1
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Gu B, Parkes T, Rabanal F, Smith C, Lu FH, McKenzie N, Dong H, Weigel D, Jones JDG, Cevik V, Bevan MW. The integrated LIM-peptidase domain of the CSA1-CHS3/DAR4 paired immune receptor detects changes in DA1 peptidase inhibitors in Arabidopsis. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:949-961.e5. [PMID: 37167970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
White blister rust, caused by the oomycete Albugo candida, is a widespread disease of Brassica crops. The Brassica relative Arabidopsis thaliana uses the paired immune receptor complex CSA1-CHS3/DAR4 to resist Albugo infection. The CHS3/DAR4 sensor NLR, which functions together with its partner, the helper NLR CSA1, carries an integrated domain (ID) with homology to DA1 peptidases. Using domain swaps with several DA1 homologs, we show that the LIM-peptidase domain of the family member CHS3/DAR4 functions as an integrated decoy for the family member DAR3, which interacts with and inhibits the peptidase activities of the three closely related peptidases DA1, DAR1, and DAR2. Albugo infection rapidly lowers DAR3 levels and activates DA1 peptidase activity, thereby promoting endoreduplication of host tissues to support pathogen growth. We propose that the paired immune receptor CSA1-CHS3/DAR4 detects the actions of a putative Albugo effector that reduces DAR3 levels, resulting in defense activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benguo Gu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Toby Parkes
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Fernando Rabanal
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Smith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Fu-Hao Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neil McKenzie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Michael W Bevan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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2
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Ao K, Rohmann PFW, Huang S, Li L, Lipka V, Chen S, Wiermer M, Li X. Puncta-localized TRAF domain protein TC1b contributes to the autoimmunity of snc1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:591-612. [PMID: 36799433 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune receptors play important roles in the perception of pathogens and initiation of immune responses in both plants and animals. Intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-type receptors constitute a major class of receptors in vascular plants. In the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive 1 (snc1), a gain-of-function mutation in the NLR gene SNC1 leads to SNC1 overaccumulation and constitutive activation of defense responses. From a CRISPR/Cas9-based reverse genetics screen in the snc1 autoimmune background, we identified that mutations in TRAF CANDIDATE 1b (TC1b), a gene encoding a protein with four tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) domains, can suppress snc1 phenotypes. TC1b does not appear to be a general immune regulator as it is not required for defense mediated by other tested immune receptors. TC1b also does not physically associate with SNC1, affect SNC1 accumulation, or affect signaling of the downstream helper NLRs represented by ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1-L2 (ADR1-L2), suggesting that TC1b impacts snc1 autoimmunity in a unique way. TC1b can form oligomers and localizes to punctate structures of unknown function. The puncta localization of TC1b strictly requires its coiled-coil (CC) domain, whereas the functionality of TC1b requires the four TRAF domains in addition to the CC. Overall, we uncovered the TRAF domain protein TC1b as a novel positive contributor to plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Philipp F W Rohmann
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Central Microscopy Facility of the Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - She Chen
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions Research Group, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Biochemistry of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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He Y, Meng X. Dual function of the CHS3-CSA1 immune receptor pair. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:375-378. [PMID: 36804916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors mediate specific recognition of pathogen effectors to initiate effector-triggered immunity. Recently, studies by Schulze et al., Yang et al., and Gu et al. collectively show that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NLR pair CHS3-CSA1 acts through two distinct activation modes to recognize different pathogen effectors, thus revealing the dual function of the CHS3-CSA1 pair in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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4
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Adachi H, Sakai T, Harant A, Pai H, Honda K, Toghani A, Claeys J, Duggan C, Bozkurt TO, Wu CH, Kamoun S. An atypical NLR protein modulates the NRC immune receptor network in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010500. [PMID: 36656829 PMCID: PMC9851556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The NRC immune receptor network has evolved in asterid plants from a pair of linked genes into a genetically dispersed and phylogenetically structured network of sensor and helper NLR (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing) proteins. In some species, such as the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana and other Solanaceae, the NRC (NLR-REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH) network forms up to half of the NLRome, and NRCs are scattered throughout the genome in gene clusters of varying complexities. Here, we describe NRCX, an atypical member of the NRC family that lacks canonical features of these NLR helper proteins, such as a functional N-terminal MADA motif and the capacity to trigger autoimmunity. In contrast to other NRCs, systemic gene silencing of NRCX in N. benthamiana markedly impairs plant growth resulting in a dwarf phenotype. Remarkably, dwarfism of NRCX silenced plants is partially dependent on NRCX paralogs NRC2 and NRC3, but not NRC4. Despite its negative impact on plant growth when silenced systemically, spot gene silencing of NRCX in mature N. benthamiana leaves doesn't result in visible cell death phenotypes. However, alteration of NRCX expression modulates the hypersensitive response mediated by NRC2 and NRC3 in a manner consistent with a negative role for NRCX in the NRC network. We conclude that NRCX is an atypical member of the NRC network that has evolved to contribute to the homeostasis of this genetically unlinked NLR network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,JST-PRESTO, Saitama, Japan,* E-mail: (HA); (CHW); (SK)
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kodai Honda
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - AmirAli Toghani
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jules Claeys
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,* E-mail: (HA); (CHW); (SK)
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,* E-mail: (HA); (CHW); (SK)
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5
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Allelic variation in the Arabidopsis TNL CHS3/CSA1 immune receptor pair reveals two functional cell-death regulatory modes. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1701-1716.e5. [PMID: 36257318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some plant NLR immune receptors are encoded in head-to-head "sensor-executor" pairs that function together. Alleles of the NLR pair CHS3/CSA1 form three clades. The clade 1 sensor CHS3 contains an integrated domain (ID) with homology to regulatory domains, which is lacking in clades 2 and 3. In this study, we defined two cell-death regulatory modes for CHS3/CSA1 pairs. One is mediated by ID domain on clade 1 CHS3, and the other relies on CHS3/CSA1 pairs from all clades detecting perturbation of an associated pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) co-receptor. Our data support the hypothesis that an ancestral Arabidopsis CHS3/CSA1 pair gained a second recognition specificity and regulatory mechanism through ID acquisition while retaining its original specificity as a "guard" against PRR co-receptor perturbation. This likely comes with a cost, since both ID and non-ID alleles of the pair persist in diverse Arabidopsis populations through balancing selection.
