An Evaluation of Blood Compatibility of Silver Nanoparticles

Polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide/dextran hydrogel doped copper oxide modified biochar with nano-enzymatic activity and multiple synergistic effects for accelerated diabetic wound healing

The treatment of diabetic wounds requires inhibition of bleeding, reduction of inflammation, alleviation of hypoxia, and removal of pathogenic bacteria, but the therapeutic effect is greatly limited due to the diverse and synergistic nature of drug functions and the microenvironment of diabetic wounds themselves. Therefore, in this study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) with multi-species enzymatic activity were modified into chrysanthemum petal biochar (BC) and loaded with taxifolin (TAX) to form the TAX@CuO-BC (TCB) system, and then TCB was doped into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO) /dextran (DT) hydrogels to obtain a new nano-enzymatic hydrogel system, TAX@CuO/BC/PVA/GO/DT (TCBP), in vitro and in vivo tests showed that this hydrogel could accelerate the healing of diabetic wounds by killing wound bacteria, rapidly stopping bleeding, reducing inflammation, alleviating hypoxia, and promoting angiogenesis. Therefore, this hydrogel has great potential for the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in a sodium alginate/pectin/tea polyphenol complex: Enhancing stability and bioactivity for fermented milk products

In this study, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LPP95, a potential probiotic, was encapsulated in a sodium alginate/pectin/tea polyphenol (SA/PE/TP) complex, and its physicochemical properties, bioactivity, stability, and application potential were investigated. The results showed that tea polyphenol (TP) enriched encapsulated beads (SA/PE/TP/LP) achieved high encapsulation efficiency (96.51 %) without compromising their mechanical properties and stability. The bioactivity analysis revealed that the SA/PE/TP/LP encapsulated beads, formed through TP hydrogen bonding, exhibited good biosafety and a high DPPH radical scavenging rate. Furthermore, adding TP enhanced the enteric dissolution rate and increased the viable counts of L. plantarum with respect to in vitro digestion conditions, bile salt tolerance and refrigerated storage, compared with free-LP. When applied to fermented yogurt, SA/PE/TP/LP significantly reduced pH changes, and improved the sensory, gel structure, and rheological properties of the dairy product. These findings suggest a promising approach to preserving highly active probiotics by adding polyphenols, potentially improving yogurt quality.

Discovering nanoparticle corona ligands for liver macrophage capture

Liver macrophages capture circulating nanoparticles and reduce their delivery to target organs. Serum proteins adsorb to the nanoparticle surface after administration. However, the adsorbed serum proteins and their cognate cell receptors for removing nanoparticles from the bloodstream have not been linked. Here we use a multi-omics strategy to identify the adsorbed serum proteins binding to specific liver macrophage receptors. We discovered six absorbed serum proteins that bind to two liver macrophage receptors. Nanoparticle physicochemical properties can affect the degree of the six serum proteins adsorbing to the surface, the probability of binding to cell receptors and whether the liver removes the nanoparticle from circulation. Identifying the six adsorbed proteins allowed us to engineer decoy nanoparticles that prime the liver to take up fewer therapeutic nanoparticles, enabling more nanoparticles for targeting extrahepatic tissues. Elucidating the molecular interactions governing the nanoparticle journey in vivo will enable us to control nanoparticle delivery to diseased tissues.

Silver nanoparticle toxicity in rainbow trout: insights into physiological and molecular responses

