1
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Wang Z, Zhao Y, An Z, Li W. Molecular Links Between Angiogenesis and Neuroendocrine Phenotypes in Prostate Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1491. [PMID: 32039001 PMCID: PMC6985539 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common therapy for prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is effective for the majority of patients. However, prolonged ADT promotes drug resistance and progression to an aggressive variant with reduced androgen receptor signaling, so called neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Until present, NEPC is still poorly understood, and lethal with no effective treatments. Elevated expression of neuroendocrine related markers and increased angiogenesis are two prominent phenotypes of NEPC, and both of them are positively associated with cancers progression. However, direct molecular links between the two phenotypes in NEPC and their mechanisms remain largely unclear. Their elucidation should substantially expand our knowledge in NEPC. This knowledge, in turn, would facilitate the development of effective NEPC treatments. We recently showed that a single critical pathway regulates both ADT-enhanced angiogenesis and elevated expression of neuroendocrine markers. This pathway consists of CREB1, EZH2, and TSP1. Here, we seek new insights to identify molecules common to pathways promoting angiogenesis and neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer. To this end, our focus is to summarize the literature on proteins reported to regulate both neuroendocrine marker expression and angiogenesis as potential molecular links. These proteins, often described in separate biological contexts or diseases, include AURKA and AURKB, CHGA, CREB1, EZH2, FOXA2, GRK3, HIF1, IL-6, MYCN, ONECUT2, p53, RET, and RB1. We also present the current efforts in prostate cancer or other diseases to target some of these proteins, which warrants testing for NEPC, given the urgent unmet need in treating this aggressive variant of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (GSBS), Houston, TX, United States
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2
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Cao J, Zhu Z, Wang H, Nichols TC, Lui GYL, Deng S, Rejto PA, VanArsdale T, Hardwick JS, Weinrich SL, Wei P. Combining CDK4/6 inhibition with taxanes enhances anti-tumor efficacy by sustained impairment of pRB-E2F pathways in squamous cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:4125-4141. [PMID: 30700828 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib reduces tumor growth by decreasing retinoblastoma (RB) protein phosphorylation and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase transition. Palbociclib in combination with anti-hormonal therapy brings significant benefit to breast cancer patients. In this study, novel combination approaches and underlying molecular/cellular mechanisms for palbociclib were explored in squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC), the second most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. While approximate 20% lung patients benefit from immunotherapy, most SqCLC patients who receive platinum-doublet chemotherapy as first-line treatment, which often includes a taxane, are still in need of more effective combination therapies. Our results demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity and anti-tumor effect with palbociclib plus taxanes at clinically achievable doses in multiple SqCLC models with diverse cancer genetic backgrounds. Comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed a sustained disruption of pRB-E2F signaling by combination that was accompanied with enhanced regulation of pleiotropic biological effects. These included several novel mechanisms such as abrogation of G2/M and mitotic spindle assembly checkpoints, as well as impaired induction of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). The decrease in HIF-1α modulated a couple key angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors, resulting in an enhanced anti-angiogenic effect. This preclinical work suggests a new therapeutic opportunity for palbociclib in lung and other cancers currently treated with taxane based chemotherapy as standard of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Cao
- Oncology Translational Research, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Oncology Translational Research, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Timothy C Nichols
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Goldie Y L Lui
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Shibing Deng
- Biostatistics, La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Paul A Rejto
- Oncology Translational Research, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Todd VanArsdale
- Tumor Cell Biology, Oncology Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - James S Hardwick
- Oncology Translational Research, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Scott L Weinrich
- Oncology Translational Research, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ping Wei
- Oncology Translational Research, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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3
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Yoshida A, Kitajima S, Li F, Cheng C, Takegami Y, Kohno S, Wan YS, Hayashi N, Muranaka H, Nishimoto Y, Nagatani N, Nishiuchi T, Thai TC, Suzuki S, Nakao S, Tanaka T, Hirose O, Barbie DA, Takahashi C. MicroRNA-140 mediates RB tumor suppressor function to control stem cell-like activity through interleukin-6. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13872-13885. [PMID: 28099924 PMCID: PMC5355146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We established an in vitro cell culture system to determine novel activities of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein during tumor progression. Rb depletion in p53-null mouse-derived soft tissue sarcoma cells induced a spherogenic phenotype. Cells retrieved from Rb-depleted spheres exhibited slower proliferation and less efficient BrdU incorporation, however, much higher spherogenic activity and aggressive behavior. We discovered six miRNAs, including mmu-miR-18a, -25, -29b, -140, -337, and -1839, whose expression levels correlated tightly with the Rb status and spherogenic activity. Among these, mmu-miR-140 appeared to be positively controlled by Rb and to antagonize the effect of Rb depletion on spherogenesis and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, among genes potentially targeted by mmu-miR-140, Il-6 was upregulated by Rb depletion and downregulated by mmu-mir-140 overexpression. Altogether, we demonstrate the possibility that mmu-mir-140 mediates the Rb function to downregulate Il-6 by targeting its 3′-untranslated region. Finally, we detected the same relationship among RB, hsa-miR-140 and IL-6 in a human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Because IL-6 is a critical modulator of malignant features of cancer cells and the RB pathway is impaired in the majority of cancers, hsa-miR-140 might be a promising therapeutic tool that disrupts linkage between tumor suppressor inactivation and pro-inflammatory cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Yoshida
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Deperment of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kitajima
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215, USA
| | - Fengkai Li
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Chaoyang Cheng
- DNAFORM Precision Gene Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Yujiro Takegami
- DNAFORM Precision Gene Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0046, Japan
| | - Susumu Kohno
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuan Song Wan
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hayashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health Science, Kanazawa Gakuin University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1302, Japan
| | - Hayato Muranaka
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuuki Nishimoto
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Naoko Nagatani
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Tran C Thai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215, USA
| | - Sawako Suzuki
- Deperment of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Shinji Nakao
- Deperment of Cellular Transplantation Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tanaka
- Deperment of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670 Japan
| | - Osamu Hirose
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - David A Barbie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA02215, USA