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6
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Schulze S, Yu L, Hua C, Zhang L, Kolb D, Weber H, Ehinger A, Saile SC, Stahl M, Franz-Wachtel M, Li L, El Kasmi F, Nürnberger T, Cevik V, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis TIR-NBS-LRR protein CSA1 guards BAK1-BIR3 homeostasis and mediates convergence of pattern- and effector-induced immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1717-1731.e6. [PMID: 36446350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis BAK1/SERK3, a co-receptor of leucine-rich repeat pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), mediates pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Genetic inactivation of BAK1 or BAK1-interacting receptor-like kinases (BIRs) causes cell death, but the direct mechanisms leading to such deregulation remains unclear. Here, we found that the TIR-NBS-LRR protein CONSTITUTIVE SHADE AVOIDANCE 1 (CSA1) physically interacts with BIR3, but not with BAK1. CSA1 mediates cell death in bak1-4 and bak1-4 bir3-2 mutants via components of effector-triggered immunity-(ETI) pathways. Effector HopB1-mediated perturbation of BAK1 also results in CSA1-dependent cell death. Likewise, microbial pattern pg23-induced cell death, but not PTI responses, requires CSA1. Thus, we show that CSA1 guards BIR3 BAK1 homeostasis and integrates pattern- and effector-mediated cell death pathways downstream of BAK1. De-repression of CSA1 in the absence of intact BAK1 and BIR3 triggers ETI cell death. This suggests that PTI and ETI pathways are activated downstream of BAK1 for efficient plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Schulze
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liping Yu
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chenlei Hua
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Weber
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehinger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Svenja C Saile
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Stahl
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mirita Franz-Wachtel
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Quantitative Proteomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Basu D, Codjoe JM, Veley KM, Haswell ES. The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel MSL10 Modulates Susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:567-582. [PMID: 34775835 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0207-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense and respond to molecular signals associated with the presence of pathogens and their virulence factors. Mechanical signals generated during pathogenic invasion may also be important, but their contributions have rarely been studied. Here, we investigate the potential role of a mechanosensitive ion channel, MscS-like (MSL)10, in defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana. We previously showed that overexpression of MSL10-GFP, phospho-mimetic versions of MSL10, and the gain-of-function allele msl10-3G all produce dwarfing, spontaneous cell death, and the hyperaccumulation of reactive oxygen species. These phenotypes are shared by many autoimmune mutants and are frequently suppressed by growth at high temperature in those lines. We found that the same was true for all three MSL10 hypermorphs. In addition, we show that the SGT1/RAR1/HSP90 cochaperone complex was required for dwarfing and ectopic cell death, PAD4 and SID2 were partially required, and the immune regulators EDS1 and NDR1 were dispensable. All MSL10 hypermorphs exhibited reduced susceptibility to infection by P. syringae strain Pto DC3000 and Pto DC3000 expressing the avirulence genes avrRpt2 or avrRpm1 but not Pto DC3000 hrpL and showed an accelerated induction of PR1 expression compared with wild-type plants. Null msl10-1 mutants were delayed in PR1 induction and displayed modest susceptibility to infection by coronatine-deficient P. syringae pv. tomato. Finally, stomatal closure was reduced in msl10-1 loss-of-function mutants in response to P. syringae pv. tomato COR-. These data show that MSL10 modulates pathogen responses and begin to address the possibility that mechanical signals are exploited by the plant for pathogen perception.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Basu
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Jennette M Codjoe
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Kira M Veley
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth S Haswell
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
- NSF Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, U.S.A
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8
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Lu J, Liang W, Zhang N, van Wersch S, Li X. HSP90 Contributes to chs3-2D-Mediated Autoimmunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:888449. [PMID: 35720559 PMCID: PMC9204091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.888449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ multi-layered immune system to fight against pathogen infections. Different receptors are able to detect the invasion activities of pathogens, transduce signals to downstream components, and activate defense responses. Among those receptors, nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs) are the major intracellular ones. CHILLING SENSITIVE 3 (CHS3) is an Arabidopsis NLR with an additional Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 (LIM) domain at its C terminus. The gain-of-function mutant, chs3-2D, exhibiting severe dwarfism and constitutively activated defense responses, was selected as a genetic background in this study for a forward genetic screen. A mutant allele of hsp90.2 was isolated as a partial suppressor of chs3-2D, suggesting that HSP90 is required for CHS3-mediated defense signaling. In addition, HSP90 is also required for the autoimmunity of the Dominant Negative (DN)-SNIPER1 and gain-of-function ADR1-L2 D484V transgenic lines, suggesting a broad role for HSP90 in NLR-mediated defense. Overall, our work indicates a larger contribution of HSP90 not only at the sensor, but also the helper NLR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Lu
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wanwan Liang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nanbing Zhang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Solveig van Wersch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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9
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Wu Z, Tian L, Liu X, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li X. The N-terminally truncated helper NLR NRG1C antagonizes immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1621-1640. [PMID: 34871452 PMCID: PMC9048947 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Both plants and animals utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat immune receptors (NLRs) to perceive the presence of pathogen-derived molecules and induce immune responses. NLR genes are far more abundant and diverse in vascular plants than in animals. Truncated NLRs, which lack one or more of the canonical domains, are also commonly encoded in plant genomes. However, little is known about their functions, especially the N-terminally truncated ones. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana N-terminally truncated helper NLR (hNLR) gene N REQUIREMENT GENE1 (NRG1C) is highly induced upon pathogen infection and in autoimmune mutants. The immune response and cell death conferred by some Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-type NLRs (TNLs) were compromised in Arabidopsis NRG1C overexpression lines. Detailed genetic analysis revealed that NRG1C antagonizes the immunity mediated by its full-length neighbors NRG1A and NRG1B. Biochemical tests suggested that NRG1C might interfere with the EDS1-SAG101 complex, which functions in immunity signaling together with NRG1A/1B. Interestingly, Brassicaceae NRG1Cs are functionally exchangeable and that the Nicotiana benthamiana N-terminally truncated hNLR NRG2 also antagonizes NRG1 activity. Together, our study uncovers an unexpected negative role of N-terminally truncated hNLRs in immunity in different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lei Tian
