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Panda S, Morgan J, Cheng C, Saito M, Gilman RH, Ciobanu N, Crudu V, Catanzaro DG, Catanzaro A, Rodwell T, Perera JSB, Chathuranga T, Gunasena B, DeSilva AD, Peters B, Sette A, Lindestam Arlehamn CS. Identification of differentially recognized T cell epitopes in the spectrum of tuberculosis infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:765. [PMID: 38278794 PMCID: PMC10817963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
There is still incomplete knowledge of which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens can trigger distinct T cell responses at different stages of infection. Here, a proteome-wide screen of 20,610 Mtb-derived peptides in 21 patients mid-treatment for active tuberculosis (ATB) reveals IFNγ-specific T cell responses against 137 unique epitopes. Of these, 16% are recognized by two or more participants and predominantly derived from cell wall and cell processes antigens. There is differential recognition of antigens, including TB vaccine candidate antigens, between ATB participants and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA + /-) individuals. We developed an ATB-specific peptide pool (ATB116) consisting of epitopes exclusively recognized by ATB participants. This pool can distinguish patients with pulmonary ATB from IGRA + /- individuals from various geographical locations, with a sensitivity of over 60% and a specificity exceeding 80%. This proteome-wide screen of T cell reactivity identified infection stage-specific epitopes and antigens for potential use in diagnostics and measuring Mtb-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhasini Panda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Morgan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Cheng
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nelly Ciobanu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Valeriu Crudu
- Phthisiopneumology Institute, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Donald G Catanzaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Antonino Catanzaro
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Rodwell
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Judy S B Perera
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Teshan Chathuranga
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandu Gunasena
- National Hospital for Respiratory Diseases, Welisara, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna D DeSilva
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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2
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Ssekamatte P, Sande OJ, van Crevel R, Biraro IA. Immunologic, metabolic and genetic impact of diabetes on tuberculosis susceptibility. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122255. [PMID: 36756113 PMCID: PMC9899803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) globally, the interaction between DM and major global diseases like tuberculosis (TB) is of great public health significance, with evidence of DM having about a three-fold risk for TB disease. TB defense may be impacted by diabetes-related effects on immunity, metabolism, and gene transcription. An update on the epidemiological aspects of DM and TB, and the recent trends in understanding the DM-associated immunologic, metabolic, and genetic mechanisms of susceptibility to TB will be discussed in this review. This review highlights gaps in the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that may relate to TB susceptibility in type 2 DM (T2DM). Understanding these three main domains regarding mechanisms of TB susceptibility in T2DM patients can help us build practical treatment plans to lessen the combined burden of the diseases in rampant areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Ssekamatte
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo James Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Irene Andia Biraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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3
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Ha R, Keynan Y, Rueda ZV. Increased susceptibility to pneumonia due to tumour necrosis factor inhibition and prospective immune system rescue via immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980868. [PMID: 36159650 PMCID: PMC9489861 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions by reducing the magnitude of the innate immune response. Dampened innate responses pose an increased risk of new infections by opportunistic pathogens and reactivation of pre-existing latent infections. The alteration in immune response predisposes to increased severity of infections. TNF inhibitors are used to treat autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, transplant recipients, and inflammatory bowel disease. The efficacies of immunomodulators are shown to be varied, even among those that target the same pathways. Monoclonal antibody-based TNF inhibitors have been shown to induce stronger immunosuppression when compared to their receptor-based counterparts. The variability in activity also translates to differences in risk for infection, moreover, parallel, or sequential use of immunosuppressive drugs and corticosteroids makes it difficult to accurately attribute the risk of infection to a single immunomodulatory drug. Among recipients of TNF inhibitors, Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to be responsible for 12.5-59% of all infections; Pneumocystis jirovecii has been responsible for 20% of all non-viral infections; and Legionella pneumophila infections occur at 13-21 times the rate of the general population. This review will outline the mechanism of immune modulation caused by TNF inhibitors and how they predispose to infection with a focus on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. This review will then explore and evaluate how other immunomodulators and host-directed treatments influence these infections and the severity of the resulting infection to mitigate or treat TNF inhibitor-associated infections alongside antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ha
