1
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Fnu G, Weber GF. Targeting the core program of metastasis with a novel drug combination. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7291. [PMID: 38826119 PMCID: PMC11145026 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that metastases are generally characterized by a core program of gene expression that activates tissue remodeling/vascularization, alters ion homeostasis, induces the oxidative metabolism, and silences extracellular matrix interactions. This core program distinguishes metastases from their originating primary tumors as well as from their destination host tissues. Therefore, the gene products involved are potential targets for anti-metastasis drug treatment. METHODS Because the silencing of extracellular matrix interactions predisposes to anoiks in the absence of active survival mechanisms, we tested inhibitors against the other three components. RESULTS Individually, the low-specificity VEGFR blocker pazopanib (in vivo combined with marimastat), the antioxidant dimethyl sulfoxide (or the substitute atovaquone, which is approved for internal administration), and the ionic modulators bumetanide and tetrathiomolybdate inhibited soft agar colony formation by breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines. The individual candidate agents have a record of use in humans (with limited efficacy when administered individually) and are available for repurposing. In combination, the effects of these drugs were additive or synergistic. In two mouse models of cancer (utilizing 4T1 cells or B16-F10 cells), the combination treatment with these medications, applied immediately (to prevent metastasis formation) or after a delay (to suppress established metastases), dramatically reduced the occurrence of disseminated foci. CONCLUSIONS The combination of tissue remodeling inhibitors, suppressors of the oxidative metabolism, and ion homeostasis modulators has very strong promise for the treatment of metastases by multiple cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulimirerouzi Fnu
- James L. Winkle College of PharmacyUniversity of Cincinnati Academic Health CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Georg F. Weber
- James L. Winkle College of PharmacyUniversity of Cincinnati Academic Health CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
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2
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Jin X, Yin Z, Li X, Guo H, Wang B, Zhang S, Li Y. TIM3 activates the ERK1/2 pathway to promote invasion and migration of thyroid tumors. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297695. [PMID: 38568917 PMCID: PMC10990238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to study the possible action mechanism of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) on the migratory and invasive abilities of thyroid carcinoma (TC) cells. METHODS GSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets were downloaded from the GEO database for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed on the common DEGs in GSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets. Subsequently, in order to understand the effect of a common DEG (TIM3) on TC cells, we performed in vitro experiments using FRO cells. The migratory and invasive abilities of FRO cells were detected by wound scratch assay and Transwell assay. Proteins expression levels of the phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were determined via Western blotting after ERK1/2 inhibition in TIM3-NC group and TIM3-mimic group. RESULTS 316 common DEGs were identified in GSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets. These DEGs were involved in the biological process of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. TIM3 was significantly up-regulated in TC. In vitro cell experiments showed that TIM3 could promote migration and invasion of TC cells. Moreover, TIM3 may affect the migration, invasive abilities of TC cells by activating the ERK1/2 pathway. CONCLUSION The above results indicate that TIM3 may affect the migratory and invasive of TC cells by activating the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhibo Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong Li
- The Third Department of External Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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3
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Du W, Xia X, Hu F, Yu J. Extracellular matrix remodeling in the tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1340634. [PMID: 38332915 PMCID: PMC10850336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1340634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a significant constituent of tumors, fulfilling various essential functions such as providing mechanical support, influencing the microenvironment, and serving as a reservoir for signaling molecules. The abundance and degree of cross-linking of ECM components are critical determinants of tissue stiffness. In the process of tumorigenesis, the interaction between ECM and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) frequently leads to ECM stiffness, thereby disrupting normal mechanotransduction and promoting malignant progression. Therefore, acquiring a thorough comprehension of the dysregulation of ECM within the TME would significantly aid in the identification of potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this regard, we have compiled a comprehensive summary encompassing the following aspects: (1) the principal components of ECM and their roles in malignant conditions; (2) the intricate interaction between ECM and immune cells within the TME; and (3) the pivotal regulators governing the onco-immune response in ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Targeting Therapy and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueming Xia
- Division of Head & Neck Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayun Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Koroknai V, Szász I, Jámbor K, Balázs M. Expression pattern of osteopontin isoforms in malignant melanoma cell lines. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13694. [PMID: 38058256 PMCID: PMC10772848 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted integrin-binding protein that plays a role in inflammation, cellular viability, cell adhesion and migration, cancer development, and diabetes through different mechanisms. The splice variants of OPN can play essential roles in cancer development, progression, and metastasis formation; however, limited data are available about the role of OPN isoforms in human malignant melanoma. Our goal was to define the gene expression patterns of five OPN variants (OPN4, OPN5, OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc), integrin, and CD44 receptor genes in primary and metastatic melanoma-originated cell lines (n = 19), and to explore the association of the expression patterns with clinicopathological parameters. We evaluated the invasive property of the cell lines and investigated the potential association between the invasion and gene expression of OPN isoforms. We found a significant rise in the expression of OPNc in the invasive cell lines compared to the noninvasive cells and detected significantly higher expression of the OPN splice variants in melanoma cell lines originating from more advanced stages tumors than cell lines originating from early-stage melanomas. The correlation analysis revealed that all five OPN variants positively correlated with ITGB3 and ITGA9, whereas OPN5 positively correlated with ITGB1, ITGAV, ITGA6, and CD44. OPN can activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling through binding to α9β1 integrin, promoting melanoma tumor cell migration. It is possible that such associations between OPN splice variants and integrin receptors may play a role in melanoma progression. In conclusion, our findings suggest that high expression of OPNc correlates with the invasive behavior of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Koroknai
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
- HUN‐REN‐DE Public Health Research GroupUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - István Szász
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
- HUN‐REN‐DE Public Health Research GroupUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Krisztina Jámbor
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
| | - Margit Balázs
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
- HUN‐REN‐DE Public Health Research GroupUniversity of DebrecenDebrecenHungary
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5
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Misra G, Qaisar S, Singh P. CRISPR-based therapeutic targeting of signaling pathways in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166872. [PMID: 37666438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of death for women worldwide, and new treatment strategies are needed. There are innumerable anomalous genes that are responsible for the multi-factorial carcinogenesis pathway. Although several disease-causing mutations have been detected, therapy frequently focuses on attenuating the manifestation of the disease rather than harmonizing the mutation in the target area. The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has revolutionized genome editing, allowing for precise and efficient manipulation of gene expression. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize recent progress in the use of CRISPR-based approaches to target key signaling pathways associated with breast cancer progression. The first section introduces basic concepts of CRISPR technology, focusing on its application in genome editing and transcriptional regulation followed by an overview of aspects involving complex signaling pathways in breast cancer such as P13K/AKT/mTOR, EPK/MAPK and Wnt/β catenin. An extensive literature search using PubMed and Google Scholar is performed for information retrieval. Further, the role of CRISPR-based interventions in regulating gene expression revealed, altered pathway activity and potential therapeutic consequences are discussed. This review will be a valuable addition to providing comprehensive knowledge of CRISPR-Cas-mediated therapeutic targeting in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Misra
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, UP, India.