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xueru Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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Freh M, Gao J, Petersen M, Panstruga R. Plant autoimmunity-fresh insights into an old phenomenon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1419-1434. [PMID: 34958371 PMCID: PMC8896616 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system is well equipped to ward off the attacks of different types of phytopathogens. It primarily relies on two types of immune sensors-plasma membrane-resident receptor-like kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) receptors that engage preferentially in pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, respectively. Delicate fine-tuning, in particular of the NLR-governed branch of immunity, is key to prevent inappropriate and deleterious activation of plant immune responses. Inadequate NLR allele constellations, such as in the case of hybrid incompatibility, and the mis-activation of NLRs or the absence or modification of proteins guarded by these NLRs can result in the spontaneous initiation of plant defense responses and cell death-a phenomenon referred to as plant autoimmunity. Here, we review recent insights augmenting our mechanistic comprehension of plant autoimmunity. The recent findings broaden our understanding regarding hybrid incompatibility, unravel candidates for proteins likely guarded by NLRs and underline the necessity for the fine-tuning of NLR expression at various levels to avoid autoimmunity. We further present recently emerged tools to study plant autoimmunity and draw a cross-kingdom comparison to the role of NLRs in animal autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Freh
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
| | - Jinlan Gao
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Institute of Biology, Functional Genomics, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany
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11
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Li LS, Ying J, Li E, Ma T, Li M, Gong LM, Wei G, Zhang Y, Li S. Arabidopsis CBP60b is a central transcriptional activator of immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:1645-1659. [PMID: 33848345 PMCID: PMC8260125 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use a dual defense system to cope with microbial pathogens. The first involves pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity which is conferred by membrane receptors, and the second involves effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is conferred by disease-resistance proteins (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins; NLRs). Calmodulin-Binding Protein 60 (CBP60) family transcription factors are crucial for pathogen defense: CBP60g and Systemic Acquired Resistance Deficient 1 (SARD1) positively regulate immunity, whereas CBP60a negatively regulates immunity. The roles of other Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CBP60s remain unclear. We report that CBP60b positively regulates immunity and is redundant with-yet distinct from-CBP60g and SARD1. By combining chromatin immunoprecipitation-PCRs and luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that CBP60b is a transcriptional activator of immunity genes. Surprisingly, CBP60b loss-of-function results in autoimmunity, exhibiting a phenotype similar to that of CBP60b gain-of-function. Mutations at the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1-PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4-dependent ETI pathway fully suppressed the defects of CBP60b loss-of-function but not those of CBP60b gain-of-function, suggesting that CBP60b is monitored by NLRs. Functional loss of SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1-1, CONSTITUTIVE 1, an R-gene, partially rescued the phenotype of cbp60b, further supporting that CBP60b is a protein targeted by pathogen effectors, that is, a guardee. Unlike CBP60g and SARD1, CBP60b is constitutively and highly expressed in unchallenged plants. Transcriptional and genetic studies further suggest that CBP60b plays a role redundant with CBP60g and SARD1 in pathogen-induced defense, whereas CBP60b has a distinct role in basal defense, partially via direct regulation of CBP60g and SARD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Shen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Jun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Li-Min Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Guo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- Author for Communication:
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12
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Nian L, Liu X, Yang Y, Zhu X, Yi X, Haider FU. Genome-wide identification, phylogenetic, and expression analysis under abiotic stress conditions of LIM gene family in Medicago sativa L. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252213. [PMID: 34191816 PMCID: PMC8244919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1 and Mec-3 domains) family is a key transcription factor widely distributed in animals and plants. The LIM proteins in plants are involved in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including cytoskeletal organization, the development of secondary cell walls, and cell differentiation. It has been identified and analyzed in many species. However, the systematic identification and analysis of the LIM genes family have not yet been reported in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Based on the genome-wide data of alfalfa, a total of 21 LIM genes were identified and named MsLIM01-MsLIM21. Comprehensive analysis of the chromosome location, physicochemical properties of the protein, evolutionary relationship, conserved motifs, and responses to abiotic stresses of the LIM gene family in alfalfa using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that these MsLIM genes were distributed unequally on 21 of the 32 chromosomes in alfalfa. Gene duplication analysis showed that segmental duplications were the major contributors to the expansion of the alfalfa LIM family. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the LIM gene family of alfalfa can be divided into four subfamilies: αLIM subfamily, βLIM subfamily, γLIM subfamily, and δLIM subfamily, and approximately all the LIM genes within the same subfamily shared similar gene structure. The 21 MsLIM genes of alfalfa contain 10 Motifs, of which Motif1 and Motif3 are the conserved motifs shared by these genes. Furthermore, the analysis of cis-regulatory elements indicated that regulatory elements related to transcription, cell cycle, development, hormone, and stress response are abundant in the promoter sequence of MsLIM genes. Real-time quantitative PCR demonstrated that MsLIM gene expression is induced by low temperature and salt. The present study serves as a basic foundation for future functional studies on the alfalfa LIM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Nian
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuelu Liu
- College of Forestry, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (YY)
| | - Yingbo Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (YY)
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- The Animal Husbandry Research Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Fasih Ullah Haider
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Chen Y, Zhong G, Cai H, Chen R, Liu N, Wang W, Tang D. A Truncated TIR-NBS Protein TN10 Pairs with Two Clustered TIR-NBS-LRR Immune Receptors and Contributes to Plant Immunity in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4004. [PMID: 33924478 PMCID: PMC8069298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The encoding genes of plant intracellular nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs) often exist in the form of a gene cluster. Several recent studies demonstrated that the truncated Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-NBS (TIR-NBS) proteins play important roles in immunity. In this study, we identified a large TN gene cluster on Arabidopsis ecotype Col-0 chromosome 1, which included nine TN genes, TN4 to TN12. Interestingly, this cluster also contained two typical TIR-NBS-LRR genes: At1g72840 and At1g72860 (hereinafter referred to as TNL40 and TNL60, respectively), which formed head-to-head genomic arrangement with TN4 to TN12. However, the functions of these TN and TNL genes in this cluster are still unknown. Here, we showed that the TIR domains of both TNL40 and TNL60 associated with TN10 specifically. Furthermore, both TNL40TIR and TNL60TIR induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Subcellular localization showed that TNL40 mainly localized in the cytoplasm, whereas TNL60 and TN10 localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Additionally, the expression of TNL40, TNL60, and TN10 were co-regulated after inoculated with bacterial pathogens. Taken together, our study indicates that the truncated TIR-NBS protein TN10 associates with two clustered TNL immune receptors, and may work together in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Guitao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huiren Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.C.); (G.Z.); (H.C.); (R.C.); (N.L.)