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Chan OTM, Furuya H, Pagano I, Shimizu Y, Hokutan K, Dyrskjøt L, Jensen JB, Malmstrom PU, Segersten U, Janku F, Rosser CJ. Association of MMP-2, RB and PAI-1 with decreased recurrence-free survival and overall survival in bladder cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99707-99721. [PMID: 29245935 PMCID: PMC5725126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported an accurate urine-based bladder cancer (BCa)-associated diagnostic signature that can be used to non-invasively detect BCa. In this study, we investigated whether a component of this signature could risk stratify patients with BCa. Methods Utilizing immunohistochemistry, we investigated angiogenin, MMP-2, p53, RB and PAI-1 expression from 939 patients with BCa. The expression levels were scored by assigning a proportion score and an intensity score to yield a total staining score for each protein. The expressions of each protein individually and as an aggregate were then correlated with progression-free survival (PFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). Results Differential expressions of these markers were noted in BCa. With multivariate analysis in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) age, tumor grade portended a worse PFS, while age, tumor grade, nodal status, MMP2, RB and PAI-1 expression portended a worse OS. As for multivariate analysis in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), age MMP-2 and RB were associated with a worse PFS, while age, nodal status, MMP-2, RB and PAI-1 were associated with a worse OS. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, we noted a significant reduction in OS as more of the five biomarkers were expressed in a tumor. Thus, overall, high expressions of MMP-2, RB and/or PAI-1 in bladder tumors were markers of poor prognosis. Conclusion Individually, MMP-2, RB and PAI-1, as well as in aggregate correlated with poor survival in patients with BCa. Thus, patients whose bladder tumors express these biomarkers may benefit from early radical treatment and/or neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen T M Chan
- Clinical and Translational Research Program University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hideki Furuya
- Clinical and Translational Research Program University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ian Pagano
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program Research Program University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Yoshiko Shimizu
- Clinical and Translational Research Program University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kanani Hokutan
- Clinical and Translational Research Program University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Per-Uno Malmstrom
- Departments of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Segersten
- Departments of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles J Rosser
- Clinical and Translational Research Program University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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5
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Benharroch D, Prinsloo I, Gopas J, Lazarev I. Lymphangiogenesis in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma - Preliminary Study with Clinicopathological Correlations. J Cancer 2016; 7:2117-2123. [PMID: 27877228 PMCID: PMC5118676 DOI: 10.7150/jca.16389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for lymphangiogenesis in metastatic breast and prostate cancers has been suggested recently. The relevance of lymphangiogenesis in cancer as a rule, and more specifically in classical Hodgkin lymphoma, is poorly understood in comparison with that of angiogenesis. In a preliminary (pilot) study we have investigated the role of lymphatic vessels growth in 19 cases of classical Hodgkin lymphoma stained with the D2-40 (podoplanin) antibody. In each case, three lymphatic vessels hot spots were scrutinized twice. Of the 57 hot spots thus identified, we chose 15 at random for photography, microvessel counting and image analysis. We determined the mean perimeter, surface area, major axis length and complexity factor for each hot spot and correlated them with clinical and biological features of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. No correlations were found with clinical features. No associations were noted with the standard immuno-markers of classical Hodgkin lymphoma. However, significant inverse correlations were shown with pRb, BAX and IκB-α expression. The mean lymphatic major axis length was inversely correlated with the complexity factor. Last, we carried out an additional clinicopathological correlation of the expression of pRb, BAX and IκB-α in a cohort of classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients previously published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Benharroch
- Departments of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Isebrand Prinsloo
- Departments of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Departments of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva;; Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Irena Lazarev
- Departments of Oncology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva
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6
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Woodby B, Scott M, Bodily J. The Interaction Between Human Papillomaviruses and the Stromal Microenvironment. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:169-238. [PMID: 27865458 PMCID: PMC5727914 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that replicate in stratified squamous epithelia and cause a variety of malignancies. Current efforts in HPV biology are focused on understanding the virus-host interactions that enable HPV to persist for years or decades in the tissue. The importance of interactions between tumor cells and the stromal microenvironment has become increasingly apparent in recent years, but how stromal interactions impact the normal, benign life cycle of HPVs, or progression of lesions to cancer is less understood. Furthermore, how productively replicating HPV impacts cells in the stromal environment is also unclear. Here we bring together some of the relevant literature on keratinocyte-stromal interactions and their impacts on HPV biology, focusing on stromal fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. We discuss how HPV oncogenes in infected cells manipulate other cells in their environment, and, conversely, how neighboring cells may impact the efficiency or course of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Woodby
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M Scott
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - J Bodily
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States.
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7
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Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase PIN1 Directly Binds to and Stabilizes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147038. [PMID: 26784107 PMCID: PMC4718546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl prolyl isomerase (PIN1) regulates the functional activity of a subset of phosphoproteins through binding to phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs and subsequently isomerization of the phosphorylated bonds. Interestingly, PIN1 is overexpressed in many types of malignancies including breast, prostate, lung and colon cancers. However, its oncogenic functions have not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that PIN1 directly interacts with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in human colon cancer (HCT116) cells. PIN1 binding to HIF-1α occurred in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. We also found that PIN1 interacted with HIF-1α at both exogenous and endogenous levels. Notably, PIN1 binding stabilized the HIF-1α protein, given that their levels were significantly increased under hypoxic conditions. The stabilization of HIF-1α resulted in increased transcriptional activity, consequently upregulating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, a major contributor to angiogenesis. Silencing of PIN1 or pharmacologic inhibition of its activity abrogated the angiogenesis. By utilizing a bioluminescence imaging technique, we were able to demonstrate that PIN1 inhibition dramatically reduced the tumor volume in a subcutaneous mouse xenograft model and angiogenesis as well as hypoxia-induced transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. These results suggest that PIN1 interacting with HIF-1α is a potential cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic target.