| | - Sidra Qaisar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, UP, India
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De Re V, Lopci E, Brisotto G, Elia C, Mussolin L, Mascarin M, d’Amore ESG. Preliminary Study of the Relationship between Osteopontin and Relapsed Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Biomedicines 2023; 12:31. [PMID: 38275392 PMCID: PMC10813762 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the potential role of tissue osteopontin, also known as secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), as a contributing factor to an unfavorable prognosis in classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) patients who received the same treatment protocol. The study involved 44 patients aged 4-22 years, with a median follow-up period of 3 years. Patients with higher levels of SPP1 were associated with tissue necrosis and inflammation, and there was a trend toward a poorer prognosis in this group. Before therapy, we found a correlation between positron emission tomography (PET) scans and logarithmic SPP1 levels (p = 0.035). However, the addition of SPP1 levels did not significantly enhance the predictive capacity of PET scans for recurrence or progression. Elevated SPP levels were associated with tissue mRNA counts of chemotactic and inflammatory chemokines, as well as specific monocyte/dendritic cell subtypes, defined by IL-17RB, PLAUR, CXCL8, CD1A, CCL13, TREM1, and CCL24 markers. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential factors influencing the prognosis of HL patients and the potential role of SPP1 in the disease. While the predictive accuracy of PET scans did not substantially improve during the study, the results underscore the complexity of HL and highlight the relationships between SPP1 and other factors in the context of HL relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valli De Re
- Immunopatologia e Biomarcatori Oncologici, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS—Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Brisotto
- Immunopatologia e Biomarcatori Oncologici, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Caterina Elia
- AYA Oncology and Pediatric Radiotherapy Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Clinica di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, Azienda Ospedaliera—Università di Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Mascarin
- AYA Oncology and Pediatric Radiotherapy Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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7
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Fnu G, Weber GF. Osteopontin induces mitochondrial biogenesis in deadherent cancer cells. Oncotarget 2023; 14:957-969. [PMID: 38039408 PMCID: PMC10691814 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasizing cells display a unique metabolism, which is very different from the Warburg effect that arises in primary tumors. Over short time frames, oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation are prominent. Over longer time frames, mitochondrial biogenesis becomes a pronounced feature and aids metastatic success. It has not been known whether or how these two phenomena are connected. We hypothesized that Osteopontin splice variants, which synergize to increase ATP levels in deadherent cells, also increase the mitochondrial mass via the same signaling mechanisms. Here, we report that autocrine Osteopontin does indeed stimulate an increase in mitochondrial size, with the splice variant -c being more effective than the full-length form -a. Osteopontin-c achieves this via its receptor CD44v, jointly with the upregulation and co-ligation of the chloride-dependent cystine-glutamate transporter SLC7A11. The signaling proceeds through activation of the known mitochondrial biogenesis inducer PGC-1 (which acts as a transcription coactivator). Peroxide is an important intermediate in this cascade, but surprisingly acts upstream of PGC-1 and is likely produced as a consequence of SLC7A11 recruitment and activation. In vivo, suppression of the biogenesis-inducing mechanisms leads to a reduction in disseminated tumor mass. This study confirms a functional connection between the short-term oxidative metabolism and the longer-term mitochondrial biogenesis in cancer metastasis - both are induced by Osteopontin-c. The results imply possible mechanisms and targets for treating cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulimirerouzi Fnu
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Georg F. Weber
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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8
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Yan Z, Hu X, Tang B, Deng F. Role of osteopontin in cancer development and treatment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21055. [PMID: 37867833 PMCID: PMC10587537 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein secreted intracellularly and extracellularly by various cell types, including NK cells, macrophages, osteoblasts, T cells, and cancer cells. Owing to its diverse distribution, OPN plays a role in cell proliferation, stem-cell-like properties, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, glycolysis, angiogenesis, fibrosis, invasion, and metastasis. In this review, we discuss recent findings, interpret representative studies on OPN expression in cancer, clarify that elevated OPN levels are observed in multiple cancer types (including colorectal, breast, lung, and liver cancer), and explore how OPN-macrophage interactions shape the tumor microenvironment. We also summarize progress in OPN research with regard to tumor therapy, which can facilitate the development of novel anti-tumor treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Yan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Xue Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Fengmei Deng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China
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9
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Dai Y, Zhang X, Ou Y, Zou L, Zhang D, Yang Q, Qin Y, Du X, Li W, Yuan Z, Xiao Z, Wen Q. Anoikis resistance--protagonists of breast cancer cells survive and metastasize after ECM detachment. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:190. [PMID: 37537585 PMCID: PMC10399053 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer exhibits the highest global incidence among all tumor types. Regardless of the type of breast cancer, metastasis is a crucial cause of poor prognosis. Anoikis, a form of apoptosis initiated by cell detachment from the native environment, is an outside-in process commencing with the disruption of cytosolic connectors such as integrin-ECM and cadherin-cell. This disruption subsequently leads to intracellular cytoskeletal and signaling pathway alterations, ultimately activating caspases and initiating programmed cell death. Development of an anoikis-resistant phenotype is a critical initial step in tumor metastasis. Breast cancer employs a series of stromal alterations to suppress anoikis in cancer cells. Comprehensive investigation of anoikis resistance mechanisms can inform strategies for preventing and regressing metastatic breast cancer. The present review first outlines the physiological mechanisms of anoikis, elucidating the alterations in signaling pathways, cytoskeleton, and protein targets that transpire from the outside in upon adhesion loss in normal breast cells. The specific anoikis resistance mechanisms induced by pathological changes in various spatial structures during breast cancer development are also discussed. Additionally, the genetic loci of targets altered in the development of anoikis resistance in breast cancer, are summarized. Finally, the micro-RNAs and targeted drugs reported in the literature concerning anoikis are compiled, with keratocin being the most functionally comprehensive. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjun Ou
- Clinical Medicine School, Southwest Medicial Univercity, Luzhou, China
- Orthopaedics, Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Kangding, China
| | - Linglin Zou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Duoli Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qingfan Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiuju Du
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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10
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An Y, Fnu G, Xie C, Weber GF. Meta-analysis of Osteopontin splice variants in cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:373. [PMID: 37095438 PMCID: PMC10124019 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytokine Osteopontin is a mediator of tumor progression and cancer metastasis. In 2006, we reported that (in addition to the full-length form -a) splice variants of Osteopontin (forms -b and -c) are produced selectively by transformed cells. Through June 2021, 36 PubMed-indexed journal articles have studied Osteopontin splice variants in various cancer patients. METHODS Applying a categorical approach previously developed by us, here we conduct a meta-analysis of the pertinent literature. We supplement this with evaluation of the relevant entries in the TSVdb database, which focusses on splice variant expression, thus including the additional variants -4 and -5. The analysis covers 5886 patients across 15 tumors from the literature and 10,446 patients across 33 tumors from TSVdb. RESULTS The database yields positive results more frequently than the categorical meta-analysis. The two sources are in agreement on the elevation of OPN-a, OPN-b, and OPN-c in lung cancer and the elevation of OPN-c in breast cancer as compared to healthy tissue. Specific splice variants are associated with grade, stage, or patient survival pertaining to various cancers. CONCLUSIONS There are cases of persisting discrepancies, which require further investigation to clarify the Osteopontin splice variant utilization, so that their diagnostic, prognostic and potentially predictive potential can be brought to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu An
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gulimirerouzi Fnu
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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11
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Weber GF. Crossroads: the role of biomarkers in the management of lumps in the breast. Oncotarget 2023; 14:358-362. [PMID: 37096988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Premalignant lesions in the breast pose a difficult decision-making problem, whether to treat proactively and accept the side effects or to engage in watchful waiting and possibly encounter a later diagnosis of invasive cancer. A biomarker or set of biomarkers to inform on the individual progression risk would be beneficial to the patient and cost-effective for the healthcare system. The gene products of tumor progression may be expressed in early non-cancerous ("premalignant") lesions, where they are associated with a high probability for full transformation in breast cancers. One such molecule is the OPN splice variant-c. OPN-c is also present in a fraction of the premalignant lesions, where it reflects an elevated risk for progression to cancer within 5 years, regardless of the lesion's subtype. This marker has the properties needed to facilitate decisions to treat at the premalignant stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Weber
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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12
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Yuan Z, Li Y, Zhang S, Wang X, Dou H, Yu X, Zhang Z, Yang S, Xiao M. Extracellular matrix remodeling in tumor progression and immune escape: from mechanisms to treatments. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:48. [PMID: 36906534 PMCID: PMC10007858 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The malignant tumor is a multi-etiological, systemic and complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and distant metastasis. Anticancer treatments including adjuvant therapies and targeted therapies are effective in eliminating cancer cells but in a limited number of patients. Increasing evidence suggests that the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in tumor development through changes in macromolecule components, degradation enzymes and stiffness. These variations are under the control of cellular components in tumor tissue via the aberrant activation of signaling pathways, the interaction of the ECM components to multiple surface receptors, and mechanical impact. Additionally, the ECM shaped by cancer regulates immune cells which results in an immune suppressive microenvironment and hinders the efficacy of immunotherapies. Thus, the ECM acts as a barrier to protect cancer from treatments and supports tumor progression. Nevertheless, the profound regulatory network of the ECM remodeling hampers the design of individualized antitumor treatment. Here, we elaborate on the composition of the malignant ECM, and discuss the specific mechanisms of the ECM remodeling. Precisely, we highlight the impact of the ECM remodeling on tumor development, including proliferation, anoikis, metastasis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune escape. Finally, we emphasize ECM "normalization" as a potential strategy for anti-malignant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Yuan
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yingpu Li
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Sifan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - He Dou
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China.,Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder and Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Department of Gynecological Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150000, China.
| | - Min Xiao
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China.