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14
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Chen X, Tong C, Zhang X, Song A, Hu M, Dong W, Chen F, Wang Y, Tu J, Liu S, Tang H, Zhang L. A high-quality Brassica napus genome reveals expansion of transposable elements, subgenome evolution and disease resistance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:615-630. [PMID: 33073445 PMCID: PMC7955885 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a recent allotetraploid crop, which is well known for its high oil production. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of a typical semi-winter rapeseed cultivar, 'Zhongshuang11' (hereafter 'ZS11'), using a combination of single-molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) techniques. Most of the high-confidence sequences (93.1%) were anchored to the individual chromosomes with a total of 19 centromeres identified, matching the exact chromosome count of B. napus. The repeat sequences in the A and C subgenomes in B. napus expanded significantly from 500 000 years ago, especially over the last 100 000 years. These young and recently amplified LTR-RTs showed dispersed chromosomal distribution but significantly preferentially clustered into centromeric regions. We exhaustively annotated the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene repertoire, yielding a total of 597 NLR genes in B. napus genome and 17.4% of which are paired (head-to-head arrangement). Based on the resequencing data of 991 B. napus accessions, we have identified 18 759 245 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and detected a large number of genomic regions under selective sweep among the three major ecotype groups (winter, semi-winter and spring) in B. napus. We found 49 NLR genes and five NLR gene pairs colocated in selective sweep regions with different ecotypes, suggesting a rapid diversification of NLR genes during the domestication of B. napus. The high quality of our B. napus 'ZS11' genome assembly could serve as an important resource for the study of rapeseed genomics and reveal the genetic variations associated with important agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuequn Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Chaobo Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRCOil Crops Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Aixia Song
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Ming Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRCOil Crops Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Wei Dong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fei Chen
- College of HorticultureNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Youping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementNational Center of Rapeseed ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Shengyi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil CropsThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRCOil Crops Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Haibao Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems BiologyKey Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics & Breeding and Multiple Utilization of CropsCollege of AgricultureFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental PlantsCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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15
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SUSA2 is an F-box protein required for autoimmunity mediated by paired NLRs SOC3-CHS1 and SOC3-TN2. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5190. [PMID: 33060601 PMCID: PMC7562919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both higher plants and mammals rely on nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors to detect pathogens and initiate immunity. Upon effector recognition, plant NLRs oligomerize for defense activation, the mechanism of which is poorly understood. We previously showed that disruption of the E3 ligase, Senescence-Associated E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1 (SAUL1) leads to the activation of the NLR SOC3. Here, we report the identification of suppressor of saul1 2 (susa2) and susa3 from the saul1-1 suppressor screen. Pairwise interaction analysis suggests that both SUSA proteins interact with components of an SCFSUSA2 E3 ligase complex as well as CHS1 or TN2, truncated NLRs that pair with SOC3. susa2-2 only suppresses the autoimmunity mediated by either CHS1 or TN2, suggesting its specific involvement in SOC3-mediated immunity. In summary, our study indicates links between plant NLRs and an SCF complex that may enable ubiquitination and degradation of unknown downstream components to activate defense.
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16
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Van de Weyer AL, Monteiro F, Furzer OJ, Nishimura MT, Cevik V, Witek K, Jones JDG, Dangl JL, Weigel D, Bemm F. A Species-Wide Inventory of NLR Genes and Alleles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 2020; 178:1260-1272.e14. [PMID: 31442410 PMCID: PMC6709784 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infectious disease is both a major force of selection in nature and a prime cause of yield loss in agriculture. In plants, disease resistance is often conferred by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, intracellular immune receptors that recognize pathogen proteins and their effects on the host. Consistent with extensive balancing and positive selection, NLRs are encoded by one of the most variable gene families in plants, but the true extent of intraspecific NLR diversity has been unclear. Here, we define a nearly complete species-wide pan-NLRome in Arabidopsis thaliana based on sequence enrichment and long-read sequencing. The pan-NLRome largely saturates with approximately 40 well-chosen wild strains, with half of the pan-NLRome being present in most accessions. We chart NLR architectural diversity, identify new architectures, and quantify selective forces that act on specific NLRs and NLR domains. Our study provides a blueprint for defining pan-NLRomes. Species-wide NLR diversity is high but not unlimited A large fraction of NLR diversity is recovered with 40–50 accessions Presence/absence variation in NLRs is widespread, resulting in a mosaic population A high diversity of NLR-integrated domains favor known virulence targets
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Van de Weyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Freddy Monteiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA; Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution & Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Felix Bemm
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Wang W, Feng B, Zhou JM, Tang D. Plant immune signaling: Advancing on two frontiers. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:2-24. [PMID: 31846204 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple defense strategies to cope with pathogens, among which plant immune signaling that relies on cell-surface localized and intracellular receptors takes fundamental roles. Exciting breakthroughs were made recently on the signaling mechanisms of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding site (NBS) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain receptors (NLRs). This review summarizes the current view of PRRs activation, emphasizing the most recent discoveries about PRRs' dynamic regulation and signaling mechanisms directly leading to downstream molecular events including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and calcium (Ca2+ ) burst. Plants also have evolved intracellular NLRs to perceive the presence of specific pathogen effectors and trigger more robust immune responses. We also discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms of NLR activation, which has been greatly advanced by recent breakthroughs including structures of the first full-length plant NLR complex, findings of NLR sensor-helper pairs and novel biochemical activity of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baomin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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18
