct role for MutL complex loss in resistance to all classes of endocrine therapy. We find that MutL deficiency in ER+ breast cancer abrogates CHK2-mediated inhibition of CDK4, a prerequisite for endocrine therapy responsiveness. Consequently, CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) remain effective in MutL-defective ER+ breast cancer cells. These observations are supported by data from a clinical trial where a CDK4/6i was found to strongly inhibit aromatase inhibitor-resistant proliferation of MutL-defective tumors. These data suggest that diagnostic markers of MutL deficiency could be used to direct adjuvant CDK4/6i to a population of patients with breast cancer who exhibit marked resistance to the current standard of care.Significance: MutL deficiency in a subset of ER+ primary tumors explains why CDK4/6 inhibition is effective against some de novo endocrine therapy-resistant tumors. Therefore, markers of MutL dysregulation could guide CDK4/6 inhibitor use in the adjuvant setting, where the risk benefit ratio for untargeted therapeutic intervention is narrow. Cancer Discov; 7(10); 1168-83. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svasti Haricharan
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nindo Punturi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Purba Singh
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimberly R Holloway
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Meenakshi Anurag
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob Schmelz
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Cheryl Schmidt
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jonathan T Lei
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Vera Suman
- Alliance Statistics and Data Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kelly Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John A Olson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeremy Hoog
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Siteman Cancer Center Breast Cancer Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Shunqiang Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Siteman Cancer Center Breast Cancer Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shyam M Kavuri
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew N Bainbridge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Rady's Children's Hospital, San Diego, California
| | - Cynthia X Ma
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Siteman Cancer Center Breast Cancer Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew J Ellis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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24
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Haricharan S, Schmelz J, Schmidt C, Singh P, Holloway KR, Anurag M, Li S, Kavuri SM, Huang S, Edwards DP, Suman V, Hunt K, Olson JA, Hoog J, Ma CX, Bainbridge MN, Ellis MJ. Abstract 489: Mismatch repair defects and endocrine therapy resistance in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is treated with endocrine therapy but intrinsic resistance occurs in ~1/3 of patients and acquired resistance in ~1/5 of the remainder. While many resistance mechanisms have been explored, therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance in the clinical setting have seen mixed outcomes, and appear most effective in the acquired resistance setting. Understanding mechanisms of resistance and finding therapeutic strategies to target them, therefore, remain important challenges facing breast cancer researchers. In this study we systematically examine the role of DNA damage repair defects in inducing endocrine therapy resistance, a relatively understudied question of recent interest. We use in silico analysis of clinical datasets, in vitro experiments evaluating endocrine therapy resistance in response to DDR dysregulation in multiple breast cancer celllines, and in vivo validation using cellline xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models. We also use gene expression microarrays and RPPA data from cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and primary ER+ breast tumors to uncover therapeutic options that are validated in vitro and in vivo and corroborated by clinical trial data. The results of this study uncover an intriguing link between mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, specifically of the MutL complex (MLH1/3, PMS1/2), and poor prognosis in ER+ disease. We find a direct role for MutL loss in endocrine therapy resistance in vitro and in vivo by knocking down multiple MutL genes using CRISPR and stable shRNA approaches validated using standard rescue experiments. We identify the underlying mechanism: MutL deficiency in ER+ breast cancer abrogates Chk2-mediated feedback inhibition of CDK4/6 that appears necessary for endocrine therapy responsiveness. Consequently, pharmacological targeting of CDK4/6 in vitro and in vivo significantly inhibits growth of endocrine therapy resistant MutL-deficient ER+ breast cancer cells. These results are corroborated by data from a neoadjuvant clinical trial demonstrating that cell cycle regulation of MutL-mutant tumors tends to be estrogen-independent but sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibitors. The results of this study provide important biological and clinically relevant insights. 1) MMR deficiency is unexpectedly causal to intrinsic endocrine therapy resistance 2) This causal effect appears to be mediated by abrogation of cell cycle checkpoint activation in response to endocrine therapy 3) MMR deficiency in a subset of ER+ tumors explains why CDK4/6 inhibition is effective against some de novo endocrine therapy resistant tumors. While there are currently no biomarkers to guide the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors for ER+ breast cancer, markers of MMR dysregulation could identify patients in whom CDK4/6 inhibition should be used to prevent disease recurrence.
Citation Format: Svasti Haricharan, Jacob Schmelz, Cheryl Schmidt, Purba Singh, Kimberly R. Holloway, Meenakshi Anurag, Shunqiang Li, Shyam M. Kavuri, Shixia Huang, Dean P. Edwards, Vera Suman, Kelly Hunt, John A. Olson, Jeremy Hoog, Cynthia X. Ma, Matthew N. Bainbridge, Matthew J. Ellis. Mismatch repair defects and endocrine therapy resistance in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 489. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-489
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Hunt
- 4UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - John A. Olson
- 5University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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25