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13
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Autophagy inhibition prevents lymphatic malformation progression to lymphangiosarcoma by decreasing osteopontin and Stat3 signaling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:978. [PMID: 36813768 PMCID: PMC9946935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic malformation (LM) is a vascular anomaly originating from lymphatic endothelial cells (ECs). While it mostly remains a benign disease, a fraction of LM patients progresses to malignant lymphangiosarcoma (LAS). However, very little is known about underlying mechanisms regulating LM malignant transformation to LAS. Here, we investigate the role of autophagy in LAS development by generating EC-specific conditional knockout of an essential autophagy gene Rb1cc1/FIP200 in Tsc1iΔEC mouse model for human LAS. We find that Fip200 deletion blocked LM progression to LAS without affecting LM development. We further show that inhibiting autophagy by genetical ablation of FIP200, Atg5 or Atg7, significantly inhibited LAS tumor cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Transcriptional profiling of autophagy-deficient tumor cells and additional mechanistic analysis determine that autophagy plays a role in regulating Osteopontin expression and its down-stream Jak/Stat3 signaling in tumor cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. Lastly, we show that specifically disrupting FIP200 canonical autophagy function by knocking-in FIP200-4A mutant allele in Tsc1iΔEC mice blocked LM progression to LAS. These results demonstrate a role for autophagy in LAS development, suggesting new strategies for preventing and treating LAS.
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Serum protein profiling of lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers reveals alcohol consumption-mediated disruptions in early-stage cancer detection. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12359. [PMID: 36590537 PMCID: PMC9794896 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While the link between serum proteins and cancer has been studied in an effort to enable early-stage cancer detection, factors that might perturb this link has been poorly understood. To ask this question, we performed serum protein profiling on a prospective cohort of 601 individuals with or without lung, pancreatic, or colorectal cancers and identified ten distinct serum protein signatures with distinct link to the patient metadata. Importantly, we discovered that a positive history of alcohol consumption is a major factor that diminishes the sensitivity of serum protein-mediated liquid biopsy in early-stage malignancies, resulting in a 44% decline in the sensitivity of detecting American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I malignancies. Our data provide evidence that patient lifestyle can affect the sensitivity of liquid biopsy and suggest the potential need for abstinence from alcohol before measurement during serum protein-based cancer screening.
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15
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Osteopontin Splicing Isoforms Contribute to Endometriotic Proliferation, Migration, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315328. [PMID: 36499654 PMCID: PMC9738877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) isoforms, including OPNb and OPNc, promote malignancy and may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis, a benign disorder with multiple characteristics resembling malignant tumors. In our experiments, OPNb and OPNc were significantly overexpressed in both endometriosis and adenomyosis compared to the normal endometrium. Upregulation of CD44v and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process was also present in endometriotic lesions. Overexpression of OPNb and OPNc splicing variants in endometriotic cells evoked morphological changes, actin remodeling, cell proliferation, cell migration, and EMT through binding OPN ligand receptors CD44 and αvβ3, subsequently activating the PI3K and NF-ĸB pathways. We elucidated the causal role of OPN splice variants in regulating endometriotic cell growth, which may promote the development of OPN-targeted therapies for patients suffering from endometriotic disorders.
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16
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Yim A, Smith C, Brown AM. Osteopontin/secreted phosphoprotein-1 harnesses glial-, immune-, and neuronal cell ligand-receptor interactions to sense and regulate acute and chronic neuroinflammation. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:224-233. [PMID: 35451082 PMCID: PMC9790650 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) also known by its official gene designation secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1) is a fascinating, multifunctional protein expressed in a number of cell types that functions not only in intercellular communication, but also in the extracellular matrix (ECM). OPN/SPP1 possesses cytokine, chemokine, and signal transduction functions by virtue of modular structural motifs that provide interaction surfaces for integrins and CD44-variant receptors. In humans, there are three experimentally verified splice variants of OPN/SPP1 and CD44's ten exons are also alternatively spiced in a cell/tissue-specific manner, although very little is known about how this is regulated in the central nervous system (CNS). Post-translational modifications of phosphorylation, glycosylation, and localized cleavage by specific proteases in the cells and tissues where OPN/SPP1 functions, provides additional layers of specificity. However, the former make elucidating the exact molecular mechanisms of OPN/SPP1 function more complex. Flexibility in OPN/SPP1 structure and its engagement with integrins having the ability to transmit signals in inside-out and outside-in direction, is likely why OPN/SPP1 can serve as an early detector of inflammation and ongoing tissue damage in response to cancer, stroke, traumatic brain injury, pathogenic infection, and neurodegeneration, processes that impair tissue homeostasis. This review will focus on what is currently known about OPN/SPP1 function in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Yim
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Christian Smith
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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17
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Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M, Mansour A, An Y, Weber GF. Breast cancer risk in papilloma patients: Osteopontin splice variants indicate prognosis. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:64. [PMID: 36175970 PMCID: PMC9520814 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillomas of the breast pose challenges for treatment decisions as their risk for transformation to breast cancer is low but not negligible. To spare low-risk patients the burden of substantial treatment side effects, prognostic indicators are needed for cancerous progression. The secreted metastasis mediator Osteopontin (OPN) is a marker for breast cancer aggressiveness, and its variants are prognosticators for transformation in diverse premalignant breast lesions. Here, we test whether the presence of OPN-c or OPN-exon-4 in papillomatous lesions may reflect progression risk. METHODS By immunohistochemistry, we analyze OPN-c and OPN-exon-4 in papillomas from 114 women as well as correlations between staining and progression. In departure from prior spliced OPN biomarker publications, we utilize novel monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Fewer than 5% of OPN-c pathology score 0-1 (intensity) versus almost 18% of score 2-3 experienced cancer in follow-up. Nine of 12 women, who progressed, had pathology scores of 2-3 for OPN-c intensity at the time of initial diagnosis, and none had a score of 0. When developing a combined risk score from intensity plus percent positivity for OPN-c, the progression risk for patients with low score was 3.2%, for intermediate score was 5.7%, and for high score was 18.8%. Papillomas in patients, who were later diagnosed with cancer in the contralateral breast, displayed stronger staining positivity than non-progressors. CONCLUSION OPN splice variant immunohistochemistry on biopsies of breast papillomas will allow counseling of the patients on their risk to develop breast cancer at a later time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmad Mansour
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yu An
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Georg F Weber
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, 3225 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0004, USA.
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18
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Kamalabadi-Farahani M, Atashi A, Jabbarpour Z, Aghayan SS. Expression of osteopontin-5 splice variant in the mouse primary and metastatic breast cancer cells. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:286. [PMID: 36064446 PMCID: PMC9446537 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteopontin (OPN) is a well-known glycoprotein involved in numerous pathobiological processes, including cancer. Despite having five splice variants for osteopontin in mice, the main focus of most studies has been on total OPN (tOPN). There are some studies on other splice variants, but the expression of osteopontin-5 (OPN5) has not been addressed in mouse cancer cells. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate OPN5 expression in mouse breast cancer cells. RESULTS The expression of OPN5 in primary and metastatic breast cancer cells of mice was confirmed in our study. These findings provided important insights regarding the OPN alternative splicing in mice for the first time. It is concluded that, like other OPN-SVs, OPN5 probably plays an essential role in tumor progression, which requires further investigation in different tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Zahra Jabbarpour
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajjad Aghayan
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Ghanbarnasab Behbahani R, Danyaei A, Teimoori A, Tahmasbi MJ, Neisi N. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knocking out of OPN gene enhances radiosensitivity in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04304-7. [PMID: 36042045 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although chemotherapy and radiotherapy in conjunction with surgery have been known as the standard methods for patients with breast cancer, they frequently face resistance due to the failure of cells to death. Accordingly, improving the results requires discovering novel therapeutic approaches based on the changes in the molecular biology of cancer cells. Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted protein that previous studies have shown to be associated with progression, poor prognosis, and metastasis in breast cancer. The current study examined the synergistic effects of radiotherapy and knocking out of OPN gene, utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technique in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. METHODS We used to knock out the OPN gene by the two different gRNAs. The cells irradiated 24 h after transfection. The mRNA expression, tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, growth, and apoptosis were measured. Moreover, activation of Chk1 and AKT were measured via western blot. RESULTS We demonstrated the OPN knocking out along with radiation led to the promotion of apoptosis, suppression of downstream genes, reduction of cell viability, and inhibition of cell-cycle progression. The western blot analysis has indicated that the knocking out of the OPN gene along with radiotherapy changes DNA damage responses substantially. CONCLUSIONS The OPN gene knocking out with radiotherapy might be an efficient approach to overcome the radioresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Danyaei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Tahmasbi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Neisi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Jámbor K, Koroknai V, Kiss T, Szász I, Pikó P, Balázs M. Gene Expression Patterns of Osteopontin Isoforms and Integrins in Malignant Melanoma. PATHOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 28:1610608. [PMID: 36091936 PMCID: PMC9448871 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that physiologically interacts with different types of integrins. It is considered to be a possible prognostic biomarker in certain tumor types; however, various splicing isoforms exist, which have not been investigated in melanoma. We aimed to define the relative expression pattern of five OPN isoforms and clarify the prognostic significance of the splice variants in melanoma. We also aimed to investigate the expression pattern of eight integrins in the same tumors. Gene expression analyses revealed that the relative expression of OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc is significantly higher in metastatic tumors compared to primary lesions (p < 0.01), whereas the expression of OPN4 and OPN5 was low in both. The more aggressive nodular melanomas had higher expression levels compared to the superficial spreading subtype (p ≤ 0.05). The relative expression of the eight tested integrins was low, with only the expression of ITGB3 being detectable in nodular melanoma (Medianlog2 = 1.274). A positive correlation was found between Breslow thickness and the expression of OPNc variant, whereby thicker tumors (>4 mm) had significantly higher expression (p ≤ 0.05). The Breslow thickness was negatively correlated with the expression of OPN4, and similarly with ITGA2. OPNc also exhibited significant positive correlation with the presence of metastasis. Our data show that high expression of OPNa, OPNb, and especially OPNc and low expression of OPN4 and ITGA2 are associated with an advanced stage of tumor progression and poor prognosis in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Jámbor