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8
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Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, Bisson WH. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S2-18. [PMID: 26106139 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontari
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 60503, USA
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept., kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 16163, Italy and
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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9
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Carnero A, Blanco-Aparicio C, Kondoh H, Lleonart ME, Martinez-Leal JF, Mondello C, Ivana Scovassi A, Bisson WH, Amedei A, Roy R, Woodrick J, Colacci A, Vaccari M, Raju J, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Salem HK, Memeo L, Forte S, Singh N, Hamid RA, Ryan EP, Brown DG, Wise JP, Wise SS, Yasaei H. Disruptive chemicals, senescence and immortality. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S19-37. [PMID: 26106138 PMCID: PMC4565607 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is thought to be a multistep process, with clonal evolution playing a central role in the process. Clonal evolution involves the repeated 'selection and succession' of rare variant cells that acquire a growth advantage over the remaining cell population through the acquisition of 'driver mutations' enabling a selective advantage in a particular micro-environment. Clonal selection is the driving force behind tumorigenesis and possesses three basic requirements: (i) effective competitive proliferation of the variant clone when compared with its neighboring cells, (ii) acquisition of an indefinite capacity for self-renewal, and (iii) establishment of sufficiently high levels of genetic and epigenetic variability to permit the emergence of rare variants. However, several questions regarding the process of clonal evolution remain. Which cellular processes initiate carcinogenesis in the first place? To what extent are environmental carcinogens responsible for the initiation of clonal evolution? What are the roles of genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens in carcinogenesis? What are the underlying mechanisms responsible for chemical carcinogen-induced cellular immortality? Here, we explore the possible mechanisms of cellular immortalization, the contribution of immortalization to tumorigenesis and the mechanisms by which chemical carcinogens may contribute to these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio Carnero
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +34955923111; Fax: +34955923101;
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Experimental Therapuetics Department, Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hiroshi Kondoh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawaharacho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Matilde E. Lleonart
- Institut De Recerca Hospital Vall D’Hebron, Passeig Vall d’Hebron, 119–129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Italy, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Centre for Advanced Research, King George’s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- The Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, ME 04104, USA and
| | - Sandra S. Wise
- The Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Southern Maine, 96 Falmouth Street, Portland, ME 04104, USA and
| | - Hemad Yasaei
- Brunel Institute of Cancer Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Health and Environment Theme, Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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10
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Evasion of anti-growth signaling: A key step in tumorigenesis and potential target for treatment and prophylaxis by natural compounds. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S55-S77. [PMID: 25749195 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The evasion of anti-growth signaling is an important characteristic of cancer cells. In order to continue to proliferate, cancer cells must somehow uncouple themselves from the many signals that exist to slow down cell growth. Here, we define the anti-growth signaling process, and review several important pathways involved in growth signaling: p53, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), retinoblastoma protein (Rb), Hippo, growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A), Notch, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) pathways. Aberrations in these processes in cancer cells involve mutations and thus the suppression of genes that prevent growth, as well as mutation and activation of genes involved in driving cell growth. Using these pathways as examples, we prioritize molecular targets that might be leveraged to promote anti-growth signaling in cancer cells. Interestingly, naturally occurring phytochemicals found in human diets (either singly or as mixtures) may promote anti-growth signaling, and do so without the potentially adverse effects associated with synthetic chemicals. We review examples of naturally occurring phytochemicals that may be applied to prevent cancer by antagonizing growth signaling, and propose one phytochemical for each pathway. These are: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) for the Rb pathway, luteolin for p53, curcumin for PTEN, porphyrins for Hippo, genistein for GDF15, resveratrol for ARID1A, withaferin A for Notch and diguelin for the IGF1-receptor pathway. The coordination of anti-growth signaling and natural compound studies will provide insight into the future application of these compounds in the clinical setting.
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11
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Patel D, Morton DJ, Carey J, Havrda MC, Chaudhary J. Inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4): From development to cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1855:92-103. [PMID: 25512197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Highly conserved Inhibitors of DNA-Binding (ID1-ID4) genes encode multi-functional proteins whose transcriptional activity is based on dominant negative inhibition of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. Initial animal models indicated a degree of compensatory overlap between ID genes such that deletion of multiple ID genes was required to generate easily recognizable phenotypes. More recently, new model systems have revealed alterations in mice harboring deletions in single ID genes suggesting complex gene and tissue specific functions for members of the ID gene family. Because ID genes are highly expressed during development and their function is associated with a primitive, proliferative cellular phenotype there has been significant interest in understanding their potential roles in neoplasia. Indeed, numerous studies indicate an oncogenic function for ID1, ID2 and ID3. In contrast, the inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) presents a paradigm shift in context of well-established role of ID1, ID2 and ID3 in development and cancer. Apart from some degree of functional redundancy such as HLH dependent interactions with bHLH protein E2A, many of the functions of ID4 are distinct from ID1, ID2 and ID3: ID4 proteins a) regulate distinct developmental processes and tissue expression in the adult, b) promote stem cell survival, differentiation and/or timing of differentiation, c) epigenetic inactivation/loss of expression in several advanced stage cancers and d) increased expression in some cancers such as those arising in the breast and ovary. Thus, in spite of sharing the conserved HLH domain, ID4 defies the established model of ID protein function and expression. The underlying molecular mechanism responsible for the unique role of ID4 as compared to other ID proteins still remains largely un-explored. This review will focus on the current understanding of ID4 in context of development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Derrick J Morton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - Jason Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mathew C Havrda
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center and Geisel Medical School at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutics Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA.
