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Maruzuru Y, Ichinohe T, Sato R, Miyake K, Okano T, Suzuki T, Koshiba T, Koyanagi N, Tsuda S, Watanabe M, Arii J, Kato A, Kawaguchi Y. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 VP22 Inhibits AIM2-Dependent Inflammasome Activation to Enable Efficient Viral Replication. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:254-265.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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2
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Dexheimer GM, De Oliveira Becker Delving LK, De Oliveira HS, Biolchi V, Goettert MI, Pozzobon A. Calyptranthes grandifolia O.Berg (Myrtaceae) ethanolic extract inhibits TNF-α gene expression and cytokine release in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2873-2880. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Maeng J, Kim HY, Shin DH, Lee K. Transduction of translationally controlled tumor protein employing TCTP-derived protein transduction domain. Anal Biochem 2012; 435:47-53. [PMID: 23256924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs), which are cell-penetrating peptides, have been employed for delivery of various cargos. We previously showed that the N-terminal fragment of translationally controlled tumor protein functions as a PTD (TCTP-PTD) by as yet poorly understood mechanisms. In this study, we generated several green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged TCTP fusion proteins by conjugating a single PTD or tandem PTDs at the N-terminus, the C-terminus, and both termini and compared their transduction efficiencies in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells to determine whether the protein transducing function of TCTP depends on the location or the number of PTD moieties in the TCTP molecule. Fluorimetric analysis and Western blotting assays revealed that TCTP-GFP fusion protein containing one or two TCTP-PTDs at its N-terminus showed more efficient cellular entry than either the C-terminal TCTP-PTD or TCTP-PTD with PTDs located at both the N- and C-terminals. This study demonstrates the feasibility of transduction of TCTP target cells employing its TCTP-PTD by simple co-incubation with purified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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4
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Choi JM, Sohn JH, Park TY, Park JW, Lee SK. Cell permeable NFAT inhibitory peptide Sim-2-VIVIT inhibits T-cell activation and alleviates allergic airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:170-6. [PMID: 22342853 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is an important transcription factor for the production of interleukin (IL)-2 upon T-cell receptor (TcR) signaling. Therefore, inhibition of the NFAT-carcineurin pathway is an important target for inflammatory disease inhibition and graft rejection. A novel cell permeable peptide (CPP), Sim-2, has been identified from a human transcription factor, and Sim-2-CPP conjugated to β-galactosidase or EGFP protein was efficiently delivered into cells in vitro and in vivo. A cell permeable form of the NFAT inhibitory peptide VIVIT (Sim-2-VIVIT) was synthesized and showed inhibitory effects on human CD4 or CD8 T-cell activation through NFAT transcriptional activity suppression and IL-2 inhibition. Intranasal administration of the Sim-2-VIVIT peptide in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine asthma model alleviated peribronchial and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung and caused airway remodeling and airway hyper-responsiveness. These results suggest that cell permeable Sim-2-VIVIT peptide has clinical potential as an immunosuppressive agent for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Afroze SH, Uddin MN, Cao X, Asea A, Gizachew D. Internalization of exogenous ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) proteins into cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 354:291-9. [PMID: 21523371 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous Arf6 is a myristoylated protein mainly involved in endosomal membrane traffic and structural organization at the plasma membrane. It has been shown that Arf6 mediates cancer cell invasion and shedding of plasma membrane microvesicles derived from tumor cells. In this article, we determined that Arf6 proteins both in the GDP and GTPγS bound forms can enter cells when simply added in the cell culture medium without requiring the myristoyl group. The GTPγS bound can enter cells at a faster rate than the GDP-bound Arf6. Despite the role of the endogenous Arf6 in endocytosis and membrane trafficking, the internalization of exogenous Arf6 may involve non-endocytic processes. As protein therapeutics is becoming important in medicine, we examined the effect of the uptake of Arf6 proteins on cellular functions and determined that exogenous Arf6 inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration of cells. Future studies of the internalization of Arf6 mutants will reveal key residues that play a role in the internalization of Arf6 and its interaction and possible structural conformations bound to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda H Afroze
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine and Scott & White Memorial Hospital, 702 SW H.K. Dogen Loop, Medical Research Building, Room 111, Temple, TX 76508, USA
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6