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Koroknai
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tímea Kiss
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Szász
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Pikó
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Margit Balázs
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Public Health Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Margit Balázs,
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21
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Rekad Z, Izzi V, Lamba R, Ciais D, Van Obberghen-Schilling E. The Alternative Matrisome: alternative splicing of ECM proteins in development, homeostasis and tumor progression. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:26-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Fnu G, Weber GF. Alterations of Ion Homeostasis in Cancer Metastasis: Implications for Treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 11:765329. [PMID: 34988012 PMCID: PMC8721045 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.765329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that metastases from all malignancies are characterized by a core program of gene expression that suppresses extracellular matrix interactions, induces vascularization/tissue remodeling, activates the oxidative metabolism, and alters ion homeostasis. Among these features, the least elucidated component is ion homeostasis. Here we review the literature with the goal to infer a better mechanistic understanding of the progression-associated ionic alterations and identify the most promising drugs for treatment. Cancer metastasis is accompanied by skewing in calcium, zinc, copper, potassium, sodium and chloride homeostasis. Membrane potential changes and water uptake through Aquaporins may also play roles. Drug candidates to reverse these alterations are at various stages of testing, with some having entered clinical trials. Challenges to their utilization comprise differences among tumor types and the involvement of multiple ions in each case. Further, adverse effects may become a concern, as channel blockers, chelators, or supplemented ions will affect healthy and transformed cells alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulimirerouzi Fnu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Georg F Weber
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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23
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Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E, Miehe M, Riethmacher D. Periostin in Allergy and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722170. [PMID: 34512647 PMCID: PMC8429843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matricellular proteins are involved in the crosstalk between cells and their environment and thus play an important role in allergic and inflammatory reactions. Periostin, a matricellular protein, has several documented and multi-faceted roles in health and disease. It is differentially expressed, usually upregulated, in allergic conditions, a variety of inflammatory diseases as well as in cancer and contributes to the development and progression of these diseases. Periostin has also been shown to influence tissue remodelling, fibrosis, regeneration and repair. In allergic reactions periostin is involved in type 2 immunity and can be induced by IL-4 and IL-13 in bronchial cells. A variety of different allergic diseases, among them bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD), have been shown to be connected to periostin expression. Periostin is commonly expressed in fibroblasts and acts on epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts involving integrin and NF-κB signalling. Also direct signalling between periostin and immune cells has been reported. The deposition of periostin in inflamed, often fibrotic, tissues is further fuelling the inflammatory process. There is increasing evidence that periostin is also expressed by epithelial cells in several of the above-mentioned conditions as well as in cancer. Augmented periostin expression has also been associated with chronic inflammation such as in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Periostin can be expressed in a variety of different isoforms, whose functions have not been elucidated yet. This review will discuss potential functions of periostin and its different isoforms in allergy and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Sonnenberg-Riethmacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,Department of Human Development and Health, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Miehe
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering - Immunological Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,Department of Human Development and Health, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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24
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Distinctive Prognostic Value and Cellular Functions of Osteopontin Splice Variants in Human Gastric Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071820. [PMID: 34359989 PMCID: PMC8305399 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteopontin (OPN) splice variants are identified as predictors of tumour progression and therapeutic resistance in certain types of solid tumours. However, their roles in gastric cancer (GC) remain poorly characterized. The current study sought to assess the prognostic value of the three OPN splice variants (namely OPN-a, OPN-b, and OPN-c) in gastric cancer and their potential functions within gastric cancer cells. Methods: RNA extraction and reverse transcription were performed using our clinical cohort of gastric carcinomas and matched normal tissues (n = 324 matched pairs). Transcript levels were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. Three OPN splice variants overexpressed cell lines were created from the gastric cancer cell line HGC-27. Subsequently, biological functions, including cell growth, adhesion, migration, and invasion, were studied. The potential effects of OPN isoforms on cisplatin and 5-Fu were evaluated by detecting cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the HGC-27-derived cell lines. Results: Compared with normal tissues, the expression levels of three splice variants were all elevated in gastric cancer tissues in an order of OPN-a > OPN-b > OPN-c. The OPN-a level significantly increased with increasing TNM staging and worse clinical outcome. There appeared to be a downregulation for OPN-c in increasing lymph node status (p < 0.05), increasing TNM staging, and poor differentiation. High levels of OPN-a and OPN-b were correlated with short overall survival and disease-free survival of gastric cancer patients. However, the low expression of OPN-c was significantly associated with a poor prognosis. Functional analyses further showed that ectopic expression of OPN-c suppressed in vitro proliferation, adhesiveness, migration, and invasion properties of HGC-27 cells, while the opposite role was seen for OPN-a. Cellular ROS detection indicated that OPN-a and OPN-c significantly promoted ROS production after treatment with 5-Fu comparing to OPN-vector, while only OPN-a markedly induced ROS production after treatment with cisplatin. Conclusion: Our results suggest that OPN splice variants have distinguished potential to predict the prognosis of gastric cancer. Three OPN variants exert distinctive functions in gastric cancer cells. Focusing on specific OPN isoforms could be a novel direction for developing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in gastric cancer.
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25
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Lu C, Liu Z, Klement JD, Yang D, Merting AD, Poschel D, Albers T, Waller JL, Shi H, Liu K. WDR5-H3K4me3 epigenetic axis regulates OPN expression to compensate PD-L1 function to promote pancreatic cancer immune escape. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002624. [PMID: 34326167 PMCID: PMC8323468 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite PD-L1 (Programmed death receptor ligand-1) expression on tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes tumor infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, human pancreatic cancer stands out as one of the human cancers that does not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy. Epigenome dysregulation has emerged as a major mechanism in T cell exhaustion and non-response to ICI immunotherapy, we, therefore, aimed at testing the hypothesis that an epigenetic mechanism compensates PD-L1 function to render pancreatic cancer non-response to ICI immunotherapy. METHODS Two orthotopic pancreatic tumor mouse models were used for chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq and RNA-Seq to identify genome-wide dysregulation of H3K4me3 and gene expression. Human pancreatic tumor and serum were analyzed for osteopontin (OPN) protein level and for correlation with patient prognosis. OPN and PD-L1 cellular location were determined in the tumors using flow cytometry. The function of WDR5-H3K4me3 axis in OPN expression were determined by Western blotting. The function of H3K4me3-OPN axis in pancreatic cancer immune escape and response to ICI immunotherapy was determined in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor mouse model. RESULTS Mouse pancreatic tumors have a genome-wide increase in H3K4me3 deposition as compared with normal pancreas. OPN and its receptor CD44 were identified being upregulated in pancreatic tumors by their promoter H3K4me3 deposition. OPN protein is increased in both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in human pancreatic carcinoma and is inversely correlated with pancreatic cancer patient survival. OPN is primarily expressed in tumor cells and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs), whereas PD-L1 is expressed in tumor cells, M-MDSCs, polymorphonuclear MDSCs and tumor-associated macrophages. WDR5 is essential for H3K4me3-specific histone methyltransferase activity that regulates OPN expression in tumor cells and MDSCs. Inhibition of WDR5 significantly decreased OPN protein level. Inhibition of WDR5 or knocking out of OPN suppressed orthotopic mouse pancreatic tumor growth. Inhibition of WDR5 also significantly increased efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in suppression of mouse pancreatic tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS OPN compensates PD-L1 function to promote pancreatic cancer immune escape. Pharmacological inhibition of the WDR5-H3K4me3 epigenetic axis is effective in suppressing pancreatic tumor immune escape and in improving efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - John D Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alyssa D Merting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dakota Poschel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Albers
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer L Waller
- Department of Population Health Science, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huidong Shi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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26
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Structural Constraint of Osteopontin Facilitates Efficient Binding to CD44. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060813. [PMID: 34070790 PMCID: PMC8228714 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the original description in 1996, the interaction between the cytokine osteopontin (OPN) and the homing receptor CD44 has been extensively studied in cancer, inflammation, bone remodeling, and various other conditions. Alternative splicing and extensive posttranslational modifications by both binding partners, as well as the possibility for lateral recruitment of additional membrane receptors or soluble co-ligands into a complex have left the exact molecular requirements for high-affinity OPN-CD44 binding unresolved. We now report that there is a moderate engagement between the unmodified molecules, which results in curved double-reciprocal plots for OPN titration, suggesting the existence of two binding sites or two binding conformations. Structural constraint of OPN, by immobilization or by addition of heparin, is required for its strong ligation of CD44. Prior literature provides evidence that heparin binding to OPN prompts the unfolding of a core element in the protein. This conformational adjustment may be essential for efficient CD44 interaction. The integrin α9β1 seems to compete with the OPN-CD44 engagement, while the integrin αVβ3 reflects additive binding, suggesting that the CD44 contact sites on OPN are downstream of the RGD motif but overlap with the SVVYGLR domain. Hyaluronate has no effect, placing the relevant domain on CD44 downstream of the N-terminus.