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Yoav Keynan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Community-Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Zulma Vanessa Rueda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellin, Colombia
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4
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Mishra R, Krishan S, Rai PK, Kapur P, Khayyam KU, Azharuddin M, Sharma K, Sharma M. Effect and possible mechanisms of metformin as adjuvant therapy in the management of tuberculosis: A prospective study. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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5
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Waeckerle-Men Y, Kotkowska ZK, Bono G, Duda A, Kolm I, Varypataki EM, Amstutz B, Meuli M, Høgset A, Kündig TM, Halin C, Sander P, Johansen P. Photochemically-Mediated Inflammation and Cross-Presentation of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Proteins Stimulates Strong CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815609. [PMID: 35173729 PMCID: PMC8841863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines are very efficient in the prevention of bacterial infections caused by extracellular pathogens due to effective stimulation of pathogen-specific antibodies. In contrast, considering that intracellular surveillance by antibodies is not possible, they are typically less effective in preventing or treating infections caused by intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of the current study was to use so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) to deliver a live bacterial vaccine to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the purpose of stimulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-restricted CD8 T-cell responses. For this purpose, Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) was combined with the photosensitiser tetraphenyl chlorine disulfonate (TPCS2a) and injected intradermally into mice. TPCS2a was then activated by illumination of the injection site with light of defined energy. Antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were monitored in blood, spleen, and lymph nodes at different time points thereafter using flow cytometry, ELISA and ELISPOT. Finally, APCs were infected and PCI-treated in vitro for analysis of their activation of T cells in vitro or in vivo after autologous vaccination of mice. Combination of BCG with PCI induced stronger BCG-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses than treatment with BCG only or with BCG and TPCS2a without light. The overall T-cell responses were multifunctional as characterized by the production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-17. Importantly, PCI induced cross-presentation of BCG proteins for stimulation of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells that were particularly producing IFN-γ and TNF-α. PCI further facilitated antigen presentation by causing up-regulation of MHC and co-stimulatory proteins on the surface of APCs as well as their production of TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo. Furthermore, PCI-based vaccination also caused local inflammation at the site of vaccination, showing strong infiltration of immune cells, which could contribute to the stimulation of antigen-specific immune responses. This study is the first to demonstrate that a live microbial vaccine can be combined with a photochemical compound and light for cross presentation of antigens to CD8 T cells. Moreover, the results revealed that PCI treatment strongly improved the immunogenicity of M. bovis BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Waeckerle-Men
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zuzanna K. Kotkowska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Bono
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agathe Duda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Kolm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni M. Varypataki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Amstutz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Meuli
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas M. Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- National Center for Mycobacteria, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Pål Johansen,
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6
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Aqdas M, Maurya SK, Pahari S, Singh S, Khan N, Sethi K, Kaur G, Agrewala JN. Immunotherapeutic Role of NOD-2 and TLR-4 Signaling as an Adjunct to Antituberculosis Chemotherapy. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2999-3008. [PMID: 34613696 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is lengthy and inflicted with severe side-effects. Here, we attempted a novel strategy to reinforce host immunity through NOD-like receptor (NOD-2) and Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) signaling in the murine model of TB. Intriguingly, we noticed that it not only bolstered the immunity but also reduced the dose and duration of rifampicin and isoniazid therapy. Further, we observed expansion in the pool of effector (CD44hi, CD62Llo, CD127hi) and central (CD44hi, CD62Lhi, CD127hi) memory CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells and increased the intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by activated dendritic cells [CD86hi, CD40hi, IL-6hi, IL-12hi, TNF-αhi, nitric oxide (NO)hi] with significant reduction in Mtb load in the lungs and spleen of infected animals. We infer that the signaling through NOD-2 and TLR-4 may be an important approach to reduce the dose and duration of the drugs to treat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aqdas
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | | | - Susanta Pahari
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Nargis Khan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Kanupriya Sethi