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Elsarraj HS, Valdez KE, Hong Y, Grimm SL, Ricci LR, Fan F, Tawfik O, May L, Cusick T, Inciardi M, Redick M, Gatewood J, Winblad O, Hilsenbeck S, Edwards DP, Hagan CR, Godwin AK, Fabian C, Behbod F. NEMO, a Transcriptional Target of Estrogen and Progesterone, Is Linked to Tumor Suppressor PML in Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3802-3813. [PMID: 28515148 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial versus detrimental roles of estrogen plus progesterone (E+P) in breast cancer remains controversial. Here we report a beneficial mechanism of E+P treatment in breast cancer cells driven by transcriptional upregulation of the NFκB modulator NEMO, which in turn promotes expression of the tumor suppressor protein promyelocytic leukemia (PML). E+P treatment of patient-derived epithelial cells derived from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL6. Mechanistic investigations indicated that IL6 upregulation occurred as a result of transcriptional upregulation of NEMO, the gene that harbored estrogen receptor (ER) binding sites within its promoter. Accordingly, E+P treatment of breast cancer cells increased ER binding to the NEMO promoter, thereby increasing NEMO expression, NFκB activation, and IL6 secretion. In two mouse xenograft models of DCIS, we found that RNAi-mediated silencing of NEMO increased tumor invasion and progression. This seemingly paradoxical result was linked to NEMO-mediated regulation of NFκB and IL6 secretion, increased phosphorylation of STAT3 on Ser727, and increased expression of PML, a STAT3 transcriptional target. In identifying NEMO as a pivotal transcriptional target of E+P signaling in breast cancer cells, our work offers a mechanistic explanation for the paradoxical antitumorigenic roles of E+P in breast cancer by showing how it upregulates the tumor suppressor protein PML. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3802-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan S Elsarraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kelli E Valdez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence R Ricci
- Department of Radiology, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Fang Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ossama Tawfik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Lisa May
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas
| | - Therese Cusick
- Department of Surgery, The University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, Kansas
| | - Marc Inciardi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mark Redick
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jason Gatewood
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Onalisa Winblad
- Department of Radiology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Christy R Hagan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Andrew K Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Carol Fabian
- Department of Medicine, Breast Cancer Survivorship Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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26
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Fu X, Pereira R, Zhao D, Jung SY, Jeselsohn R, Creighton CJ, Shea M, Nardone A, Angelis CD, Tsimelzon A, Wang T, Gutierrez C, Huang S, Edwards DP, Rimawi MF, Hilsenbeck SG, Brown M, Chen K, Osborne CK, Schiff R. Abstract PD2-04: FOXA1 induces a pro-metastatic secretome through ER-dependent and independent transcriptional reprogramming in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-pd2-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Metastasis in ER-positive (+) breast cancer (BC) occurring years to decades after initial diagnosis presents a daunting challenge for clinical care and preclinical research due to limited known key players and experimental models. FOXA1 is a pioneer factor for ER-chromatin binding and function, and is highly expressed in ER+ BC metastases, yet the underlying mechanism is unclear. Tumor-secreted proteins play a crucial role in the reciprocal interplay between cancer cells and host microenvironmental factors at both primary and secondary sites. We hypothesized that high FOXA1 provokes an ER-dependent transcriptional program that includes a unique pro-tumorigenic secretome essential for promoting ER+ BC metastasis. Methods: A lentiviral doxycycline (Dox)-inducible FOXA1 overexpression vector and a dual luciferase/GFP (LG) tracking vector were integrated to construct a stable MCF7-LG/FOXA1 cell model. Ovariectomized nude mice bearing MCF7-LG/FOXA1 xenografts in the presence of exogenous estrogen (E2) were randomized to ± Dox, each with continued E2, E2 deprivation (ED), or tamoxifen (Tam). Survival surgery removing the therapy-naïve (E2 arm) and relapsed (ED/Tam arms) tumors was performed when tumors reached ∼1000 mm3. All mice then received ED/Tam 'adjuvant' therapy, with longitudinal luminescence imaging to monitor local/distant recurrences. Mice were or will be euthanized at the ethical end-point. Integrative bioinformatics was performed using RNA-seq and FOXA1/ER ChIP-seq data from our preclinical models to identify secretome targets for functional intervention. Times to tumor regression (TTR) and progression (TTP) were defined by when the tumor reached half or twice the volume at randomization. Results: Median (m) TTR was achieved in ED (31/34 days, -/+Dox, P = 0.184) but not in Tam groups — Tam delayed tumor growth but failed to prevent progression in all mice with mTTP of 94/93 days (-/+Dox, P = 0.517). Despite no difference in mTTP at Tam-/+Dox, a quarter of +Dox tumors (3/12) had volume doubled by day 11. No metastases were observed by imaging in any of the mice before surgery ('neoadjuvant' setting). Local relapse and lymph-node/lung metastases were detected after surgery ('adjuvant' setting). At day 90 in the adjuvant Tam group with previously relapsed tumors, +Dox mice succumbed to metastasis more often than -Dox mice (7/8 vs. 3/10, P = 0.023). Compared to the adjuvant Tam+Dox mice with previous therapy-naïve tumors, the Tam+Dox with previously relapsed tumors showed higher distant metastasis rate (7/8 vs. 5/14, P = 0.026). Analysis of the ED setting is pending due to late recurrence. Data integration and functional study revealed a set of cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components (including IL-8, CTGF, and LOX), regulated by FOXA1 often in conjunction with ER, that are highly involved in FOXA1-induced metastasis. Global secretome profiling by mass spectrometry and target validation are ongoing. Conclusions: FOXA1 overexpression increases metastatic potential in ER+ BC. We established a pertinent metastatic xenograft mouse model to characterize a pro-metastatic secretome with diagnostic and therapeutic potential for treating metastatic ER+ BC.
