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Alqahtani QH, Alkharashi LA, Alajami H, Alkharashi I, Alkharashi L, Alhinti SN. Pioglitazone enhances cisplatin's impact on triple-negative breast cancer: Role of PPARγ in cell apoptosis. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102059. [PMID: 38601974 PMCID: PMC11004990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) has been recently shown to play a role in many cancers. The breast tissue of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients were found to have a significantly lower expression of PPARγ than the other subtypes. Furthermore, PPARγ activation was found to exert anti-tumor effects by inhibiting cell proliferation, differentiation, cell growth, cell cycle, and inducing apoptosis. To start with, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of data from OncoDB, which showed a lower expression pattern of PPARγ in different cancer types. In addition, high expression of PPARγ was associated with better breast cancer patient survival. Therefore, we tested the impact of pioglitazone, a PPARγ ligand, on the cytotoxic activity of cisplatin in the TNBC cell line. MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with either cisplatin (40 μM) with or without pioglitazone (30 or 60 μM) for 72 h. The MTT results showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in cell viability as a result of using cisplatin and pioglitazone combination compared with cisplatin alone. In addition, the protein expression of Bcl-2, a known antiapoptotic marker, decreased in the cells treated with cisplatin and pioglitazone combination at doses of 40 and 30 μM, respectively. On the other hand, cleaved- poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) and -caspase-9, which are known as pro-apoptotic markers, were upregulated in the combination group compared with the solo treatments. Taken together, the addition of pioglitazone to cisplatin further reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells and enhanced apoptosis compared with chemotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qamraa Hamad Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layla Abdullah Alkharashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Alajami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishraq Alkharashi
- PharmD Student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Layan Alkharashi
- PharmD Student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shoug Nasser Alhinti
- PharmD Student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Greco A, Coperchini F, Croce L, Magri F, Teliti M, Rotondi M. Drug repositioning in thyroid cancer treatment: the intriguing case of anti-diabetic drugs. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1303844. [PMID: 38146457 PMCID: PMC10749369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1303844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents the main cause of death worldwide. Thyroid cancer (TC) shows an overall good rate of survival, however there is a percentage of patients that do not respond or are refractory to common therapies. Thus new therapeutics strategies are required. In the past decade, drug repositioning become very important in the field of cancer therapy. This approach shows several advantages including the saving of: i) time, ii) costs, iii) de novo studies regarding the safety (just characterized) of a drug. Regarding TC, few studies considered the potential repositioning of drugs. On the other hand, certain anti-diabetic drugs, were the focus of interesting studies on TC therapy, in view of the fact that they exhibited potential anti-tumor effects. Among these anti-diabetic compounds, not all were judjed as appropriate for repositioning, in view of well documented side effects. However, just to give few examples biguanides, DPP-4-inhibitors and Thiazolidinediones were found to exert strong anti-cancer effects in TC. Indeed, their effects spaced from induction of citotoxicity and inhibition of metastatic spread, to induction of de-differentiation of TC cells and modulation of TC microenvironment. Thus, the multifacial anti-cancer effect of these compounds would make the basis also for combinatory strategies. The present review is aimed at discuss data from studies regarding the anti-cancer effects of several anti-diabetic drugs recently showed in TC in view of their potential repositioning. Specific examples of anti-diabetic repositionable drugs for TC treatment will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Greco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Coperchini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marsida Teliti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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4
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Tsujiya Y, Hasegawa A, Yamamori M, Okamura N. Troglitazone-Induced Autophagic Cytotoxicity in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:276-283. [PMID: 35228393 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Troglitazone (TGZ), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand, is a potential antitumor agent. However, the action mechanism of TGZ in lung adenocarcinoma cells has not been completely elucidated. To assess this mechanism and the anticancer effects of TGZ in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (A549 and H1975), we investigated the involvement of PPARγ, apoptosis, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and autophagy. Cell viability was measured using fluorescence-based assays. Apoptotic cells were detected by Hoechst 33342 and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) double staining; protein expression was detected by Western blotting. TGZ inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in both cell lines, and the effect was not suppressed by a PPARγ inhibitor. Additionally, TGZ increased apoptotic cell number and upregulated p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation; however, p38 and JNK inhibitors did not block TGZ-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation in either cell line. TGZ also upregulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, whereas an ERK1/2 inhibitor enhanced TGZ-mediated cytotoxicity in A549 cells. Additionally, TGZ increased LC3-II expression, and chloroquine (an autophagy inhibitor) attenuated TGZ-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation. These findings suggest that TGZ-induced inhibition of cell proliferation is PPARγ independent. TGZ-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation was accompanied by apoptosis and independent of the MAPK signaling pathway. These results suggest that TGZ inhibits cell proliferation through autophagy-induced cytotoxicity. This study demonstrated that chemotherapy using TGZ may be effective for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Tsujiya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Ai Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Motohiro Yamamori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Noboru Okamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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Benvenga S, Famà F, Perdichizzi LG, Antonelli A, Brenta G, Vermiglio F, Moleti M. Fish and the Thyroid: A Janus Bifrons Relationship Caused by Pollutants and the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:891233. [PMID: 35712237 PMCID: PMC9196333 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.891233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefits of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on a number of clinical disorders, including autoimmune diseases, are widely reported in the literature. One major dietary source of PUFA are fish, particularly the small oily fish, like anchovy, sardine, mackerel and others. Unfortunately, fish (particularly the large, top-predator fish like swordfish) are also a source of pollutants, including the heavy metals. One relevant heavy metal is mercury, a known environmental trigger of autoimmunity that is measurable inside the thyroid. There are a number of interactions between the omega-3 PUFA and thyroid hormones, even at the level of the thyroid hormone transport proteins. Concerning the mechanisms behind the protection from/amelioration of autoimmune diseases, including thyroiditis, that are caused by the omega-3 PUFA, one can be the decreased production of chemokines, a decrease that was reported in the literature for other nutraceuticals. Recent studies point also to the involvement of resolvins. The intracellular increase in resolvins is associated with the tissue protection from inflammation that was observed in experimental animals after coadministration of omega-3 PUFA and thyroid hormone. After having presented data on fish consumption at the beginning, we conclude our review by presenting data on the market of the dietary supplements/nutraceuticals. The global omega-3 products market was valued at USD 2.10 billion in 2020, and was projected to go up at a compound annual growth rate of 7.8% from 2020 to 2028. Among supplements, fish oils, which are derived mainly from anchovies, are considered the best and generally safest source of omega-3. Taking into account (i) the anti-autoimmunity and anti-cancer properties of the omega-3 PUFA, (ii) the increasing incidence of both autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid cancer worldwide, (iii) the predisposing role for thyroid cancer exerted by autoimmune thyroiditis, and (iv) the risk for developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders conferred by both elevated/trendwise elevated serum TSH levels and thyroid autoimmunity, then there is enough rationale for the omega-3 PUFA as measures to contrast the appearance and/or duration of Hashimoto's thyroiditis as well as to correct the slightly elevated serum TSH levels of subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fausto Famà
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “G. Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fausto Famà, ;
| | | | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriela Brenta
- Division of Endocrinology, Dr. Cesar Milstein Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francesco Vermiglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mariacarla Moleti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Islam Z, Ali AM, Naik A, Eldaw M, Decock J, Kolatkar PR. Transcription Factors: The Fulcrum Between Cell Development and Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681377. [PMID: 34195082 PMCID: PMC8236851 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher eukaryotic development is a complex and tightly regulated process, whereby transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in controlling the gene regulatory networks. Dysregulation of these regulatory networks has also been associated with carcinogenesis. Transcription factors are key enablers of cancer stemness, which support the maintenance and function of cancer stem cells that are believed to act as seeds for cancer initiation, progression and metastasis, and treatment resistance. One key area of research is to understand how these factors interact and collaborate to define cellular fate during embryogenesis as well as during tumor development. This review focuses on understanding the role of TFs in cell development and cancer. The molecular mechanisms of cell fate decision are of key importance in efforts towards developing better protocols for directed differentiation of cells in research and medicine. We also discuss the dysregulation of TFs and their role in cancer progression and metastasis, exploring TF networks as direct or indirect targets for therapeutic intervention, as well as specific TFs’ potential as biomarkers for predicting and monitoring treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyaul Islam
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ameena Mohamed Ali
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adviti Naik
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Eldaw
