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Kirchner K, Seidel C, Paulsen FO, Sievers B, Bokemeyer C, Lessel D. Further Association of Germline CHEK2 Loss-of-Function Variants with Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7065. [PMID: 38002677 PMCID: PMC10672725 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12227065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) represent the most frequent malignancy in young adult men and have one the highest heritability rates among all cancers. A recent multicenter case-control study identified CHEK2 as the first moderate-penetrance TGCT predisposition gene. Here, we analyzed CHEK2 in 129 TGCT cases unselected for age of onset, histology, clinical outcome, and family history of any cancer, and the frequency of identified variants was compared to findings in 27,173 ancestry-matched cancer-free men. We identified four TGCT cases harboring a P/LP variant in CHEK2 (4/129, 3.10%), which reached statistical significance (p = 0.0191; odds ratio (OR), 4.06; 95% CI, 1.59-10.54) as compared to the control group. Cases with P/LP variants in CHEK2 developed TGCT almost 6 years earlier than individuals with CHEK2 wild-type alleles (5.67 years; 29.5 vs. 35.17). No association was found between CHEK2 status and further clinical and histopathological characteristics, including histological subtypes, the occurrence of aggressive TGCT, family history of TGCT, and family history of any cancer. In addition, we found significant enrichment for the low-penetrance CHEK2 variant p.Ile157Thr (p = 0.0259; odds ratio (OR), 3.69; 95% CI, 1.45-9.55). Thus, we provide further independent evidence of CHEK2 being a moderate-penetrance TGCT predisposition gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Kirchner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Christoph Seidel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (F.-O.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Finn-Ole Paulsen
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (F.-O.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Bianca Sievers
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.S.); (F.-O.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (B.S.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Mittal K, Kaur J, Jaczko M, Wei G, Toss MS, Rakha EA, Janssen EAM, Søiland H, Kucuk O, Reid MD, Gupta MV, Aneja R. Centrosome amplification: a quantifiable cancer cell trait with prognostic value in solid malignancies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:319-339. [PMID: 33106971 PMCID: PMC7897259 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerical and/or structural centrosome amplification (CA) is a hallmark of cancers that is often associated with the aberrant tumor karyotypes and poor clinical outcomes. Mechanistically, CA compromises mitotic fidelity and leads to chromosome instability (CIN), which underlies tumor initiation and progression. Recent technological advances in microscopy and image analysis platforms have enabled better-than-ever detection and quantification of centrosomal aberrancies in cancer. Numerous studies have thenceforth correlated the presence and the degree of CA with indicators of poor prognosis such as higher tumor grade and ability to recur and metastasize. We have pioneered a novel semi-automated pipeline that integrates immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with digital image analysis to yield a quantitative centrosome amplification score (CAS), which is a summation of the severity and frequency of structural and numerical centrosome aberrations in tumor samples. Recent studies in breast cancer show that CA increases across the disease progression continuum, while normal breast tissue exhibited the lowest CA, followed by cancer-adjacent apparently normal, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive tumors, which showed the highest CA. This finding strengthens the notion that CA could be evolutionarily favored and can promote tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the prevalence, extent, and severity of CA in various solid cancer types, the utility of quantifying amplified centrosomes as an independent prognostic marker. We also highlight the clinical feasibility of a CA-based risk score for predicting recurrence, metastasis, and overall prognosis in patients with solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Mittal
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Meghan Jaczko
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Guanhao Wei
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Michael S Toss
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Håvard Søiland
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Omer Kucuk
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Ave, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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3
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miRNAs and Biomarkers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031380. [PMID: 33573132 PMCID: PMC7866514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the leading form of solid cancer and death affecting males between the ages of 20 and 40. Today, their surgical resection and chemotherapy are the treatments of first choice, even if sometimes this is not enough to save the lives of patients with TGCT. As seen for several tumors, the deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is also a key feature in TGCTs. miRNAs are small molecules of RNA with biological activity that are released into biological fluids by testicular cancer cells. Their presence, therefore, can be detected and monitored by considering miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers for TGCTs. The purpose of this review is to collect all the studies executed on miRNAs that have a potential role as biomarkers for testicular tumors.
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Rodríguez-Casuriaga R, Geisinger A. Contributions of Flow Cytometry to the Molecular Study of Spermatogenesis in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1151. [PMID: 33503798 PMCID: PMC7865295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian testes are very heterogeneous organs, with a high number of different cell types. Testicular heterogeneity, together with the lack of reliable in vitro culture systems of spermatogenic cells, have been an obstacle for the characterization of the molecular bases of the unique events that take place along the different spermatogenic stages. In this context, flow cytometry has become an invaluable tool for the analysis of testicular heterogeneity, and for the purification of stage-specific spermatogenic cell populations, both for basic research and for clinical applications. In this review, we highlight the importance of flow cytometry for the advances on the knowledge of the molecular groundwork of spermatogenesis in mammals. Moreover, we provide examples of different approaches to the study of spermatogenesis that have benefited from flow cytometry, including the characterization of mutant phenotypes, transcriptomics, epigenetic and genome-wide chromatin studies, and the attempts to establish cell culture systems for research and/or clinical aims such as infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Rodríguez-Casuriaga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Geisinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Biochemistry-Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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5
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Sala R, Farrell KC, Stearns T. Growth disadvantage associated with centrosome amplification drives population-level centriole number homeostasis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2646-2656. [PMID: 32966175 PMCID: PMC7927180 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The centriole duplication cycle normally ensures that centriole number is maintained at two centrioles per G1 cell. However, some circumstances can result in an aberrant increase in centriole number—a phenotype that is particularly prevalent in several types of cancer. Following an artificial increase in centriole number without tetraploidization due to transient overexpression of the kinase PLK4, human cells return to a normal centriole number during the proliferation of the population. We examine the mechanisms responsible for this return to normal centriole number at the population level in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. We find that the return to normal centriole number in the population of induced cells cannot be explained by limited duplication of centrioles, instability of extra centrioles, or by grossly asymmetric segregation of extra centrioles in mitosis. However, cells with extra centrioles display heterogenous phenotypes including extended cell cycle arrest, longer interphase durations, and death, which overall results in a proliferative disadvantage relative to normal cells in the population. Although about half of cells with extra centrioles in a population were able to divide, the extent of the disadvantages conferred by other fates is sufficient to account for the observed rate of return to normal centriole number. These results suggest that only under conditions of positive selection for cells with extra centrioles, continuous generation of such centrioles, or alleviation of the disadvantageous growth phenotypes would they be maintained in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sala