Citation Format: Fu X, Pereira R, Zhao D, Jung SY, Jeselsohn R, Creighton CJ, Shea M, Nardone A, Angelis CD, Tsimelzon A, Wang T, Gutierrez C, Huang S, Edwards DP, Rimawi MF, Hilsenbeck SG, Brown M, Chen K, Osborne CK, Schiff R. FOXA1 induces a pro-metastatic secretome through ER-dependent and independent transcriptional reprogramming in endocrine-resistant breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD2-04.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - R Pereira
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - D Zhao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - SY Jung
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - R Jeselsohn
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - CJ Creighton
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Shea
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A Nardone
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - CD Angelis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A Tsimelzon
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - T Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C Gutierrez
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - S Huang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - DP Edwards
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - MF Rimawi
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - SG Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Brown
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - K Chen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - CK Osborne
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - R Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean P. Edwards
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9 Avenue, Denver, CO 80262-0001
| | | | - Elizabeth Gass-Handel
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
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28
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Zoogman P, Liu X, Suleiman RM, Pennington WF, Flittner DE, Al-Saadi JA, Hilton BB, Nicks DK, Newchurch MJ, Carr JL, Janz SJ, Andraschko MR, Arola A, Baker BD, Canova BP, Chan Miller C, Cohen RC, Davis JE, Dussault ME, Edwards DP, Fishman J, Ghulam A, González Abad G, Grutter M, Herman JR, Houck J, Jacob DJ, Joiner J, Kerridge BJ, Kim J, Krotkov NA, Lamsal L, Li C, Lindfors A, Martin RV, McElroy CT, McLinden C, Natraj V, Neil DO, Nowlan CR, O'Sullivan EJ, Palmer PI, Pierce RB, Pippin MR, Saiz-Lopez A, Spurr RJD, Szykman JJ, Torres O, Veefkind JP, Veihelmann B, Wang H, Wang J, Chance K. Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO). J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 2017; 186:17-39. [PMID: 32817995 PMCID: PMC7430511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
TEMPO was selected in 2012 by NASA as the first Earth Venture Instrument, for launch between 2018 and 2021. It will measure atmospheric pollution for greater North America from space using ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy. TEMPO observes from Mexico City, Cuba, and the Bahamas to the Canadian oil sands, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific, hourly and at high spatial resolution (~2.1 km N/S×4.4 km E/W at 36.5°N, 100°W). TEMPO provides a tropospheric measurement suite that includes the key elements of tropospheric air pollution chemistry, as well as contributing to carbon cycle knowledge. Measurements are made hourly from geostationary (GEO) orbit, to capture the high variability present in the diurnal cycle of emissions and chemistry that are unobservable from current low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites that measure once per day. The small product spatial footprint resolves pollution sources at sub-urban scale. Together, this temporal and spatial resolution improves emission inventories, monitors population exposure, and enables effective emission-control strategies. TEMPO takes advantage of a commercial GEO host spacecraft to provide a modest cost mission that measures the spectra required to retrieve ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), formaldehyde (H2CO), glyoxal (C2H2O2), bromine monoxide (BrO), IO (iodine monoxide),water vapor, aerosols, cloud parameters, ultraviolet radiation, and foliage properties. TEMPO thus measures the major elements, directly or by proxy, in the tropospheric O3 chemistry cycle. Multi-spectral observations provide sensitivity to O3 in the lowermost troposphere, substantially reducing uncertainty in air quality predictions. TEMPO quantifies and tracks the evolution of aerosol loading. It provides these near-real-time air quality products that will be made publicly available. TEMPO will launch at a prime time to be the North American component of the global geostationary constellation of pollution monitoring together with the European Sentinel-4 (S4) and Korean Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zoogman
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
| | - X Liu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S J Janz
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
| | | | - A Arola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute
| | | | | | | | - R C Cohen
- University of California at Berkeley
| | - J E Davis
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M Grutter
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - J R Herman
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | - J Houck
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
| | | | - J Joiner
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
| | | | | | | | - L Lamsal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
- GESTAR, University Space Research Association
| | - C Li
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County
| | | | - R V Martin
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
- Dalhousie University
| | | | | | | | | | - C R Nowlan
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
| | | | | | - R B Pierce
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| | | | - A Saiz-Lopez
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Spain
| | | | | | - O Torres
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
| | | | | | - H Wang
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
| | | | - K Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
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29
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Kim JA, Tan Y, Wang X, Cao X, Veeraraghavan J, Liang Y, Edwards DP, Huang S, Pan X, Li K, Schiff R, Wang XS. Comprehensive functional analysis of the tousled-like kinase 2 frequently amplified in aggressive luminal breast cancers. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12991. [PMID: 27694828 PMCID: PMC5064015 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More aggressive and therapy-resistant oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancers remain a great clinical challenge. Here our integrative genomic analysis identifies tousled-like kinase 2 (TLK2) as a candidate kinase target frequently amplified in ∼10.5% of ER-positive breast tumours. The resulting overexpression of TLK2 is more significant in aggressive and advanced tumours, and correlates with worse clinical outcome regardless of endocrine therapy. Ectopic expression of TLK2 leads to enhanced aggressiveness in breast cancer cells, which may involve the EGFR/SRC/FAK signalling. Conversely, TLK2 inhibition selectively inhibits the growth of TLK2-high breast cancer cells, downregulates ERα, BCL2 and SKP2, impairs G1/S cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis and significantly improves progression-free survival in vivo. We identify two potential TLK2 inhibitors that could serve as backbones for future drug development. Together, amplification of the cell cycle kinase TLK2 presents an attractive genomic target for aggressive ER-positive breast cancers. Luminal B oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers are generally aggressive tumors with poor outcomes. Here, the authors show that the kinase TLK2 is amplified and overexpressed in these tumors and correlates with reduced survival, TLK2 inhibition induces apoptosis in vitro and improves survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Kim
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ying Tan
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xian Wang
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xixi Cao
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jamunarani Veeraraghavan
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yulong Liang
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology &Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xuewen Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kaiyi Li