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Translational Cancer and Immunity Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Prasanna R Kolatkar
- Diabetes Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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7
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Yang S, Gong Z, Liu Z, Wei M, Xue L, Vlantis AC, Zhang Y, Chan JYK, van Hasselt CA, Zeng X, Qiu S, Tang N, Du J, Wei W, Tong MCF, Chen GG. Differential Effects of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Beta on Endogenous Ligands of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:708248. [PMID: 34557159 PMCID: PMC8453163 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.708248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The inhibition of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) or the activation of ERβ can inhibit papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but the precise mechanism is not known. We aimed to explore the role of ERα and ERβ on the production of endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligands in PTC. METHODS 2 PTC cell lines, 32 pairs of PTC tissues and matched normal thyroid tissues were used in this study. The levels of endogenous PPARγ ligands 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HODE), and15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The levels of PGJ2 and 15(S)-HETE were significantly reduced in PTC, but 13(S)-HODE was not changed. Activation of ERα or inhibition of ERβ significantly downregulated the production of PGJ2, 15(S)-HETE and 13(S)-HODE, whereas inhibition of ERα or activation of ERβ markedly upregulated the production of these three ligands. Application of endogenous PPARγ ligands inhibited growth, induced apoptosis of cancer cells, and promoted the efficacy of chemotherapy. CONCLUSION The levels of endogenous PPARγ ligands PGJ2 and 15(S)-HETE are significantly decreased in PTC. The inhibition of ERα or activation of ERβ can inhibit PTC by stimulating the production of endogenous PPARγ ligands to induce apoptosis in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingshan District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongqin Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghui Wei
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingbin Xue
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alexander C. Vlantis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Pingshan District People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason YK. Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Andrew van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Institute of ENT & Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuqi Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Institute of ENT & Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nelson Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Michael CF Tong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: George G. Chen, ; Michael CF Tong,
| | - George G. Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: George G. Chen, ; Michael CF Tong,
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Shafi S, Gupta P, Khatik GL, Gupta J. PPARγ: Potential Therapeutic Target for Ailments Beyond Diabetes and its Natural Agonism. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1281-1294. [PMID: 31131751 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190527115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intense research interests have been observed in establishing PPAR gamma as a therapeutic target for diabetes. However, PPARγ is also emerging as an important therapeutic target for varied disease states other than type 2 diabetes like neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, spinal cord injury, asthma, and cardiovascular problems. Furthermore, glitazones, the synthetic thiazolidinediones, also known as insulin sensitizers, are the largely studied PPARγ agonists and the only ones approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, they are loaded with side effects like fluid retention, obesity, hepatic failure, bone fractures, and cardiac failure; which restrict their clinical application. Medicinal plants used traditionally are the sources of bioactive compounds to be used for the development of successful drugs and many structurally diverse natural molecules are already established as PPARγ agonists. These natural partial agonists when compared to full agonist synthetic thiazolidinediones led to weaker PPARγ activation with lesser side effects but are not thoroughly investigated. Their thorough characterization and elucidation of mechanistic activity might prove beneficial for counteracting diseases by modulating PPARγ activity through dietary changes. We aim to review the therapeutic significance of PPARγ for ailments other than diabetes and highlight natural molecules with potential PPARγ agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Shafi
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India
| | - Pawan Gupta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India.,Department of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India
| | - Gopal Lal Khatik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India
| | - Jeena Gupta
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University (LPU), Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India
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9
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The Emerging Role of PPAR Beta/Delta in Tumor Angiogenesis. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:3608315. [PMID: 32855630 PMCID: PMC7443046 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3608315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARs are ligand-activated transcriptional factors that belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Among them, PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma are prone to exert an antiangiogenic effect, whereas PPAR beta/delta has an opposite effect in physiological and pathological conditions. Angiogenesis has been known as a hallmark of cancer, and our recent works also demonstrate that vascular-specific PPAR beta/delta overexpression promotes tumor angiogenesis and progression in vivo. In this review, we will mainly focus on the role of PPAR beta/delta in tumor angiogenesis linked to the tumor microenvironment to further facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, the crosstalk between PPAR beta/delta and its downstream key signal molecules involved in tumor angiogenesis will also be discussed, and the network of interplay between them will further be established in the review.
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10
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. PPARs and Angiogenesis-Implications in Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165723. [PMID: 32785018 PMCID: PMC7461101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the family of ligand-activated nuclear receptors. The PPAR family consists of three subtypes encoded by three separate genes: PPARα (NR1C1), PPARβ/δ (NR1C2), and PPARγ (NR1C3). PPARs are critical regulators of metabolism and exhibit tissue and cell type-specific expression patterns and functions. Specific PPAR ligands have been proposed as potential therapies for a variety of diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cancer, neurogenerative disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, endometriosis, and retinopathies. In this review, we focus on the knowledge of PPAR function in angiogenesis, a complex process that plays important roles in numerous pathological conditions for which therapeutic use of PPAR modulation has been suggested.
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11
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Chen J, Cao H, Lian M, Fang J. Five genes influenced by obesity may contribute to the development of thyroid cancer through the regulation of insulin levels. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9302. [PMID: 33240576 PMCID: PMC7676376 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that obesity is an important contributor to the proceeding of thyroid cancer (TC) with limited knowledge of the underlying mechanism. Here, we hypothesize that molecules affected by obesity may play roles in the development of TC. To test the hypothesis above, we first conducted a large-scale literature-based data mining to identify genes influenced by obesity and genes related to TC. Then, a mega-analysis was conducted to study the expression changes of the obesity-specific genes in the case of TC, using 16 independent TC array-expression datasets (783 TC cases and 439 healthy controls). After that, pathway analysis was performed to explore the functional profile of the selected target genes and their potential connections with TC. We identified 1,036 genes associated with TC and 534 regulated by obesity, demonstrating a significant overlap (N = 176, p-value = 4.07e−112). Five out of the 358 obesity-specific genes, FABP4, CFD, GHR, TNFRSF11B, and LTF, presented significantly decreased expression in TC patients (LFC<−1.44; and p-value < 1e−7). Multiple literature-based pathways were identified where obesity could promote the pathologic development of TC through the regulation of these five genes and INS levels. The five obesity genes uncovered could be novel genes that play roles in the etiology of TC through the modulation of INS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbao Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States of America
| | - Meng Lian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Gentile D, Orlandi P, Banchi M, Bocci G. Preclinical and clinical combination therapies in the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer. Med Oncol 2020; 37:19. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-020-1345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Mrowka P, Glodkowska-Mrowka E. PPARγ Agonists in Combination Cancer Therapies. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 20:197-215. [PMID: 31814555 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666191209102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor acting as a transcription factor involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, cell cycle, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. These unique properties constitute a strong therapeutic potential that place PPARγ agonists as one of the most interesting and widely studied anticancer molecules. Although PPARγ agonists exert significant, antiproliferative and tumoricidal activity in vitro, their anticancer efficacy in animal models is ambiguous, and their effectiveness in clinical trials in monotherapy is unsatisfactory. However, due to pleiotropic effects of PPARγ activation in normal and tumor cells, PPARγ ligands interact with many antitumor treatment modalities and synergistically potentiate their effectiveness. The most spectacular example is a combination of PPARγ ligands with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). In this setting, PPARγ activation sensitizes leukemic stem cells, resistant to any previous form of treatment, to targeted therapy. Thus, this combination is believed to be the first pharmacological therapy able to cure CML patients. Within the last decade, a significant body of data confirming the benefits of the addition of PPARγ ligands to various antitumor therapies, including chemotherapy, hormonotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, has been published. Although the majority of these studies have been carried out in vitro or animal tumor models, a few successful attempts to introduce PPARγ ligands into anticancer therapy in humans have been recently made. In this review, we aim to summarize shines and shadows of targeting PPARγ in antitumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mrowka