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Lapin D, Kovacova V, Sun X, Dongus JA, Bhandari D, von Born P, Bautor J, Guarneri N, Rzemieniewski J, Stuttmann J, Beyer A, Parker JE. A Coevolved EDS1-SAG101-NRG1 Module Mediates Cell Death Signaling by TIR-Domain Immune Receptors. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2430-2455. [PMID: 31311833 PMCID: PMC6790079 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide binding/leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are activated by pathogen effectors to trigger host defenses and cell death. Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain NLRs (TNLs) converge on the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) family of lipase-like proteins for all resistance outputs. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TNL-mediated immunity, AtEDS1 heterodimers with PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (AtPAD4) transcriptionally induced basal defenses. AtEDS1 uses the same surface to interact with PAD4-related SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE101 (AtSAG101), but the role of AtEDS1-AtSAG101 heterodimers remains unclear. We show that AtEDS1-AtSAG101 functions together with N REQUIRED GENE1 (AtNRG1) coiled-coil domain helper NLRs as a coevolved TNL cell death-signaling module. AtEDS1-AtSAG101-AtNRG1 cell death activity is transferable to the Solanaceous species Nicotiana benthamiana and cannot be substituted by AtEDS1-AtPAD4 with AtNRG1 or AtEDS1-AtSAG101 with endogenous NbNRG1. Analysis of EDS1-family evolutionary rate variation and heterodimer structure-guided phenotyping of AtEDS1 variants and AtPAD4-AtSAG101 chimeras identify closely aligned ɑ-helical coil surfaces in the AtEDS1-AtSAG101 partner C-terminal domains that are necessary for reconstituted TNL cell death signaling. Our data suggest that TNL-triggered cell death and pathogen growth restriction are determined by distinctive features of EDS1-SAG101 and EDS1-PAD4 complexes and that these signaling machineries coevolved with other components within plant species or clades to regulate downstream pathways in TNL immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Viera Kovacova
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Faculty of Statistical Physics of Biological Systems, Predictive Models of Evolution, Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne 50937, Germany
| | - Xinhua Sun
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Deepak Bhandari
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick von Born
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nina Guarneri
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakub Rzemieniewski
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyer
- Cellular Networks and Systems Biology, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne-Düsseldorf Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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Gantner J, Ordon J, Kretschmer C, Guerois R, Stuttmann J. An EDS1-SAG101 Complex Is Essential for TNL-Mediated Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2456-2474. [PMID: 31266900 PMCID: PMC6790086 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Heterodimeric complexes containing the lipase-like protein ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) are regarded as central regulators of plant innate immunity. In this context, a complex of EDS1 with PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) is required for basal resistance and signaling downstream of immune receptors containing an N-terminal Toll-interleukin-1 receptor-like domain (TNLs) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here we analyze EDS1 functions in the model Solanaceous plant Nicotiana benthamiana (Nb). Stable Nb mutants deficient in EDS1 complexes are not impaired in basal resistance, a finding which contradicts a general role for EDS1 in immunity. In Nb, PAD4 demonstrated no detectable immune functions, but TNL-mediated resistance responses required EDS1 complexes incorporating a SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENE101 (SAG101) isoform. Intriguingly, SAG101 is restricted to those genomes also encoding TNL receptors, and we propose it may be required for TNL-mediated immune signaling in most plants, except the Brassicaceae. Transient complementation in Nb was used for accelerated mutational analyses while avoiding complex biotic interactions. We identify a large surface essential for EDS1-SAG101 immune functions that extends from the N-terminal lipase domains to the C-terminal EDS1-PAD4 domains and might mediate interaction partner recruitment. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the value of genetic resources in Nb, which will facilitate elucidation of EDS1 functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gantner
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jana Ordon
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Raphaël Guerois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), IBITECS, CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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20
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Van de Weyer AL, Monteiro F, Furzer OJ, Nishimura MT, Cevik V, Witek K, Jones JDG, Dangl JL, Weigel D, Bemm F. A Species-Wide Inventory of NLR Genes and Alleles in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 2019. [PMID: 31442410 DOI: 10.1101/537001v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is both a major force of selection in nature and a prime cause of yield loss in agriculture. In plants, disease resistance is often conferred by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, intracellular immune receptors that recognize pathogen proteins and their effects on the host. Consistent with extensive balancing and positive selection, NLRs are encoded by one of the most variable gene families in plants, but the true extent of intraspecific NLR diversity has been unclear. Here, we define a nearly complete species-wide pan-NLRome in Arabidopsis thaliana based on sequence enrichment and long-read sequencing. The pan-NLRome largely saturates with approximately 40 well-chosen wild strains, with half of the pan-NLRome being present in most accessions. We chart NLR architectural diversity, identify new architectures, and quantify selective forces that act on specific NLRs and NLR domains. Our study provides a blueprint for defining pan-NLRomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Van de Weyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Freddy Monteiro
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA; Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marc T Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution & Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Jeffery L Dangl
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Felix Bemm
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Castel B, Ngou PM, Cevik V, Redkar A, Kim DS, Yang Y, Ding P, Jones JDG. Diverse NLR immune receptors activate defence via the RPW8-NLR NRG1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:966-980. [PMID: 30582759 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Most land plant genomes carry genes that encode RPW8-NLR Resistance (R) proteins. Angiosperms carry two RPW8-NLR subclasses: ADR1 and NRG1. ADR1s act as 'helper' NLRs for multiple TIR- and CC-NLR R proteins in Arabidopsis. In angiosperm families, NRG1 co-occurs with TIR-NLR Resistance (R) genes. We tested whether NRG1 is required for signalling of multiple TIR-NLRs. Using CRISPR mutagenesis, we obtained an nrg1a-nrg1b double mutant in two Arabidopsis accessions, and an nrg1 mutant in Nicotiana benthamiana. These mutants are compromised in signalling of all TIR-NLRs tested, including WRR4A, WRR4B, RPP1, RPP2, RPP4 and the pairs RRS1/RPS4, RRS1B/RPS4B, CHS1/SOC3 and CHS3/CSA1. In Arabidopsis, NRG1 is required for the hypersensitive cell death response (HR) and full oomycete resistance, but not for salicylic acid induction or bacterial resistance. By contrast, nrg1 loss of function does not compromise the CC-NLR R proteins RPS5 and MLA. RPM1 and RPS2 (CC-NLRs) function is slightly compromised in an nrg1 mutant. Thus, NRG1 is required for full TIR-NLR function and contributes to the signalling of some CC-NLRs. Some NRG1-dependent R proteins also signal partially via the NRG1 sister clade, ADR1. We propose that some NLRs signal via NRG1 only, some via ADR1 only and some via both or neither.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Castel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pok-Man Ngou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Amey Redkar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Ying Yang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, Beadle Center, University of Lincoln-Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jonathan D G Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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22