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Klement JD, Poschel DB, Lu C, Merting AD, Yang D, Redd PS, Liu K. Osteopontin Blockade Immunotherapy Increases Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Lytic Activity and Suppresses Colon Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051006. [PMID: 33670921 PMCID: PMC7957528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite the breakthrough in human cancer immunotherapy, colorectal cancer, except for the small subset of microsatellite instable colorectal cancer (MSI, ~4% total cases), is one of the few human cancers that does not respond to current immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy. CTLs are present in both MSI and microsatellite stable (MSS) human colon carcinoma, suggesting that PD-L1-independent mechanisms may exist and suppress CTL activation in the colon tumor microenvironment. We determined that osteopontin (OPN) inhibits tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lytic activity to promote colon tumor growth in vivo. Accordingly, OPN blockade immunotherapy using OPN neutralization monoclonal antibodies 100D3 and 103D6 suppressed colon tumor growth in vivo. Our findings indicate that 100D3 and 103D6 has the potential to be further developed for colorectal cancer immunotherapy. Abstract Human colorectal cancers are mostly microsatellite-stable with no response to anti-PD-1 blockade immunotherapy, necessitating the development of a new immunotherapy. Osteopontin (OPN) is elevated in human colorectal cancer and may function as an immune checkpoint. We aimed at elucidating the mechanism of action of OPN and determining the efficacy of OPN blockade immunotherapy in suppression of colon cancer. We report here that OPN is primarily expressed in tumor cells, myeloid cells, and innate lymphoid cells in human colorectal carcinoma. Spp1 knock out mice exhibit a high incidence and fast growth rate of carcinogen-induced tumors. Knocking out Spp1 in colon tumor cells increased tumor-specific CTL cytotoxicity in vitro and resulted in decreased tumor growth in vivo. The OPN protein level is elevated in the peripheral blood of tumor-bearing mice. We developed four OPN neutralization monoclonal antibodies based on their efficacy in blocking OPN inhibition of T cell activation. OPN clones 100D3 and 103D6 increased the efficacy of tumor-specific CTLs in killing colon tumor cells in vitro and suppressed colon tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. Our data indicate that OPN blockade immunotherapy with 100D3 and 103D6 has great potential to be further developed for colorectal cancer immunotherapy and for rendering a colorectal cancer response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Klement
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.K.); (D.B.P.); (A.D.M.); (D.Y.); (P.S.R.)
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Dakota B. Poschel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.K.); (D.B.P.); (A.D.M.); (D.Y.); (P.S.R.)
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Chunwan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Alyssa D. Merting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.K.); (D.B.P.); (A.D.M.); (D.Y.); (P.S.R.)
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.K.); (D.B.P.); (A.D.M.); (D.Y.); (P.S.R.)
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Priscilla S. Redd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.K.); (D.B.P.); (A.D.M.); (D.Y.); (P.S.R.)
- Chemedimmune Inc., Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Kebin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (J.D.K.); (D.B.P.); (A.D.M.); (D.Y.); (P.S.R.)
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-9483
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Butti R, Kumar TVS, Nimma R, Banerjee P, Kundu IG, Kundu GC. Osteopontin Signaling in Shaping Tumor Microenvironment Conducive to Malignant Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:419-441. [PMID: 34664250 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Context-dependent reciprocal crosstalk between cancer and surrounding stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment is imperative for the regulation of various hallmarks of cancer. A myriad of growth factors, chemokines, and their receptors aids in the interaction between cancer cells and tumor microenvironmental components. Osteopontin is a chemokine-like protein, overexpressed in different types of cancers. Osteopontin plays a crucial role in orchestrating dialogue between cancer and stromal cells. Osteopontin, in tumor microenvironment, is produced in tumor as well as stromal cells. Tumor-derived osteopontin regulates proliferation, migration, activation, and differentiation of different types of stromal cells. Osteopontin secreted from tumor cells regulates the generation of cancer-associated fibroblasts from resident fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. Osteopontin also shapes immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by controlling regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Moreover, secretion of osteopontin from tumor stroma has been highly documented. Stromal cell-derived osteopontin induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem cell enrichment. Tumor- or stroma-derived osteopontin mainly functions through binding with cell surface receptors, integrins and CD44, and activates downstream signaling events like PI-3 kinase/Akt and MAPK pathways. Presumably, disrupting the communication between the tumor cells and surrounding microenvironment by targeting osteopontin-regulated signaling using specific antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, and chemotherapeutic agents is a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Butti
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Totakura V S Kumar
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Ramakrishna Nimma
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Pinaki Banerjee
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Ipsita G Kundu
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Institute of Eminence, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Angiogenesis and Nanomedicine Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, India. .,School of Biotechnology and Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT Deemed to be University, Institute of Eminence, Bhubaneswar, India.
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The Roles of Osteopontin in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Encephalitis. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040748. [PMID: 33317005 PMCID: PMC7768535 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a multifunctional protein encoded by the secreted phosphoprotein-1 (Spp-1) gene in humans, plays important roles in a variety of physiological conditions, such as biomineralization, bone remodeling and immune functions. OPN also has significant roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, allergy and inflammatory diseases, as well as bacterial, fungal and viral infections. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus, is the leading agent for viral encephalitis in North America. Recent progress has been made in understanding both the biological functions of OPN and the pathogenesis of WNV. In this review article, we have summarized the current understanding of the biology of OPN and its vital roles in the pathogenesis of WNV encephalitis.
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Wei T, Bi G, Bian Y, Ruan S, Yuan G, Xie H, Zhao M, Shen R, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Yang Y, Zhu D. The Significance of Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 in Multiple Human Cancers. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:565383. [PMID: 33324676 PMCID: PMC7724571 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.565383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumor represents a major reason for death in the world and its incidence is growing rapidly. Developing the tools for early diagnosis is possibly a promising way to offer diverse therapeutic options and promote the survival chance. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also called Osteopontin (OPN), has been demonstrated overexpressed in many cancers. However, the specific role of SPP1 in prognosis, gene mutations, and changes in gene and miRNA expression in human cancers is unclear. In this report, we found SPP1 expression was higher in most of the human cancers. Based on Kaplan-Meier plotter and the PrognoScan database, we found high SPP1 expression was significantly correlated with poor survival in various cancers. Using a large dataset of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), head and neck cancer (HNSC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, this study identified 22 common genes and 2 common miRNAs. GO, and KEGG paths analyses suggested that SPP1 correlated genes were mainly involved in positive regulation of immune cell activation and infiltration. SPP1-associated genes and miRNAs regulatory networks suggested that their interactions may play a role in the progression of four selected cancers. SPP1 showed significant positive correlation with the immunocyte and immune marker sets infiltrating degrees. All of these data provide strong evidence that SPP1 may promote tumor progress through interacting with carcinogenic genes and facilitating immune cells’ infiltration in COAD, HNSC, LUAD, and LUSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengteng Wei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoshu Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyi Bian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhong Ruan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangda Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongya Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongming Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Yimeng Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Donglin Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
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Osteopontin: A Key Regulator of Tumor Progression and Immunomodulation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113379. [PMID: 33203146 PMCID: PMC7698217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4-based immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy have recently emerged as a breakthrough in human cancer treatment. Durable efficacy has been achieved in many types of human cancers. However, not all human cancers respond to current ICB immunotherapy and only a fraction of the responsive cancers exhibit efficacy. Osteopontin (OPN) expression is highly elevated in human cancers and functions as a tumor promoter. Emerging data suggest that OPN may also regulate immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. This review aims at OPN function in human cancer progression and new findings of OPN as a new immune checkpoint. We propose that OPN compensates PD-L1 function to promote tumor immune evasion, which may underlie human cancer non-response to current ICB immunotherapy. Abstract OPN is a multifunctional phosphoglycoprotein expressed in a wide range of cells, including osteoclasts, osteoblasts, neurons, epithelial cells, T, B, NK, NK T, myeloid, and innate lymphoid cells. OPN plays an important role in diverse biological processes and is implicated in multiple diseases such as cardiovascular, diabetes, kidney, proinflammatory, fibrosis, nephrolithiasis, wound healing, and cancer. In cancer patients, overexpressed OPN is often detected in the tumor microenvironment and elevated serum OPN level is correlated with poor prognosis. Initially identified in activated T cells and termed as early T cell activation gene, OPN links innate cells to adaptive cells in immune response to infection and cancer. Recent single cell RNA sequencing revealed that OPN is primarily expressed in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells in human cancer patients. Emerging experimental data reveal a key role of OPN is tumor immune evasion through regulating macrophage polarization, recruitment, and inhibition of T cell activation in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in addition to its well-established direct tumor cell promotion function, OPN also acts as an immune checkpoint to negatively regulate T cell activation. The OPN protein level is highly elevated in peripheral blood of human cancer patients. OPN blockade immunotherapy with OPN neutralization monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) thus represents an attractive approach in human cancer immunotherapy.