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar − 140001, India
| | - Javed Naim Agrewala
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh − 160036, India
- Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar − 140001, India
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7
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Bellini C, Horváti K. Recent Advances in the Development of Protein- and Peptide-Based Subunit Vaccines against Tuberculosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122673. [PMID: 33333744 PMCID: PMC7765234 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) herald of the “End TB Strategy” has defined goals and targets for tuberculosis prevention, care, and control to end the global tuberculosis endemic. The emergence of drug resistance and the relative dreadful consequences in treatment outcome has led to increased awareness on immunization against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, the proven limited efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against Mtb, has highlighted the need for alternative vaccines. In this review, we seek to give an overview of Mtb infection and failure of BCG to control it. Afterward, we focus on the protein- and peptide-based subunit vaccine subtype, examining the advantages and drawbacks of using this design approach. Finally, we explore the features of subunit vaccine candidates currently in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, including the antigen repertoire, the exploited adjuvanted delivery systems, as well as the spawned immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Horváti
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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8
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Kamboj D, Gupta P, Basil MV, Mohan A, Guleria R, Bhatnagar A, Mehta G, Kumar P, Saurabh A, Deepak R, Thakral D, Misra P, Tandon R, Gupta UD, Mitra DK. Improved Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance after the restoration of IFN‐γ
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TNF‐α
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CD4
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T cells: Impact of PD‐1 inhibition in active tuberculosis patients. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:736-747. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Kamboj
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Pushpa Gupta
- Animal Experimentation LaboratoryNational JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases Agra India
| | - Mandira Varma Basil
- Department of MicrobiologyVallabhbhai Patel Chest InstituteUniversity of Delhi Delhi India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Sleep DisordersAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Randeep Guleria
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine & Sleep DisordersAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Anuj Bhatnagar
- Department of Chest & TuberculosisRajan Babu TB Hospital Delhi India
| | - Girija Mehta
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Prabin Kumar
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Abhinav Saurabh
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Rakesh Deepak
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Deepshi Thakral
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Pragya Misra
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
| | - Rati Tandon
- Jamia Hamdard‐Institute of Molecular MedicineJamia Hamdard University New Delhi India
| | - Umesh D Gupta
- Animal Experimentation LaboratoryNational JALMA Institute for Leprosy and other Mycobacterial Diseases Agra India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mitra
- Department of Transplant Immunology & ImmunogeneticsAll India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India
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9
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Pahari S, Negi S, Aqdas M, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS, Agrewala JN. Induction of autophagy through CLEC4E in combination with TLR4: an innovative strategy to restrict the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Autophagy 2019; 16:1021-1043. [PMID: 31462144 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1658436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies are gaining considerable impetus because of the emergence of drug-resistant strains of pathogens due to antibiotic therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to exploit alternative and novel strategies directed at host molecules to successfully restrict infections. The C-type lectin receptor CLEC4E and Toll-like receptor TLR4 expressed by host cells are among the first line of defense in encountering pathogens. Therefore, we exploited signaling of macrophages through CLEC4E in association with TLR4 agonists (C4.T4) to control the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We observed significant improvement in host immunity and reduced bacterial load in the lungs of Mtb-infected mice and guinea pigs treated with C4.T4 agonists. Further, intracellular killing of Mtb was achieved with a 10-fold lower dose of isoniazid or rifampicin in conjunction with C4.T4 than the drugs alone. C4.T4 activated MYD88, PtdIns3K, STAT1 and RELA/NFKB, increased lysosome biogenesis, decreased Il10 and Il4 gene expression and enhanced macroautophagy/autophagy. Macrophages from autophagy-deficient (atg5 knockout or Becn1 knockdown) mice showed elevated survival of Mtb. The present findings also unveiled the novel role of CLEC4E in inducing autophagy through MYD88, which is required for control of Mtb growth. This study suggests a unique immunotherapeutic approach involving CLEC4E in conjunction with TLR4 to restrict the survival of Mtb through autophagy. ABBREVIATIONS 3MA: 3 methyladenine; AO: acridine orange; Atg5: autophagy related 5; AVOs: acidic vesicular organelles; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; BMDMs: bone marrow derived