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Wu Z, Li M, Dong OX, Xia S, Liang W, Bao Y, Wasteneys G, Li X. Differential regulation of TNL-mediated immune signaling by redundant helper CNLs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:938-953. [PMID: 30585636 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants utilize nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (NLRs) as intracellular immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived effectors and trigger a robust defense. The Activated Disease Resistance 1 (ADR1) family of coiled-coil NLRs (CNLs) have evolved as helper NLRs that function downstream of many TIR-type sensor NLRs (TNLs). Close homologs of ADR1s form the N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 (NRG1) family in Arabidopsis, the function of which is unclear. Through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methods, we discovered that the tandemly repeated NRG1A and NRG1B are functionally redundant and operate downstream of TNLs with differential strengths. Interestingly, ADR1s and NRG1s function in two distinct parallel pathways contributing to TNL-specific immunity. Synergistic effects on basal and TNL-mediated defense were detected among ADR1s and NRG1s. An intact P-loop of NRG1s is not required for mediating signals from sensor TNLs, whereas auto-active NRG1A exhibits autoimmunity. Importantly, NRG1s localize to the cytosol and endomembrane network regardless of the presence of effectors, suggesting a cytosolic activation mechanism. Taken together, different sensor TNLs differentially use two groups of helper NLRs, ADR1s and NRG1s, to transduce downstream defense signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Oliver Xiaoou Dong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Wanwan Liang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yongkang Bao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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23
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Liang W, van Wersch S, Tong M, Li X. TIR-NB-LRR immune receptor SOC3 pairs with truncated TIR-NB protein CHS1 or TN2 to monitor the homeostasis of E3 ligase SAUL1. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2054-2066. [PMID: 30317650 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular nucleotide binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins function as immune receptors to recognize effectors from pathogens. They often guard host proteins that are the direct targets of those effectors. Recent findings have revealed that a typical NLR sometimes cooperates with another atypical NLR for effector recognition. Here, by using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, knockout analysis and biochemical assays, we uncovered differential pairings of typical Toll Interleukin1 receptor (TIR) type NLR (TNL) receptor SOC3 with atypical truncated TIR-NB (TN) proteins CHS1 or TN2 to guard the homeostasis of the E3 ligase SAUL1. Overaccumulation of SAUL1 is monitored by the SOC3-TN2 pair, while SAUL1's disappearance is guarded by the SOC3-CHS1 pair. SOC3 forms a head-to-head genomic arrangement with CHS1 and TN2, indicative of transcriptional co-regulation. Such intricate cooperative interactions can probably enlarge the recognition spectrum and increase the functional flexibility of NLRs, which can partly explain the overwhelming occurrence of NLR gene clustering in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Liang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Solveig van Wersch
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Meixuezi Tong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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24
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An EDS1 heterodimer signalling surface enforces timely reprogramming of immunity genes in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:772. [PMID: 30770836 PMCID: PMC6377607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular NLR receptors recognise pathogen interference to trigger immunity but how NLRs signal is not known. Enhanced disease susceptibility1 (EDS1) heterodimers are recruited by Toll-interleukin1-receptor domain NLRs (TNLs) to transcriptionally mobilise resistance pathways. By interrogating the Arabidopsis EDS1 ɑ-helical EP-domain we identify positively charged residues lining a cavity that are essential for TNL immunity signalling, beyond heterodimer formation. Mutating a single, conserved surface arginine (R493) disables TNL immunity to an oomycete pathogen and to bacteria producing the virulence factor, coronatine. Plants expressing a weakly active EDS1R493A variant have delayed transcriptional reprogramming, with severe consequences for resistance and countering bacterial coronatine repression of early immunity genes. The same EP-domain surface is utilised by a non-TNL receptor RPS2 for bacterial immunity, indicating that the EDS1 EP-domain signals in resistance conferred by different NLR receptor types. These data provide a unique structural insight to early downstream signalling in NLR receptor immunity.
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25
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Ma Y, Guo H, Hu L, Martinez PP, Moschou PN, Cevik V, Ding P, Duxbury Z, Sarris PF, Jones JDG. Distinct modes of derepression of an Arabidopsis immune receptor complex by two different bacterial effectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10218-10227. [PMID: 30254172 PMCID: PMC6187137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811858115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors often function in pairs to detect pathogen effectors and activate defense. The Arabidopsis RRS1-R-RPS4 NLR pair recognizes the bacterial effectors AvrRps4 and PopP2 via an integrated WRKY transcription factor domain in RRS1-R that mimics the effector's authentic targets. How the complex activates defense upon effector recognition is unknown. Deletion of the WRKY domain results in an RRS1 allele that triggers constitutive RPS4-dependent defense activation, suggesting that in the absence of effector, the WRKY domain contributes to maintaining the complex in an inactive state. We show the WRKY domain interacts with the adjacent domain 4, and that the inactive state of RRS1 is maintained by WRKY-domain 4 interactions before ligand detection. AvrRps4 interaction with the WRKY domain disrupts WRKY-domain 4 association, thus derepressing the complex. PopP2-triggered activation is less easily explained by such disruption and involves the longer C-terminal extension of RRS1-R. Furthermore, some mutations in RPS4 and RRS1 compromise PopP2 but not AvrRps4 recognition, suggesting that AvrRps4 and PopP2 derepress the complex differently. Consistent with this, a "reversibly closed" conformation of RRS1-R, engineered in a method exploiting the high affinity of colicin E9 and Im9 domains, reversibly loses AvrRps4, but not PopP2 responsiveness. Following RRS1 derepression, interactions between domain 4 and the RPS4 C-terminal domain likely contribute to activation. Simultaneous relief of autoinhibition and activation may contribute to defense activation in many immune receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hailong Guo
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lanxi Hu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Zane Duxbury
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, NR4 7UH Norwich, United Kingdom
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26
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Chakraborty J, Ghosh P, Das S. Autoimmunity in plants. PLANTA 2018; 248:751-767. [PMID: 30046903 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Attenuation in the activity of the negative regulators or the hyperactivity of plant innate immune receptors often causes ectopic defense activation manifested in severe growth retardation and spontaneous lesion formations, referred to as autoimmunity. In this review, we have described the cellular and molecular basis of the development of autoimmune responses for their useful applications in plant defense. Plants are exposed to diverse disease-causing pathogens, which bring infections by taking over the control on host immune machineries. To counter the challenges of evolving pathogenic races, plants recruit specific types of intracellular immune receptors that mostly belong to the family of polymorphic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins. Upon recognition of effector molecules, NLR triggers hyperimmune signaling, which culminates in the form of a typical programmed cell death, designated hypersensitive response. Besides, few plant NLRs also guard certain host proteins known as 'guardee' that are modified by effector proteins. However, this fine-tuned innate immune system can be lopsided upon knock-out of the alleles that correspond to the host guardees, which mimick the presence of pathogen. The absence of pathogens causes inappropriate activation of the respective NLRs and results in the constitutive activation of plant defense and exhibiting autoimmunity. In plants, autoimmune mutants are readily scorable due to their dwarf phenotype and development of characteristic macroscopic disease lesions. Here, we summarize recent reports on autoimmune response in plants, how it is triggered, and phenotypic consequences associated with this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Chakraborty
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Prithwi Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