- Department of Biophysics and Human Physiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Glodkowska-Mrowka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Yamamoto K, Tamura T, Nakamura R, Hosoe S, Matsubara M, Nagata K, Kodaira H, Uemori T, Takahashi Y, Suzuki M, Saito JI, Ueno K, Shuto S. Development of a novel class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma ligands as an anticancer agent with a unique binding mode based on a non-thiazolidinedione scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115122. [PMID: 31623970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified dibenzooxepine derivative 1 as a potent PPARγ ligand with a unique binding mode owing to its non-thiazolidinedione scaffold. However, while 1 showed remarkably potent MKN-45 gastric cancer cell aggregation activity, an indicator of cancer differentiation-inducing activity induced by PPARγ activation, we recognized that 1 was metabolically unstable. In the present study, we identified a metabolically soft spot, and successfully discovered 3-fluoro dibenzooxepine derivative 9 with better metabolic stability. Further optimization provided imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative 17, which showed potent MKN-45 gastric cancer cell aggregation activity and excellent PK profiles compared with 9. Compound 17 exerted a growth inhibitory effect on AsPC-1/AG1 pancreatic tumor in mice. Furthermore, the decrease in the hematocrit (an indicator of localized edema, a serious adverse effect of PPARγ ligands) was tolerable even with oral administration at 200 mg/kg in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Rina Nakamura
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hosoe
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsubara
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keiko Nagata
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kodaira
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uemori
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Michihiko Suzuki
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Saito
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Ueno
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Kirin, 1188, Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shuto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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15
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Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Piaggi S, Luconi M, Cantini G, Gelmini S, Elia G, Ruffilli I, Antonelli A. The paramount role of cytokines and chemokines in papillary thyroid cancer: a review and experimental results. Immunol Res 2019; 66:710-722. [PMID: 30617967 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our study demonstrates that (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 and 11 (CXCL9, CXCL11) chemokines were absent basally in non-neoplastic thyroid (TFC) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells. Interferon (IFN)γ induced the chemokine secretion in TFC and PTC, while tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α induced it only in PTC. IFNγ+TNFα induced a synergistic chemokines release in PTC, and at a lower level in TFC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists suppressed dose-dependently IFNγ+TNFα-induced chemokine release in TFC, while stimulated it in PTC. PPARγ knocking down, by RNA interference technique in PTC cells, abolished the effect of PPARγ agonists on chemokines release. In PTC cells, PPARγ agonists reduced proliferation, and CXCL9 or CXCL11 (100 and 500 pg/mL) reduced proliferation and migration (P < 0.01, for all). In conclusion, in PTC cells: (a) IFNγ+TNFα induced a marked release of CXCL9 and CXCL11; (b) PPARγ agonists stimulated CXCL9 and CXCL11 secretion, while inhibited proliferation; (c) CXCL9 and CXCL11 inhibited proliferation and migration. The use of CXCL9 or CXCL11 as antineoplastic agents in PTC remains to be explored. HIGHLIGHTS: • IFNγ and IFNγ+TNFα induce dose-dependently CXCL9 (and less CXCL11) in PTC cells. • Rosi and Pio dose-dependently inhibit the PTC cells proliferation. • Rosi and Pio (at variance of normal TFC) stimulate CXCL9 or CXCL11 secretion. • CXCL9 or CXCL11 induce a significant antiproliferative effect in PTC cells. • Chemokines induced by IFNγ (CXCL9 or CXCL11) inhibit migration in PTC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Piaggi
- Department of Translational Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michaela Luconi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Cantini
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Gelmini
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giusy Elia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ruffilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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16
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Yamamoto K, Tamura T, Henmi K, Kuboyama T, Yanagisawa A, Matsubara M, Takahashi Y, Suzuki M, Saito JI, Ueno K, Shuto S. Development of Dihydrodibenzooxepine Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) Gamma Ligands of a Novel Binding Mode as Anticancer Agents: Effective Mimicry of Chiral Structures by Olefinic E/ Z-Isomers. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10067-10083. [PMID: 30351933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of PPARγ ligand 1 (EC50 = 197 nM) with a dibenzoazepin scaffold was identified through high-throughput screening campaign. To avoid the synthetically troublesome chiral center of 1, its conformational analysis using the MacroModel was conducted, focusing on conformational flip of the tricyclic ring and the conformational restriction by the methyl group at the chiral center. On the basis of this analysis, scaffold hopping of dibenzoazepine into dibenzo[ b, e]oxepine by replacing the chiral structures with the corresponding olefinic E/ Z isomers was performed. Consequently, dibenzo[ b, e]oxepine scaffold 9 was developed showing extremely potent PPARγ reporter activity (EC50 = 2.4 nM, efficacy = 9.5%) as well as differentiation-inducing activity against a gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 that was more potent than any other well-known PPARγ agonists in vitro (94% at 30 nM). The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 9 complexed with PPARγ showed that it had a unique binding mode to PPARγ ligand-binding domain that differed from that of any other PPARγ agonists identified thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tamura
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Kazuki Henmi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuboyama
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Arata Yanagisawa
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsubara
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Michihiko Suzuki
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Saito
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
| | - Kimihisa Ueno
- Fuji Research Park, R&D Division, Kyowa Hakko Kirin , 1188 , Shimotogari, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shiuoka , Japan
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17
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Gim HJ, Choi YS, Li H, Kim YJ, Ryu JH, Jeon R. Identification of a Novel PPAR-γ Agonist through a Scaffold Tuning Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103032. [PMID: 30287791 PMCID: PMC6213020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important targets in metabolic diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recently, they have been highlighted as attractive targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and chronic myeloid leukemia. The PPAR agonist structure is consists of a polar head, a hydrophobic tail, and a linker. Each part interacts with PPARs through hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic interactions to stabilize target protein conformation, thus increasing its activity. Acidic head is essential for PPAR agonist activity. The aromatic linker plays an important role in making hydrophobic interactions with PPAR as well as adjusting the head-to-tail distance and conformation of the whole molecule. By tuning the scaffold of compound, the whole molecule could fit into the ligand-binding domain to achieve proper binding mode. We modified indol-3-ylacetic acid scaffold to (indol-1-ylmethyl)benzoic acid, whereas 2,4-dichloroanilide was fixed as the hydrophobic tail. We designed, synthesized, and assayed the in vitro activity of novel indole compounds with (indol-1-ylmethyl)benzoic acid scaffold. Compound 12 was a more potent PPAR-γ agonist than pioglitazone and our previous hit compound. Molecular docking studies may suggest the binding between compound 12 and PPAR-γ, rationalizing its high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Gim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Yong-Sung Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Hua Li
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Jung Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Jae-Ha Ryu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Raok Jeon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04310, Korea.
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18
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Hong F, Xu P, Zhai Y. The Opportunities and Challenges of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Ligands in Clinical Drug Discovery and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082189. [PMID: 30060458 PMCID: PMC6121873 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a well-known pharmacological target for the treatment of multiple diseases, including diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases and even primary biliary cholangitis, gout, cancer, Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis. The three PPAR isoforms (α, β/δ and γ) have emerged as integrators of glucose and lipid metabolic signaling networks. Typically, PPARα is activated by fibrates, which are commonly used therapeutic agents in the treatment of dyslipidemia. The pharmacological activators of PPARγ include thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), despite some drawbacks. In this review, we summarize 84 types of PPAR synthetic ligands introduced to date for the treatment of metabolic and other diseases and provide a comprehensive analysis of the current applications and problems of these ligands in clinical drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yonggong Zhai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
- Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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19
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Miller WA, Wuertz BR, Ondrey FG. PPARγ-Mediated p21 Induction in Aerodigestive Preneoplastic Cell Lines. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 127:677-686. [PMID: 30047791 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418787833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral leukoplakia is defined as a mucous membrane disorder characterized by white patches that cannot be scraped off. Leukoplakia is the most frequent, potentially premalignant oral mucosa disorder and a good candidate for chemopreventive therapies. Pioglitazone activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which forms a complex with nuclear cofactors and regulates gene expression of a variety of cell-cycle proteins and is currently being tested preclinically and clinically in aerodigestive cancer prevention. METHODS In the present study, we hypothesized that pioglitazone would decrease proliferation of human leukoplakia cells (MSK Leuk1) and transformed bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) through regulatory changes of G1 checkpoint protein regulators, p21 and cyclin-D1. MSK Leuk1 and BEAS-2B cells were treated with pioglitazone and assayed for cell proliferation and p21 transcriptional activity. RESULTS We discovered pioglitazone significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion. We also observed p21 protein induction after treatment with pioglitazone, which was preceded by measurable increases in p21 mRNA induction. CONCLUSIONS We conclude the PPARγ activator, pioglitazone, can activate p21, which is associated with decreased proliferation in 2 aerodigestive preneoplastic cell lines. In addition, the p21 gene may be a potential hypothesis-driven biomarker in translational studies of pioglitazone as a chemoprevention agent for aerodigestive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Miller