macrophages; bw: body weight; C4.T4: agonists of CLEC4E (C4/TDB) and TLR4 (T4/ultra-pure-LPS); CFU: colony forming unit; CLEC4E/Mincle: C-type lectin domain family 4, member e; CLR: c-type lectin receptor; INH: isoniazid; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MφC4.T4: Mtb-infected C4.T4 stimulated macrophages; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MYD88: myeloid differentiation primary response 88; NFKB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhance in B cells; NLR: NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)-like receptors; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PPD: purified protein derivative; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RELA: v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (avian); RIF: rifampicin; RLR: retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors; TDB: trehalose-6,6´-dibehenate; TLR4: toll-like receptor 4; Ultra-pure-LPS: ultra-pure lipopolysaccharide-EK; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+ ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India.,Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology , Chandigarh, India.,Biomedical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar , Rupnagar, India
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10
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Negi S, Pahari S, Das DK, Khan N, Agrewala JN. Curdlan Limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival Through STAT-1 Regulated Nitric Oxide Production. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1173. [PMID: 31191491 PMCID: PMC6547911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies have emerged as an innovative and promising approach in tuberculosis (TB) treatment due to the observed limitations of current TB regimen such as lengthy duration and emergence of drug resistance. Thus, we explored the role of curdlan (beta glucan polysaccharide) as a novel strategy to activate macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The aim of the study was to investigate the role of curdlan in restricting the Mtb growth both in vitro and in vivo. Further, the immunomodulatory potential of curdlan against Mtb and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We found that curdlan treatment enhanced the antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Mtb uptake and killing activity of macrophages. In vivo studies showed that curdlan therapy significantly reduced the Mtb burden in lung and spleen of mice. Administration of curdlan triggered the protective Th1 and Th17 immunity while boosting the central and effector memory response in Mtb infected mice. Curdlan mediated anti-Mtb activity is through signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1), which regulates nitric oxide (NO) production through inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction; along with this activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was also evident in Mtb infected macrophages. Thus, we demonstrate that curdlan exerts effective anti-tuberculous activity anti-tuberculous activity. It can be used as a potential host-directed therapy against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Negi
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Immunology Division, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Deepjyoti Kumar Das
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nargis Khan
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
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11
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Li J, Jin C, Wu C, Huang J. PD-1 modulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific polarized effector memory T cells response in tuberculosis pleurisy. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:733-747. [PMID: 30861206 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.ma1118-450rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis (TB) should be studied at the disease sites because Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is predominantly contained in local tissue lesions. T-cell immune responses are required to mount anti-mycobacterial immunity. However, T-cell immune responses modulated by programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) during tuberculosis pleurisy (TBP) remains poorly understood. We selected the pleural fluid mononuclear cells (PFMCs) from TBP and PBMCs from healthy donors (HD), and characterized PD-1-expresing T-cell phenotypes and functions. Here, we found that the PFMCs exhibited increases in numbers of PD-1-expressing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which preferentially displayed polarized effector memory phenotypes. The M.tb-specific Ag stimulation increased CD4+ PD-1+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T cells, which is in direct correlation with IFN-γ production and PD-L1+ APCs in PFMCs of these individuals. Moreover, blockage of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway enhanced the percentage of IFN-γ+ T cells, demonstrating that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway played a negative regulation in T cell effector functions. Furthermore, CD4+ PD-1+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T-cell subsets showed greater memory phenotype, activation, and effector functions for producing Th1 cytokines than PD-1- counterparts. Thus, these PD-1+ T cells were not exhausted but appear to be central to maintaining Ag-specific effector. IL-12, a key immunoregulatory cytokine, enhanced the expression of PD-1 and restored a strong IFN-γ response through selectively inducing the phosphorylation of STAT4 in CD4+ PD-1+ T-bet+ and CD8+ PD-1+ T-bet+ T cells. This study therefore uncovered a previously unknown mechanism for T-cell immune responses regulated by PD-1, and may have implications for potential immune intervention in TBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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12