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Kim M, Maeng J, Jung J, Kim HY, Kim HJ, Kwon Y, Lee K. Design and evaluation of variants of the protein transduction domain originated from translationally controlled tumor protein. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:25-31. [PMID: 21440624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein transduction domains (PTDs) have been successfully employed to deliver therapeutic cargos both in vitro and in vivo because of their cellular penetrating ability. We previously reported that a 10-amino acid peptide (MIIYRDLISH) derived from the NH(2)-terminus of human translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) functions as a PTD. TCTP-PTD is quite different from other well-known PTDs in its hydrophobic composition and structural character, and the sequence requirements for transduction remain unknown. To identify the role of each residue, we compared the cellular uptake of various deletion mutants and Ala substituents of TCTP-PTD. The results showed that the amino terminal residues and the hydrophobic nature of the peptide, with a minimal length of nine residues, were necessary for transduction. Based on the elucidated sequence requirements, we designed and evaluated variants to improve the efficiency and solubility through sequential modification of TCTP-PTD. During the optimization process, we also delineated the contribution of residues and the advantageous composition of sequences for cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonhee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Center for Cell Signaling and Drug Discovery Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Li C, Wildes F, Winnard P, Artemov D, Penet MF, Bhujwalla ZM. Conjugation of Poly-l-lysine to Bacterial Cytosine Deaminase Improves the Efficacy of Enzyme/Prodrug Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3572-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800288h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Flonne Wildes
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Paul Winnard
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Dmitri Artemov
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Marie-France Penet
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Zaver M. Bhujwalla
- JHU ICMIC Program, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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9
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Green KL, Brown C, Roeder GE, Southgate TD, Gaston K. A cancer cell-specific inducer of apoptosis. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:547-61. [PMID: 17572007 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is found in virtually all cervical cancers, strongly suggesting that these viruses are necessary to initiate this disease. The HPV E2 protein is required for viral replication, but E2 expression is usually lost in HPV-transformed cells because of the integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome. Several studies have shown that the reintroduction of E2 into HPV-transformed cells can induce growth arrest and apoptotic cell death. This raises the possibility that E2 could be useful in the treatment of HPV-induced disease. However, the effects of E2 on cell proliferation are not limited to HPV-transformed cells. The E2 protein from HPV type 16 can induce apoptosis via at least two pathways. One pathway involves the binding of E2 to p53 and operates in HPV-transformed cells, many non-HPV-transformed cell lines, and untransformed normal cells. The second pathway requires the binding of E2 to the viral genome and operates only in HPV-transformed cells. A mutation in E2 that significantly reduces the binding of this protein to p53 abrogates the induction of apoptosis in non-HPV-transformed cells and normal cells, but has no effect on the ability of the mutated protein to induce apoptosis in HPV-transformed cells. Here we show that a chimeric protein consisting of this mutant of E2, fused to the herpes simplex virus type 1 VP22 protein, can traffic between cells in a three-dimensional tumor model and induce apoptosis in HPV-transformed cells with high specificity. This cancer cell-specific inducer of apoptosis may be useful in the treatment of cervical cancer and other HPV-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Green
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Nishi K, Saigo K. Cellular internalization of green fluorescent protein fused with herpes simplex virus protein VP22 via a lipid raft-mediated endocytic pathway independent of caveolae and Rho family GTPases but dependent on dynamin and Arf6. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27503-27517. [PMID: 17644515 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703810200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
VP22 is a structural protein of the herpes simplex virus and has been reported to possess unusual trafficking properties. Here we examined the mechanism of cellular uptake of VP22 using a fusion protein between the C-terminal half of VP22 and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Adsorption of VP22-GFP onto a cell surface required heparan sulfate proteoglycans and basic amino acids, in particular, Arg-164 of VP22. Inhibitor treatment, RNA interference, expression of dominant-negative mutant genes, and confocal microscopy all indicated that VP22-GFP enters cells through an endocytic pathway independent of clathrin and caveolae but dependent on dynamin and Arf6 activity. As with CD59 (a lipid raft marker), cell-surface VP22-GFP signals were resistant to Triton X-100 treatment but only partially overlapped cell-surface CD59 signals. Furthermore, unlike other lipid raft-mediated endocytic pathways, no Rho family GTPase was required for VP22-GFP internalization. Internalized VP22 initially entered early endosomes and then moved to lysosomes and possibly recycling endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nishi