- 1 Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Beverly R Wuertz
- 1 Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Frank G Ondrey
- 1 Molecular Oncology Program, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Ni J, Zhou LL, Ding L, Zhang XQ, Zhao X, Li H, Cao H, Liu S, Wang Z, Ma R, Wu J, Feng J. Efatutazone and T0901317 exert synergistically therapeutic effects in acquired gefitinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1955-1966. [PMID: 29573196 PMCID: PMC5943475 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of acquired EGFR‐TKI therapeutic resistance is still a serious clinical problem in the management of lung adenocarcinoma. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists may exhibit anti‐tumor activity by transactivating genes which are closely associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. However, it remains not clear whether efatutazone has similar roles in lung adenocarcinoma cells of gefitinib resistant such as HCC827‐GR and PC9‐GR. It has been demonstrated by us that efatutazone prominently increased the mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ, liver X receptor alpha (LXRα),as well as ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1). In the presence of GW9662 (a specific antagonist of PPARγ) or GGPP (a specific antagonist of LXRα), efatutazone (40 μmol/L) restored the proliferation of both HCC827‐GR and PC9‐GR cells and obviously inhibited the increased protein and mRNA expression of PPAR‐gamma, LXR‐alpha, and ABCA1 induced by efatutazone. LXRα knockdown by siRNA (si‐LXRα) significantly promoted the HCC827‐GR and PC9‐GR cells proliferation, whereas incubation efatutazone with si‐LXRα restored the proliferation ability compared with the control group. In addition, combination of efatutazone and LXRα agonist T0901317 showed a synergistic therapeutic effect on lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and PPAR gamma, LXR A and ABCA1 protein expression. These results indicate that efatutazone could inhibit the cells proliferation of HCC827‐GR and PC9‐GR through PPARγ/LXRα/ABCA1 pathway, and synergistic therapeutic effect is achieved when combined with T0901317.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Lei-Lei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Ding
- The Jiangsu Province Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | | | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, 224001, China
| | - Huizi Li
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Haixia Cao
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
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21
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Ory V, Kietzman WB, Boeckelman J, Kallakury BV, Wellstein A, Furth PA, Riegel AT. The PPARγ agonist efatutazone delays invasive progression and induces differentiation of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 169:47-57. [PMID: 29350308 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a pre-invasive lesion of the breast considered a precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma. This study aimed to determine whether activated PPARγ acts as a tumor suppressor in human DCIS progression. METHODS We utilized the high-affinity PPARγ agonist, efatutazone, to activate endogenous PPARγ in a well-defined model for the progression of basal (triple negative) DCIS, MCFDCIS cells, cultured under 2D and 3D conditions. We studied the effects of activated PPARγ on DCIS progression in MCFDCIS xenograft and C3(1)/Tag transgenic mice treated with 30 mg/kg of efatutazone. RESULTS In vitro, efatutazone did not alter the MCFDCIS cell proliferation but induced phenotypic and gene expression changes, indicating that activated PPARγ is able to differentiate MCFDCIS cells into more luminal and lactational-like cells. In addition, MCFDCIS tumorsphere formation in 3D was reduced by PPARγ activation. In vivo, efatutazone-treated MCFDCIS tumors exhibited fat deposition along with upregulation of PPARγ responsive genes in both epithelial and stromal compartments, suggesting features of milk-producing mammary epithelial cell differentiation. The efatutazone-treated lesions were less invasive with fewer CD44+/p63+ basal progenitor cells. PPARγ activation downregulated Akt phosphorylation in these tumors, although the ERK pathway remained unchanged. Similar trends in gene expression changes consistent with lactational and luminal cell differentiation were observed in the C3(1)/Tag mouse model after efatutazone treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that activation of the PPARγ pathway differentiates DCIS lesions and may be a useful approach to delay DCIS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Ory
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - Jacob Boeckelman
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bhaskar V Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anton Wellstein
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Priscilla A Furth
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna T Riegel
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.,The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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22
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Harris AL, Lee SE, Dawson LK, Marlow LA, Edenfield BH, Durham WF, Flotte TJ, Thompson M, Small DL, Synnott AJ, Markovic SN, Copland JA. Targeting the cyclin dependent kinase and retinoblastoma axis overcomes standard of care resistance in BRAF V600E -mutant melanoma. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29541385 PMCID: PMC5834273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) mouse models were used to discover new therapies for naïve and drug resistant BRAFV600E -mutant melanoma. Tumor histology, oncogenic protein expression, and antitumor activity were comparable between patient and PDTX-matched models thereby validating PDTXs as predictive preclinical models of therapeutic response in patients. PDTX models responsive and non-responsive to BRAF/MEK standard of care (SOC) therapy were used to identify efficacious combination therapies. One such combination includes a CDK4/6 inhibitor that blocks cell cycle progression. The rationale for this is that the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is 95% wildtype in BRAF mutant melanoma. We discovered that 77/77 stage IV metastatic melanoma tissues were positive for inactive phosphorylated pRb (pRb-Ser780). Rb is hyperphosphorylated and inactivated by CDK4/6:cyclin D1 and when restored to its hypophosphorylated active form blocks cell cycle progression. The addition of a CDK4/6 inhibitor to SOC therapy was superior to SOC. Importantly, triple therapy in an upfront treatment and salvage therapy setting provided sustained durable response. We also showed that CDK4/6 blockade resensitized drug resistant melanoma to SOC therapy. Durable response was associated with sustained suppression of pRb-Ser780. Thus, reactivation of pRb may prove to be a clinical biomarker of response and the mechanism responsible for durable response. In light of recent clinical trial data using this triple therapy against BRAFV600E -mutant melanoma, our findings demonstrating superior and prolonged durable response in PDTX models portend use of this therapeutic strategy against naïve and SOC resistant BRAFV600E -mutant metastatic melanoma coupled with pRB-Ser780 as a biomarker of response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura A Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J Flotte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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23
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Molinaro E, Romei C, Biagini A, Sabini E, Agate L, Mazzeo S, Materazzi G, Sellari-Franceschini S, Ribechini A, Torregrossa L, Basolo F, Vitti P, Elisei R. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: from clinicopathology to genetics and advanced therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:644-660. [PMID: 28707679 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare malignancy, accounting for 1-2% of all thyroid cancers. Although rare, ATC accounts for the majority of deaths from thyroid carcinoma. ATC often originates in a pre-existing thyroid cancer lesion, as suggested by the simultaneous presence of areas of differentiated or poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma. ATC is characterized by the accumulation of several oncogenic alterations, and studies have shown that an increased number of oncogenic alterations equates to an increased level of dedifferentiation and aggressiveness. The clinical management of ATC requires a multidisciplinary approach; according to recent American Thyroid Association guidelines, surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy should be considered. In addition to conventional therapies, novel molecular targeted therapies are the most promising emerging treatment modalities. These drugs are often multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, several of which have been tested in clinical trials with encouraging results so far. Accordingly, clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the safety, efficacy and effectiveness of these new agents. This Review describes the updated clinical and pathological features of ATC and provides insight into the molecular biology of this disease. The most recent literature regarding conventional, newly available and future therapies for ATC is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Molinaro
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Agnese Biagini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Elena Sabini
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Laura Agate
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Salvatore Mazzeo
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa
| | | | | | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa
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24
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Ni J, Zhou LL, Ding L, Zhao X, Cao H, Fan F, Li H, Lou R, Du Y, Dong S, Liu S, Wang Z, Ma R, Wu J, Feng J. PPARγ agonist efatutazone and gefitinib synergistically inhibit the proliferation of EGFR-TKI-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells via the PPARγ/PTEN/Akt pathway. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:246-256. [PMID: 29080795 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI therapy continues to be a serious clinical problem in Lung adenocarcinoma management. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists demonstrate anti-tumor activity likely via transactivating genes that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Efatutazone, a novel later generation PPARγ agonist, selectively activates PPARγ target genes and has antiproliferative effects in a range of malignancies. However, the exact function and molecular mechanism of PPARγ agonists efatutazone in EGFR-TKI gefitinib-resistance of Lung adenocarcinoma has not been determined. In this study, we studied the development of acquired resistance to an EGFR-TKI gefitinib in lung adenocarcinoma cells and investigated the antiproliferative effects of efatutazone in the acquired resistant cells. The treatment of gefitinib-resistant cells with efatutazone reduced the growth of gefitinib-resistant cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and facilitated the anti-proliferative effects of gefitinib. Mechanistic investigations suggested that efatutazone acted by upregulating protein expression of PPARγ, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), inactivating the Akt pathway, followed by dephosphorylation of p21Cip1 at Thr145 without affecting the transcriptional levels. Our results suggested that efatutazone, alone or in combination with gefitinib, might offer therapeutic effects in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei-Lei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Ding