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Wang Y, Khan A, Chandra Kaushik A, Junaid M, Zhang X, Wei DQ. The systematic modeling studies and free energy calculations of the phenazine compounds as anti-tuberculosis agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:4051-4069. [PMID: 30332914 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1537896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenazine compounds have good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Based on the reported activities that were obtained in MTB H37Rv, a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model was built to design novel compounds against MTB. A fivefold cross-validation method and external validation were used to analyze the accuracy of forecasting. The model has a cross-validation coefficient q2=0.7 and a non-cross-validation coefficient r2 = 0.903, indicating that the model has good predictive possibility. The design of anti-pneumococcus MTB compounds was guided by the obtained 3D-QSAR model, and several compounds with better activity were obtained. To test the activity of these compounds, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and post-simulation analysis of the already reported drug targets in MTB were carried out. Among the total 15 drug targets, only three targets (Rv2361c, Rv2965c, and Rv3048c) were selected based on the docking results. Initial results reported that these compounds possessed good inhibition activity for Rv2361c. The top nine complexes of Rv2361 ligands were only subjected to MD simulation which resulted in a stable dynamics of the structures and showed a residual fluctuation in inhibitors binding pocket. Free energy reported that overall, the derivatives hold strong energy against the protein target. Energetic contribution results showed that residues, Asp76, Arg80, Asn124, Arg127, Arg244, and Arg250, play a major role in total energy. Systems biology approach validates shortlisted drug effect on the entire system which might be useful to predict potential drug in wet lab as well. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Abbas Khan
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Aman Chandra Kaushik
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
| | - Dong-Qing Wei
- a State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , P. R. China
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13
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Torben W, Molehin AJ, Blair RV, Kenway C, Shiro F, Roslyn D, Chala B, Gutu D, Kebede MA, Ahmad G, Zhang W, Aye P, Mohan M, Lackner A, Siddiqui AA. The self-curing phenomenon of schistosome infection in rhesus macaques: insight from in vitro studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1408:79-89. [PMID: 29239481 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A reduction in the burden of schistosomiasis is potentially achievable by integrating a schistosomiasis vaccine with current control measures. Here, we determine parasite-specific in vitro responses of B, T, and NK cells from naive uninfected rhesus macaques to Schistosoma mansoni (Sm) egg (SmEA) and worm antigen (SmWA) preparations isolated from infected baboons. Pronounced B cell responses to SmEA and NK cell responses to both SmEA and SmWA were observed. High levels of IL-2 and IL-21 responses against Sm antigens were observed in T and non-T cells of lymph nodes (LNs) and gut lamina propria-derived lymphocytes (LPLs). Data analysis showed multifunctionality of LN-derived CD4+ , CD8+ , and CD4+ CD8+ double positive T cells against either SmWA or SmWA+SmEA antigen preparations. Distinct SmEA-specific multifunctional responses were observed in gut LPLs, suggesting simultaneous responses against egg antigens. These data provide insight into the immune effectors involved in schistosome responses by rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Workineh Torben
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Adebayo J Molehin
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Carys Kenway
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Faith Shiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Davis Roslyn
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Bayissa Chala
- Department of Applied Biology, Adama Science and Technology University, School of Applied Natural Sciences, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Gutu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Michael A Kebede
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Gul Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Peru State College, Peru, Nebraska
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Andrew Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, TNPRC, Comparative Pathology/Immunology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Afzal A Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
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14
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The crucial roles of Th17-related cytokines/signal pathways in M. tuberculosis infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:216-225. [PMID: 29176747 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-21, IL-22 and IL-23 can be grouped as T helper 17 (Th17)-related cytokines because they are either produced by Th17/Th22 cells or involved in their development. Here, we review Th17-related cytokines/Th17-like cells, networks/signals and their roles in immune responses or immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Published studies suggest that Th17-related cytokine pathways may be manipulated by Mtb microorganisms for their survival benefits in primary tuberculosis (TB). In addition, there is evidence that immune responses of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal pathway and Th17-like T-cell subsets are dysregulated or destroyed in patients with TB. Furthermore, Mtb infection can impact upstream cytokines in the STAT3 pathway of Th17-like responses. Based on these findings, we discuss the need for future studies and the rationale for targeting Th17-related cytokines/signals as a potential adjunctive treatment.