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12
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Increased expression of RRM2 by human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein promotes angiogenesis in cervical cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1034-44. [PMID: 24423925 PMCID: PMC3929894 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to confirm that RRM2 as a novel target of HPVE7 involved in cervical cancer angiogenesis. Methods: Gene expression was analysed by RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry in cervical cancer tissue and cell lines. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the activities of various RRM2 promoters. Secreted VEGF was measured by ELISA. RRM2-mediated capillary tube formation induced by HPVE7 in cervical cancer cells were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. ROS induced by RRM2 in cercal cancer cells was confirmed by flow cytometry. The growth of cervical cancer cell overexpression RRM2 was examined by nude mouse xenograft. Results: RRM2 as a novel downstream target for HPVE7 was upregulated by it at the transcriptional level through the E7-pRb interaction and binding of E2F to the RRM2 promoter region. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the level of RRM2 positively correlated with the HPVE7 level in human cervical cancer. Functionally, overexpression of RRM2 enhanced the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF via activation of the ERK1/2 signalling pathway in cervical cancer cells, and significantly associated with increased microvessel densities in cervical cancer tissues. In vitro, HPVE7 stimulated RRM2-dependent capillary tube formation by HUVECs, and RRM2-enhanced angiogenesis was VEGF dependent. RRM2-activated ERK1/2 pathway was mediated through production of ROS. In the xenograft mouse model, overexpression of RRM2 in cervical cancer cells enhanced tumour growth as well as microvessel densities. Conclusion: HPVE7 induces upregulation of RRM2, which then promotes cervical carcinogenesis via ROS-ERK1/2-HIF-1α-VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Thus, the inhibition of RRM2 activity may be a novel therapeutic strategy for human cervical cancer.
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13
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Bruno A, Pagani A, Magnani E, Rossi T, Noonan DM, Cantelmo AR, Albini A. Inflammatory angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment as targets for cancer therapy and prevention. Cancer Treat Res 2014; 159:401-426. [PMID: 24114493 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38007-5_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In addition to aberrant transformed cells, tumors are tissues that contain host components, including stromal cells, vascular cells (ECs) and their precursors, and immune cells. All these constituents interact with each other at the cellular and molecular levels, resulting in the production of an intricate and heterogeneous complex of cells and matrix defined as the tumor microenvironment. Several pathways involved in these interactions have been investigated both in pathological and physiological scenarios, and diverse molecules are currently targets of chemotherapeutic and preventive drugs. Many phytochemicals and their derivatives show the ability to inhibit tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis, exerting effects on the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will outline the principal players and mechanisms involved in the tumor microenvironment network and we will discuss some interesting compounds aimed at interrupting these interactions and blocking tumor insurgence and progression. The considerations provided will be crucial for the design of new preventive approaches to the reduction in cancer risk that need to be applied to large populations composed of apparently healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bruno
- Polo Scientifico e Tecnologico, MultiMedica Onlus, Milano, Italy
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14
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Costa C, Paramio JM, Santos M. Skin Tumors Rb(eing) Uncovered. Front Oncol 2013; 3:307. [PMID: 24381932 PMCID: PMC3865458 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb1 gene was the first bona fide tumor suppressor identified and cloned more than 25 years ago. Since then, a plethora of studies have revealed the functions of pRb and the existence of a sophisticated and strictly regulated pathway that modulates such functional roles. An emerging paradox affecting Rb1 in cancer connects the relatively low number of mutations affecting Rb1 gene in specific human tumors, compared with the widely functional inactivation of pRb in most, if not in all, human cancers. The existence of a retinoblastoma family of proteins pRb, p107, and p130 and their potential unique and overlapping functions as master regulators of cell cycle progression and transcriptional modulation by similar processes, may provide potential clues to explain such conundrum. Here, we will review the development of different genetically engineered mouse models, in particular those affecting stratified epithelia, and how they have offered new avenues to understand the roles of the Rb family members and their targets in the context of tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Costa
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mirentxu Santos
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Teconológicas (ed70A) , Madrid , Spain
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15
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The RB tumor suppressor positively regulates transcription of the anti-angiogenic protein NOL7. Neoplasia 2013; 14:1213-22. [PMID: 23308053 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the angiogenic phenotype is regulated by a balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors released into the tumor microenvironment. Nuclear protein 7 (NOL7), a novel tumor suppressor, acts as a master regulator of angiogenesis by downregulating pro-angiogenic factors and upregulating anti-angiogenic factors. Using cervical cancer as a model of investigation, we have previously shown that loss of NOL7 mRNA and protein expression is observed as early as the premalignant phase. Analysis of the gene failed to identify tumor-specific promoter methylation or coding region mutations, suggesting that NOL7 loss may be mediated by aberrant expression of its upstream regulators. In this study, we show that the RB tumor suppressor gene (RB) positively regulates NOL7 at the transcriptional level by recruiting transcription factors and transcription machinery proteins to its promoter region. Conversely, the loss of RB represses NOL7 transcription by inhibiting assembly of these proteins. This loss of NOL7 expression is also observed in RB-deficient human malignancies. Together, this work further characterizes the transcriptional activator function of RB and defines a potential role for RB in regulating angiogenesis through activation of NOL7. Current anti-angiogenic therapies lack long-term efficacy, as they are unable to target the diverse angiogenic signals generated by tumors. Our data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that reactivation of pRB can potentially modulate the expression of the angiogenic phenotype through regulation of NOL7. Therefore, this knowledge may be employed to design more comprehensive and effective therapies.