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - K C Farrell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Chieffi P, De Martino M, Esposito F. Further insights into testicular germ cell tumor oncogenesis: potential therapeutic targets. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:189-195. [PMID: 32164473 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1736566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common neoplasia in the young male population, and the incidence has been constantly increasing in many parts of the world. These tumors are classified into seminomas and non-seminomas, and those divided, in turn, into yolk sac tumors, embryonal cell carcinomas, choriocarcinomas, and teratomas. Although therapeutic approaches have improved, approximately 25% of the patients relapse or, in a small number of cases, show platinum-resistant disease.Areas covered: We review several molecular targets that have recently emerged as powerful tools for both diagnosis and therapy of TGCTs. Moreover, we reviewed the most frequent deregulated pathways involved in TGCT tumorigenesis, reporting drugs that may emerge as novel therapeutic agents.Expert opinion: TGCT treatment is mainly based on platinum-derivative therapy with high cure rates. However, in the refractory patients, there are few alternative treatments. Thus, different pharmacological approaches have to be thoroughly investigated to shed new light on TGCT pathogenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università della Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco De Martino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università della Campania, Caserta, Italy.,Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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7
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Clonal analyses of refractory testicular germ cell tumors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213815. [PMID: 30870501 PMCID: PMC6417677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are unique amongst solid tumors in terms of the high cure rates using chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Nevertheless, TGCTs still kill approximately 400 men per year, at a median age of 30 years, in the United States. This young age of mortality dramatically amplifies the impact of these deaths for the patients and their often young families. Furthermore the high cure rate makes it difficult to conduct further clinical trials of non curable disease. TGCTs are characterized by a marked aneuploidy and the presence of gain of chromosomal region 12p. Genomic testing may offer the ability to identify potentially lethal TGCTs at the time of initial diagnosis. However sequencing based studies have shown a paucity of somatic mutations in TGCT genomes including those that drive refractory disease. Furthermore these studies may be limited by genetic heterogeneity in primary tumors and the evolution of sub populations during disease progression. Herein we applied a systematic approach combining DNA content flow cytometry, whole genome copy number and whole exome sequence analyses to interrogate tumor heterogeneity in primary and metastatic refractory TGCTs. We identified both known and novel somatic copy number aberrations (12p, MDM2, and RHBDD1) and mutations (XRCC2, PIK3CA, RITA1) including candidate markers for platinum resistance that were present in a primary tumor of mixed histology and that remained after tandem autologous stem cell transplant.
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8
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Chieffi P, De Martino M, Esposito F. New Anti-Cancer Strategies in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:53-59. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666190111120023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The most common solid malignancy of young men aged 20 to 34 years is testicular germ cell tumor. In addition, the incidence of these tumors has significantly increased throughout the last years. Testicular germ cell tumors are classified into seminoma and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, which take in yolk sac tumor, embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma. There are noteworthy differences about therapy and prognosis of seminomas and nonseminoma germ cell tumors, even though both share characteristics of the primordial germ cells. </P><P> Objectives: The study is focused on different molecular mechanisms strongly involved in testicular germ cell line tumors underlying new strategies to treat this human neoplasia.Methods:Bibliographic data from peer-reviewed research, patent and clinical trial literature, and around eighty papers and patents have been included in this review.Results:Our study reveals that several biomarkers are usefully utilized to discriminate among different histotypes. Moreover, we found new patents regarding testicular germ cell tumor treatments such as the expression of claudin 6, monoclonal antibody (Brentuximab Vedotin), immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) with the FDA-approved drugs pembrolizumab and nivolumab or the oncolytic virus Pelareorep, the combination of selective inhibitors of Aurora kinase.Conclusion:Finally, the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumor needs to be deeply understood so that it will improve data on stem cells, tumorigenesis and disease tumor management by more selective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco De Martino
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology of the CNR c / o Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Surgery of Naples, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
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9
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Lobo J, Gillis AJM, Jerónimo C, Henrique R, Looijenga LHJ. Human Germ Cell Tumors are Developmental Cancers: Impact of Epigenetics on Pathobiology and Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E258. [PMID: 30634670 PMCID: PMC6359418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Current (high throughput omics-based) data support the model that human (malignant) germ cell tumors are not initiated by somatic mutations, but, instead through a defined locked epigenetic status, representative of their cell of origin. This elegantly explains the role of both genetic susceptibility as well as environmental factors in the pathogenesis, referred to as 'genvironment'. Moreover, it could also explain various epidemiological findings, including the rising incidence of this type of cancer in Western societies. In addition, it allows for identification of clinically relevant and informative biomarkers both for diagnosis and follow-up of individual patients. The current status of these findings will be discussed, including the use of high throughput DNA methylation profiling for determination of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) as well as chromosomal copy number variation (CNV). Finally, the potential value of methylation-specific tumor DNA fragments (i.e., XIST promotor) as well as embryonic microRNAs as molecular biomarkers for cancer detection in liquid biopsies will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Lobo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Ad J M Gillis
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Josephine Nefkens Building, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (GEBC CI-IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPOP), R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-513 Porto, Portugal;.
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Laboratory of Experimental Patho-Oncology (LEPO), Josephine Nefkens Building, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, University Medical Center, Cancer Institute, Be-432A, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among men between 14 and 44 years of age, and its incidence has risen over the past two decades in Western countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of testicular cancer, for which cryptorchidism is the most common risk factor. Progress has been made in our understanding of the disease since the initial description of carcinoma in situ of the testis in 1972 (now referred to as germ cell neoplasia in situ), which has led to improved treatment options. The combination of surgery and cisplatin-based chemotherapy has resulted in a cure rate of >90% in patients with testicular cancer, although some patients become refractory to chemotherapy or have a late relapse; an improved understanding of the molecular determinants underlying tumour sensitivity and resistance may lead to the development of novel therapies for these patients. This Primer provides an overview of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and current treatment guidelines for testicular cancer, with a focus on germ cell tumours. We also outline areas for future research and what to expect in the next decade for testicular cancer.