- The Jiangsu Province Research Institute for Clinical Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Yancheng First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haixia Cao
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Fan
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huizi Li
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Lou
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuchen Dong
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong Ma
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Department of Clinical Cancer Research Center, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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25
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von Roemeling CA, Caulfield TR, Marlow L, Bok I, Wen J, Miller JL, Hughes R, Hazlehurst L, Pinkerton AB, Radisky DC, Tun HW, Kim YSB, Lane AL, Copland JA. Accelerated bottom-up drug design platform enables the discovery of novel stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3-20. [PMID: 29416592 PMCID: PMC5787466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present an innovative computational-based drug discovery strategy, coupled with machine-based learning and functional assessment, for the rational design of novel small molecule inhibitors of the lipogenic enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). Our methods resulted in the discovery of several unique molecules, of which our lead compound SSI-4 demonstrates potent anti-tumor activity, with an excellent pharmacokinetic and toxicology profile. We improve upon key characteristics, including chemoinformatics and absorption/distribution/metabolism/excretion (ADME) toxicity, while driving the IC50 to 0.6 nM in some instances. This approach to drug design can be executed in smaller research settings, applied to a wealth of other targets, and paves a path forward for bringing small-batch based drug programs into the Clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Marlow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ilah Bok
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jiang Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James L Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Anthony B Pinkerton
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Han W Tun
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yon Son Betty Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Amy L Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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26
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Vella V, Nicolosi ML, Giuliano S, Bellomo M, Belfiore A, Malaguarnera R. PPAR-γ Agonists As Antineoplastic Agents in Cancers with Dysregulated IGF Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28275367 PMCID: PMC5319972 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are associated to increased cancer incidence and mortality. Moreover, cancer development and progression as well as cancer resistance to traditional anticancer therapies are often linked to a deregulation/overactivation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, which involves the autocrine/paracrine production of IGFs (IGF-I and IGF-II) and overexpression of their cognate receptors [IGF-I receptor, IGF-insulin receptor (IR), and IR]. Recently, new drugs targeting various IGF axis components have been developed. However, these drugs have several limitations including the occurrence of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which, in turn, may affect cancer cell growth and survival. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. In this regard, the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists may have promising applications in cancer prevention and therapy. Indeed, activation of PPAR-γ by thiazolidinediones (TZDs) or other agonists may inhibit cell growth and proliferation by lowering circulating insulin and affecting key pathways of the Insulin/IGF axis, such as PI3K/mTOR, MAPK, and GSK3-β/Wnt/β-catenin cascades, which regulate cancer cell survival, cell reprogramming, and differentiation. In light of these evidences, TZDs and other PPAR-γ agonists may be exploited as potential preventive and therapeutic agents in tumors addicted to the activation of IGF axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. Unfortunately, clinical trials using PPAR-γ agonists as antineoplastic agents have reached conflicting results, possibly because they have not selected tumors with overactivated insulin/IGF-I axis or occurring in hyperinsulinemic patients. In conclusion, the use of PPAR-γ agonists in combined therapies of IGF-driven malignancies looks promising but requires future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Nicolosi
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefania Giuliano
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Bellomo
- Scienze delle Attività Motorie e Sportive, University Kore, Enna, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonino Belfiore,
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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27
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Shang D, Zheng T, Zhang J, Tian Y, Liu Y. Profiling of mRNA and long non-coding RNA of urothelial cancer in recipients after renal transplantation. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12673-12684. [PMID: 27448299 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism and signal transduction pathways involved in urothelial cancer (UC) after renal transplantation (RTx) remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the profiling of messenger RNA (mRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in RTx recipients with UC. The mRNA and lncRNA of six pairs of UC and corresponding normal urothelial tissues in RTx recipients were profiled using Arraystar Human lncRNA Microarray V3.0, which is designed for the global profiling of 26,109 coding transcripts and 30,586 lncRNAs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs. Molecular function classification and biological process classification for the differentially expressed mRNAs were analyzed with Gene Ontology. The key pathways that were associated with UC after RTx were analyzed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Compared to normal urothelial tissues, 1597 mRNAs were upregulated and 1032 mRNAs were downregulated in UC; 2107 lncRNAs were upregulated and 1794 lncRNAs were downregulated (greater than twofold). Further qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA and lncRNA expression showed well consistency with the data of microarray analysis. The expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-3, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13 was significantly increased, while the expression of CD36 was decreased in UC after RTx. Co-expression analysis of lncRNAs and their nearby coding genes showed that lncRNAs may play critical roles in regulating nearby genes in the carcinogenesis of UC. Our results also suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling may be involved in UC after RTx. Moreover, several cytokines and their receptors were also significantly upregulated in UC after RTx, suggesting that cytokines might be modulated and participated in the carcinogenesis of UC after RTx. We analyzed the potential molecular mechanism and pathways involved in the UC of RTx recipients. Our results revealed that several key regulatory pathways and lncRNAs play critical roles in the carcinogenesis of UC, and suggest that UC in RTx recipients may be more likely to invade and metastasis. However, the detailed functional analysis of these mechanisms should be further performed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Shang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tie Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Beijing Aortic Disease Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Vascular Prostheses, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Department of Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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28
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Viola D, Valerio L, Molinaro E, Agate L, Bottici V, Biagini A, Lorusso L, Cappagli V, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, Sabini E, Passannati P, Puleo L, Matrone A, Pontillo-Contillo B, Battaglia V, Mazzeo S, Vitti P, Elisei R. Treatment of advanced thyroid cancer with targeted therapies: ten years of experience. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R185-205. [PMID: 27207700 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is rare, but it is the most frequent endocrine malignancy. Its prognosis is generally favorable, especially in cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs), such as papillary and follicular cancers, which have survival rates of approximately 95% at 40 years. However, 15-20% of cases became radioiodine refractory (RAI-R), and until now, no other treatments have been effective. The same problems are found in cases of poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic (ATC) thyroid cancers and in at least 30% of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cases, which are very aggressive and not sensitive to radioiodine. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent a new approach to the treatment of advanced cases of RAI-R DTC, MTC, PDTC, and, possibly, ATC. In the past 10 years, several TKIs have been tested for the treatment of advanced, progressive, and RAI-R thyroid tumors, and some of them have been recently approved for use in clinical practice: sorafenib and lenvatinib for DTC and PDTC and vandetanib and cabozantinib for MTC. The objective of this review is to present the current status of the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer with the use of innovative targeted therapies by describing both the benefits and the limits of their use based on the experiences reported so far. A comprehensive analysis and description of the molecular basis of these therapies, as well as new therapeutic perspectives, are reported. Some practical suggestions are given for both the choice of patients to be treated and their management, with particular regard to the potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Viola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Valerio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Agate
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Bottici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agnese Biagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Pieruzzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Sabini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Passannati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Puleo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Matrone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pontillo-Contillo
- Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Battaglia
- Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzeo
- Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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29