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RNA binding proteins: Linking mechanotransduction and tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:30-40. [PMID: 33007411 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction is the leading cellular process that mammalian cells adopted to receive and respond to various mechanical cues from their local microenvironment. Increasing evidence suggests that mechano-transduction is involved in many physiological and disease conditions, ranging from early embryonic development, organogenesis, to a variety of human diseases including cancer. Mechanotransduction is mediated through several classes of senor proteins on the cell surface, intracellular signaling mediators, and core transcriptional regulation networks. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms regulating mechanotransduction and their association with cancer metastasis has received much attention in recent years. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are a special group of nucleic acid interacting factors that participate in many important cellular processes. In this review, we would like to summarize recent research progresses in understanding the role of RBPs-mediated regulation in mechanotransduction and cancer metastasis. Those intriguing findings will provide novel insights for the disease and guide the potential development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Osteopontin-c is overexpressed in KMT2A-AFF1 positive pediatric B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia when compared to those with ETV6-RUNX1". Leuk Res 2020; 91:106316. [PMID: 32114371 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2020.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fan Y, Jalali A, Chen A, Zhao X, Liu S, Teli M, Guo Y, Li F, Li J, Siegel A, Yang L, Liu J, Na S, Agarwal M, Robling AG, Nakshatri H, Li BY, Yokota H. Skeletal loading regulates breast cancer-associated osteolysis in a loading intensity-dependent fashion. Bone Res 2020; 8:9. [PMID: 32128277 PMCID: PMC7021802 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are mechanosensitive bone cells, but little is known about their effects on tumor cells in response to mechanical stimulation. We treated breast cancer cells with osteocyte-derived conditioned medium (CM) and fluid flow-treated conditioned medium (FFCM) with 0.25 Pa and 1 Pa shear stress. Notably, CM and FFCM at 0.25 Pa induced the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), but FFCM at 1 Pa induced the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This suggested that the effects of fluid flow on conditioned media depend on flow intensity. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based evaluation of Src activity and vinculin molecular force showed that osteopontin was involved in EMT and MET switching. A mouse model of tumor-induced osteolysis was tested using dynamic tibia loadings of 1, 2, and 5 N. The low 1 N loading suppressed tumor-induced osteolysis, but this beneficial effect was lost and reversed with loads at 2 and 5 N, respectively. Changing the loading intensities in vivo also led to changes in serum TGFβ levels and the composition of tumor-associated volatile organic compounds in the urine. Collectively, this study demonstrated the critical role of intensity-dependent mechanotransduction and osteopontin in tumor-osteocyte communication, indicating that a biophysical factor can tangibly alter the behaviors of tumor cells in the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fan
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Aydin Jalali
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Andy Chen
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Meghana Teli
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Yunxia Guo
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Fangjia Li
- 4Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Junrui Li
- 5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309 USA
| | - Amanda Siegel
- 6Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Lianxiang Yang
- 5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309 USA
| | - Jing Liu
- 4Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Sungsoo Na
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- 6Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- 7Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,8Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- 9Department of Surgery, Simon Cancer Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- 1Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China.,2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309 USA.,6Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,7Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,8Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Lamort AS, Giopanou I, Psallidas I, Stathopoulos GT. Osteopontin as a Link between Inflammation and Cancer: The Thorax in the Spotlight. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080815. [PMID: 31382483 PMCID: PMC6721491 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) possesses multiple functions in health and disease. To this end, osteopontin has beneficial roles in wound healing, bone homeostasis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) function. On the contrary, osteopontin can be deleterious for the human body during disease. Indeed, osteopontin is a cardinal mediator of tumor-associated inflammation and facilitates metastasis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of osteopontin in malignant processes, focusing on lung and pleural tumors as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Lamort
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
| | - Ioanna Giopanou
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Biomedical Sciences Research Center, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece
| | - Ioannis Psallidas
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
- Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Biomedical Sciences Research Center, 1 Asklepiou Str., University Campus, 26504 Rio, Achaia, Greece.
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Hu H, Liu Z, Liu C. Correlation of OPN gene expression with proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and prognosis of patients. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2788-2794. [PMID: 30854053 PMCID: PMC6365894 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation of osteopontin (OPN) gene expression with proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and prognosis of patients was investigated. The expression levels of OPN in 81 pairs of ovarian cancer tissues and para-carcinoma tissues obtained via surgical resection were detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation of OPN protein expression with clinicopathological features of patients was analyzed. All patients were followed up for 3 years. The disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) curves of patients in high/low OPN expression groups were drawn using the Kaplan-Meier method. The expression levels of OPN in normal ovarian epithelial IOSE80 cells and 5 ovarian cancer cell lines were detected via western blotting. Moreover, two cell lines with high OPN expression were interfered with lentiviral transfection technique. The effects of OPN on ovarian cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected and analyzed via Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay and flow cytometry. The positive expression rate of OPN protein in tumor tissues was higher than that in para-carcinoma tissues (P<0.05). Survival curves suggested that both DFS and OS in OPN negative group were superior to those in OPN positive group (P<0.05). Results of western blotting showed that OPN was weakly expressed in IOSE80 cells, whereas it was highly expressed in SKOV-3, COC1, A2780, HO-8910 and OVCAR-3 cells, among which the OPN protein expression levels were relatively higher in SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3 cell lines. After knockdown of OPN gene with sh-OPN, the cell proliferation rates of OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 were significantly decreased from 48 h (P<0.05), but the apoptosis level was increased remarkably (28.2 vs. 1.3% and 25.3 vs. 3.2%), and differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). In conclusion, overexpression of OPN enhances the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells, which is an adverse factor for patient survival and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhuan Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Shouguang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 262700, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglan Liu
- Department of Gynaecology, The People's Hospital of Qihe County, Qihe, Shandong 251100, P.R. China
| | - Cun Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
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Wein M, Huelter-Hassler D, Nelson K, Fretwurst T, Nahles S, Finkenzeller G, Altmann B, Steinberg T. Differential osteopontin expression in human osteoblasts derived from iliac crest and alveolar bone and its role in early stages of angiogenesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:105-117. [PMID: 29327303 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we revealed significant differences of osteopontin (OPN) gene expression in primary human osteoblasts (HOBs) derived from iliac crest bone (iHOBs) and alveolar bone (aHOBs). The present study aims at assigning this discriminative expression to a possible biologic function. OPN is known to be involved in several pathologic and physiologic processes, among others angiogenesis. Therefore, we studied the reaction of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to HOB-derived OPN regarding angiogenesis. To this end, human primary explant cultures of both bone entities from ten donors were established. Subsequent transcription analysis detected higher gene expression of OPN in iHOBs compared to aHOBs, thereby confirming the results of our previous study. This difference was particularly apparent when cultures were derived from female donors. Hence, OPN protein expression as well as the angiogenic potential of OPN was analyzed, originating from HOBs of one female donor. In accordance to the gene expression level, secreted OPN was more abundant in the supernatant of iHOBs than in aHOBs. Moreover, secreted OPN was found to stimulate migration of HUVECs, but not proliferation or tube formation. These results indicate an involvement in very early stages of angiogenesis and a functional distinction of OPN from HOBs derived from different bone entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wein
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Diana Huelter-Hassler
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Nelson
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Fretwurst
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Nahles
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité Campus Virchow, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guenter Finkenzeller
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Altmann