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16
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Indovina P, Marcelli E, Casini N, Rizzo V, Giordano A. Emerging roles of RB family: new defense mechanisms against tumor progression. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:525-35. [PMID: 22886479 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) family of proteins, including RB1/p105, retinoblastoma-like 1 (RBL1/p107), and retinoblastoma-like 2 (RBL2/p130), is principally known for its central role on cell cycle regulation. The inactivation of RB proteins confers a growth advantage and underlies multiple types of tumors. Recently, it has been shown that RB proteins have other important roles, such as preservation of chromosomal stability, induction and maintenance of senescence and regulation of apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and angiogenesis. RB proteins are involved in many cellular pathways and act as transcriptional regulators able to bind several transcription factors, thus antagonizing or potentiating their functions. Furthermore, RB proteins might control the expression of specific target genes by recruiting chromatin remodeling enzymes. Although many efforts have been made to dissect the different functions of RB proteins, it remains still unclear which are necessary for cancer suppression and the role they play at distinct steps of carcinogenesis. Moreover, RB proteins can behave differently in various cell types or cell states. Elucidating the intricate RB protein network in regulating cell fate might provide the knowledge necessary to explain their potent tumor suppressor activity and to design novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Hiss DC, Fielding BC. Optimization and preclinical design of genetically engineered viruses for human oncolytic therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1427-47. [PMID: 22788715 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses (OVs) occupy a strategic niche in the dynamic era of biological and gene therapy of human cancers. However, the use of OVs is the subject of close scrutiny due to impediments such as the insufficiency of patient generalizations posed by heterogeneous tumor responses to treatment, inherent or potentially lethal viral pathogenicities, unanticipated host- or immune-related adverse effects, and the emergence of virus-resistant cancer cells. These challenges can be overcome by the design and development of more definitive (optimized, targeted, and individualized) cancer virotherapeutics. AREAS COVERED The translation of current knowledge and recent innovations into rational treatment prospects hinges on an iterative loop of variables pertaining to genetically engineered viral oncolytic efficacy and safety profiles, mechanism-of-action data, potencies of synergistic oncolytic viral combinations with conventional tumor, immuno-, chemo-, and radiation treatment modalities, optimization of the probabilities of treatment successes in heterogeneous (virus-sensitive and -resistant) tumor cell populations by mathematical modeling, and lessons learned from preclinical studies and human clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that proof-of-principle is critical for the preclinical optimization of oncolytic viruses to target heterogeneous forms of cancer and to prioritize current concerns related to the efficacy and safety of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- University of the Western Cape, Department of Medical Biosciences, Molecular Oncology Research Laboratory, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
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18
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Takahashi C, Sasaki N, Kitajima S. Twists in views on RB functions in cellular signaling, metabolism and stem cells. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1182-8. [PMID: 22448711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One-quarter of a century ago, identification of the human retinoblastoma gene (RB) loci proved Knudson's 'two-hit theory' that tumor suppressor genes exist. Since then, numerous works delineated crucial roles for the RB protein (pRB)-E2F transcription factor complex in G1-S phase transition. In addition, discovering the relationship between pRB and tissue-specific transcription factors enabled a better understanding of how cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation are coupled. Recent works provoked many exciting twists in views on pRB functions during cancer initiation and progression beyond its previously well-appreciated roles. Various mitogenic and cytostatic cellular signals appeared to modulate pRB functions and thus affect a wide variety of effector molecules. In addition, genetic studies in mice as well as other creatures incessantly force us to revise our views on pRB functions. This review will focus particularly on the roles of pRB in regulating intracellular signaling, cell metabolism, chromatin function, stem cells and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Takahashi
- Kanazawa University Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
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19
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Genomic profiling of glioblastoma: convergence of fundamental biologic tenets and novel insights. J Neurooncol 2011; 107:1-12. [PMID: 22002595 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
With advances in genomic profiling and sequencing technology, we are beginning to understand the landscape of the genetic events that accumulated during the neoplastic process. The insights gleamed from these genomic profiling studies with regards to glioblastoma etiology has been particularly satisfying because it cemented the clinical pertinence of major concepts in cancer biology-concepts developed over the past three decades. This article will review how the glioblastoma genomic data set serves as an illustrative platform for the concepts put forward by Hanahan and Weinberg on the cancer phenotype. The picture emerging suggests that most glioblastomas evolve along a multitude of pathways rather than a single defined pathway. In this context, the article will further provide a discussion of the subtypes of glioblastoma as they relate to key principles of developmental neurobiology.