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15
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Pahari S, Kaur G, Aqdas M, Negi S, Chatterjee D, Bashir H, Singh S, Agrewala JN. Bolstering Immunity through Pattern Recognition Receptors: A Unique Approach to Control Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:906. [PMID: 28824632 PMCID: PMC5539433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The global control of tuberculosis (TB) presents a continuous health challenge to mankind. Despite having effective drugs, TB still has a devastating impact on human health. Contributing reasons include the emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the AIDS-pandemic, and the absence of effective vaccines against the disease. Indeed, alternative and effective methods of TB treatment and control are urgently needed. One such approach may be to more effectively engage the immune system; particularly the frontline pattern recognition receptor (PRR) systems of the host, which sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Mtb. It is well known that 95% of individuals infected with Mtb in latent form remain healthy throughout their life. Therefore, we propose that clues can be found to control the remainder by successfully manipulating the innate immune mechanisms, particularly of nasal and mucosal cavities. This article highlights the importance of signaling through PRRs in restricting Mtb entry and subsequently preventing its infection. Furthermore, we discuss whether this unique therapy employing PRRs in combination with drugs can help in reducing the dose and duration of current TB regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mohammad Aqdas
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shikha Negi
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepyan Chatterjee
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanpreet Singh
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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16
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Das S, Chowdhury BP, Goswami A, Parveen S, Jawed J, Pal N, Majumdar S. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) mediated host protective intracellular mechanisms against tuberculosis infection: Involvement of TLR-4 mediated signaling. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:201-209. [PMID: 27865392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection inflicts the disease Tuberculosis (TB), which is fatal if left untreated. During M. tuberculosis infection, the pathogen modulates TLR-4 receptor down-stream signaling, indicating the possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) possesses immuno-modulatory properties which induces the pro-inflammatory responses via induction of TLR-4-mediated signaling. Here, we observed the immunomodulatory properties of MIP against tuberculosis infection. We have studied the detailed signaling mechanisms employed by MIP in order to restore the host immune response against the in vitro tuberculosis infection. We observed that in infected macrophages MIP treatment significantly increased the TLR-4 expression as well as activation of its downstream signaling, facilitating the activation of P38 MAP kinase. MIP treatment was able to activate NF-κB via involvement of TLR-4 signaling leading to the enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine and NO generation in the infected macrophages and generation of protective immune response. Therefore, we may suggest that, TLR4 may represent a novel therapeutic target for the activation of the innate immune response during Tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Avranil Goswami
- Dept. of Microbiology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Shabina Parveen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Junaid Jawed
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India
| | - Nishith Pal
- Dept. of Microbiology, N.R.S Medical College, Kolkata, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII- M, Kolkata, 700 054, India.
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17
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Sun X, Pan Q, Yuan C, Wang Q, Tang XL, Ding K, Zhou X, Zhang XL. A Single ssDNA Aptamer Binding to Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Enhances Immunoprotective Effect against Tuberculosis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:11680-9. [PMID: 27529508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Because Mycobacterium bovis, termed bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only available used tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, retains immunomodulatory properties that limit its protective immunogenicity, there are continuous efforts to identify the immunosuppression mechanism as well as new strategies for improving the immunogenicity of BCG. Here, an ssDNA aptamer "antibody" BM2 specifically bound to the mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) of BCG was selected. BM2 significantly blocked ManLAM-mannose receptor (MR) binding, triggered ManLAM-CD44 signaling, and enhanced M1 macrophage and Th1 activation via cellular surface CD44 in vitro and in vivo. BM2 enhanced immunoprotective effects of BCG against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infection in mice and monkeys models. Thus, we report a new mechanism of the interaction between ManLAM and CD44 on macrophages and CD4(+) T cells and reveal that ManLAM-binding membrane molecule CD44 is a novel target for the enhancement of BCG immunogenicity, and BM2 has strong potential as an immune enhancer for BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Wuhu , Wuhu 241000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Kan Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine , Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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