Metallic nanoparticles, with their large surface area to volume ratio, are increasingly important in various life fields, but they can cause varying toxic effects on fish. This study investigates the toxicological effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), focusing on hematological, biochemical, antioxidant, and histopathological changes. Fish were exposed to varying concentrations of AgNPs (0.2, 0.8, and 1.4 mg/L) for 21 days. Hematological analysis revealed significant reductions in red blood cell (RBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) at higher AgNPs concentrations, while white blood cell (WBC) counts increased, indicating immune system activation. Biochemical assays demonstrated dose-dependent decreases in total protein and albumin, alongside increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels, suggesting impaired liver function and disrupted lipid metabolism. Antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, GST) initially increased at lower AgNPs concentrations but declined at higher exposures, indicating oxidative stress. Molecular analysis further supported these findings, with upregulation of oxidative stress-related genes (SOD1, CAT) and inflammatory markers (HSP70, IL-1β). Histopathological examinations revealed necrosis, hyperplasia, and lamellar fusion in the gills, along with significant liver damage, including vacuolation and Kupffer cell proliferation, particularly at the highest exposure. Behavioral assays showed erratic swimming and reduced feeding in fish exposed to higher AgNPs concentrations. This study highlights the dose-dependent toxic effects of AgNPs on rainbow trout and underscores the potential for long-term, possibly irreversible damage at higher exposure levels. These findings emphasize the need for stricter environmental regulations on nanoparticle use to mitigate their ecological impact.

Development of an iridium complex fluorescent probe for FGF21 protein labeling and tracking

Fluorescent or luminescent labeling of biomolecules, as biosensors, with high sensitive and spatiotemporal resolution enable it an outstanding imaging technique for detecting and tracking biomolecular dynamics in many areas of life sciences and biomedical research. Ir(III) complex IrCN with solvent ligands could selectively recognize His via covalent attachment to the His imidazole group, and serve as a reaction-based "turn-on" fluorescent probe for the detection of His and His containing proteins. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was an essential glucose and lipid metabolic regulator and a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disorder syndromes. In this study, a non-emissive cyclometalated Ir(III) solvent complex IrCN was synthesized for FGF21 protein labeling. Binding test showed that the optimal binding ratio of IrCN and FGF21 protein was 1:100 (W/W). The binding between IrCN and FGF21 protein was very rapid, and the reaction could be completed in 10 min. IrCN probe no longer bound to other proteins after it specifically bound to the FGF21 protein. Biocompatibility studies shown that IrCN exhibited low cytotoxicity and tissue toxicity when the concentration was not higher than 50 μg/mL. Whereas, high concentration of IrCN caused organ-specific toxicity, with notable effects observed in both the spleen and skeletal muscle. Cell imaging experiments showed that revealed that unbound IrCN exhibits significant potential as a versatile cytoplasmic labeling agent, while its protein-conjugated form demonstrates effective protein tracing capabilities in cellular systems. Functional validation experiments by quantitative analysis of FGF21-mediated downstream pathway markers demonstrated that IrCN labeling preserves the native biological activity of FGF21 protein. This study demonstrated that IrCN served as a highly sensitive and stable probe for cell imaging and protein fluorescent labeling applications, which established a solid foundation for further exploration of its potential applications in diverse areas of biomolecular research, particularly in protein tracking and live-cell imaging studies.

Enhanced hemocompatibility, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of biomolecules stabilized AgNPs with cytotoxic effects on cancer cells

In the current research, we developed a safe method using Iranian yarrow extract for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (IY-AgNPs) as reducing and stabilizing agents in different conditions. The prepared and stabilized IY-AgNPs under optimal conditions were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TEM, and UV-vis techniques. Also, the blood-clotting, hemolytic, antioxidant, bactericidal and, fungicidal properties, cytotoxicity effects and inhibition of protein denaturation efficiency of IY-AgNPs were assessed in vitro. The stabilized IY-AgNPs with spherical shape and an average particle size of 19. 25 ± 7.9 nm did not show any hemolytic potential below 1000 µg/mL. These hemo-compatible NPs showed good blood-clotting ability by reducing clotting time (6 min relative to the control). These particles excellently inhibited the denaturation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) by 69.3-80.7% at concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 500 µg/mL compared to a reference drug. The outcomes showed that the IC50 values of IY-AgNPs were below 12.5 µg/mL against A375 cells and between 25 and 50 µg/mL against MCF-7 cancer cells. In addition, IY-AgNPs were bactericidal against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus (especially), and were fungicidal against Candida albicans. Biosynthesized IY-AgNPs indicated a significant antioxidant activity (63.2%) at a concentration of 350 µg/mL. These attained results suggested that bio/hemo-compatible IY-AgNPs may be a promising candidate for applications in the medicinal fields (particularly for wound healing) as anti-bleeding, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agents.