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Mussali-Galante P, Rodríguez-Lara V, Hernández-Tellez B, Avila-Costa MR, Colín-Barenque L, Bizarro-Nevarez P, Martínez-Levy G, Rojas-Lemus M, Piñón-Zarate G, Saldivar-Osorio L, Diaz-Beck P, Herrera-Enríquez MA, Tovar-Sánchez E, Fortoul TI. Inhaled vanadium pentoxide decrease gamma-tubulin of mouse testes at different exposure times. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 21:215-22. [PMID: 16342472 DOI: 10.1191/0748233705th232oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium is an important environmental and industrial pollutant whose concentrations have increased in the last decades. Due to its status as reproductive toxicant and a microtubule damaging agent, the present study investigated by immunohistochemistry the effect of the inhalation of vanadium pentoxide on gamma-tubulin within somatic and testicular germ cells. Male mice inhaled vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) (0.02 M) 1 h/twice a week for 12 weeks. Our results demonstrated that vanadium accumulates in the testes starting with the initial inhalation (24 h), and this pattern remained until the last week of treatment. In general, vanadium was capable of significantly decreasing the percentage of gamma-tubulin in all analyzed testicular cells (Sertoli, Leydig and germ cells) starting with the first week of treatment. For all cell types studied, regression analysis revealed a negative and significant relationship between the percentage of immunopositive cells to gamma-tubulin and exposure time, showing a time dependent response in all cases. Our findings suggest that alterations on this protein might imply changes in microtubule-involved function such as cell division, which in the testes might lead to damage in the spermatogenesis, leading probably to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mussali-Galante
- Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City
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12
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Occurrence of secondary malignancies in chronic myeloid leukemia during therapy with imatinib mesylate-single institution experience. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2015; 7:e2015003. [PMID: 25574362 PMCID: PMC4283924 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2015.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Imatinib mesylate (IM) remains the treatment of choice for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) showing a remarkable efficacy and offers a perspective for long disease-free survival. Due to prolonged administration of IM, the questions about the possible impact on the development of secondary malignancies (SM) are raised. Objective To investigate the incidence and clinical outcome of secondary malignancies during IM therapy for CML. Material and Methods The records of 221 CML patients treated with IM between 2003–2013 in a single institution were reviewed. The Poisson regression model was used to estimate the relative risks for SM and death in CML patients. Results Secondary malignancies developed in eight out of the 221 patients (3.6%) receiving IM for a median of 61 months (range, 10–137 months). Female/male ratio was 5/3. Two patients were diagnosed with their CML at accelerated phase whereas 6 had chronic phase. The median age at IM initiation was 58 years (range, 31–72 years). Five of these 8 SM patients received IM after other treatments failure: interferon α (n=5), hydroxyurea (n=4) and cytarabine (n=1). Three patients received IM as a frontline therapy. All patients were on IM at 400mg daily at SM occurrence. The therapy for SM included surgery (n=3), chemotherapy only (n=3), and chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (n=1). One patient did not receive treatment due to disseminated disease. All CML patients were in hematologic and complete cytogenetic response (CCR) at the time of SM development. All of them also met the criteria for major molecular response (BCR-ABLIS ≤0.1%). They continued their IM while receiving treatment for SM. Among eight patients with SM, five patients are alive and remain in CCR on IM whereas three patients died due to SM. The risks for SM development as well as death due to SM in CML patients were not statistically increased if compared to age-adjusted population. Conclusions The association between IM therapy for CML and SM development has not been found.
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Fucic A, Gamulin M, Katic J, Milic M, Druzhinin V, Grgić M. Genome damage in testicular seminoma patients seven years after radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:928-33. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.825057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chieffi P, Chieffi S. Molecular biomarkers as potential targets for therapeutic strategies in human testicular germ cell tumors: an overview. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1641-6. [PMID: 23359388 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), the most common malignancy in males between 15 and 34 years of age and the most frequent cause of death from solid tumors in this age group. TGCTs can be subdivided into seminoma and non-seminoma germ cell tumors (NSGCTs), including embryonal cell carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, yolk sac tumor, and teratoma. Seminomas and NSGCTs do not only present distinctive clinical features, but they also show significant differences as far as therapy and prognosis are concerned. Seminomas are highly sensitive to both radiation and chemotherapy, with a good prognosis, non-seminomas are sensitive to platinum-based combination chemotherapy and are less susceptible to radiation, with the exception of teratomas. The different therapeutic outcome might be explained by inherent properties of the cells from which testicular neoplasia originate. The unique treatment sensitivity of TGCTs is unexplained so far, but it is likely to be related to intrinsic molecular characteristics of the PGCs/gonocytes, from which these tumors originate. Many discovered bio-markers including OCT3/4, SOX2, SOX17, HMGA1, HMGA2, PATZ1, GPR30, Aurora B, estrogen receptor β, and others have given further advantages to discriminate between histological subgroups. In addition, therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TGCTs have been proposed: humanized antibodies against receptors/surface molecules on cancer cells, inhibitors of serine-threonine, and tyrosine kinases, and others. The mini-review will be an overview on the molecular alterations identified in TGCTs and on novel targeted antineoplastic strategies that might help to treat chemotherapy resistant TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, II Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy.
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Kyrkou A, Soufi M, Bahtz R, Ferguson C, Bai M, Parton RG, Hoffmann I, Zerial M, Fotsis T, Murphy C. The RhoD to centrosomal duplication. Small GTPases 2013; 4:116-22. [PMID: 23422264 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main functional roles attributed to the centrosome, the major microtubule organizing center (MTOC) of metazoans, are related to cell locomotion, sensory perception and division. The role of vesicular trafficking in the regulation of the centrosome cycle has been largely unexplored. Recently, however, several studies have indicated the involvement of molecules and/or complexes of the trafficking routes in centrosome positioning, duplication and regulation. Functional screens have revealed communication between the outer nuclear envelope, the Golgi apparatus, the endosomal recycling compartment and centrosomes, while other studies underline the involvement of the ESCRT complex proteins in centrosome function. In this commentary, we discuss our recent study, which shows the involvement of an endosomal Rho protein, namely RhoD, in centrosome duplication and possible links between the centrosome's structural and functional integrity to vesicular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Kyrkou
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece
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Chan JY. A clinical overview of centrosome amplification in human cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1122-44. [PMID: 22043171 PMCID: PMC3204404 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The turn of the 21st century had witnessed a surge of interest in the centrosome and its causal relation to human cancer development - a postulate that has existed for almost a century. Centrosome amplification (CA) is frequently detected in a growing list of human cancers, both solid and haematological, and is a candidate "hallmark" of cancer cells. Several lines of evidence support the progressive involvement of CA in the transition from early to advanced stages of carcinogenesis, being also found in pre-neoplastic lesions and even in histopathologically-normal tissue. CA constitutes the major mechanism leading to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, via the formation of multipolar spindles and chromosomal missegregation. Clinically, CA may translate to a greater risk for initiation of malignant transformation, tumour progression, chemoresistance and ultimately, poor patient prognosis. As mechanisms underlying CA are progressively being unravelled, the centrosome has emerged as a novel candidate target for cancer treatment. This Review summarizes mainly the clinical studies performed to date focusing on the mechanisms underlying CA in human neoplasia, and highlights the potential utility of centrosomes in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of human cancers.