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Lester &Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Xiao L, Lanz RB, Frolov A, Castro PD, Zhang Z, Dong B, Xue W, Jung SY, Lydon JP, Edwards DP, Mancini MA, Feng Q, Ittmann MM, He B. The Germ Cell Gene TDRD1 as an ERG Target Gene and a Novel Prostate Cancer Biomarker. Prostate 2016; 76:1271-84. [PMID: 27272765 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TMPRSS2-ERG fusion occurs in about half of prostate cancers and results in over-expression of the oncogenic ERG protein in the prostate. The mechanism by which ERG contributes to prostate cancer initiation and progression remains largely unknown. Because ERG is a transcriptional activator, we reasoned that the target genes regulated by ERG could contribute to prostate cancer development. METHODS In a search for ERG target genes, we took advantage of published datasets from the MSKCC Prostate Oncogene Project, in which a comprehensive analysis was applied to define transcriptomes in 150 prostate tumors. We retrieved the mRNA expression dataset, split them based on ERG expression, and identified genes whose expression levels are associated with ERG mRNA levels. RESULTS mRNA expression levels of 21 genes were found to be significantly increased, while for one gene it was decreased in ERG-positive prostate tumors. Among them, the expression of TDRD1 was the most significantly increased in ERG-positive tumors. Among 131 primary prostate tumors which were primarily from European American patients, TDRD1 is over-expressed in 68% of samples, while ERG is overexpressed in 48% of samples, suggesting an additional ERG-independent mechanism of TDRD1 overexpression. In African American prostate tumors, TDRD1 mRNA is expressed in 44%, while ERG is expressed in 24% of samples. In normal tissues, TDRD1 mRNA is exclusively expressed in germ cells and its protein is also known as cancer/testis antigen 41.1 (CT41.1). We generated a mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes human TDRD1 protein with high specificity and sensitivity. By Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, we demonstrate that TDRD1 protein is expressed in the majority of human prostate tumors, but not in normal prostate tissue. Finally, TDRD1 is not induced in the prostate of ERG overexpression transgenic mice, suggesting that such model does not fully recapitulate the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion-dependent human prostate cancer development. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest TDRD1 as a novel prostate cancer biomarker. As an ERG target gene, TDRD1 might play an important role in human prostate cancer development, and as a cancer/testis antigen, TDRD1 might have long-term potential to be a therapeutic target for prostate cancer immunotherapy. Prostate 76:1271-1284, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiao
- Departments of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rainer B Lanz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Anna Frolov
- Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia D Castro
- Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - John P Lydon
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qin Feng
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael M Ittmann
- Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin He
- Departments of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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31
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Ware MJ, Keshishian V, Law JJ, Ho JC, Favela CA, Rees P, Smith B, Mohammad S, Hwang RF, Rajapakshe K, Coarfa C, Huang S, Edwards DP, Corr SJ, Godin B, Curley SA. Generation of an in vitro 3D PDAC stroma rich spheroid model. Biomaterials 2016; 108:129-42. [PMID: 27627810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a prominent desmoplastic/stromal reaction, which contributes to the poor clinical outcome of this disease. Therefore, greater understanding of the stroma development and tumor-stroma interactions is highly required. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are myofibroblast-like cells located in exocrine areas of the pancreas, which as a result of inflammation produced by PDAC migrate and accumulate in the tumor mass, secreting extracellular matrix components and producing the dense PDAC stroma. Currently, only a few orthotopic or ectopic animal tumor models, where PDAC cells are injected into the pancreas or subcutaneous tissue layer, or genetically engineered animals offer tumors that encompass some stromal component. Herein, we report generation of a simple 3D PDAC in vitro micro-tumor model without an addition of external extracellular matrix, which encompasses a rich, dense and active stromal compartment. We have achieved this in vitro model by incorporating PSCs into 3D PDAC cell culture using a modified hanging drop method. It is now known that PSCs are the principal source of fibrosis in the stroma and interact closely with cancer cells to create a tumor facilitatory environment that stimulates local and distant tumor growth. The 3D micro-stroma models are highly reproducible with excellent uniformity, which can be used for PDAC-stroma interaction analysis and high throughput automated drug-screening assays. Additionally, the increased expression of collagenous regions means that molecular based perfusion and cytostaticity of gemcitabine is decreased in our Pancreatic adenocarcinoma stroma spheroids (PDAC-SS) model when compared to spheroids grown without PSCs. We believe this model will allow an improved knowledge of PDAC biology and has the potential to provide an insight into pathways that may be therapeutically targeted to inhibit PSC activation, thereby inhibiting the development of fibrosis in PDAC and interrupting PSC-PDAC cell interactions so as to inhibit cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ware
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vazrik Keshishian
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Justin J Law
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason C Ho
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carlos A Favela
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bio-engineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul Rees
- Department of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Billie Smith
- Pathology and Histology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sayeeduddin Mohammad
- Pathology and Histology Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rosa F Hwang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stuart J Corr
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Biana Godin
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Steven A Curley
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is a master regulator in female reproductive tissues that controls developmental processes and proliferation and differentiation during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy. PR also plays a role in progression of endocrine-dependent breast cancer. As a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors, the main action of PR is to regulate networks of target gene expression in response to binding its cognate steroid hormone, progesterone. This paper summarizes recent advances in understanding the structure-function properties of the receptor protein and the tissue/cell-type-specific PR signaling pathways that contribute to the biological actions of progesterone in the normal breast and in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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33
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Welte T, Kim IS, Tian L, Gao X, Wang H, Li J, Holdman XB, Herschkowitz JI, Pond A, Xie G, Kurley S, Nguyen T, Liao L, Dobrolecki LE, Pang L, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S, Xin L, Xu J, Li Y, Lewis MT, Wang T, Westbrook TF, Rosen JM, Zhang XHF. Erratum: Oncogenic mTOR signalling recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote tumour initiation. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:822. [PMID: 27350446 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Welte T, Kim IS, Tian L, Gao X, Wang H, Li J, Holdman XB, Herschkowitz JI, Pond A, Xie G, Kurley S, Nguyen T, Liao L, Dobrolecki LE, Pang L, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S, Xin L, Xu J, Li Y, Lewis MT, Wang T, Westbrook TF, Rosen JM, Zhang XHF. Oncogenic mTOR signalling recruits myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote tumour initiation. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:632-44. [PMID: 27183469 PMCID: PMC4884142 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play critical roles in primary and metastatic cancer progression. While MDSC regulation is widely variable even within patients harboring the same type of malignancy, the mechanisms governing such heterogeneity are largely unknown. Here, integrating human tumor genomics and syngeneic mammary tumor models, we demonstrate that mTOR signaling in cancer cells dictates a mammary tumor’s ability to stimulate MDSC accumulation through regulating G-CSF. Inhibiting this pathway or its activators (e.g., FGFR) impairs tumor progression, which is partially rescued by restoring MDSCs or G-CSF. Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) exhibit elevated G-CSF. MDSCs reciprocally increase TIC frequency through activating Notch in tumor cells, forming a feed-forward loop. Analyses of primary breast cancers and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) corroborate these mechanisms in patients. These findings establish a non-canonical oncogenic role of mTOR signaling in recruiting pro-tumorigenic MDSCs and show how defined cancer subsets may evolve to promote and depend upon a distinct immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welte