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Bible KC, Ryder M. Evolving molecularly targeted therapies for advanced-stage thyroid cancers. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:403-16. [PMID: 26925962 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased understanding of disease-specific molecular targets of therapy has led to the regulatory approval of two drugs (vandetanib and cabozantinib) for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and two agents (sorafenib and lenvatinib) for the treatment of radioactive- iodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in both the USA and in the EU. The effects of these and other therapies on overall survival and quality of life among patients with thyroid cancer, however, remain to be more-clearly defined. When applied early in the disease course, intensive multimodality therapy seems to improve the survival outcomes of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but salvage therapies for ATC are of uncertain benefit. Additional innovative, rationally designed therapeutic strategies are under active development both for patients with DTC and for patients with ATC, with multiple phase II and phase III randomized clinical trials currently ongoing. Continued effort is being made to identify further signalling pathways with potential therapeutic relevance in thyroid cancers, as well as to elaborate on the complex interactions between signalling pathways, with the intention of translating these discoveries into effective and personalized therapies. Herein, we summarize the progress made in molecular medicine for advanced-stage thyroid cancers of different histotypes, analyse how these developments have altered - and might further refine - patient care, and identify open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Bible
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Mabel Ryder
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, and Endocrine Malignancies Disease Oriented Group, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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30
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Marlow LA, Bok I, Smallridge RC, Copland JA. RhoB upregulation leads to either apoptosis or cytostasis through differential target selection. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26206775 PMCID: PMC4559850 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a highly aggressive undifferentiated carcinoma with a mortality rate near 100% due to an assortment of genomic abnormalities which impede the success of therapeutic options. Our laboratory has previously identified that RhoB upregulation serves as a novel molecular therapeutic target and agents upregulating RhoB combined with paclitaxel lead to antitumor synergy. Knowing that histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) transcriptionally suppresses RhoB, we sought to extend our findings to other HDACs and to identify the HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) that optimally synergize with paclitaxel. Here we identify HDAC6 as a newly discovered RhoB repressor. By using isoform selective HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) and shRNAs, we show that RhoB has divergent downstream signaling partners, which are dependent on the HDAC isoform that is inhibited. When RhoB upregulates only p21 (cyclin kinase inhibitor) using a class I HDACi (romidepsin), cells undergo cytostasis. When RhoB upregulates BIMEL using class II/(I) HDACi (belinostat or vorinostat), apoptosis occurs. Combinatorial synergy with paclitaxel is dependent upon RhoB and BIMEL while upregulation of RhoB and only p21 blocks synergy. This bifurcated regulation of the cell cycle by RhoB is novel and silencing either p21 or BIMEL turns the previously silenced pathway on, leading to phenotypic reversal. This study intimates that the combination of belinostat/vorinostat with paclitaxel may prove to be an effective therapeutic strategy via the novel observation that class II/(I) HDACi antagonize HDAC6-mediated suppression of RhoB and subsequent BIMEL, thereby promoting antitumor synergy. These overall observations may provide a mechanistic understanding of optimal therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Marlow
- Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Ilah Bok
- Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - Robert C Smallridge
- Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - John A Copland
- Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA Departments of Cancer BiologyInternal MedicineDivision of EndocrinologyEndocrine Malignancy Working GroupMayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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31
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Effect of propane-2-sulfonic acid octadec-9-enyl-amide on the expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 756:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Bioinformatics approach reveals systematic mechanism underlying lung adenocarcinoma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2015; 101:281-6. [PMID: 26045113 DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this work was to explore the systematic molecular mechanism of lung adenocarcinoma and gain a deeper insight into it. METHODS Comprehensive bioinformatics methods were applied. Initially, significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed from the Affymetrix microarray data (GSE27262) deposited in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Subsequently, gene ontology (GO) analysis was performed using online Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integration Discovery (DAVID) software. Finally, significant pathway crosstalk was investigated based on the information derived from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. RESULTS According to our results, the N-terminal globular domain of the type X collagen (COL10A1) gene and transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) gene were identified to be the most significant DEGs in tumor tissue compared with the adjacent normal tissues. The main GO categories were biological process, cellular component and molecular function. In addition, the crosstalk was significantly different between non-small cell lung cancer pathways and inositol phosphate metabolism pathway, focal adhesion signal pathway, vascular smooth muscle contraction signal pathway, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway and calcium signaling pathway in tumor. CONCLUSIONS Dysfunctional genes and pathways may play key roles in the progression and development of lung adenocarcinoma. Our data provide a systematic perspective for understanding this mechanism and may be helpful in discovering an effective treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.
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Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Ulisse S, Ferrari SM, Mazzi V, Domenicantonio AD, Miccoli P. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the therapy of anaplastic thyroid cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/ije.15.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is often incurable so new therapeutic approaches are needed. Tyrosine kinases inhibitors (such as imanitib, sunitinib or sorafenib) are under evaluation for the treatment of ATC. Other vascular disrupting agents, such as combretastatin A4 phosphate, and antiangiogenic agents, such as aplidin, PTK787/ZK222584 and human VEGF monoclonal antibodies (bevacizumab, cetuximab), have been evaluated. Small-molecule adenosine triphosphate competitive inhibitors directed intracellularly at EGFRs tyrosine kinase, such as erlotinib or gefitinib, are also studied. Furthermore, new molecules have been shown to be active against ATC, such as CLM94 and CLM3. However, more research is needed to finally identify therapies able to control and to cure this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ulisse
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università, 30, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzi
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Domenicantonio
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Miccoli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology & Critical Area, University of Pisa, Via Savi, 10, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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von Roemeling CA, Marlow LA, Pinkerton AB, Crist A, Miller J, Tun HW, Smallridge RC, Copland JA. Aberrant lipid metabolism in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma reveals stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 as a novel therapeutic target. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:E697-709. [PMID: 25675381 PMCID: PMC4422887 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Currently there are no efficacious therapies for patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) that result in long-term disease stabilization or regression. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify pathways critical for ATC cell progression and viability in an effort to develop new therapeutic strategies. We investigated the effects of targeted inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), a constituent of fatty acid metabolism overexpressed in ATC. DESIGN A gene array of ATC and normal thyroid tissue was performed to identify gene transcripts demonstrating altered expression in tumor samples. Effects of pharmacological and the genetic inhibition of SCD1 on tumor cell viability as well as cell signaling responses to therapy were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models of this rare, lethal malignancy. RESULTS The gene array analysis revealed consistent distortion of fatty acid metabolism and overexpression of SCD1 in ATC and well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. SCD1 is critical for ATC cell survival and proliferation, the inhibition of which induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of the unfolded protein response, and apoptosis. Combined suppression of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, a prosurvival component of the unfolded protein response, using proteasome inhibitors resulted in a synergistic decrease in tumor cell proliferation and increased cell death. CONCLUSIONS SCD1 is a novel oncogenic factor specifically required for tumor cell viability in ATC. Furthermore, the expression of SCD1 appears to be correlated with thyroid tumor aggressiveness and may serve as a prognostic biomarker. These findings substantiate SCD1 as a novel tumor-specific target for therapy in patients with ATC and should be further investigated in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A von Roemeling
- Departments of Cancer Biology (C.A.v.R., L.A.M., A.C., J.M., H.W.T., R.C.S., J.A.C.) and Hematology and Oncology (H.W.T.), and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (R.C.S.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, 32224; The Mayo Clinic Graduate School (C.A.v.R.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics (A.B.P.), Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Chemotherapy and chemoprevention by thiazolidinediones. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:845340. [PMID: 25866814 PMCID: PMC4383438 DOI: 10.1155/2015/845340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are synthetic ligands of Peroxisome-Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ). Troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone have been approved for treatment of diabetes mellitus type II. All three compounds, together with the first TZD ciglitazone, also showed an antitumor effect in preclinical studies and a beneficial effect in some clinical trials. This review summarizes hypotheses on the role of PPARγ in tumors, on cellular targets of TZDs, antitumor effects of monotherapy and of TZDs in combination with other compounds, with a focus on their role in the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. The results of chemopreventive effects of TZDs are also considered. Existing data suggest that the action of TZDs is highly complex and that actions do not correlate with cellular PPARγ expression status. Effects are cell-, species-, and compound-specific and concentration-dependent. Data from human trials suggest the efficacy of TZDs as monotherapy in prostate cancer and glioma and as chemopreventive agent in colon, lung, and breast cancer. TZDs in combination with other therapies might increase antitumor effects in thyroid cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, and melanoma.