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27
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Dong OX, Ao K, Xu F, Johnson KCM, Wu Y, Li L, Xia S, Liu Y, Huang Y, Rodriguez E, Chen X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Petersen M, Li X. Individual components of paired typical NLR immune receptors are regulated by distinct E3 ligases. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:699-710. [PMID: 30082764 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In plants and animals, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins serve as intracellular immune receptors. Defence signalling by NLRs often requires the formation of NLR heteropairs. Our knowledge of the molecular mechanism regulating this process is limited. In a reverse genetic screen to identify the partner of the Arabidopsis typical NLR, SUPRESSOR OF NPR1, CONSTITUTIVE 1 (SNC1), we discovered three NLRs that are redundantly required for SNC1-mediated defence, which were named SIDEKICK SNC1 1 (SIKIC1), SIKIC2 and SIKIC3. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analyses revealed that SIKIC2 physically associates with SNC1. We also uncovered that the protein level of SIKIC2 is under the control of two previously uncharacterized redundant E3 ubiquitin ligases MUSE1 and MUSE2. As SNC1 accumulation has previously been shown to be regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFCPR1, this report provides evidence that the homeostasis of individual components of partnered typical NLRs is subjected to differential regulation via ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Xiaoou Dong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Ao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fang Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kaeli C M Johnson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agriculture University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shitou Xia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yan Huang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Eleazar Rodriguez
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xuejin Chen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - She Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morten Petersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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28
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Joglekar S, Suliman M, Bartsch M, Halder V, Maintz J, Bautor J, Zeier J, Parker JE, Kombrink E. Chemical Activation of EDS1/PAD4 Signaling Leading to Pathogen Resistance in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1592-1607. [PMID: 29931201 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In a chemical screen we identified thaxtomin A (TXA), a phytotoxin from plant pathogenic Streptomyces scabies, as a selective and potent activator of FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). TXA induction of FMO1 was unrelated to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plant cell death or its known inhibition of cellulose synthesis. TXA-stimulated FMO1 expression was strictly dependent on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) but independent of salicylic acid (SA) synthesis via ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1). TXA induced the expression of several EDS1/PAD4-regulated genes, including EDS1, PAD4, SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENE101 (SAG101), ICS1, AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN1 (ALD1) and PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN1 (PR1), and accumulation of SA. Notably, enhanced ALD1 expression did not result in accumulation of the product pipecolic acid (PIP), which promotes FMO1 expression during biologically induced systemic acquired resistance. TXA treatment preferentially stimulated expression of PAD4 compared with EDS1, which was mirrored by PAD4 protein accumulation, suggesting that TXA leads to increased PAD4 availability to form EDS1-PAD4 signaling complexes. Also, TXA treatment of Arabidopsis plants led to enhanced disease resistance to bacterial and oomycete infection, which was dependent on EDS1 and PAD4, as well as on FMO1 and ICS1. Collectively, the data identify TXA as a potentially useful chemical tool to conditionally activate and interrogate EDS1- and PAD4-controlled pathways in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachi Joglekar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Mohamed Suliman
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Michael Bartsch
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Vivek Halder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jens Maintz
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jaqueline Bautor
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
| | - Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Köln, Germany
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29
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Tong M, Kotur T, Liang W, Vogelmann K, Kleine T, Leister D, Brieske C, Yang S, Lüdke D, Wiermer M, Zhang Y, Li X, Hoth S. E3 ligase SAUL1 serves as a positive regulator of PAMP-triggered immunity and its homeostasis is monitored by immune receptor SOC3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:1516-1532. [PMID: 28691210 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In both plants and animals, intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat proteins (NLRs; or Nod-like receptors) serve as immune receptors to recognize pathogen-derived molecules and mount effective immune responses against microbial infections. Plant NLRs often guard the presence or activity of other host proteins, which are the direct virulence targets of pathogen effectors. These guardees are sometimes immune-promoting components such as those in a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Plant E3 ligases serve many roles in immune regulation, but it is unclear whether they can also be guarded by NLRs. Here, we report on an immune-regulating E3 ligase SAUL1, whose homeostasis is monitored by a Toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR)-type NLR (TNL), SOC3. SOC3 can associate with SAUL1, and either loss or overexpression of SAUL1 triggers autoimmunity mediated by SOC3. By contrast, SAUL1 functions redundantly with its close homolog PUB43 to promote PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Taken together, the E3 ligase SAUL1 serves as a positive regulator of PTI and its homeostasis is monitored by the TNL SOC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixuezi Tong
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanja Kotur
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wanwan Liang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katja Vogelmann
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleine
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dario Leister
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Catharina Brieske
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Lüdke
- RG Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Wiermer
- RG Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Stefan Hoth
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek, Universität Hamburg, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Karasov TL, Chae E, Herman JJ, Bergelson J. Mechanisms to Mitigate the Trade-Off between Growth and Defense. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:666-680. [PMID: 28320784 PMCID: PMC5435432 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying critical implications for natural and agricultural populations. This review focuses on how costs are generated and whether and how they can be mitigated. Most well-characterized growth-defense trade-offs stem from antagonistic crosstalk among hormones rather than an identified metabolic expenditure. A primary way plants mitigate such costs is through restricted expression of resistance; this can be achieved through inducible expression of defense genes or by the concentration of defense to particular times or tissues. Defense pathways can be primed for more effective induction, and primed states can be transmitted to offspring. We examine the resistance (R) genes as a case study of how the toll of defense can be generated and ameliorated. The fine-scale regulation of R genes is critical to alleviate the burden of their expression, and the genomic organization of R genes into coregulatory modules reduces costs. Plants can also recruit protection from other species. Exciting new evidence indicates that a plant's genotype influences the microbiome composition, lending credence to the hypothesis that plants shape their microbiome to enhance defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia L Karasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eunyoung Chae