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Pease JC, Tirnauer JS. Mitotic spindle misorientation in cancer--out of alignment and into the fire. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1007-16. [PMID: 21402874 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.081406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic spindle orientation can influence tissue organization and vice versa. Cells orient their spindles by rotating them parallel or perpendicular to the cell--and hence the tissue--axis. Spindle orientation in turn controls the placement of daughter cells within a tissue, influencing tissue morphology. Recent findings implicating tumor suppressor proteins in spindle orientation bring to the forefront a connection between spindle misorientation and cancer. In this Commentary, we focus on the role of three major human tumor suppressors--adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), E-cadherin and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)--in spindle orientation. We discuss how, in addition to their better-known functions, these proteins affect microtubule stability and cell polarity, and how their loss of function causes spindles to become misoriented. We also consider how other cancer-associated features, such as oncogene mutations, centrosome amplification and the tumor microenvironment, might influence spindle orientation. Finally, we speculate on the role of spindle misorientation in cancer development and progression. We conclude that spindle misorientation alone is unlikely to be tumorigenic, but it has the potential to synergize with cancer-associated changes to facilitate genomic instability, tissue disorganization, metastasis and expansion of cancer stem cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian C Pease
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA
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Mutational analysis of proto-oncogene Dbl on Xq27 in testicular germ cell tumors reveals a rare SNP in a patient with bilateral undescended testis. World J Urol 2011; 27:811-5. [PMID: 19373475 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-009-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An abundance of X chromosomes in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), and a candidate TGCTs susceptibility gene (TGCT1) on Xq27 highlight the potential involvement of X chromosomes in TGCT pathogenesis. However, the TGCT1 on Xq27 has so far not been identified. We hypothesized that a somatic mutation of dbl oncogene on Xq27 may play a role for the development of TGCTs. METHODS We have screened 41 TGCT tissues for dbl mutations using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. These tissues are composed of 25 seminomatous TGCTs tissues and 16 non-seminomatous TGCTs tissues, including two cases with a rhabdomyosarcoma component. RESULTS Somatic mutations were not detected in the 25 exons of dbl in these TGCTs. However, we found a rare single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (T to C nucleotide change) within intron 22 in one out of the 41 TGCTs cases (2%). Furthermore, the sample with the rare SNP was identified as the sole TGCTs case associated with bilateral undescended testis in our series. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that proto-oncogene dbl is not a major target for sporadic TGCTs. However, the rare SNP in dbl may affect the susceptibility to undescended testis. Determining the frequency of this SNP in patients with various types of undescended testis in different ethnic groups is a warranted study.
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Harrison MK, Adon AM, Saavedra HI. The G1 phase Cdks regulate the centrosome cycle and mediate oncogene-dependent centrosome amplification. Cell Div 2011; 6:2. [PMID: 21272329 PMCID: PMC3038874 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Because centrosome amplification generates aneuploidy and since centrosome amplification is ubiquitous in human tumors, a strong case is made for centrosome amplification being a major force in tumor biogenesis. Various evidence showing that oncogenes and altered tumor suppressors lead to centrosome amplification and aneuploidy suggests that oncogenes and altered tumor suppressors are a major source of genomic instability in tumors, and that they generate those abnormal processes to initiate and sustain tumorigenesis. We discuss how altered tumor suppressors and oncogenes utilize the cell cycle regulatory machinery to signal centrosome amplification and aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Harrison
- Emory University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
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Baldini E, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Mottolese M, Sentinelli S, Antoniani B, Sorrenti S, Salducci M, Comini E, Ulisse S, D'Armiento M. Deregulation of Aurora kinase gene expression in human testicular germ cell tumours. Andrologia 2010; 42:260-7. [PMID: 20629650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aurora kinases regulate chromosome segregation and cytokinesis, and alterations in their expression associate with cell malignant transformation. In this study, we demonstrated by qRT-PCR analysis of 14 seminomas that Aurora-A mRNA was, with respect to control tissues, augmented in five of 14 tumour tissues by 2.17 +/- 0.30 fold (P < 0.05) and reduced in 9 to 0.38 +/- 0.10 (P < 0.01). Aurora-B mRNA was increased in 11 tumour tissues by 4.33 +/- 0.82 fold (P < 0.01) and reduced in 3 to 0.41 +/- 0.11 fold. Aurora-C mRNA was reduced to 0.20 +/- 0.32 fold (P < 0.01) in 13 seminomas and up-regulated in one case. Western blot experiments, performed on protein extracts of nine seminomas and six normal testes, showed an up-regulation of Aurora-B protein by 10.14 +/- 3.51 fold (P < 0.05), while Aurora-A protein was found increased in four seminomas by 2.16 +/- 0.43 (P < 0.05), unchanged in three and reduced in two tumour tissues. Aurora-C protein was increased by 9.2 +/- 2.90 fold (P < 0.05), suggesting that post-transcriptional mechanisms modulate its expression. In conclusion, we demonstrated that expression of Aurora kinases is deregulated in seminomas, suggesting that they may play a role in the progression of testicular cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baldini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Testicular cancer developed in a chronic myeloid leukemia patient with a continued complete cytogenetic and molecular response to imatinib. A case report and review of the literature. Leuk Res 2010; 34:e229-31. [PMID: 20359744 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Burum-Auensen E, Skotheim RI, Schjølberg AR, Røislien J, Lothe RA, Clausen OPF. Spindle proteins are differentially expressed in the various histological subtypes of testicular germ cell tumors. J Carcinog 2010; 9:1. [PMID: 20411023 PMCID: PMC2856146 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.60358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are characterized by an aneuploid DNA content. Aberrant expression of spindle proteins such as the Aurora kinases and the spindle checkpoint proteins MAD2 and BUB1B, are thought to contribute to the development of chromosomal instability and DNA aneuploidy in cancer. The importance of these spindle proteins remains unknown in the development of TGCTs, thus we have explored the expression levels of these proteins in normal and malignant testicular tissues. Materials and Methods: Using tissue microarrays the expression levels of Aurora kinase A (AURKA), Aurora kinase B (AURKB), BUB1B and MAD2 were measured in normal, preneoplastic and malignant testicular tissues of different histological subtypes from 279 orchidectomy specimens by means of immunohistochemistry. Results: All the spindle proteins except for AURKB were expressed in normal testis. Sixty-eight and 36%, respectively, of the primary spermatocytes in the normal testis were positive for BUB1B and MAD2, while only 5% of the cells were positive for AURKA. There was a significantly lower expression of the spindle checkpoint proteins in carcinoma in situ compared to normal testis (P=0.008 and P=0.043 for BUB1B and MAD2, respectively), while the level of AURKA was increased, however, not significantly (P=0.18). The extent of spindle protein expression varied significantly within the different histological subtypes of TGCTs (P<0.001 for AURKB, BUB1B and MAD2, P=0.003 for AURKA). The expression of AURKA was significantly elevated in both non-seminomas (P=0.003) and seminomas (P=0.015). The level of BUB1B was significantly decreased in non-seminomas (P<0.001). A similar tendency was observed for MAD2 (P=0.11). Conclusions: In carcinoma in situ of TGCTs the spindle checkpoint proteins MAD2 and BUB1B are significantly less expressed compared to normal testis, while the expression of AURKA is increased. We suggest that these changes may be of importance in the transition from in situ to invasive testicular cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Burum-Auensen