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Seetharamsingh B, Rajamohanan PR, Reddy DS. Total synthesis and structural revision of mycalol, an anticancer natural product from the marine source. Org Lett 2015; 17:1652-5. [PMID: 25763453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of an anticancer (anaplastic thyroid) natural lipid mycalol has been accomplished for the first time. Synthesis of originally proposed structure necessitated the revision of structure in which the position of acetate group moved from C20 to C19 and a change in stereochemistry of the glycerol unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Seetharamsingh
- †Division of Organic Chemistry and ‡Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - P R Rajamohanan
- †Division of Organic Chemistry and ‡Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - D Srinivasa Reddy
- †Division of Organic Chemistry and ‡Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
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Chu R, Liu SYW, Vlantis AC, van Hasselt CA, Ng EKW, Fan MD, Ng SK, Chan ABW, Du J, Wei W, Liu X, Liu Z, Chen GG. Inhibition of Foxp3 in cancer cells induces apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:228-34. [PMID: 25312920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in lymphocytes facilitate the thyroid tumor growth and invasion. Very limited information is available on Foxp3 expression in thyroid cancer cells and its function is totally unknown. This study demonstrated that Foxp3 expression was increased in thyroid cancer cells. Inhibition of Foxp3 decreased cell proliferation and migration, but increased apoptosis, suggesting a positive role of Foxp3 in cancer growth. Interestingly, Foxp3 inhibition enhanced PPARγ expression and activity. In addition, Foxp3 inhibition downregulated NF-κB subunit p65 and cyclin D1 but upregulated caspase-3 levels. These molecular changes are in line with Foxp3 shRNA-mediated alteration of cell functions. Collectively, our study demonstrates that thyroid cancer cells express a high level of functional Foxp3 and that the inhibition of the Foxp3 suppresses the proliferation and migration but promotes apoptosis, suggesting that targeting Foxp3 in thyroid cancer cells may offer a novel therapeutic option for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shirley Y W Liu
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexander C Vlantis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Andrew van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Enders K W Ng
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Dahua Fan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Kwan Ng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy B W Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Du
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Takada I, Makishima M. PPARγ ligands and their therapeutic applications: a patent review (2008 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 25:175-91. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.985206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS This review is aimed at highlighting the potential mitogenic/tumour growth-promoting or antimitogenic/tumour growth-inhibiting effects of the main antihyperglycaemic drug classes. METHODS We review and discuss the most current studies evaluating the association between antidiabetic medications used in clinical practice and malignancies as described so far. RESULTS Metformin seems to be the only antidiabetic drug to exert protective effects both on monotherapy and also when combined with other oral antidiabetic drugs or insulins in several site-specific cancers. In contrast, several other drug classes may increase cancer risk. Some reason for concern remains regarding sulphonylureas and also the incretin-based therapies regarding pancreas and thyroid cancers and the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors as well as pioglitazone regarding bladder cancer. The majority of meta-analyses suggest that there is no evidence for a causal relationship between insulin glargine and elevated cancer risk, although the studies have been controversially discussed. For α-glucosidase inhibitors and glinides, neutral or only few data upon cancer risk exist. CONCLUSION Although the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, a potential risk of mitogenicity and tumour growth promotion cannot be excluded in case of several antidiabetic drug classes. However, more large-scale, randomized, well-designed clinical studies with especially long follow-up time periods are needed to get reliable answers to these safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Z Lutz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Division of Nutritional and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Serizawa M, Murakami H, Watanabe M, Takahashi T, Yamamoto N, Koh Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist efatutazone impairs transforming growth factor β2-induced motility of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant lung cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:683-9. [PMID: 24698130 PMCID: PMC4317891 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) are effective for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) with EGFR-activating mutations. However, most responders develop resistance. Efatutazone, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, is currently under clinical evaluation; it has antiproliferative effects and induces cellular morphological changes and differentiation. The present study investigated the effects of efatutazone in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cells, while focusing on cell motility. The PC-9-derived NSCLC cell lines PC-9ER and PC-9ZD, resistant to EGFR-TKI due to v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CRKL) amplification-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) activation and an EGFR T790M mutation, respectively, were used. These cells exhibit enhanced cell motility due to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad2 family member 2 (Smad2) pathway activation. Efatutazone had no growth-inhibitory effect on the tested cells but inhibited the motility of EGFR-TKI-resistant cells in wound closure and transwell assays. Efatutazone plus erlotinib treatment provided greater inhibition of PC-9ER cell migration than efatutazone or erlotinib alone. Efatutazone suppressed increased TGF-β2 secretion from both cell lines (shown by ELISA) and downregulation of TGF-β2 transcription (observed by quantitative RT-PCR). Immunoblot analysis and luciferase assays revealed that efatutazone suppressed Smad2 phosphorylation and its transcriptional activity. These results suggest that efatutazone inhibits cell motility by antagonizing the TGF-β/Smad2 pathway and effectively prevents metastasis in NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI regardless of the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakuni Serizawa
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Shizuoka, Japan
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Wells SA, Santoro M. Update: the status of clinical trials with kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1543-55. [PMID: 24423326 PMCID: PMC5393476 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is usually cured by timely thyroidectomy; however, the treatment of patients with advanced disease is challenging because their tumors are mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies. Recently, the malignancy has attracted much interest for two reasons: the dramatic increase in its incidence over the last three decades, and the discovery of the genetic mutations or chromosomal rearrangements causing most histological types of thyroid cancer. OBJECTIVE This update reviews the molecular genetics of thyroid cancer and the clinical trials evaluating kinase inhibitors (KIs) in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The update also reviews studies in other malignancies, which have identified mechanisms of efficacy, and also resistance, to specific KIs. This information has been critical both to the development of effective second-generation drugs and to the design of combinatorial therapeutic regimens. Finally, the update addresses the major challenges facing clinicians who seek to develop more effective therapy for patients with thyroid cancer. RESULTS PubMed was searched from January 2000 to November 2013 using the following terms: thyroid cancer, treatment of thyroid cancer, clinical trials in thyroid cancer, small molecule therapeutics, kinase inhibitors, and next generation sequencing. CONCLUSIONS A new era in cancer therapy has emerged based on the introduction of KIs for the treatment of patients with liquid and solid organ malignancies. Patients with thyroid cancer have benefited from this advance and will continue to do so with the development of drugs having greater specificity and with the implementation of clinical trials of combined therapeutics to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Wells
- Cancer Genetics Branch (S.A.W.), National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (M.S.), Universita' di Napoli "Federico II," 80131 Napoli, Italy
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Xu Y, Deng Y, Ji Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Peng H, Wu J, Fan J. Identification of thyroid carcinoma related genes with mRMR and shortest path approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94022. [PMID: 24718460 PMCID: PMC3981740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a malignant neoplasm originated from thyroid cells. It can be classified into papillary carcinomas (PTCs) and anaplastic carcinomas (ATCs). Although ATCs are in an very aggressive status and cause more death than PTCs, their difference is poorly understood at molecular level. In this study, we focus on the transcriptome difference among PTCs, ATCs and normal tissue from a published dataset including 45 normal tissues, 49 PTCs and 11 ATCs, by applying a machine learning method, maximum relevance minimum redundancy, and identified 9 genes (BCL2, MRPS31, ID4, RASAL2, DLG2, MY01B, ZBTB5, PRKCQ and PPP6C) and 1 miscRNA (miscellaneous RNA, LOC646736) as important candidates involved in the progression of thyroid cancer. We further identified the protein-protein interaction (PPI) sub network from the shortest paths among the 9 genes in a PPI network constructed based on STRING database. Our results may provide insights to the molecular mechanism of the progression of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyang Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (JF)
| | - Jingping Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology head and neck surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JW); (JF)
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Joshi H, Pal T, Ramaa CS. A new dawn for the use of thiazolidinediones in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:501-10. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.884708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Komatsu Y, Yoshino T, Yamazaki K, Yuki S, Machida N, Sasaki T, Hyodo I, Yachi Y, Onuma H, Ohtsu A. Phase 1 study of efatutazone, a novel oral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, in combination with FOLFIRI as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 32:473-80. [PMID: 24337768 PMCID: PMC4045340 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Efatutazone, a novel oral highly-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, has demonstrated some inhibitory effects on disease stabilization in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) enrolled in previous phase I studies. Here, we evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of efatutazone combined with FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil, levo-leucovorin, and irinotecan) as second-line chemotherapy in Japanese patients with mCRC. Methods Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were evaluated at 2 efatutazone dose levels of 0.25 and 0.50 mg (the recommended dose [RD] of efatutazone monotherapy) twice daily in combination with FOLFIRI in a 3–9 patient cohort. Furthermore, tolerability at the RD level was assessed in additional patients, up to 12 in total. Blood samples for pharmacokinetics and biomarkers and tumor samples for archival tissues were collected from all patients. Results Fifteen patients (0.25 mg, 3; 0.5 mg, 12) were enrolled. No DLTs were observed. Most patients experienced weight increase (100 %) and edema (80.0 %), which were manageable with diuretics. Common grade 3/4 toxicities were neutropenia (93.3 %), leukopenia (46.7 %), and anemia (33.3 %). Stable disease was observed in 8 of the 14 patients evaluable for tumor response. The plasma adiponectin levels increased over time and increased dose. No clear relationship was detected between treatment efficacies and plasma levels of adiponectin as well as the expression levels of PPARγ and the retinoid X receptor in tumor tissues. Conclusions Efatutazone combined with FOLFIRI demonstrates an acceptable safety profile and evidence of disease stabilization in Japanese patients with mCRC. The RD for efatutazone monotherapy can be used in combination with FOLFIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Komatsu