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Abstract
The RB1 gene is the first tumor suppressor gene identified whose mutational inactivation is the cause of a human cancer, the pediatric cancer retinoblastoma. The 25 years of research since its discovery has not only illuminated a general role for RB1 in human cancer, but also its critical importance in normal development. Understanding the molecular function of the RB1 encoded protein, pRb, is a long-standing goal that promises to inform our understanding of cancer, its relationship to normal development, and possible therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. Achieving this goal has been difficult, complicated by the complexity of pRb and related proteins. The goal of this review is to explore the hypothesis that, at its core, the molecular function of pRb is to dynamically regulate the location-specific assembly or disassembly of protein complexes on the DNA in response to the output of various signaling pathways. These protein complexes participate in a variety of molecular processes relevant to DNA including gene transcription, DNA replication, DNA repair, and mitosis. Through regulation of these processes, RB1 plays a uniquely prominent role in normal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenalakshmi Chinnam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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21
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Walker J, Smiley LC, Ingram D, Roman A. Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 is sufficient to significantly increase expression of angiogenic factors but is not sufficient to induce endothelial cell migration. Virology 2010; 410:283-90. [PMID: 21159359 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors negatively regulate angiogenesis, an essential step in tumor progression. Together, HPV 16 E6 and E7 proteins, which target p53 and pRb family members, respectively, for degradation, increase the expression of two angiogenic inducers, VEGF and IL-8, in primary foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs). Conditioned media from such cells are sufficient to alter endothelial cell behavior. Here, the individual contribution of E6 and E7 to angiogenesis was investigated. E7 and, to a lesser extent E6, increased expression of VEGF and IL-8. Nevertheless, neither conditioned media from HPV 16 E6 nor E7-expressing HFKs were sufficient to induce migration of endothelial cells. Conditioned media from HFKs expressing the HPV 16 E6 and the E7 mutant E7C24G, which can target p107 and p130 but not pRb for degradation, contained increased levels of VEGF and IL-8. The results suggest that the mechanism of HPV 16 E7-mediated increased levels of VEGF is pRb-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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22
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Landreville S, Ma D, Wu J, Harbour JW. Loss of Id2 potentiates the tumorigenic effect of Rb inactivation in a mouse model of retinoblastoma. Curr Eye Res 2010; 35:435-9. [PMID: 20450257 DOI: 10.3109/02713680903509428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In some cancers, the oncogenic consequences of inactivating the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) appear to be mediated by unrestrained activity of the inhibitor of DNA binding protein Id2. The role of Id2 has not yet been investigated in the prototype cancer Rb-defective cancer, retinoblastoma itself. This study investigated whether loss of Id2 modified the effects of Rb inactivation in a mouse model of retinoblastoma. METHODS Id2 was analyzed in cultured cells using qPCR, Western blot, and colony formation assays. LH beta-Tag transgenic mice were crossed with Id2 heterozygotes to obtain mice with all three Id2 genotypes. Intraocular tumors were assessed for size, degree of differentiation, mitotic index, and tumor vascular density at 15 weeks of age. RESULTS Retinoblastoma cell lines expressed low levels of Id2 mRNA and protein. Depletion of Id2 in Rb-inactivated cells increased clonogenic activity. Id2-deficient tumors in vivo were significantly larger, less differentiated, and more vascularized than Id2-wild-type tumors (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, P = 0.0001, respectively). There was a dosage effect for loss of each Id2 allele with respect to differentiation and vascular density. CONCLUSIONS Id2 suppresses rather than promotes tumor progression in this mouse model of retinoblastoma. Id2 can act as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor depending on context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Landreville
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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23
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Pillai S, Kovacs M, Chellappan S. Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors by Rb and E2F1: role of acetylation. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4931-40. [PMID: 20516113 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E2F transcription factors regulate a variety of cellular processes, but their role in angiogenesis is not clear. We find that many genes involved in angiogenesis such as FLT-1, KDR, and angiopoietin 2 have potential E2F1 binding sites in their promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that E2F1 can associate with these promoters and the recruitment of E2F1 was enhanced upon vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation with concomitant dissociation of Rb, leading to the transcriptional activation of these promoters. Transient transfection experiments showed that these promoters were induced by E2F1 and repressed by Rb, whereas depletion of E2F1 decreased their expression. The increased binding of E2F1 to these promoters upon VEGF stimulation correlated with the acetylation of histones and E2F1; this required VEGF receptor function, as seen in ChIP-re-ChIP experiments. This suggests the existence of a positive feedback loop regulating E2F1 acetylation and VEGF receptor expression. Acetylation associated with VEGF signaling seems to be predominantly mediated by P300/CBP-associated factor, and the depletion of histone acetyl transferases disrupted the formation of angiogenic tubules. These results suggest a novel role for E2F1 and acetylation in the angiogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Pillai
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Oncologic Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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Abstract
Although now dogma, the idea that nonvertebrate organisms such as yeast, worms, and flies could inform, and in some cases even revolutionize, our understanding of oncogenesis in humans was not immediately obvious. Aided by the conservative nature of evolution and the persistence of a cohort of devoted researchers, the role of model organisms as a key tool in solving the cancer problem has, however, become widely accepted. In this review, we focus on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its diverse and sometimes surprising contributions to our understanding of the tumorigenic process. Specifically, we discuss findings in the worm that address a well-defined set of processes known to be deregulated in cancer cells including cell cycle progression, growth factor signaling, terminal differentiation, apoptosis, the maintenance of genome stability, and developmental mechanisms relevant to invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Kirienko
- University of Wyoming, College of Agriculture, Department of Molecular Biology, Dept 3944, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Kumaran Mani
- University of Wyoming, College of Agriculture, Department of Molecular Biology, Dept 3944, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - David S. Fay
- University of Wyoming, College of Agriculture, Department of Molecular Biology, Dept 3944, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071
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Brown KC, Witte TR, Hardman WE, Luo H, Chen YC, Carpenter AB, Lau JK, Dasgupta P. Capsaicin displays anti-proliferative activity against human small cell lung cancer in cell culture and nude mice models via the E2F pathway. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10243. [PMID: 20421925 PMCID: PMC2857654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by rapid progression and low survival rates. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed for this disease. Capsaicin, the active ingredient of chilli peppers, displays anti-proliferative activity in prostate and epidermoid cancer in vitro. However, the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin has not been studied in human SCLCs. The present manuscript fills this void of knowledge and explores the anti-proliferative effect of capsaicin in SCLC in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings BrdU assays and PCNA ELISAs showed that capsaicin displays robust anti-proliferative activity in four human SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, capsaicin potently suppressed the growth of H69 human SCLC tumors in vivo as ascertained by CAM assays and nude mice models. The second part of our study attempted to provide insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. We found that the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin is correlated with a decrease in the expression of E2F-responsive proliferative genes like cyclin E, thymidylate synthase, cdc25A and cdc6, both at mRNA and protein levels. The transcription factor E2F4 mediated the anti-proliferative activity of capsaicin. Ablation of E2F4 levels by siRNA methodology suppressed capsaicin-induced G1 arrest. ChIP assays demonstrated that capsaicin caused the recruitment of E2F4 and p130 on E2F-responsive proliferative promoters, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Conclusions/Significance Our findings suggest that the anti-proliferative effects of capsaicin could be useful in the therapy of human SCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C. Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ted R. Witte