- Division of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Polyploidy: Mechanisms and Cancer Promotion in Hematopoietic and Other Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 676:105-22. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6199-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sirintrapun SJ, Parwani AV. Molecular Pathology of the Genitourinary Tract: Molecular Pathology of Kidney and Testes. Surg Pathol Clin 2009; 2:199-223. [PMID: 26838102 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of newer molecular technologies, our knowledge of cellular mechanisms with tumors of the kidney and testis has grown exponentially. Molecular technologies have led to better understanding of interplay between the von Hippel-Lindau gene and angiogenic cytokines in renal cancer and isochromosome 12p in testicular neoplasms. The result has been development of antiangiogenic-targeted therapy within recent years that has become the mainstay treatment for metastatic renal cell cancer. In the near future, classification and diagnosis of renal and testicular tumors through morphologic analysis will be supplemented by molecular information correlating to prognosis and targeted therapy. This article outlines tumor molecular pathology of the kidney and testis encompassing current genomic, epigenomic, and proteonomic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Joseph Sirintrapun
- Pathology Informatics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Anil V Parwani
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Shadyside Hospital, Room WG 07, 5230 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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Barbagallo F, Paronetto MP, Franco R, Chieffi P, Dolci S, Fry AM, Geremia R, Sette C. Increased expression and nuclear localization of the centrosomal kinase Nek2 in human testicular seminomas. J Pathol 2009; 217:431-41. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mouse embryonic fibroblasts null for the Krüppel-like factor 4 gene are genetically unstable. Oncogene 2009; 28:1197-205. [PMID: 19137014 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc-finger transcription factor with tumor suppressive activity in colorectal cancer. Here, we investigated whether KLF4 is involved in maintaining genetic stability in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from mice wild type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-), or homozygous (-/-) for the Klf4 alleles. Compared to Klf4(+/+) and Klf4(+/-) MEFs, Klf4(-/-) MEFs had both a higher level of apoptosis and rate of proliferation. Quantification of chromosome numbers showed that Klf4(-/-) MEFs were aneuploid. A higher number of Klf4(-/-) MEFs exhibited gamma-H2AX foci and had higher amounts of gamma-H2AX compared to controls. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated the presence of numerous chromosome aberrations including dicentric chromosomes, chromatid breaks, and double minute chromosomes in Klf4(-/-) cells but in few, if any, Klf4(+/+) or Klf4(+/-) MEFs. Approximately 25% of Klf4(-/-) MEFs exhibited centrosome amplification in contrast to the less than 5% of Klf4(+/+) or Klf4(+/-) MEFs. Finally, only Klf4(-/-) MEFs were capable of anchorage-independent growth. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that MEFs null for the Klf4 alleles are genetically unstable, as evidenced by the presence of aneuploidy, chromosome aberration and centrosome amplification. The results support a crucial role for KLF4 in maintaining genetic stability and as a tumor suppressor.
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Chieffi P, Franco R, Portella G. Molecular and cell biology of testicular germ cell tumors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 278:277-308. [PMID: 19815181 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)78006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are relatively uncommon, they are particularly important as they tend to affect children and young men, representing the most common tumor in male aged from 20 to 40years. TGCTs are a heterogeneous group of tumors, with specific peculiarities reflecting on epidemiologic distribution and clinic-pathological features. TGCTs show a high-cure rates in both seminomas and nonseminomas and represent the model of a curable neoplasia: sensitive serum tumor markers, accurate prognostic classification, contribute to a high effectiveness of cancer therapy. However, up to 30% of patients diagnosed with metastatic nonseminomas do not achieve a durable remission, and in metastatic teratomas cisplatin-based treatment resistance has been observed. These different prognostic and therapeutic features of TGCTs highlight the need for a better understanding of the molecular biology of TGCT, that could help to improve disease management and to tailor aggressiveness of treatment to the severity of the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Chieffi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, II Università di Napoli, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Burum-Auensen E, DeAngelis PM, Schjølberg AR, Røislien J, Mjåland O, Clausen OPF. Reduced level of the spindle checkpoint protein BUB1B is associated with aneuploidy in colorectal cancers. Cell Prolif 2008; 41:645-59. [PMID: 18699967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The majority of solid human malignancies demonstrate DNA aneuploidy as a consequence of chromosomal instability. We wanted to investigate whether Aurora A, Aurora B, BUB1B and Mad2 were associated with the development of aneuploidy in colorectal adenocarcinomas as suggested by several in vitro studies, and if their protein levels were related to alterations at the corresponding chromosomal loci. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of these spindle proteins were investigated by immunohistochemistry using tissue micro-arrays in a series of DNA aneuploid and diploid colorectal adenocarcinomas previously examined for genomic aberrations by comparative genomic hybridization. RESULTS All proteins were overexpressed in malignant tissues compared to controls (P < 0.001 for all). BUB1B level was significantly reduced in aneuploid compared to diploid cancers (P = 0.001), whereas expression of the other proteins was not associated with DNA ploidy status. High levels of Aurora A (P = 0.049) and low levels of Aurora B (P = 0.031) were associated with poor prognosis, but no associations were revealed between protein expression and genomic aberration. CONCLUSIONS A significant reduction of BUB1B level was detected in aneuploid compared to diploid colorectal cancers, consistent with earlier studies showing that loss of spindle checkpoint function may be involved in development of DNA aneuploidy. Our data also show that spindle proteins are overexpressed in colorectal cancers, and that expression of the Aurora kinases is associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burum-Auensen