- Hokkaido University Hospital Cancer Center, Kita 14 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8648, Japan,
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Sawayama H, Ishimoto T, Watanabe M, Yoshida N, Sugihara H, Kurashige J, Hirashima K, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, Oki E, Morita M, Shiose Y, Baba H. Small molecule agonists of PPAR-γ exert therapeutic effects in esophageal cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 74:575-85. [PMID: 24272485 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor PPAR-γ plays various roles in lipid metabolism, inflammation, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis. PPAR-γ agonists used to treat diabetes may have utility in cancer treatment. Efatutazone is a novel later generation PPAR-γ agonist that selectively activates PPAR-γ target genes and has antiproliferative effects in a range of malignancies. In this study, we investigated PPAR-γ status in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and investigated the antiproliferative effects of efatutazone. PPAR-γ was expressed heterogeneously in ESCC, in which it exhibited an inverse relationship with Ki-67 expression. PPAR-γ expression was associated independently with good prognosis in ESCC. Efatutazone, but not the conventional PPAR-γ agonist troglitazone, inhibited ESCC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic investigations suggested that efatutazone acted by upregulating p21Cip1 protein in the nucleus through inactivation of the Akt pathway and dephosphorylation of p21Cip1 at Thr145 without affecting the transcriptional activity of p21Cip1. We also found that treatment with efatutazone led to phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Accordingly, the combination of efatutazone with the antiepithelial growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab synergized to negatively regulate the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt and MAPK pathways. Together, our results suggest that efatutazone, alone or in combination with cetuximab, may offer therapeutic effects in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sawayama
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto; Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka; and Research and Development Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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Chu R, van Hasselt A, Vlantis AC, Ng EKW, Liu SYW, Fan MD, Ng SK, Chan ABW, Liu Z, Li XY, Chen GG. The cross-talk between estrogen receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in thyroid cancer. Cancer 2013; 120:142-53. [PMID: 24114184 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor (ER) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are associated with thyroid tumorigenesis and treatment. However, the interaction between them has not been studied. METHODS The impact of ER over-expression or down-expression by DNA/small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection, ERα agonists, and the ERβ agonist diarylpropiolnitrile (DPN) on PPARγ expression/activity was examined in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) cells. The effects of PPARγ modulation by rosiglitazone (RTZ), a PPARγ ligand, and of PPARγ siRNA on ER expression were determined. Cellular functions reflected by cell proliferation and migration were assayed. Apoptosis was analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, and apoptotic-related proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS PPARγ protein and activity were reduced by the over-expression of either ERα or ERβ, whereas repression of ERα or ERβ increased PPARγ expression. The administration of RTZ counteracted the effects of ER and also reduced their expression, particularly in PTC cells. Moreover, knockdown of PPARγ increased ER expression and activity. Functionally, ERα activation offset the inhibitory effect of PPARγ on cellular functions, but ERβ activation aggregated it and induced apoptosis, particularly in PTC cells. Finally, the interaction between ERβ and PPARγ enhanced the expression of proapoptotic molecules, such as caspase-3 and apoptosis-inducing factor. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence supporting a cross-talk between ER and PPARγ. The reciprocal interaction between PPARγ and ERβ significantly inhibits the proliferation and migration of thyroid cancer cells, providing a new therapeutic strategy against thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Selecting the best targets is a key challenge for drug discovery, and achieving this effectively, efficiently and systematically is particularly important for prioritizing candidates from the sizeable lists of potential therapeutic targets that are now emerging from large-scale multi-omics initiatives, such as those in oncology. Here, we describe an objective, systematic, multifaceted computational assessment of biological and chemical space that can be applied to any human gene set to prioritize targets for therapeutic exploration. We use this approach to evaluate an exemplar set of 479 cancer-associated genes, reveal the tension between biological relevance and chemical tractability, and describe major gaps in available knowledge that could be addressed to aid objective decision-making. We also propose drug repurposing opportunities and identify potentially druggable cancer-associated proteins that have been poorly explored with regard to the discovery of small-molecule modulators, despite their biological relevance.
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Smallridge RC, Copland JA, Brose MS, Wadsworth JT, Houvras Y, Menefee ME, Bible KC, Shah MH, Gramza AW, Klopper JP, Marlow LA, Heckman MG, Von Roemeling R. Efatutazone, an oral PPAR-γ agonist, in combination with paclitaxel in anaplastic thyroid cancer: results of a multicenter phase 1 trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2392-400. [PMID: 23589525 PMCID: PMC3667260 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A phase 1 study was initiated to determine the safety, potential effectiveness, and maximal tolerated dose and recommended phase 2 dose of efatutazone and paclitaxel in anaplastic thyroid cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received efatutazone (0.15, 0.3, or 0.5 mg) orally twice daily and then paclitaxel every 3 weeks. Patient tolerance and outcomes were assessed, as were serum efatutazone pharmacokinetics. RESULTS Ten of 15 patients were women. Median age was 59 years. Seven patients received 0.15 mg of efatutazone, 6 patients received 0.3 mg, and 2 patients received 0.5 mg. One patient receiving 0.3 mg of efatutazone had a partial response from day 69 to day 175; 7 patients attained stable disease. Median times to progression were 48 and 68 days in patients receiving 0.15 mg of efatutazone and 0.3 mg of efatutazone, respectively; corresponding median survival was 98 vs 138 days. The median peak efatutazone blood level was 8.6 ng/mL for 0.15-mg dosing vs 22.0 ng/mL for 0.3-mg twice daily dosing. Ten patients had grade 3 or greater adverse events (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events), with 2 of these (anemia and edema) related to efatutazone. Thirteen events of edema were reported in 8 patients, with 2 of grade 3 or greater. Eight patients had ≥1 serious adverse event, with 1 of these (anemia) attributed to efatutazone and 1 (anaphylactic reaction) related to paclitaxel. The maximal tolerated dose was not achieved. Angiopoietin-like 4 was induced by efatutazone in tissue biopsy samples of 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS Efatutazone and paclitaxel in combination were safe and tolerated and had biologic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Smallridge
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA.
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Nakles RE, Kallakury BVS, Furth PA. The PPARγ agonist efatutazone increases the spectrum of well-differentiated mammary cancer subtypes initiated by loss of full-length BRCA1 in association with TP53 haploinsufficiency. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:1976-85. [PMID: 23664366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists have anticancer activity and influence cell differentiation. We examined the impact of the selective PPARγ agonist efatutazone on mammary cancer pathogenesis in a mouse model of BRCA1 mutation. Mice with conditional loss of full-length BRCA1 targeted to mammary epithelial cells in association with germline TP53 insufficiency were treated with efatutazone through the diet starting at age 4 months and were euthanized at age 12 months or when palpable tumor reached 1 cm(3). Although treatment did not reduce percentage of mice developing invasive cancer, it significantly reduced prevalence of noninvasive cancer and total number of cancers per mouse and increased prevalence of well-differentiated cancer subtypes not usually seen in this mouse model. Invasive cancers from controls were uniformly estrogen receptor α negative and undifferentiated, whereas well-differentiated estrogen receptor α-positive papillary invasive cancers appeared in efatutazone-treated mice. Expression levels of phosphorylated AKT and CDK6 were significantly reduced in the cancers developing in efatutazone-treated mice. Efatutazone treatment reduced rates of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and development of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and increased expression levels of the PPARγ target genes Adfp, Fabp4, and Pdhk4 in preneoplastic mammary tissue. Intervention efatutazone treatment in mice with BRCA1 deficiency altered mammary cancer development by promoting development of differentiated invasive cancer and reducing prevalence of noninvasive cancer and preneoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Nakles
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA
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von Roemeling CA, Marlow LA, Wei JJ, Cooper SJ, Caulfield TR, Wu K, Tan WW, Tun HW, Copland JA. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 is a novel molecular therapeutic target for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:2368-80. [PMID: 23633458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We set out to identify Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) as a novel molecular target in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and examine its role in tumor cell growth and viability in vitro and in vivo independently as well as in combination with current U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved regimens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patient normal and ccRCC tissue samples and cell lines were examined for SCD1 expression. Genetic knockdown models and targeted inhibition of SCD1 through use of a small molecule inhibitor, A939572, were analyzed for growth, apoptosis, and alterations in gene expression using gene array analysis. Therapeutic models of synergy were evaluated utilizing pharmacologic inhibition of SCD1 with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) sunitinib and pazopanib, and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus. RESULTS Our studies identify increased SCD1 expression in all stages of ccRCC. Both genetic knockdown and pharmacologic inhibition of SCD1 decreased tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Upon gene array, quantitative real-time PCR, and protein analysis of A939572-treated or SCD1 lentiviral knockdown samples, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress response signaling was observed, providing mechanistic insight for SCD1 activity in ccRCC. Furthermore, combinatorial application of A939572 with temsirolimus synergistically inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Increased SCD1 expression supports ccRCC viability and therefore we propose it as a novel molecular target for therapy either independently or in combination with an mTOR inhibitor for patients whose disease cannot be remedied with surgical intervention, such as in cases of advanced or metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A von Roemeling
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
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