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - W. Elaine Hardman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Haitao Luo
- Department of Biology, Alderson-Broaddus College, Phillipi, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yi C. Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson-Broaddus College, Phillipi, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - A. Betts Carpenter
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jamie K. Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Huang C, Gu S, Yu P, Yu F, Feng C, Gao N, Du J. Deficiency of smarcal1 causes cell cycle arrest and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2009; 339:89-100. [PMID: 20036229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in SMARCAL1 cause Schimke Immuno-Osseous Dysplasia (SIOD), an autosomal recessive multisystem developmental disease characterized by growth retardation, T-cell deficiency, bone marrow failure, anemia and renal failure. SMARCAL1 encodes an ATP-driven annealing helicase. However, the biological function of SMARCAL1 and the molecular basis of SIOD remain largely unclear. In this work, we cloned the zebrafish homologue of the human SMARCAL1 gene and found that smarcal1 regulated cell cycle progression. Morpholino knockdown of smarcal1 in zebrafish recapitulated developmental abnormalities in SIOD patients, including growth retardation, craniofacial abnormality, and haematopoietic and vascular defects. Lack of smarcal1 caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay and reporter assay, we found that SMARCAL1 was transcriptionally inhibited by E2F6, an important cell cycle regulator. Over-expression of E2F6 in zebrafish embryos reduced the expression of smarcal1 mRNA and induced developmental defects similar to those in smarcal1 morphants. These results suggest that SIOD may be caused by defects in cell cycle regulation. Our study provides a model of SIOD and reveals its cellular and molecular bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences and Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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27
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Arias HR, Richards VE, Ng D, Ghafoori ME, Le V, Mousa SA. Role of non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in angiogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:1441-51. [PMID: 19401144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical physiological process for cell survival and development. Endothelial cells, necessary for the course of angiogenesis, express several non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). The most important functional non-neuronal AChRs are homomeric alpha7 AChRs and several heteromeric AChRs formed by a combination of alpha3, alpha5, beta2, and beta4 subunits, including alpha3beta4-containing AChRs. In endothelial cells, alpha7 AChR stimulation indirectly triggers the activation of the integrin alphavbeta3 receptor and an intracellular MAP kinase (ERK) pathway that mediates angiogenesis. Non-selective cholinergic agonists such as nicotine have been shown to induce angiogenesis, enhancing tumor progression. Moreover, alpha7 AChR selective antagonists such as alpha-bungarotoxin and methyllycaconitine as well as the non-specific antagonist mecamylamine have been shown to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and ultimately blood vessel formation. Exploitation of such pharmacologic properties can lead to the discovery of new specific cholinergic antagonists as anti-cancer therapies. Conversely, the pro-angiogenic effect elicited by specific agonists can be used to treat diseases that respond to revascularization such as diabetic ischemia and atherosclerosis, as well as to accelerate wound healing. In this mini-review we discuss the pharmacological evidence supporting the importance of non-neuronal AChRs in angiogenesis. We also explore potential intracellular mechanisms by which alpha7 AChR activation mediates this vital cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, 19555 N. 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ 85308-3550, USA.
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28
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Hume AJ, Kalejta RF. Regulation of the retinoblastoma proteins by the human herpesviruses. Cell Div 2009; 4:1. [PMID: 19146698 PMCID: PMC2636798 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that alter the environment of infected cells in order to replicate more efficiently. One way viruses achieve this is by modulating cell cycle progression. The main regulators of progression out of G0, through G1, and into S phase are the members of the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of tumor suppressors. Rb proteins repress the transcription of genes controlled by the E2F transcription factors. Because the expression of E2F-responsive genes is required for cell cycle progression into the S phase, Rb arrests the cell cycle in G0/G1. A number of viral proteins directly target Rb family members for inactivation, presumably to create an environment more hospitable for viral replication. Such viral proteins include the extensively studied oncoproteins E7 (from human papillomavirus), E1A (from adenovirus), and the large T (tumor) antigen (from simian virus 40). Elucidating how these three viral proteins target and inactivate Rb has proven to be an invaluable approach to augment our understanding of both normal cell cycle progression and carcinogenesis. In addition to these proteins, a number of other virally-encoded inactivators of the Rb family have subsequently been identified including a surprising number encoded by human herpesviruses. Here we review how the human herpesviruses modulate Rb function during infection, introduce the individual viral proteins that directly or indirectly target Rb, and speculate about what roles Rb modulation by these proteins may play in viral replication, pathogenesis, and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Hume
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1596, USA.
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29
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Assadian S, Teodoro JG. Regulation of collagen-derived antiangiogenic factors by p53. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:941-50. [PMID: 18549324 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.7.941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that the p53 tumor suppressor protein functions, in part, by limiting tumor angiogenesis. This effect is partly mediated by the ability of p53 to increase production of endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, such as the collagen-derived antiangiogenic factors (CDAFs), endostatin and tumstatin. OBJECTIVE To review the clinical and therapeutic implications of CDAFs and their regulation by p53. METHODS We highlight the inhibitory role of CDAFs in angiogenesis and summarize evidence that p53 regulates the transcriptional program leading to their expression, synthesis, assembly and activation. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The p53 gene is mutated in half of all human tumors and such cancers would be predicted to produce lower levels of CDAFs. We therefore believe that p53 function can be partially compensated by therapeutic use of CDAFs, which offers a promising new avenue for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Assadian
- McGill University, McGill Cancer Center, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Profiling the HeLa S3 transcriptome using randomly primed cDNA and massively parallel short-read sequencing. Biotechniques 2008; 45:81-94. [PMID: 18611170 DOI: 10.2144/000112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence-based methods for transcriptome characterization have typically relied on generation of either serial analysis of gene expression tags or expressed sequence tags. Although such approaches have the potential to enumerate transcripts by counting sequence tags derived from them, they typically do not robustly survey the majority of transcripts along their entire length. Here we show that massively parallel sequencing of randomly primed cDNAs, using a next-generation sequencing-by-synthesis technology, offers the potential to generate relative measures of mRNA and individual exon abundance while simultaneously profiling the prevalence of both annotated and novel exons and exon-splicing events. This technique identifies known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as novel single-base variants. Analysis of these variants, and previously unannotated splicing events in the HeLa S3 cell line, reveals an overrepresentation of gene categories including those previously implicated in cancer.