- The Pathology Clinic, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) are the in vitro descendants of the pluripotent inner cell mass (ICM) of human blastocyst stage embryos. HESCs can be kept undifferentiated in culture or be differentiated to tissues representing all three germ layers, both in vivo and in vitro. These properties make HESC-based therapy remarkably appealing for the treatment of various disorders. Upon transplantation in vivo, undifferentiated HESCs rapidly generate the formation of large tumors called teratomas. These are benign masses of haphazardly differentiated tissues. Teratomas also appear spontaneously in humans and in mice. When they also encompass a core of malignant undifferentiated cells, these tumors are defined as teratocarcinomas. These malignant undifferentiated cells are termed embryonic carcinoma (EC), and are the malignant counterparts of embryonic stem cells. Here we review the history of experimental teratomas and teratocarcinomas, from spontaneous teratocarcinomas in mice to induced teratomas by HESC transplantation. We then discuss cellular and molecular aspects of the tumorigenicity of HESCs. We also describe the utilization of HESC-induced teratomas for the modeling of early human embryogenesis and for modeling developmental diseases. The problem of HESC-induced teratomas may also impede or prevent future HESC-based therapies. We thus conclude with a survey of approaches to evade HESC-induced tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Blum
- Stem Cells Unit, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Burum-Auensen E, Deangelis PM, Schjølberg AR, Røislien J, Andersen SN, Clausen OPF. Spindle proteins Aurora A and BUB1B, but not Mad2, are aberrantly expressed in dysplastic mucosa of patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:1403-8. [PMID: 17322345 PMCID: PMC2095563 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.044305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long term ulcerative colitis (UC) increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). DNA aneuploidy is a common feature of both dysplastic and non-dysplastic colonic epithelia from patients with longstanding UC, and is regarded as an early sign of possible malignant transformation. The spindle proteins Aurora A, BUB1B and Mad2 have been implicated as contributors to aneuploidy and carcinogenesis. AIMS To investigate the role of these spindle proteins in relation to DNA aneuploidy and during the progressive morphological changes in ulcerative colitis associated colorectal cancer (UCCRC). METHODS Tissue microarrays were made from 31 colectomy specimens from patients with longstanding UC. Expression of Aurora A, BUB1B and Mad2 was investigated by immunohistochemistry and their relation to ploidy status, mucosal morphology and Ki67 levels was explored. RESULTS Expression of Aurora A and BUB1B was significantly associated with the progressive morphological changes of UCCRC. In the progression from non-dysplastic to dysplastic mucosa, Aurora A expression decreased while BUB1B expression increased. There was an increasing incidence of aneuploidy with progression towards cancer; expression of all spindle proteins was associated with the level of Ki67 but not with aneuploidy. CONCLUSION Due to the significant differences in Aurora A and BUB1B expression in dysplastic compared non-dysplastic mucosa, these proteins may serve as putative biological markers for the progressive morphological changes in UC associated carcinogenesis. The close relationship to Ki67 levels reflect that spindle proteins are expressed in tissues with a high proliferative rate; a role for these proteins in the development of aneuploidy was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burum-Auensen
- The Pathology Clinic, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, University of Oslo, Faculty of Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Hensel M, Zoz M, Giesecke C, Benner A, Neben K, Jauch A, Stilgenbauer S, Ho AD, Krämer A. High rate of centrosome aberrations and correlation with proliferative activity in patients with untreated B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:978-83. [PMID: 17417785 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a high rate of clonal genomic alterations and a low proliferative activity with cell cycle arrest in G(0)/G(1) phase. Recently, centrosome aberrations have been described as a possible cause of chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in many human malignancies. To investigate whether centrosome aberrations do occur in CLL and whether they correlate with common prognostic factors and disease activity, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 70 patients with previously untreated CLL using an antibody to gamma-tubulin. All 70 CLL samples displayed significantly more cells with centrosome aberrations (median: 26.0%, range 11.0-41.5%) as compared to peripheral blood B lymphocytes from 20 age-matched, healthy individuals (median: 2.0%, range 0-6%; p < 0.001). The extent of centrosome aberrations correlated with the proliferative activity of the CLL cases as measured by lymphocyte doubling time (p = 0.02) as well as with time to first treatment (p = 0.05). Accordingly, more centrosome aberrations were found in PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes from healthy individuals as well as in B cells from surgically removed tonsil tissue of patients with acute tonsillitis as compared to the peripheral blood B lymphocytes from the control group. In contrast, no correlation was observed between centrosome aberrations and immunoglobulin VH gene mutation status or cytogenetically defined risk groups. These findings suggest that, despite the common observation of most CLL cells remaining in G(0)/G(1) phase, their centrosome replication process is deregulated and correlates to the proliferative activity of CLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Hensel
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Nguyen HG, Ravid K. Tetraploidy/aneuploidy and stem cells in cancer promotion: The role of chromosome passenger proteins. J Cell Physiol 2006; 208:12-22. [PMID: 16331679 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While polyploidy, a state of having fully duplicated sets of chromosomes per cell, has been described in normally developing bone marrow megakaryocytes or as an adaptive response in other cell types, aneuploidy is never detected in normal cells. Tetraploidy or aneuploidy can be induced by several signals and it is highly prevalent in different forms of cancers, suggesting a role for this cell cycle state in promoting cellular transformation. Investigations suggested that loss of heterozygosity of cancer-related genes in stem cells might contribute to genetic instability in progeny cells and to subsequent cancer development. Deregulated expression of chromosome passenger proteins, such as Aurora kinases or Survivin, is a hallmark of various cancers, and experimentally induced changes in these regulators can promote tetraploidy or aneuploidy and loss of heterozygosity. Our studies described an induction of tetraploidy/aneuploidy by a stable form of Aurora-B, leading to acquisition of transformation properties. It is intriguing to speculate that in some cancers, tetraploidy/aneuploidy induced by deregulated expression of a mitotic regulator represents a primary event that leads to unbalanced expression of a cluster of crucial genes and to cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao G Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Medicine, Cancer Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lingle WL, Lukasiewicz K, Salisbury JL. Deregulation of the centrosome cycle and the origin of chromosomal instability in cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 570:393-421. [PMID: 18727509 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3764-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although we have begun to tap into the mechanisms behind Boveri's initial observation that supernumerary centrosomes cause chromosome missegregation in sea urchin eggs, there is still much left to discover with regard to chromosomal instability in cancer. Many of the molecular players involved in regulation of the centrosome and cell cycles, and the coupling of the two cycles to produce a bipolar mitotic spindle have been identified. One theme that has