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Saigo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Saha S, Yoshida S, Ohba K, Matsui K, Matsuda T, Takeshita F, Umeda K, Tamura Y, Okuda K, Klinman D, Xin KQ, Okuda K. A fused gene of nucleoprotein (NP) and herpes simplex virus genes (VP22) induces highly protective immunity against different subtypes of influenza virus. Virology 2006; 354:48-57. [PMID: 16945400 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective activity of plasmid DNA vaccines encoding the influenza virus NP gene (pNP) alone or in combination with the herpes simplex virus type 1 protein 22 gene (pVP22). Optimal immune responses were observed in BALB/c mice immunized with the combination of pVP22 plus pNP, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICCS). These mice also showed maximal resistance following challenge with the A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and A/Udron/72 (H3N2) strains of influenza virus. The susceptibility of immunized mice to virus infection was significantly increased following depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding pVP22 plus NP induces a high level of cross-protective immunity against influenza virus subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Saha
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Bian J, Kiedrowski M, Mal N, Forudi F, Penn MS. Engineered cell therapy for sustained local myocardial delivery of nonsecreted proteins. Cell Transplant 2006; 15:67-74. [PMID: 16700331 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies for the treatment of congestive heart failure have taken the form of gene and cell therapy to induce angiogenesis, optimize calcium handling by cardiac myocytes, or regenerate damaged myocardial tissue. Arguably both gene- and cell-based therapies would be benefited by having the ability to locally deliver specific transcription factors and other usually nonsecreted proteins to cells in the surrounding myocardial tissue. The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) tegument protein VP22 has been shown to mediate protein intercellular trafficking to mammalian cells and finally localize into the nucleus, which makes it a useful cargo-carrying functional protein in cell-based gene therapy. While VP22 has been studied as a means to modulate tumor growth, little is known about the distribution and transport kinetics of VP22 in the heart and its potential application in combination with autologous cell transplantation for the delivery of proteins to myocardial tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of VP22 fusion protein intercellular trafficking combined with autologous cell transplantation in the heart. In an in vitro study untransfected rat heart cells were cocultured with stably transfected rat cardiac fibroblasts (RCF) with fusion constructs of VP22. The control experiment was untransfected rat heart cells co-plated with RCF stably transfected with enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP). The Lewis rat model was selected for in vivo study. In the in vitro studies there was a 14-fold increase in the number of GFP-positive cells 48 h after initiating coculture with VP22-eGFP RCF compared to eGFP RCF. In the rat model, transplantation of VP22-eGFP expressing RCF led to VP22-eGFP fusion protein delivery to an area of myocardial tissue that was 20-fold greater than that observed when eGFP RCF were transplanted. This area appeared to reach a steady state between 7 and 10 days after transplantation. The VP22-eGFP area consisted of eGFP-positive endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and cardiac myocytes with delivery to an area of approximately 1 mm2 of myocardial tissue. Our data suggest a viable strategy for the delivery of proteins that are not naturally secreted or internalized, and provide the first insight into the feasibility and effectiveness of cell-penetrating proteins combined with cell transplantation in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bian
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University,Cleveland, OH 44115-2425, USA
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Tan M, Lan KH, Yao J, Lu CH, Sun M, Neal CL, Lu J, Yu D. Selective Inhibition of ErbB2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer In vivo by a Novel TAT-Based ErbB2-Targeting Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3–Blocking Peptide. Cancer Res 2006; 66:3764-72. [PMID: 16585203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ErbB2 is an excellent target for cancer therapies. Unfortunately, the outcome of current therapies for ErbB2-positive breast cancers remains unsatisfying due to resistance and side effects. New therapies for ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancers continue to be in great need. Peptide therapy using cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) as peptide carriers is promising because the internalization is highly efficient, and the cargoes delivered can be bioactive. However, the major obstacle in using these powerful CPPs for therapy is their lack of specificity. Here, we sought to develop a peptide carrier that could introduce therapeutics specifically to ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. By modifying the HIV TAT-derived CPP and conjugating anti-HER-2/neu peptide mimetic (AHNP), we developed the peptide carrier (P3-AHNP) that specifically targeted ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. A signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3)-inhibiting peptide conjugated to this peptide carrier (P3-AHNP-STAT3BP) was delivered more efficiently into ErbB2-overexpressing than ErbB2 low-expressing cancer cells in vitro and successfully decreased STAT3 binding to STAT3-interacting DNA sequence. P3-AHNP-STAT3BP inhibited cell growth in vitro, with ErbB2-overexpressing 435.eB breast cancer cells being more sensitive to the treatment than the ErbB2 low-expressing MDA-MB-435 cells. Compared with ErbB2 low-expressing MDA-MB-435 xenografts, i.p. injected P3-AHNP-STAT3BP preferentially