Decellularized Biohybrid Nerve Promotes Motor Axon Projections

Developing nerve grafts with intact mesostructures, superior conductivity, minimal immunogenicity, and improved tissue integration is essential for the treatment and restoration of neurological dysfunctions. A key factor is promoting directed axon growth into the grafts. To achieve this, biohybrid nerves are developed using decellularized rat sciatic nerve modified by in situ polymerization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Nine biohybrid nerves are compared with varying polymerization conditions and cycles, selecting the best candidate through material characterization. These results show that a 1:1 ratio of FeCl3 oxidant to ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer, cycled twice, provides superior conductivity (>0.2 mS cm-1), mechanical alignment, intact mesostructures, and high compatibility with cells and blood. To test the biohybrid nerve's effectiveness in promoting motor axon growth, human Spinal Cord Spheroids (hSCSs) derived from HUES 3 Hb9:GFP cells are used, with motor axons labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Seeding hSCS onto one end of the conduit allows motor axon outgrowth into the biohybrid nerve. The construct effectively promotes directed motor axon growth, which improves significantly after seeding the grafts with Schwann cells. This study presents a promising approach for reconstructing axonal tracts in humans.

Fluorinated N-Heterocyclic Carbene Silver(I) Complexes with High Cancer Cell Selectivity

This work presents the synthesis of five new functionalized (benz)imidazolium N-heterocyclic (NHC) ligands (L) and four new (benz)imidazole silver(I) NHC (Ag(I)-NHC) complexes of mononuclear [Ag(L)2](PF6) or binuclear [Ag2(L)2](PF6)2 type. The complexes have been fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction of three new structures. The complexes and their corresponding free NHC ligands have been screened against breast cancer and noncancerous cell lines, showing the mononuclear benzimidazole complex has the highest activity, while the binuclear benzimidazole complex has the highest cancer cell selectivity. The silver uptake was measured by ICP-MS and highlights a strong link between cytotoxicity and cellular uptake. DNA interaction studies, molecular docking, and evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been conducted for the most promising complexes to identify modes of action. Overall, the binuclear benzimidazole complex is the most selective and promising candidate against the MDA-MD-231 (breast cancer) cell line and has potential to be developed for treatment of late-stage breast cancers.

Biofabrication of Nanosilver From Punica granatum Peel Extract and Their Anticoagulant Applications

For utilizing biodegradable waste as a natural source for nanofabrication, this study was designed to highlight a simple, sustainable, safe, environmentally friendly, and energy consumption reduction waste management approach using hot aqueous extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel waste (PPE) to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (PPE-AgNPs). The fabrication of biosynthesized nanosilver was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscope (AFM). The initial pale brown color change upon adding silver nitrate to PPE confirmed bioreduction. For PPE, the absorption spectrum for UV-vis spectroscopy in the visible light region was 230-290 nm, while for PPE-AgNPs, the graph shows that surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum for nanosilver at 360-460 nm. The XRD analysis proved that the PPE-AgNPs were crystalline in nature. The SEM micrograph revealed that silver nanoparticles were sphere-shaped, homogenous accumulations with particle size in the range of 21.63-30.97 ± 0.4 nm. The EDX data analysis also proved the presence of a sharp peak of silver element with 8.83% weight at 3 keV. The 3D AFM images of Ag nanoparticles illustrated that the diameter is around 7.20-14.80 nm with a median of 7.16 ± 1.3 nm and the root mean square (RMS) value corresponds to 1.40 ± 0.4 nm. The PPE-AgNPs efficiently exhibited a potent antioxidant and dose-dependent DPPH inhibition action. Visual and microscopic observations of fresh human blood when treated with 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL of PPE-AgNPs were proven to be biocompatible with no morphological changes and no coagulation. This study predicts that PPE can be utilized to synthesize biocompatible nanosilver.