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Jacob J Herman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Joy Bergelson
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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31
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Dong H, Dumenil J, Lu FH, Na L, Vanhaeren H, Naumann C, Klecker M, Prior R, Smith C, McKenzie N, Saalbach G, Chen L, Xia T, Gonzalez N, Seguela M, Inze D, Dissmeyer N, Li Y, Bevan MW. Ubiquitylation activates a peptidase that promotes cleavage and destabilization of its activating E3 ligases and diverse growth regulatory proteins to limit cell proliferation in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 2017; 31:197-208. [PMID: 28167503 PMCID: PMC5322733 DOI: 10.1101/gad.292235.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic shapes and sizes of organs are established by cell proliferation patterns and final cell sizes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms coordinating these are poorly understood. Here we characterize a ubiquitin-activated peptidase called DA1 that limits the duration of cell proliferation during organ growth in Arabidopsis thaliana The peptidase is activated by two RING E3 ligases, Big Brother (BB) and DA2, which are subsequently cleaved by the activated peptidase and destabilized. In the case of BB, cleavage leads to destabilization by the RING E3 ligase PROTEOLYSIS 1 (PRT1) of the N-end rule pathway. DA1 peptidase activity also cleaves the deubiquitylase UBP15, which promotes cell proliferation, and the transcription factors TEOSINTE BRANCED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF 15 (TCP15) and TCP22, which promote cell proliferation and repress endoreduplication. We propose that DA1 peptidase activity regulates the duration of cell proliferation and the transition to endoreduplication and differentiation during organ formation in plants by coordinating the destabilization of regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7QA, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Dumenil
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7QA, United Kingdom
| | - Fu-Hao Lu
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7QA, United Kingdom
| | - Li Na
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre of Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hannes Vanhaeren
- VIB-UGent Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Christin Naumann
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Maria Klecker
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Rachel Prior
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7QA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Liangliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre of Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre of Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- VIB-UGent Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Dirk Inze
- VIB-UGent Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Dissmeyer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre of Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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32
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Ding Y, Wang S, Zhang X, Liu Y, Yang S. Temperature-dependent autoimmunity mediated by chs1 requires its neighboring TNL gene SOC3. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1330-1345. [PMID: 27699788 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Toll/interleukin receptor (TIR)-nucleotide binding site (NB)-type (TN) proteins are encoded by a family of 21 genes in the Arabidopsis genome. Previous studies have shown that a mutation in the TN gene CHS1 activates the activation of defense responses at low temperatures. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. To genetically dissect chs1-mediated signaling, we isolated genetic suppressors of chs1-2 (soc). Several independent soc mutants carried mutations in the same TIR-NB-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) (TNL)-encoding gene SOC3, which is adjacent to CHS1 on chromosome 1. Expression of SOC3 was upregulated in the chs1-2 mutant. Mutations in six soc3 alleles and downregulation of SOC3 by an artificial microRNA construct fully rescued the chilling sensitivity and defense defects of chs1-2. Biochemical studies showed that CHS1 interacted with the NB and LRR domains of SOC3; however, mutated chs1 interacted with the TIR, NB and LRR domains of SOC3 in vitro and in vivo. This study reveals that the TN protein CHS1 interacts with the TNL protein SOC3 to modulate temperature-dependent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuancong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanglin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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33
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Saucet SB, Van Ghelder C, Abad P, Duval H, Esmenjaud D. Resistance to root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in woody plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:41-56. [PMID: 27128375 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
I. 42 II. 43 III. 44 IV. 47 V. 49 VI. 50 VII. 50 VIII. 50 IX. 52 52 References 52 SUMMARY: Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) Meloidogyne spp. cause major damage to cultivated woody plants. Among them, Prunus, grapevine and coffee are the crops most infested by worldwide polyphagous species and species with a more limited distribution and/or narrower host range. The identification and characterization of natural sources of resistance are important steps to develop RKN control strategies. In woody crops, resistant rootstocks genetically different from the scion of agronomical interest may be engineered. We describe herein the interactions between RKNs and different woody crops, and highlight the plant species in which resistance and corresponding resistance (R) genes have been discovered. Even though grapevine and, to a lesser extent, coffee have a history of rootstock selection for RKN resistance, few cases of resistance have been documented. By contrast, in Prunus, R genes with different spectra have been mapped in plums, peach and almond and can be pyramided for durable resistance in interspecific rootstocks. We particularly discuss here the Ma Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like-nucleotide binding-leucine-rich repeat gene from Myrobalan plum, one of the longest plant R genes cloned to date, due to its unique biological and structural properties. RKN R genes in Prunus will enable us to carry out molecular studies aimed at improving our knowledge of plant immunity in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bernard Saucet
- RIKEN Centre for Sustainable Resource Science, Plant Immunity Research Group, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Cyril Van Ghelder
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Henri Duval
- INRA, UR 1052, Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), CS 60094, 84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Daniel Esmenjaud
- INRA, UMR 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS, UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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34
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Duxbury Z, Ma Y, Furzer OJ, Huh SU, Cevik V, Jones JDG, Sarris PF. Pathogen perception by NLRs in plants and animals: Parallel worlds. Bioessays 2016; 38:769-81. [PMID: 27339076 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular NLR (Nucleotide-binding domain and Leucine-rich Repeat-containing) receptors are sensitive monitors that detect pathogen invasion of both plant and animal cells. NLRs confer recognition of diverse molecules associated with pathogen invasion. NLRs must exhibit strict intramolecular controls to avoid harmful ectopic activation in the absence of pathogens. Recent discoveries have elucidated the assembly and structure of oligomeric NLR signalling complexes in animals, and provided insights into how these complexes act as scaffolds for signal transduction. In plants, recent advances have provided novel insights into signalling-competent NLRs, and into the myriad strategies that diverse plant NLRs use to recognise pathogens. Here, we review recent insights into the NLR biology of both animals and plants. By assessing commonalities and differences between kingdoms, we are able to develop a more complete understanding of NLR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Duxbury
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yan Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Oliver J Furzer
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sung Un Huh
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Volkan Cevik
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Division of Plant and Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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