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31
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor gene is functionally inactivated in a broad range of paediatric and adult cancers, and a plethora of cellular functions and partners have been identified for the RB protein. Data from human tumours and studies from mouse models indicate that loss of RB function contributes to both cancer initiation and progression. However, we still do not know the identity of the cell types in which RB normally prevents cancer initiation in vivo, and the specific functions of RB that suppress distinct aspects of the tumorigenic process are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Burkhart
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Kong X, Wang X, Xu W, Behera S, Hellermann G, Kumar A, Lockey RF, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. Natriuretic peptide receptor a as a novel anticancer target. Cancer Res 2008; 68:249-56. [PMID: 18172317 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-3086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA), is expressed in cancer cells, and natriuretic peptides have been implicated in cancers. However, the direct role of NPRA signaling in tumorigenesis remains elusive. Here, we report that NPRA expression and signaling is important for tumor growth. NPRA-deficient mice showed significantly reduced antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation. NPRA deficiency also substantially protected C57BL/6 mice from lung, skin, and ovarian cancers. Furthermore, a nanoparticle-formulated interfering RNA for NPRA attenuated B16 melanoma tumors in mice. Ectopic expression of a plasmid encoding NP73-102, the NH(2)-terminal peptide of the ANP prohormone, which down-regulates NPRA expression, also suppressed lung metastasis of A549 cells in nude mice and tumorigenesis of Line 1 cells in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. The antitumor activity of NP73-102 was in part attributed to apoptosis of tumor cells. Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining indicated that the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, was inactivated, whereas the level of tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein was up-regulated in the lungs of NPRA-deficient mice. Furthermore, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was down-regulated in the lungs of NPRA-deficient mice compared with that in wild-type mice. These results suggest that NPRA is involved in tumor angiogenesis and represents a new target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Kong
- Joy McCann Culverhouse Airway Disease and Nanomedicine Research Center, Allergy and Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Jiao Y, Wang HC, Fan SJ. Growth suppression and radiosensitivity increase by HMGB1 in breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1957-67. [PMID: 18031610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1) is a nuclear protein containing a consensus RB (retinoblastoma)-binding LXCXE motif. In this study, we studied the potential association of HMGB1 and RB and the in vitro and in vivo activities of HMGB1 in human breast cancer cells. METHODS The protein-protein interaction was determined by immunoprecipitation-Western blotting and glutathione-S-transferase capture assays; cell growth and radiosensitivity were examined by cell counts, MTT assay, and clonogenic assay; cell cycle progression and apoptosis were evaluated using flow cytometry; and the antitumor activity of HMGB1 was examined with tumor xenografts in nude mice. RESULTS HMGB1 was associated with RB via a LXCXE motif-dependent mechanism. HMGB1 enhanced the ability of RB for E2F and cyclin A transcription repression. The increased expression of HMGB1 conferred an altered phenotypes characterized by the suppression of cell growth; G1 arrest and apoptosis was induced in MCF-7 cells containing the wild-type retinoblastoma (Rb) gene, but showed no activities in BT-549 cells containing the Rb gene deletion. The HMGB1-induced apoptosis accompanied by caspase 3 activation and PARP (poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase) cleavage. HMGB1 elevated the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells in both the MCF-7 and BT-549 cell lines. The enhanced expression of HMGB1 caused a suppression of growth of MCF-7 tumor xenografts in nude mice, while LXCXE-defective HMGB1 completely lost antitumor growth activity. CONCLUSION HMGB1 functions as a tumor suppressor and radiosensitizer in breast cancer. A HMGB1-RB interaction is critical for the HMGB1-mediated transcriptional repression, cell growth inhibition, G1 cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and tumor growth suppression, but is not required for radiosensitization. Therefore, it may be possible to design new therapies for the treatment of breast cancer that exert their effects by modulating the HMGB1 and RB regulatory pathway and HMGB1-related gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- School of Radiology and Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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The interaction of the SRA domain of ICBP90 with a novel domain of DNMT1 is involved in the regulation of VEGF gene expression. Oncogene 2007; 27:2187-97. [PMID: 17934516 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inverted CCAAT box-binding protein of 90 kDa (ICBP90) is over-expressed in several types of cancer, including breast, prostate and lung cancers. In search for proteins that interact with the set and ring-associated (SRA) domain of ICBP90, we used the two-hybrid system and screened a placental cDNA library. Several clones coding for a new domain of DNMT1 were found. The interaction, between the ICBP90 SRA domain and the DNMT1 domain, has been confirmed with purified proteins by glutathione-S-transferase pull-down experiments. We checked whether ICBP90 and DNMT1 are present in the same macro-molecular complexes in Jurkat cells and immortalized human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVTs-SM1). Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ICBP90 and DNMT1 are present in the same molecular complex, which was further confirmed by co-localization experiments as assessed by immunocytochemistry. Downregulation of ICBP90 and DNMT1 decreased VEGF gene expression, a major pro-angiogenic factor, whereas those of p16(INK4A) gene and RB1 gene were significantly enhanced. Together, these results indicate that DNMT1 and ICBP90 are involved in VEGF gene expression, possibly via an interaction of the SRA domain of ICBP90 with a novel domain of DNMT1 and an upregulation of p16(INK4A). They further suggest a new role of ICBP90 in the relationship between histone ubiquitination and DNA methylation in the context of tumoral angiogenesis and tumour suppressor genes silencing.
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