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration and Neogenesis, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- Department of Oral Biotechnology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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Walaszek K, Lower EE, Ziolkowski P, Weber GF. Breast cancer risk in premalignant lesions: osteopontin splice variants indicate prognosis. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1259-1266. [PMID: 30353046 PMCID: PMC6251032 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premalignant breast lesions pose variable risks for transformation, raising the question who should receive treatment to counteract the potential progression to breast cancer. Because the secreted metastasis mediator Osteopontin (OPN) is a marker for breast cancer aggressiveness, its presence in these lesions may reflect progression risk. METHODS By immunohistochemistry, we analyse the association of Osteopontin variant expression in healthy breasts, hyperplasias, papillomas, and carcinomas in situ from 434 women to assess a) staining for OPN exon 4 (present in OPN-a and OPN-b) or OPN-c in low-risk to high-risk lesions b) correlations between staining and progression (DCIS with invasion, invasive cancer) or survival. RESULTS The markers correlate with risk, and they are prognostic for ensuing invasive disease and survival. About 10% of OPN-c pathology score 0-1 (intensity), vs. 40% of score 3 experience cancer over 5 years. More than 90% of women, who progress, had pathology scores of 2-3 for OPN-c intensity at the time of initial diagnosis. When combining OPN-c and OPN exon 4 staining, all of the low intensity patients are alive after 5 years, whereas women in the high category have a close to 30% chance to die within 5 years. Of patients who succumb, close to 80% had a high combined score at the time of initial diagnosis. CONCLUSION The combined information of OPN splice variant immunohistochemistry can provide a foundation for very reliable prognostication and has the potential to aid decision making in the treatment of early breast lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Walaszek
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elyse E Lower
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Piotr Ziolkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Georg F Weber
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Ferreira LB, Lima RT, Bastos ACSDF, Silva AM, Tavares C, Pestana A, Rios E, Eloy C, Sobrinho-Simões M, Gimba ERP, Soares P. OPNa Overexpression Is Associated with Matrix Calcification in Thyroid Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102990. [PMID: 30274371 PMCID: PMC6213506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) spliced variants (OPN-SV: OPNa, OPNb, and OPNc) are aberrantly expressed in tumors and frequently associated with cancer progression. This holds true for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), which is the most common type of thyroid cancer (TC). PTC often presents with desmoplasia and dystrophic calcification, including psammoma bodies (PB). This work aimed to investigate total OPN (tOPN) and OPN-SV expression and their association with the presence of PB in the PTC classical variants (cPTC), as well as the involvement of OPN-SV in matrix calcification of TC cell lines. We found that cPTC samples presenting PB showed higher OPN expression levels. In TC cell lines, OPNa overexpression promotes higher matrix calcification and collagen synthesis when compared to that of clones overexpressing OPNb or OPNc. In response to OPN knockdown, calcification was inhibited, paralleled with the downregulation of calcification markers. In conclusion, our data evidenced that OPN expression is associated with the presence of PB in cPTC samples. Among the OPN-SV, OPNa is the main contributor to matrix calcification in tested TC cells, providing clues to a better understanding on the biology and ethiopathogenesis of the calcification process in TC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana B Ferreira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Research Coordination, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil.
| | - Raquel T Lima
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Andreia M Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Tavares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Pestana
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Elisabete Rios
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Eloy
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de S. João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Etel R P Gimba
- Research Coordination, National Institute of Cancer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, Brazil.
- Natural Sciences Department, Health and Humanities Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro 28880-000, Brazil.
| | - Paula Soares
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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The Phylogeny of Osteopontin-Analysis of the Protein Sequence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092557. [PMID: 30154395 PMCID: PMC6164354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is important for tissue remodeling, cellular immune responses, and calcium homeostasis in milk and urine. In pathophysiology, the biomolecule contributes to the progression of multiple cancers. Phylogenetic analysis of 202 osteopontin protein sequences identifies a core block of integrin-binding sites in the center of the protein, which is well conserved. Remarkably, the length of this block varies among species, resulting in differing distances between motifs within. The amino acid sequence SSEE is a candidate phosphorylation site. Two copies of it reside in the far N-terminus and are variably affected by alternative splicing in humans. Between those motifs, birds and reptiles have a histidine-rich domain, which is absent from other species. Just downstream from the thrombin cleavage site, the common motif (Q/I)(Y/S/V)(P/H/Y)D(A/V)(T/S)EED(L/E)(-/S)T has been hitherto unrecognized. While well preserved, it is yet without assigned function. The far C-terminus, although very different between Reptilia/Aves on the one hand and Mammals on the other, is highly conserved within each group of species, suggesting important functional roles that remain to be mapped. Taxonomic variations in the osteopontin sequence include a lack of about 20 amino acids in the downstream portion, a small unique sequence stretch C-terminally, a lack of six amino acids just upstream of the RGD motifs, and variable length insertions far C-terminally.
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Integrin β3 and CD44 levels determine the effects of the OPN-a splicing variant on lung cancer cell growth. Oncotarget 2018; 7:55572-55584. [PMID: 27487131 PMCID: PMC5342437 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN), a phosphorylated glycoprotein, is frequently overexpressed in cancer. Among the three OPN isoforms, OPN-a is the most highly expressed in lung cancer cell lines and lung tumors. Overexpression of OPN-a greatly reduced CL1-5 lung adenocarcinoma cell growth, but had no effect on growth in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Examination of the expression of integrins and CD44, which are possible OPN-a receptors, revealed that differences in integrin β3 levels might explain this discrepancy between CL1-5 and A549 cells. When integrin β3 was ectopically expressed in A549 cells, OPN-a inhibited their growth, whereas OPN-a increased cell growth following integrin β3 knockdown in CL1-5 cells. This OPN-a-induced increase in growth appeared to result from activation of the CD44/NFκB pathway. Our results demonstrated that OPN-a inhibits growth of cells with high integrin β3 levels and increases growth via activation of the CD44/NFκB pathway in cells with low integrin β3 levels. Thus, OPN-a, integrin β3, and CD44 interact to affect lung cancer cell growth, and this study may aid in the development of cancer treatment strategies involving these molecules.
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Proangiogenic functions of an RGD-SLAY-containing osteopontin icosamer peptide in HUVECs and in the postischemic brain. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e430. [PMID: 29350679 PMCID: PMC5799800 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphorylated glycoprotein secreted into body fluids by various cell types. OPN contains arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) and serine-leucine-alanine-tyrosine (SLAY) motifs that bind to several integrins and mediate a wide range of cellular processes. In the present study, the proangiogenic effects of a 20-amino-acid OPN peptide (OPNpt20) containing RGD and SLAY motifs were examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in a rat focal cerebral ischemia model. OPNpt20 exerted robust proangiogenic effects in HUVECs by promoting proliferation, migration and tube formation. These effects were significantly reduced in OPNpt20-RAA (RGD->RAA)-treated cells, but only slightly reduced in OPNpt20-SLAA (SLAY->SLAA)-treated cells. Interestingly, a mutant peptide without both motifs failed to induce these proangiogenic processes, indicating that the RGD motif is crucial and that SLAY also has a role. In OPNpt20-treated HUVEC cultures, AKT and ERK signaling pathways were activated, but activation of these pathways and tube formation were suppressed by anti-αvβ3 antibody, indicating that OPNpt20 stimulates angiogenesis via the αvβ3-integrin/AKT and ERK pathways. The proangiogenic function of OPNpt20 was further confirmed in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Total vessel length and vessel densities were markedly greater in OPNpt20-treated ischemic brains, accompanied by induction of proangiogenic markers. Together, these results demonstrate that the 20-amino-acid OPN peptide containing RGD and SLAY motifs exerts proangiogenic effects, wherein both motifs have important roles, and these effects appear to contribute to the neuroprotective effects of this peptide in the postischemic brain.
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Osteopontin-a splice variant is overexpressed in papillary thyroid carcinoma and modulates invasive behavior. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52003-52016. [PMID: 27409830 PMCID: PMC5239531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a matricellular protein overexpressed in cancer cells and modulates tumorigenesis and metastasis, including in thyroid cancer (TC). The contribution of each OPN splice variant (OPN-SV), named OPNa, OPNb and OPNc, in TC is currently unknown. This study evaluates the expression of total OPN (tOPN) and OPN-SV in TC tissues and cell lines, their correlation with clinicopathological, molecular features and their functional roles. We showed that tOPN and OPNa are overexpressed in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (cPTC) in relation to adjacent thyroid, adenoma and follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (fvPTC) tissues. In cPTC, OPNa overexpression is associated with larger tumor size, vascular invasion, extrathyroid extension and BRAFV600E mutation. We found that TC cell lines overexpressing OPNa exhibited increased proliferation, migration, motility and in vivo invasion. Conditioned medium secreted from cells overexpressing OPNa induce MMP2 and MMP9 metalloproteinases activity. In summary, we described the expression pattern of OPN-SV in cPTC samples and the key role of OPNa expression on activating TC tumor progression features. Our findings highlight OPNa variant as TC biomarker, besides being a putative target for cPTC therapeutic approaches.