Gelatin-coated glutathione depletion and oxygen generators in potentiated chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer

Chemotherapy is generally acknowledged as an effective method for pancreatic cancer (PC). However, its treatment efficacy is often compromised due to inefficient drug delivery and drug resistance propensity of tumor tissues. The purpose of this study is to design and develop a novel drug delivery system (Manganese-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles, Mn-MSN) in which paclitaxel (PTX), a conventional chemotherapeutic agent used to effectively treat pancreatic cancer clinically. Through cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, gelatin (Ge) was encapsulated on the carrier surface, endowing the nanoparticles (Ge-Mn-MSN@PTX) with excellent biocompatibility, low hemolytic activity, and enzyme-responsive degradation. Mn was added for the following purposes: (1) catalyzing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to generate oxygen (O2), thereby alleviating tumor hypoxia and drug resistance; (2) depleting glutathione (GSH), inducing intracellular lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis; (3) enabling real-time monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy of the nanoparticles via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The experimental results demonstrated that Ge-Mn-MSN@PTX has satisfactory biosafety, antitumor activity, controlled drug release as well as imaging tracking capabilities. In the SW1990 nude mice model, the Ge-Mn-MSN@PTX effectively inhibited tumor growth by suppressing the expression of the resistance protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and inducing ferroptosis. In conclusion, the designed gelatin-coated Mn-MSN shows potential for application in future pancreatic cancer therapy.

Coumarin derivatives as new anti-biofilm agents against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus infections are the primary causes of morbidity, and mortality, particularly in immuno-compromised individuals. S. aureus associated infections are acquired from community, as well as hospital settings, and difficult to treat because of the emerging resistance against available antibiotics. One of the key factors of its resistance is the biofilm formation, which can be targeted to treat S. aureus-induced infections. Currently, there is no drug available that function by targeting the biofilm. This unmet need demands the discovery of drug candidates against S. aureus biofilm. The present study was designed to evaluate coumarin derivatives 1-21 against S. aureus biofilm. The 96-well plate crystal violet assay was employed for the quantification of biofilm. Results showed that the coumarin derivatives 2-4, 10, and 17 possess potent antibiofilm activity, with MBIC values between 25-100 μg/mL. The results were further confirmed through atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron (SEM), and fluorescence microscopic studies. The quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the downregulation of biofilm associated genes, icaA and icaD. These coumarin derivatives were also found to be non-cytotoxic to fibroblasts. This study, therefore, identifies the antibiofilm potential of coumarin derivatives that will pave the way for further research on these derivatives.

Novel Honeycomb Nanoclay Frameworks With Hemostatic and Antibacterial Properties

Our laboratory recently developed a new class of high surface area, honeycomb Nanoclay Microsphere Framework absorbents (NMFs) that prompt rapid hemostasis. In the present work, we propose a novel approach to develop antibacterial Topical Hemostatic Agents (THAs) by anchoring silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto NMFs. This combination was obtained by a chemical co-reduction approach, followed by freeze-processing, and was shown to ensure stability and on-site delivery of AgNPs, without altering the hemostatic properties of NMFs. Silver-loaded NMFs showed no change in their unique architecture and led to a 55% increase in clot strength, compared to standard control plasma or commercially available THA, and a significant decrease in mean fibrin fiber diameter. Silver nanoparticles were successfully released when solubilized and prevented the growth of both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 22 and 30 ppm of silver released, respectively. Overall, cell mortality was between 9.1 ± 5.1% and 6.3 ± 3.2%, depending on AgNP concentration, confirming a low cytotoxicity. Silver-loaded nanoclay microsphere frameworks appear to constitute promising candidates as topical hemostatic agents for secondary management of hemostasis when infection control is needed.