become apparent is that cross talk and interrelatedness of the pathways serve to provide redundant mechanisms to maintain genomic integrity. In spite of this, cells occasionally fall prey to insults that initiate and maintain the chromosomal instability that results in viable malignant tumours. Deregulation of centrosome structure is an integral aspect of the origin of chromosomal instability in many cancers. There are numerous routes to centrosome amplification including: environmental insults such as ionising radiation and exposure to estrogen (Li et al., 2005); failure of cytokinesis; and activating mutations in key regulators of centrosome structure and function. There are two models for initiation of centrosome amplification (Figure 2). In the first, centrosome duplication and chromosome replication remain coupled and cells enter G2 with 4N chromosomes and duplicated centrosomes. However, these cells may fail to complete mitosis, and thus reenter G1 as tetraploid cells with amplified centrosomes. In the second, the centrosome cycle is uncoupled from chromosome replication and cells go through one or more rounds of centriole/centrosome duplication in the absence of chromosome replication. If these cells then go through chromosome replication accompanied by another round of centrosome duplication, cells complete G2 with 4N chromosomes and more than 2 centrosomes, and therefore are predisposed to generate multipolar mitotic spindles. Fragmentation of centrosomes due to ionising radiation is a variation of the second model. Once centrosome amplification is present, even in a diploid cell, that cell has the potential to yield viable aneuploid progeny. The telophase cell in Figure 3C illustrates this scenario. In a normal telophase configuration, the total number of chromosomes is 92 (resulting from the segregation of 46 pairs of chromatids), with each daughter nucleus containing 46 individual chromosomes. Based on the number of kinetochore signals present, the lower nucleus in Figure 3C has approximately 28 chromosomes, and the elongate upper nucleus has approximately 60, for a total of 88. Due to superimposition of kinetochores in this maximum projection image, 88 is an underestimate of the actual number of kinetochores and is not significantly different from the expected total of 92. A cell resulting from the lower nucleus with only around 28 chromosomes would probably not be viable, much as Boveri's experiments indicated. However, the upper nucleus with at least 60 chromosomes could be viable. This cell would enter G1 as hypotriploid (69 chromosomes = triploid) with 2 centrosomes. During S and G2, the centrosomes and chromosomes would double, and the following mitosis could be tetrapolar with a 6N chromosome content. When centrosome amplification is accompanied by permissive lapses in cell cycle checkpoints, the potential for malignant growth is present. These lapses could result from specific genetic mutations and amplifications, epigenetic gene silencing, or from massive chromosomal instability caused by the centrosome amplification. Centrosome amplification, therefore, can serve to exacerbate and/or generate genetic instabilities associated with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma L Lingle
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Fukasawa K. Centrosome amplification, chromosome instability and cancer development. Cancer Lett 2005; 230:6-19. [PMID: 16253756 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, two centrosomes form spindle poles and direct the formation of bipolar mitotic spindles, which is an essential event for accurate chromosome segregation into daughter cells. The presence of more than two centrosomes (centrosome amplification), severely disturbs mitotic process and cytokinesis via formation of more than two spindle poles, resulting in an increased frequency of chromosome segregation errors (chromosome instability). Destabilization of chromosomes by centrosome amplification aids acquisition of further malignant phenotypes, hence promoting tumor progression. Centrosome amplification occurs frequently in almost all types of cancer, and is considered as the major contributing factor for chromosome instability in cancer cells. Upon cytokinesis, each daughter cell receives one centrosome, and thus centrosome must duplicate once, and only once, before the next mitosis. If centrosomes duplicate more than once within a single cell cycle, centrosome amplification occurs, which is frequently seen in cells harboring mutations in some tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 and BRCA1. The recent studies have provided critical information for understanding how loss of these proteins allows multiple rounds of centrosome duplication. In this review, how centrosome amplification destabilizes chromosomes, how loss of certain tumor suppressor proteins leads to centrosome amplification, and the role of centrosome amplification in cancer development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fukasawa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, P.O. Box 670521 (3125 Eden Ave), Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA.
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Yoon HS, Ghaleb AM, Nandan MO, Hisamuddin IM, Dalton WB, Yang VW. Krüppel-like factor 4 prevents centrosome amplification following gamma-irradiation-induced DNA damage. Oncogene 2005; 24:4017-25. [PMID: 15806166 PMCID: PMC1626272 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Centrosome duplication is a carefully controlled process in the cell cycle. Previous studies indicate that the tumor suppressor, p53, regulates centrosome duplication. Here, we present evidence for the involvement of the mammalian Krüppel-like transcription factor, KLF4, in preventing centrosome amplification following DNA damage caused by gamma-irradiation. The colon cancer cell line HCT116, which contains wild-type p53 alleles (HCT116 p53+/+), displayed stable centrosome numbers following gamma-irradiation. In contrast, HCT116 cells null for the p53 alleles (HCT116 p53-/-) exhibited centrosome amplification after irradiation. In the latter cell line, KLF4 was not activated following gamma-irradiation due to the absence of p53. However, centrosome amplification could be suppressed in irradiated HCT116 p53-/- cells by conditional induction of exogenous KLF4. Conversely, in a HCT116 p53+/+ cell line stably transfected with small hairpin RNA (shRNA) designed to specifically inhibit KLF4, gamma-irradiation induced centrosome amplification. In these cells, the inability of KLF4 to become activated in response to DNA damage was directly associated with an increase in cyclin E level and Cdk2 activity, both essential for regulating centrosome duplication. Cotransfection experiments showed that KLF4 overexpression suppressed the promoter activity of the cyclin E gene. The results of this study demonstrated that KLF4 is both necessary and sufficient in preventing centrosome amplification following gamma-radiation-induced DNA damage and does so by transcriptionally suppressing cyclin E expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong S Yoon