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70130, USA
| | - Ik Sun Kim
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lin Tian
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Verna &Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - June Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xue B Holdman
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jason I Herschkowitz
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Adam Pond
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Sarah Kurley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lan Liao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lacey E Dobrolecki
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shixia Huang
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna &Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Treviño LS, Bolt MJ, Grimm SL, Edwards DP, Mancini MA, Weigel NL. Differential Regulation of Progesterone Receptor-Mediated Transcription by CDK2 and DNA-PK. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 30:158-72. [PMID: 26652902 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) function is altered by cell signaling, but the mechanisms of kinase-specific regulation are not well defined. To examine the role of cell signaling in the regulation of PR transcriptional activity, we have utilized a previously developed mammalian-based estrogen-response element promoter array cell model and automated cell imaging and analysis platform to visualize and quantify effects of specific kinases on different mechanistic steps of PR-mediated target gene activation. For these studies, we generated stable estrogen-response element array cell lines expressing inducible chimeric PR that contains a swap of the estrogen receptor-α DNA-binding domain for the DNA-binding domain of PR. We have focused on 2 kinases important for steroid receptor activity: cyclin-dependent kinase 2 and DNA-dependent protein kinase. Treatment with either a Cdk1/2 inhibitor (NU6102) or a DNA-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (NU7441) decreased hormone-mediated chromatin decondensation and transcriptional activity. Further, we observed a quantitative reduction in the hormone-mediated recruitment of select coregulator proteins with NU6102 that is not observed with NU7441. In parallel, we determined the effect of kinase inhibition on hormone-mediated induction of primary and mature transcripts of endogenous genes in T47D breast cancer cells. Treatment with NU6102 was much more effective than NU7441, in inhibiting induction of PR target genes that exhibit a rapid increase in primary transcript expression in response to hormone. Taken together, these results indicate that the 2 kinases regulate PR transcriptional activity by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey S Treviño
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (L.S.T., M.J.B., S.L.G., D.P.E., M.A.M., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (S.L.G., D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael J Bolt
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (L.S.T., M.J.B., S.L.G., D.P.E., M.A.M., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (S.L.G., D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sandra L Grimm
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (L.S.T., M.J.B., S.L.G., D.P.E., M.A.M., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (S.L.G., D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (L.S.T., M.J.B., S.L.G., D.P.E., M.A.M., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (S.L.G., D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (L.S.T., M.J.B., S.L.G., D.P.E., M.A.M., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (S.L.G., D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (L.S.T., M.J.B., S.L.G., D.P.E., M.A.M., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (S.L.G., D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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36
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Holdman XB, Welte T, Rajapakshe K, Pond A, Coarfa C, Mo Q, Huang S, Hilsenbeck SG, Edwards DP, Zhang X, Rosen JM. Upregulation of EGFR signaling is correlated with tumor stroma remodeling and tumor recurrence in FGFR1-driven breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:141. [PMID: 26581390 PMCID: PMC4652386 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0649-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite advances in early detection and adjuvant targeted therapies, breast cancer is still the second most common cause of cancer mortality among women. Tumor recurrence is one of the major contributors to breast cancer mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of tumor dormancy and recurrence in a preclinical mouse model of breast cancer. Methods To elucidate the mechanisms driving tumor recurrence, we employed a transplantable Wnt1/inducible fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1 mouse mammary tumor model and utilized an FGFR specific inhibitor, BGJ398, to study the recurrence after treatment. Histological staining was performed to analyze the residual tumor cells and tumor stroma. Reverse phase protein array was performed to compare primary and recurrent tumors to investigate the molecular mechanisms leading to tumor recurrence. Results Treatment with BGJ398 resulted in rapid tumor regression, leaving a nonpalpable mass of dormant tumor cells organized into a luminal and basal epithelial layer similar to the normal mammary gland, but surrounded by dense stroma with markedly reduced levels of myeloid-derived tumor suppressor cells (MDSCs) and decreased tumor vasculature. Following cessation of treatment the tumors recurred over a period of 1 to 4 months. The recurrent tumors displayed dense stroma with increased collagen, tenascin-C expression, and MDSC infiltration. Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway was observed in recurrent tumors, and inhibition of EGFR with lapatinib in combination with BGJ398 resulted in a significant delay in tumor recurrence accompanied by reduced stroma, yet there was no difference observed in initial tumor regression between the groups treated with BGJ398 alone or in combination with lapatinib. Conclusion These studies have revealed a correlation between tumor recurrence and changes of stromal microenvironment accompanied by altered EGFR signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0649-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue B Holdman
- Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Thomas Welte
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Adam Pond