accumulated in 435.eB xenografts, which led to more reduction of proliferation and increased apoptosis and targeted inhibition of tumor growth. This novel peptide delivery system provided a sound basis for the future development of safe and effective new-generation therapeutics to cancer-specific molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Green KL, Southgate TD, Mulryan K, Fairbairn LJ, Stern PL, Gaston K. Diffusible VP22–E2 Protein Kills Bystander Cells and Offers a Route for Cervical Cancer Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:147-57. [PMID: 16454648 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a causative agent of cervical cancer and are implicated in several other types of malignant disease including cancer of the vulva, oral cancer, and skin cancer. In HPV-transformed cells, expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes increases cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis. Expression of the viral E2 protein in HPV-transformed cells represses transcription of E6 and E7 and induces apoptosis and/or growth arrest. We have shown previously that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) VP22-HPV E2 fusion proteins can traffic between cells and induce apoptosis. Here we show that replication-defective adenoviruses can be used to deliver VP22-E2 fusion proteins to target cells. We show that the use of adenoviral vectors to deliver VP22-E2 proteins leads to high levels of apoptosis. Interestingly, VP22-E2 proteins produced in adenovirus-infected cells are able to enter uninfected cells and induce apoptosis. Trafficking between cells and the induction of apoptosis in bystander cells are detectable in a three-dimensional tumor model. These results suggest that adenoviral vectors expressing VP22-E2 fusion proteins could be used to treat cervical cancer and other HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Green
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Green KL, Southgate TD, Mulryan K, Fairbairn LJ, Stern PL, Gaston K. Diffusible VP22-E2 Protein Kills Bystander Cells and Offers a Route for Cervical Cancer Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.17.ft-165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Johnson M, Sato M, Burton J, Gambhir SS, Carey M, Wu L. Micro-PET/CT Monitoring of Herpes Thymidine Kinase Suicide Gene Therapy in a Prostate Cancer Xenograft: The Advantage of a Cell-specific Transcriptional Targeting Approach. Mol Imaging 2005; 4:463-72. [PMID: 16285908 PMCID: PMC2835410 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2005.05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy based on tissue-restricted expression of cytotoxic gene should achieve superior therapeutic index over an unrestricted method. This study compared the therapeutic effects of a highly augmented, prostate-specific gene expression method to a strong constitutive promoter-driven approach. Molecular imaging was coupled to gene therapy to ascertain real-time therapeutic activity. The imaging reporter gene (luciferase) and the cytotoxic gene (herpes simplex thymidine kinase) were delivered by adenoviral vectors injected directly into human prostate tumors grafted in SCID mice. Serial bioluminescence imaging, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography revealed restriction of gene expression to the tumors when prostate-specific vector was employed. In contrast, administration of constitutive active vector resulted in strong signals in the liver. Liver serology, tissue histology, and frail condition of animals confirmed liver toxicity suffered by the constitutive active cohorts, whereas the prostate-targeted group was unaffected. The extent of tumor killing was analyzed by apoptotic staining and human prostate marker (prostate-specific antigen). Overall, the augmented prostate-specific expression system was superior to the constitutive approach in safeguarding against systemic toxicity, while achieving effective tumor killing. Integrating noninvasive imaging into cytotoxic gene therapy will provide a useful strategy to monitor gene expression and therapeutic efficacy in future clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily Wu
- University of California Los Angeles
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Zavaglia D, Lin EH, Guidetti M, Pluquet O, Hainaut P, Favrot MC, Coll JL. Poor intercellular transport and absence of enhanced antiproliferative activity after non-viral gene transfer of VP22-P53 or P53-VP22 fusions into p53 null cell lines in vitro or in vivo. J Gene Med 2005; 7:936-44. [PMID: 15754307 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) VP22 protein has the property to mediate intercellular trafficking of heterologous proteins fused to its C- or N-terminus. We have previously shown improved delivery and enhanced therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo with a P27-VP22 fusion protein. In this report, we were interested in studying the spread and biological activity of VP22 fused to the P53 tumor suppressor. METHODS Expression of the VP22-P53 and P53-VP22 fusion proteins was shown by Western blot and intercellular spreading was monitored by immunofluorescence on transiently transfected cells. In vitro antiproliferative activity of wild-type (wt) P53 and P53-VP22 was assessed by proliferation assays and transactivating ability was studied by a reporter gene test and a gel-shift assay. Antitumor activity was also tested in vivo by intratumoral injections of naked DNA in a model of subcutaneous tumors implanted in nude mice. RESULTS Our results show that the C-terminal fusion or the N-terminal P53-VP22 fusion proteins are not able to spread as efficiently as VP22. Moreover, we demonstrate that VP22-P53 does not possess any transactivating ability. P53-VP22 has an antiproliferative activity, but this activity is not superior to the one of P53 alone, in vitro or in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that a gene transfer strategy using VP22 cannot be considered as a universal system to improve the delivery of any protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zavaglia