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Kayser G, Gerlach U, Walch A, Nitschke R, Haxelmans S, Kayser K, Hopt U, Werner M, Lassmann S. Numerical and structural centrosome aberrations are an early and stable event in the adenoma–carcinoma sequence of colorectal carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 447:61-5. [PMID: 15928943 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-004-1191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Numerical and structural centrosome changes have been described for and linked with genetic instability in solid tumors. Here, we specifically address centrosome aberrations in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal cancer by detailed evaluation of gamma-tubulin staining patterns. METHODS Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens (normal colonic epithelium n=21; low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia n=27, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia n=16 and invasive adenocarcinomas n=33) were stained by an anti-gamma-tubulin antibody using standard immunofluorescence. Three-dimensional image stacks of the stainings were recorded (Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope), followed by numerical and structural data analysis (DIAS software package) and statistical evaluation (NCSS-software). RESULTS The mean centrosome signal per cell differed significantly (P<0.0001) between normal colonic epithelium (0.8775) and each low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (1.787), high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (2.259) and invasive carcinomas (2.267). Similarly, both the centrosomes' structural entropy (SE) and minimal spanning tree (MST) differed significantly (P<0.001) between normal (SE=3.956, MST=38.78) and each low- (SE=6.39, MST=26) and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (SE=5.75, MST=26.97) and invasive carcinoma (SE=6.86, MST=28.08). CONCLUSION Numerical and structural centrosome dysregulation is seen as early as in low-grade dysplastic lesions of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence of colorectal carcinomas and may, as such, play an initial role in the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Kayser
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany
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Tong T, Zhong Y, Kong J, Dong L, Song Y, Fu M, Liu Z, Wang M, Guo L, Lu S, Wu M, Zhan Q. Overexpression of Aurora-A contributes to malignant development of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7304-10. [PMID: 15534106 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aurora-A/STK15/BTAK, a centrosome-associated oncogenic protein, is implicated in the control of mitosis. Overexpression of Aurora-A has been shown to result in chromosomal aberration and genomic instability. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that Aurora-A induces cell malignant transformation. In the current study, we are interested in investigating the expression of Aurora-A in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and characterizing the association of Aurora-A with ESCCmalignant progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Aurora-A protein expression was examined in 84 ESCC tissues and 81 paired normal adjacent tissues by either immunohistochemistry or Western blot analysis. In addition, a gene-knockdown small interfering RNA technique was used in ESCC cells to investigate whether Aurora-A contributes to the ability of a tumor to grow invasively. RESULTS The amount of Aurora-A protein in ESCC was considerably higher than that in normal adjacent tissues. Overexpression of Aurora-A was observed in 57 of 84 (67.5%) ESCC samples. In contrast, <2% of normal adjacent tissue displayed high expression of Aurora-A. Interestingly, overexpression of Aurora-A seemed to correlate with the invasive malignancy of ESCC. Disruption of endogenous Aurora-A using small interfering RNA technique substantially suppressed cell migrating ability. CONCLUSION The findings presented in this report show that Aurora-A expression is elevated in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and is possibly associated with tumor invasion, indicating that overexpression of Aurora-A may contribute to ESCC occurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology , Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The germ-cell tumours are a fascinating group of neoplasms because of their unusual biology and the spectacular therapeutic results that have been obtained in these tumours. Traditionally, this group of neoplasms is presented in an organ-oriented approach. However, recent clinical and experimental data convincingly demonstrate that these neoplasms are one disease with separate entities that can manifest themselves in different anatomical sites. We propose five entities, in which the developmental potential is determined by the maturation stage and imprinting status of the originating germ cell. Recent progress begins to explain the apparent unpredictable development of germ-cell tumours and offers a basis for understanding their exquisite sensitivity to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wolter Oosterhuis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Verdorfer I, Rogatsch H, Tzankov A, Steiner H, Mikuz G. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of human spermatocytic seminomas. J Pathol 2004; 204:277-81. [PMID: 15476269 DOI: 10.1002/path.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) on 8 formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded primary spermatocytic seminomas (SS) from 7 patients, one of whom developed metastatic disease. In general, this tumour type is not associated with development of metastases. Since there are only few reported cases of metastatic SS in the literature, this study is the first report of chromosomal constitution in a patient with metastatic disease. Chromosomal imbalances were observed in all 8 tumours analysed by CGH. Frequent copy number alterations were enh(9), dim(16 or 16p), enh(20) and enh(X), each in 6 samples, followed by dim(7) in 4, and enh(1), enh(18) and dim(15), each in 3 samples. In addition to the CGH analysis, interphase fluorescence in situ hybridisation (I-FISH) was applied to evaluate the CGH results and to define the size of the aberrant cell population. Interphase cytogenetics showed gain of material on chromosomes 9 and X in all tumours analysed. Overall, the I-FISH results were in agreement with the CGH data. In conclusion, gain of chromosome 9 seems to be restricted to SS and point to an important role for this aberration in the development of this tumour type.
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Perucca-Lostanlen D, Rostagno P, Grosgeorge J, Marcié S, Gaudray P, Turc-Carel C. Distinct MDM2 and P14ARF expression and centrosome amplification in well-differentiated liposarcomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 39:99-109. [PMID: 14695989 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLs) are common soft-tissue tumors in adults. They are characterized by large marker chromosomes and/or ring chromosomes containing 12q-derived sequences in which MDM2 is consistently amplified. WDLs are subdivided into two subtypes according to their karyotype. Type D cells exhibit a near-diploid karyotype, with very few or no chromosome changes. Type H cells exhibit a near-tetraploid karyotype and many structural changes. Expression of P14ARF, MDM2, and TP53 proteins was assayed in the two WDL subtypes to establish whether distinct expression profiles correlated with cell ploidy. Although a transcriptionally functional TP53 was present in most tumors independent of their karyotype, type H cells were characterized by high levels of P14ARF and MDM2 proteins. Although amplified within similar chromosome markers in type D tumors, MDM2 did not appear to be overexpressed. In addition, it was present as a C-terminal truncated protein, indicative of alternatively spliced variants of MDM2 mRNA. As the existence of karyotypically distinct tumors could result from alterations of the mitotic machinery, we investigated the centrosome behavior in the two WDL subtypes. Centrosome amplification occurred in WDL tumors types H and D independent of their ploidy status. Moreover, no functional centrosome difference was found between the two tumor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Perucca-Lostanlen
- UMR 6549 CNRS/UNSA, Faculté de Médecine, Avenue de Valombrose, Nice, France.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Aneuploidy
- Chromosomes, Human, X/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, X/physiology
- DNA Methylation
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Dosage Compensation, Genetic
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/genetics
- Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Testicular Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Testicular Neoplasms/genetics
- Testicular Neoplasms/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Erasmus MC-Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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