- Graduate Program in Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Szafran AT, Mancini MG, Nickerson JA, Edwards DP, Mancini MA. Use of HCA in subproteome-immunization and screening of hybridoma supernatants to define distinct antibody binding patterns. Methods 2015; 96:75-84. [PMID: 26521976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the properties and functions of complex biological systems depends upon knowing the proteins present and the interactions between them. Recent advances in mass spectrometry have given us greater insights into the participating proteomes, however, monoclonal antibodies remain key to understanding the structures, functions, locations and macromolecular interactions of the involved proteins. The traditional single immunogen method to produce monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology are time, resource and cost intensive, limiting the number of reagents that are available. Using a high content analysis screening approach, we have developed a method in which a complex mixture of proteins (e.g., subproteome) is used to generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific to a subproteome located in a defined subcellular compartment such as the nucleus. The immunofluorescent images in the primary hybridoma screen are analyzed using an automated processing approach and classified using a recursive partitioning forest classification model derived from images obtained from the Human Protein Atlas. Using an ammonium sulfate purified nuclear matrix fraction as an example of reverse proteomics, we identified 866 hybridoma supernatants with a positive immunofluorescent signal. Of those, 402 produced a nuclear signal from which patterns similar to known nuclear matrix associated proteins were identified. Detailed here is our method, the analysis techniques, and a discussion of the application to further in vivo antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Szafran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Maureen G Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Nickerson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Immunology & Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Michael A Mancini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Grimm SL, Ward RD, Obr AE, Franco HL, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Kim JS, Roberts JM, Jeong JW, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Edwards DP, Weigel NL. A role for site-specific phosphorylation of mouse progesterone receptor at serine 191 in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:2025-37. [PMID: 25333515 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are phosphorylated on multiple sites, and a variety of roles for phosphorylation have been suggested by cell-based studies. Previous studies using PR-null mice have shown that PR plays an important role in female fertility, regulation of uterine growth, the uterine decidualization response, and proliferation as well as ductal side-branching and alveologenesis in the mammary gland. To study the role of PR phosphorylation in vivo, a mouse was engineered with homozygous replacement of PR with a PR serine-to-alanine mutation at amino acid 191. No overt phenotypes were observed in the mammary glands or uteri of PR S191A treated with progesterone (P4). In contrast, although PR S191A mice were fertile, litters were 19% smaller than wild type and the estrous cycle was lengthened slightly. Moreover, P4-dependent gene regulation in primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) was altered in a gene-selective manner. MECs derived from wild type and PR S191A mice were grown in a three-dimensional culture. Both formed acinar structures that were morphologically similar, and proliferation was stimulated equally by P4. However, P4 induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and calcitonin was selectively reduced in S191A cultures. These differences were confirmed in freshly isolated MECs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the binding of S191A PR to some of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand enhancers and a calcitonin enhancer was substantially reduced. Thus, the elimination of a single phosphorylation site is sufficient to modulate PR activity in vivo. PR contains many phosphorylation sites, and the coordinate regulation of multiple sites is a potential mechanism for selective modulation of PR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.L.G., R.D.W., A.E.O., H.L.F., R.F.-V., J.-S.K., J.M.R., J.-W.J., F.J.D., J.P.L., D.P.E., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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KIM JA, Tan Y, Wang X, Cao X, Veeraraghavan J, Liang Y, Edwards DP, Pan X, Li K, Schiff R, Wang X. Abstract 3032: Genomic deregulation and therapeutic role of the cell-cycle kinase TLK2 in more aggressive breast cancers. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
More aggressive breast cancers often coincide with enhanced chromosomal instability (CIN), which poses a great challenge to clinical management. By integrative analysis of genomic data, we observed the amplification of tousled-like kinase 2 (TLK2), a cell cycle serine-threonine kinase, in approximately 9% of breast cancer, which is more frequent in the luminal B and late-stage breast tumors. The resulting TLK2 upregulation correlates with the level of CIN in breast tumors, and predicts worse outcome regardless of endocrine therapy. Further studies suggest that TLK2 overexpression leads to a G2/M checkpoint defect, delayed DNA repair, and enhanced invasiveness. TLK2 silencing selectively inhibits the growth of TLK2-high breast cancer cells, and induces apoptosis. This response is retained in the breast cancer cells with acquired endocrine resistance. TLK2 inhibition in a preclinical tumor model significantly improved progression-free survival. Together, targeting TLK2 presents an attractive therapeutic strategy on TLK2-amplified breast cancers.
Citation Format: Jin-Ah KIM, Ying Tan, Xian Wang, Xixi Cao, Jamunarani Veeraraghavan, Yulong Liang, Dean P. Edwards, Xuewen Pan, Kaiyi Li, Rachel Schiff, Xiaosong Wang. Genomic deregulation and therapeutic role of the cell-cycle kinase TLK2 in more aggressive breast cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3032. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3032
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Tan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xian Wang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Xixi Cao
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaiyi Li
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Veeraraghavan J, Tan Y, Cao XX, Kim JA, Wang X, Edwards DP, Contreras A, Hilsenbeck SG, Chang EC, Schiff R, Wang XS. Abstract P1-07-07: Recurrent ESR1-CCDC170 rearrangements in an aggressive subset of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs14-p1-07-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The crucial role of gene fusions in epithelial tumorigenesis has been recently appreciated by several milestone discoveries, but no significant recurrent translocations have yet been found in the vast majority of breast cancers that express the estrogen receptor (ER). While a majority of ER+ tumors can be effectively treated by endocrine therapy, tumors of the luminal B subtype are more aggressive and endocrine therapy-resistant. Further, the molecular blueprint of these aggressive tumors is poorly understood. Thus, characterizing the genetic alterations underlying the more aggressive forms of ER+ breast cancer is of critical significance in breast cancer management. In this study, by large-scale analyses of breast cancer transcriptome and copy number alterations, we identified recurrent rearrangements between estrogen receptor gene, ESR1 and its neighbor gene, CCDC170, which are enriched in the more aggressive and endocrine-resistant luminal-B tumors. Further screening of 200 ER+ breast tumor tissues by RT-PCR identified eight ESR1-CCDC170 positive tumors. The genomic rearrangements underlying these fusions were verified by genomic PCR and capillary sequencing. CCDC170 encodes a protein with unknown function. The observed fusion joins the 5’-untranslated region of ESR1 upstream to the coding region of CCDC170, enabling the expression of N-terminally truncated CCDC170 (ΔCCDC170) under the promoter of the ESR1 gene. Consistent with the behavior of luminal B tumors, forced expression of ΔCCDC170 in ER+ breast cancer cells leads to markedly increased cell motility, invasiveness and anchorage-independent growth, and reduced endocrine sensitivity in vitro, as well as enhanced xenograft tumor formation and reduced endocrine sensitivity of the tumors in vivo. When introduced into benign breast epithelial cells, ΔCCDC170 impairs acini morphogenesis and enhances cell motility and invasiveness. Further, Knockdown of the endogenous ESR1-CCDC170 fusion variant expressed in HCC1428 cells potently inhibited cancer cell proliferation and migration, which can be rescued by forced expression of this fusion. Mechanistic studies suggest that ΔCCDC170 engages Gab1 signalosome to potentiate growth factor signaling and enhance cell motility. The augmented growth factor signaling driven by ΔCCDC170 appears to be sustained even after withdrawal of serum, and is not affected by endocrine treatment. Together, this study identified neoplastic ESR1-CCDC170 fusions in a more aggressive subset of ER+ breast cancer, which also suggests a new role of ER in breast tumorigenesis by contributing its promoter to an oncogene.
Citation Format: Jamunarani Veeraraghavan, Ying Tan, Xi-Xi Cao, Jin-Ah Kim, Xian Wang, Dean P Edwards, Alejandro Contreras, Susan G Hilsenbeck, Eric C Chang, Rachel Schiff, Xiao-Song Wang. Recurrent ESR1-CCDC170 rearrangements in an aggressive subset of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-07.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.