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Hartung F, Wang Y, Aronow B, Weber GF. A core program of gene expression characterizes cancer metastases. Oncotarget 2017; 8:102161-102175. [PMID: 29254233 PMCID: PMC5731943 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While aberrant expression or splicing of metastasis genes conveys to cancers the ability to break through tissue barriers and disseminate, the genetic basis for organ preference in metastasis formation has remained incompletely understood. Utilizing the gene expression profiles from 653 GEO datasets, we investigate whether the signatures by diverse cancers in various metastatic sites display common features. We corroborate the meta-analysis in a murine model. Metastases are generally characterized by a core program of gene expression that induces the oxidative metabolism, activates vascularization/tissue remodeling, silences extracellular matrix interactions, and alters ion homeostasis. This program distinguishes metastases from their originating primary tumors as well as from their target host tissues. Site-selectivity is accomplished through specific components that adjust to the target micro-environment. The same functional groups of gene expression programs are activated in the metastases of B16-F10 cells to various target organs. It remains to be investigated whether these genetic signatures precede implantation and thus determine organ preference or are shaped by the target site and are thus a consequence of implantation. Conceivably, chemotherapy of disseminated cancer might be more efficacious if selected to match the genetic makeup of the metastases rather than the organ of origin by the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Hartung
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yunguan Wang
- Computational Medicine Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Computational Medicine Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Georg F Weber
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Teoh ST, Lunt SY. Metabolism in cancer metastasis: bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Thing Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Sophia Y. Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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Mirzaei A, Mohammadi S, Ghaffari SH, Nikbakht M, Bashash D, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. Osteopontin b and c isoforms: Molecular Candidates Associated with Leukemic Stem Cell Chemoresistance in Acute Myeloid
Leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1707-1715. [PMID: 28670893 PMCID: PMC6373801 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.6.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite impressive advances in therapeutic approaches, long-term survival with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is
low as a result of treatment resistance and frequent relapse. Among multitude oncogenic proteins involved in acquisition
of a chemo-resistanr phenotype, osteopontin (OPN) recently has attracted marked attention. In spite of the well-defined
association between OPN expression and cure rate with solid tumors, there is a scarcity of information on any role of this
protein in AML cases. Based on the critical role of OPN in cell survival, it seems reasonable to hypothesize that isoform
expression levels may impact on regulation of apoptosis in AML cells in response to conventional chemotherapeutic
drugs and its relation to relapse. To investigate associations between induction of apoptosis and OPN isoform expression,
two distinct AML cell lines (KG-1 as a leukemic stem cell model and U937) were treated with chemotherapy drugs,
and cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT and Annexin/PI assay. After determination of appropriate drug
doses, mRNA expression levels of OPN isoforms and OPN-related genes were investigated. Our results demonstrated
for the first time that acquired up-regulation of OPN-b and c isoforms might prevent conventional chemotherapy
regimen-induced apoptosis in AML cells. Moreover, upregulation of OPN-b and c in AML cells appears concurrent
with upregulation of AKT/VEGF/CXCR4/STAT3/ IL-6 gene expression. To sum up, this study suggests that OPN-b
and c isoforms could be considered as unique beneficial molecular biomarkers associated with leukemic stem cell
chemoresistance. Hence, they have potential as molecular candidates for detection of minimal residual disease (MRD)
and determination of remission in AML patients. Further evaluation with quantative real time PCR on patient samples
for confirmation appears warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Mirzaei
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
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Hao C, Cui Y, Owen S, Li W, Cheng S, Jiang WG. Human osteopontin: Potential clinical applications in cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1327-1337. [PMID: 28440483 PMCID: PMC5428945 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein which is expressed in a variety of tissues in the body. In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated that the aberrant expression of OPN is closely associated with tumourigensis, progression and most prominently with metastasis in several tumour types. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the expression profiles of OPN and its main splice variants in human cancers, as well as the potential implications in patient outcome. We also discuss its putative clinical application as a cancer biomarker and as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Cui
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sionen Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer and Metastasis Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Wen G. Jiang
- Correspondence to: Professor Wen G. Jiang, Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park Way, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK, E-mail:
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Immune microenvironment of gliomas. J Transl Med 2017; 97:498-518. [PMID: 28287634 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas are rapidly progressing tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) with a very poor prognosis despite extensive resection combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. Histopathological and flow cytometry analyses of human and rodent experimental gliomas revealed heterogeneity of a tumor and its niche, composed of reactive astrocytes, endothelial cells, and numerous immune cells. Infiltrating immune cells consist of CNS resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and T lymphocytes. Intratumoral density of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) and MDSCs is the highest in malignant gliomas and inversely correlates with patient survival. Although GAMs have a few innate immune functions intact, their ability to be stimulated via TLRs, secrete cytokines, and upregulate co-stimulatory molecules is not sufficient to initiate antitumor immune responses. Moreover, tumor-reprogrammed GAMs release immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines shaping antitumor responses. Both GAMs and MDSCs have ability to attract T regulatory lymphocytes to the tumor, but MDSCs inhibit cytotoxic responses mediated by natural killer cells, and block the activation of tumor-reactive CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The presence of regulatory T cells may further contribute to the lack of effective immune activation against malignant gliomas. We review the immunological aspects of glioma microenvironment, in particular composition and various roles of the immune cells infiltrating malignant human gliomas and experimental rodent gliomas. We describe tumor-derived signals and mechanisms driving myeloid cell accumulation and reprogramming. Although, understanding the complexity of cell-cell interactions in glioma microenvironment is far from being achieved, recent studies demonstrated several glioma-derived factors that trigger migration, accumulation, and reprogramming of immune cells. Identification of these factors may facilitate development of immunotherapy for gliomas as immunomodulatory and immune evasion mechanisms employed by malignant gliomas pose an appalling challenge to brain tumor immunotherapy.
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Kamioka Y, Takakura K, Sumiyama K, Matsuda M. Intravital Förster resonance energy transfer imaging reveals osteopontin-mediated polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation by tumor cell emboli. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:226-235. [PMID: 27960041 PMCID: PMC5329161 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) cause paraneoplastic leukemoid reactions and facilitate tumor cell metastasis. However, the interaction of MDSCs with tumor cells in live tissue has not been adequately visualized. To accomplish this task, we developed an intravital imaging protocol to observe metastasized tumor cells in mouse lungs. For visualization of the activation of MDSCs, bone marrow cells derived from transgenic mice expressing a Förster resonance energy transfer biosensor for ERK were implanted into host mice. Under a two‐photon excitation microscope, numerous polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) were found to infiltrate the lungs of tumor‐bearing mice in which 4T1 mammary tumor cells were implanted into the footpads. By Förster resonance energy transfer imaging, we found ERK activation in PMNs around the 4T1 tumor emboli in the lungs. Because antibody array analysis implied the involvement of osteopontin (OPN) in the metastasis of 4T1 cells, we further analyzed the effect of OPN knockdown. The OPN knockdown in 4T1 cells did not affect the cell growth, but markedly suppressed lung metastasis of 4T1 cells and ERK activation in PMNs in the lung. Intravenous injection of recombinant OPN restored the lung metastasis of OPN‐deficient 4T1 cells, suggesting that OPN functioned in a paracrine manner. It has been reported that ERK activation of neutrophils causes NETosis and that PMNs promote metastasis of tumor cells by NETosis. In agreement with previous reports, the NETosis inhibitor DNase I inhibited lung metastasis of 4T1 cells. These observations suggest that OPN promotes metastasis of 4T1 cells by activating PMNs and inducing NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Kanako Takakura
- Imaging Platform for Spatio-Temporal Regulation, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Briones-Orta MA, Avendaño-Vázquez SE, Aparicio-Bautista DI, Coombes JD, Weber GF, Syn WK. Osteopontin splice variants and polymorphisms in cancer progression and prognosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:93-108.A. [PMID: 28254527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix protein that is overexpressed in various cancers and promotes oncogenic features including cell proliferation, survival, migration, and angiogenesis, among others. OPN can participate in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment, affecting both cancer and neighboring cells. Here, we review the roles of OPN splice variants (a, b, c) in cancer development, progression, and prognosis, and also discuss the identities of isoforms 4 and 5. We also discussed how single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the OPN gene are an additional factor influencing the level of OPN in individuals, modulating the risks of cancer development and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason D Coombes
- Regeneration and Repair, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Wing-Kin Syn
- Regeneration and Repair, Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC., United States; Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H Johnson Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.
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