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Cancer du Poumon, INSERM U578, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38706 La Tronche, France
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Owada-Makabe K, Tsubota Y, Yukawa K, Kakimoto N, Liang XM, Ichinose M, Maeda M. Direct in vivo protein transduction into a specific restricted brain area in rats. Neurosci Lett 2005; 378:18-21. [PMID: 15763165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 11/26/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attempts at protein transduction into specific restricted brain areas have remained unsuccessful. We attempted targeted, direct in vivo protein transduction by microinjecting beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) with hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) vector into the rat nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). The medulla oblongata including the NTS was removed 6h post-injection and cryostat sections were histochemically stained to detect beta-gal enzymatic activity. beta-gal-positive cells were present in these sections as was beta-gal activity determined by colorimetric analysis. beta-gal-positive cells were not present in the rats microinjected only beta-gal protein without HVJ-E vector. Our findings suggest that direct in vivo protein transduction into specific restricted brain areas is possible. The type of targeted delivery system we present may have wide applications in the administration of therapeutic proteins to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Owada-Makabe
- Department of Physiology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
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Chen RF, Li ZH, Kong XH, Chen JS. Effect of mutated IκBα transfection on multidrug resistance in hilar cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:726-8. [PMID: 15655831 PMCID: PMC4250748 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i5.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the expression effect of mutated IκBα transfection on multidrug resistance gene (MDR-1) in hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells by inhibiting the activity of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB).
METHODS: We used the mutated IκBα plasmid to transfect QBC939HCVC+ cells and QBC939 cells, and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) to detect the binding activity of NF-κB DNA and the effect of the transfecting mutated IκBα plasmid on multidrug resistance gene (MDR-1) in hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells and its expression protein (P-GP).
RESULTS: Plasmid DNA was digested by restriction enzymes Xbal and Hand III, and its product after electrophoresis showed two bands with a big difference in molecular weight, with a size of 4.9 kb and 1.55 kb respectively, which indicated that the carrier was successfully constructed and digested with enzymes. The radioactivity accumulation of QBC939HCVC+ and QBC939 cells transfected with mutated IκBα plasmid was significantly lower than that of the control group not transfected with mutated IκBα plasmid. Double densimeter scanning showed that the relative signal density between the tansfection group and non-transfection group was significantly different, which proved that the mutated IκBα plasmid could inhibit the binding activity of NF-κB DNA in hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. Compared to control group not transfected with m IκBα plasmid, the expression level of MDR-1mRNA in the QBC939 and QBC939HCVC+ cells transfected with mutated IκBα plasmid was lower. The expression intensity of P-GP protein in QBC939 and QBC939HCVC+ cells transfected with mutated IκBα was significantly lower than that of the control group not transfected with mutated IκBα plasmid.
CONCLUSION: The mutated IκBα plasmid transfection can markedly reverse the multidrug resistance of hilar cholangiocarcinoma cells. Interruption of NF-κB activity may become a new target in gene therapy for hilar cholangiocar-cinogenesic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Fu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China.
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Pommier Y, Sordet O, Antony S, Hayward RL, Kohn KW. Apoptosis defects and chemotherapy resistance: molecular interaction maps and networks. Oncogene 2004; 23:2934-49. [PMID: 15077155 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic (innate) and acquired (adaptive) resistance to chemotherapy critically limits the outcome of cancer treatments. For many years, it was assumed that the interaction of a drug with its molecular target would yield a lethal lesion, and that determinants of intrinsic drug resistance should therefore be sought either at the target level (quantitative changes or/and mutations) or upstream of this interaction, in drug metabolism or drug transport mechanisms. It is now apparent that independent of the factors above, cellular responses to a molecular lesion can determine the outcome of therapy. This review will focus on programmed cell death (apoptosis) and on survival pathways (Bcl-2, Apaf-1, AKT, NF-kappaB) involved in multidrug resistance. We will present our molecular interaction mapping conventions to summarize the AKT and IkappaB/NF-kappaB networks. They complement the p53, Chk2 and c-Abl maps published recently. We will also introduce the 'permissive apoptosis-resistance' model for the selection of multidrug-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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