| | - C Larrosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543. Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - D P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, UK
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Karlin KL, Mondal G, Hartman JK, Tyagi S, Kurley SJ, Bland CS, Hsu TYT, Renwick A, Fang JE, Migliaccio I, Callaway C, Nair A, Dominguez-Vidana R, Nguyen DX, Osborne CK, Schiff R, Yu-Lee LY, Jung SY, Edwards DP, Hilsenbeck SG, Rosen JM, Zhang XHF, Shaw CA, Couch FJ, Westbrook TF. The oncogenic STP axis promotes triple-negative breast cancer via degradation of the REST tumor suppressor. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1318-32. [PMID: 25453754 PMCID: PMC4427000 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the molecular networks that drive breast cancer has led to therapeutic interventions and improved patient survival. However, the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer subtype (TNBC) remains recalcitrant to targeted therapies because its molecular etiology is poorly defined. In this study, we used a forward genetic screen to discover an oncogenic network driving human TNBC. SCYL1, TEX14, and PLK1 ("STP axis") cooperatively trigger degradation of the REST tumor suppressor protein, a frequent event in human TNBC. The STP axis induces REST degradation by phosphorylating a conserved REST phospho-degron and bridging REST interaction with the ubiquitin-ligase βTRCP. Inhibition of the STP axis leads to increased REST protein levels and impairs TNBC transformation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Expression of the STP axis correlates with low REST protein levels in human TNBCs and poor clinical outcome for TNBC patients. Our findings demonstrate that the STP-REST axis is a molecular driver of human TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Karlin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gourish Mondal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jessica K Hartman
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Siddhartha Tyagi
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sarah J Kurley
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chris S Bland
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tiffany Y T Hsu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Renwick
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Justin E Fang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilenia Migliaccio
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Celetta Callaway
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amritha Nair
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rocio Dominguez-Vidana
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - C Kent Osborne
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Y Jung
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chad A Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas F Westbrook
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Program, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Pathiraja TN, Nayak SR, Xi Y, Jiang S, Garee JP, Edwards DP, Lee AV, Chen J, Shea MJ, Santen RJ, Gannon F, Kangaspeska S, Jelinek J, Issa JPJ, Richer JK, Elias A, McIlroy M, Young LS, Davidson NE, Schiff R, Li W, Oesterreich S. Epigenetic reprogramming of HOXC10 in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:229ra41. [PMID: 24670685 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to aromatase inhibitors (AIs) is a major clinical problem in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. In two breast cancer cell line models of AI resistance, we identified widespread DNA hyper- and hypomethylation, with enrichment for promoter hypermethylation of developmental genes. For the homeobox gene HOXC10, methylation occurred in a CpG shore, which overlapped with a functional ER binding site, causing repression of HOXC10 expression. Although short-term blockade of ER signaling caused relief of HOXC10 repression in both cell lines and breast tumors, it also resulted in concurrent recruitment of EZH2 and increased H3K27me3, ultimately transitioning to increased DNA methylation and silencing of HOXC10. Reduced HOXC10 in vitro and in xenografts resulted in decreased apoptosis and caused antiestrogen resistance. Supporting this, we used paired primary and metastatic breast cancer specimens to show that HOXC10 was reduced in tumors that recurred during AI treatment. We propose a model in which estrogen represses apoptotic and growth-inhibitory genes such as HOXC10, contributing to tumor survival, whereas AIs induce these genes to cause apoptosis and therapeutic benefit, but long-term AI treatment results in permanent repression of these genes via methylation and confers resistance. Therapies aimed at inhibiting AI-induced histone and DNA methylation may be beneficial in blocking or delaying AI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushangi N Pathiraja
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Carrasco
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - C Larrosa
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore. Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
| | - E J Milner-Gulland
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - D P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Moore NL, Edwards DP, Weigel NL. Cyclin A2 and its associated kinase activity are required for optimal induction of progesterone receptor target genes in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:471-82. [PMID: 25220500 PMCID: PMC4201666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A role for the cell cycle protein cyclin A2 in regulating progesterone receptor (PR) activity is emerging. This study investigates the role of cyclin A2 in regulating endogenous PR activity in T47D breast cancer cells by depleting cyclin A2 expression and measuring PR target genes using q-RT-PCR. Targets examined included genes induced by the PR-B isoform more strongly than PR-A (SGK1, FKBP5), a gene induced predominantly by PR-A (HEF1), genes induced via PR tethering to other transcription factors (p21, p27), a gene induced in part via extra-nuclear PR signaling mechanisms (cyclin D1) and PR-repressed genes (DST, IL1R1). Progestin induction of target genes was reduced following cyclin A2 depletion. However, cyclin A2 depletion did not diminish progestin target gene repression. Furthermore, inhibition of the associated Cdk2 kinase activity of cyclin A2 also reduced progestin induction of target genes, while Cdk2 enhanced the interaction between PR and cyclin A2. These results demonstrate that cyclin A2 and its associated kinase activity are important for progestin-induced activation of endogenous PR target genes in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bharadwaj U, Kasembeli MM, Eckols TK, Kolosov M, Lang P, Christensen K, Edwards DP, Tweardy DJ. Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for STAT3β Reveal Its Contribution to Constitutive STAT3 Phosphorylation in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2012-34. [PMID: 25268166 PMCID: PMC4276954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in mice and humans 19 years ago, the contribution of alternatively spliced Stat3, Stat3β, to the overall functions of Stat3 has been controversial. Tyrosine-phosphorylated (p) Stat3β homodimers are more stable, bind DNA more avidly, are less susceptible to dephosphorylation, and exhibit distinct intracellular dynamics, most notably markedly prolonged nuclear retention, compared to pStat3α homodimers. Overexpression of one or the other isoform in cell lines demonstrated that Stat3β acted as a dominant-negative of Stat3α in transformation assays; however, studies with mouse strains deficient in one or the other isoform indicated distinct contributions of Stat3 isoforms to inflammation. Current immunological reagents cannot differentiate Stat3β proteins derived from alternative splicing vs. proteolytic cleavage of Stat3α. We developed monoclonal antibodies that recognize the 7 C-terminal amino acids unique to Stat3β (CT7) and do not cross-react with Stat3α. Immunoblotting studies revealed that levels of Stat3β protein, but not Stat3α, in breast cancer cell lines positively correlated with overall pStat3 levels, suggesting that Stat3β may contribute to constitutive Stat3 activation in this tumor system. The ability to unambiguously discriminate splice alternative Stat3β from proteolytic Stat3β and Stat3α will provide new insights into the contribution of Stat3β vs. Stat3α to oncogenesis, as well as other biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddalak Bharadwaj
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Moses M Kasembeli
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - T Kris Eckols
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mikhail Kolosov
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Paul Lang
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Kurt Christensen
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - David J Tweardy
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Therapeutic targeting of nuclear receptors (NRs) is presently restricted due to 2 constraints: 1) a limited knowledge of the structural dynamics of intact receptor when complexed to DNA and coregulatory proteins; and 2) the inability to more selectively modulate NR actions at specific organ/gene targets. A major obstacle has been the current lack of understanding about the function and structure of the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain that contains a major regulatory transcriptional activation function (AF1). Current studies of both mechanism of action and small molecule-selective receptor modulators for clinical uses target the structured pocket of the ligand-binding domain to modulate coregulatory protein interactions with the other activation function AF2. However, these approaches overlook AF1 activity. Recent studies have shown that highly flexible intrinsically disordered regions of transcription factors, including that of the N-terminal domain AF1 of NRs, not only are critical for several aspects of NR action but also can be exploited as drug targets, thereby opening unique opportunities for endocrine-based therapies. In this review article, we discuss the role of structural flexibilities in the allosteric modulation of NR activity and future perspectives for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stoney Simons
- Steroid Hormones Section (S.S.S.), Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Departments of Molecular & Cellular Biology and Pathology & Immunology (D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; and Department of Basic Sciences (R.K.), The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18510
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Obr AE, Grimm SL, Bishop KA, Pike JW, Lydon JP, Edwards DP. Progesterone receptor and Stat5 signaling cross talk through RANKL in mammary epithelial cells. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:1808-24. [PMID: 24014651 PMCID: PMC3805851 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) stimulates proliferation of the mammary epithelium by a mechanism that involves paracrine signaling mediated from progesterone receptor (PR)-positive to neighboring PR-negative cells. Here we used a primary mouse mammary epithelial cell (MEC) culture system to define the molecular mechanism by which P4 regulates the expression of target gene effectors of proliferation including the paracrine factor receptor and activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). MECs from adult virgin mice grown and embedded in three-dimensional basement-membrane medium resemble mammary ducts in vivo structurally and with respect to other properties including a heterogeneous pattern of PR expression, P4 induction of RANKL and other target genes in a PR-dependent manner, and a proliferative response to progestin. RANKL was demonstrated to have multiple functional P4-responsive enhancers that bind PR in a hormone-dependent manner as detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. P4 also stimulated recruitment of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5a to RANKL enhancers through an apparent tethering with PR. Analysis of primary MECs from Stat5a knockout mice revealed that P4 induction of RANKL and a broad range of other PR target genes required Stat5a, as did P4-stimulated cell proliferation. In the absence of Stat5a, PR binding was lost at selective RANKL enhancers but was retained with others, suggesting that Stat5a acts to facilitate PR DNA binding at selective sites and to function as a coactivator with DNA-bound PR at others. These results show that RANKL is a direct PR target gene and that Stat5a has a novel role as a cofactor in PR-mediated transcriptional signaling in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Obr
- PhD, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM Box 130, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030.
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Edwards FA, Edwards DP, Larsen TH, Hsu WW, Benedick S, Chung A, Vun Khen C, Wilcove DS, Hamer KC. Does logging and forest conversion to oil palm agriculture alter functional diversity in a biodiversity hotspot? Anim Conserv 2013; 17:163-173. [PMID: 25821399 PMCID: PMC4372061 DOI: 10.1111/acv.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Forests in Southeast Asia are rapidly being logged and converted to oil palm. These changes in land-use are known to affect species diversity but consequences for the functional diversity of species assemblages are poorly understood. Environmental filtering of species with similar traits could lead to disproportionate reductions in trait diversity in degraded habitats. Here, we focus on dung beetles, which play a key role in ecosystem processes such as nutrient recycling and seed dispersal. We use morphological and behavioural traits to calculate a variety of functional diversity measures across a gradient of disturbance from primary forest through intensively logged forest to oil palm. Logging caused significant shifts in community composition but had very little effect on functional diversity, even after a repeated timber harvest. These data provide evidence for functional redundancy of dung beetles within primary forest and emphasize the high value of logged forests as refugia for biodiversity. In contrast, conversion of forest to oil palm greatly reduced taxonomic and functional diversity, with a marked decrease in the abundance of nocturnal foragers, a higher proportion of species with small body sizes and the complete loss of telecoprid species (dung-rollers), all indicating a decrease in the functional capacity of dung beetles within plantations. These changes also highlight the vulnerability of community functioning within logged forests in the event of further environmental degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Edwards
- School of Biology, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - D P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK ; School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - T H Larsen
- Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International Arlington, VA, USA
| | - W W Hsu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - S Benedick
- School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - A Chung
- Sepilok Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - C Vun Khen
- Sepilok Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - D S Wilcove
- Woodrow Wilson School and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - K C Hamer
- School of Biology, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
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Dong S, Jia C, Zhang S, Fan G, Li Y, Shan P, Sun L, Xiao W, Li L, Zheng Y, Liu J, Wei H, Hu C, Zhang W, Chin YE, Zhai Q, Li Q, Liu J, Jia F, Mo Q, Edwards DP, Huang S, Chan L, O'Malley BW, Li X, Wang C. The REGγ proteasome regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through inhibition of autophagy. Cell Metab 2013; 18:380-91. [PMID: 24011073 PMCID: PMC3813599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems are major proteolytic pathways, whereas function of the Ub-independent proteasome pathway is yet to be clarified. Here, we investigated roles of the Ub-independent REGγ-proteasome proteolytic system in regulating metabolism. We demonstrate that mice deficient for the proteasome activator REGγ exhibit dramatic autophagy induction and are protected against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver steatosis through autophagy. Molecularly, prevention of steatosis in the absence of REGγ entails elevated SirT1, a deacetylase regulating autophagy and metabolism. REGγ physically binds to SirT1, promotes its Ub-independent degradation, and inhibits its activity to deacetylate autophagy-related proteins, thereby inhibiting autophagy under normal conditions. Moreover, REGγ and SirT1 dissociate from each other through a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism under energy-deprived conditions, unleashing SirT1 to stimulate autophagy. These observations provide a function of the REGγ proteasome in autophagy and hepatosteatosis, underscoring mechanistically a crosstalk between the proteasome and autophagy degradation system in the regulation of lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Medicine, The Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, The Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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