Impact of nanosilver surface electronic distributions on serum protein interactions and hemocompatibility

The translation of silver-based nanotechnology 'from bench to bedside' requires a deep understanding of the molecular aspects of its biological action, which remains controversial at low concentrations and non-spherical morphologies. Here, we present a hemocompatibility approach based on the effect of the distinctive electronic charge distribution in silver nanoparticles (nanosilver) on blood components. According to spectroscopic, volumetric, microscopic, dynamic light scattering measurements, pro-coagulant activity tests, and cellular inspection, we determine that at extremely low nanosilver concentrations (0.125-2.5μg ml-1), there is a relevant interaction effect on the serum albumin and red blood cells (RBCs). This explanation has its origin in the surface charge distribution of nanosilver particles and their electron-mediated energy transfer mechanism. Prism-shaped nanoparticles, with anisotropic charge distributions, act at the surface level, generating a compaction of the native protein molecule. In contrast, the spherical nanosilver particle, by exhibiting isotropic surface charge, generates a polar environment comparable to the solvent. Both morphologies induce aggregation at NPs/bovine serum albumin ≈ 0.044 molar ratio values without altering the coagulation cascade tests; however, the spherical-shaped nanosilver exerts a negative impact on RBCs. Overall, our results suggest that the electron distributions of nanosilver particles, even at extremely low concentrations, are a critical factor influencing the molecular structure of blood proteins' and RBCs' membranes. Isotropic forms of nanosilver should be considered with caution, as they are not always the least harmful.

Multifunctional silver nanoparticle embedded eri silk cocoon scaffolds against burn wounds-associated infection

Antimicrobial wound dressings offer enhanced efficacy compared to conventional dressing platforms by limiting bacterial infections, expediting the healing process, and creating a barrier against additional wound contamination. The use of silk derived from silkworm cocoons in wound healing applications is attributed to its exceptional characteristics. Compared to mulberry silk, sericin from non-mulberry cocoons has higher water exchange mobility and moisture retention. Eri, a non-mulberry silkworm, is an unexplored source of silk with an eco-friendly nature of production where the natural life cycle of silkworms is not disrupted, and no moths are sacrificed. This work reports on an eri silk cocoon-based scaffold decorated with silver nanoparticles as a wound dressing material effective against burn-wound-associated multiple-drug-resistant bacteria. The UV-vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorbance at 448 nm due to the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR spectra exhibited the functional groups in the eri silk proteins accountable for the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 in the scaffold. SEM-EDX analysis revealed the presence of elemental silver, and XRD analysis confirmed their particle size of 5.66-8.82 nm. The wound dressing platform showed excellent thermal stability and hydrophobicity, fulfilling the criteria of a standard waterproof dressing material, and anticipating the prevention of bacterial biofilm formation in chronic wounds. The scaffold was found to be effective against both Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 87) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688) multiple-drug-resistant pathogens. Electron microscopy revealed the bacterial cell damage, suggesting its bactericidal property. The results further revealed that the scaffold was both hemocompatible and cytocompatible, suggesting its potential application in chronic wounds such as burns. As an outcome, this study presents a straightforward, cost-effective, and sustainable way of developing a multifunctional wound dressing platform, suggesting its significant therapeutic potential in clinical and biomedical sectors and facile commercialization.

A double-edged sword: The complex interplay between engineered nanoparticles and platelets

Nanoparticles (NP) play a crucial role in nanomedicine, serving as carriers for localized therapeutics to allow for precise drug delivery to specific disease sites and conditions. When injected systemically, NP can directly interact with various blood cell types, most critically with circulating platelets. Hence, the potential activation/inhibition of platelets following NP exposure must be evaluated a priori due to possible debilitating outcomes. In recent years, various studies have helped resolve the physicochemical parameters that influence platelet-NP interactions, and either emphasize nanoparticles' therapeutic role such as to augment hemostasis or to inhibit thrombus formation, or conversely map their potential undesired side effects upon injection. In the present review, we discuss some of the main effects of several key NP types including polymeric, ceramic, silica, dendrimers and metallic NPs on platelets, with a focus on the physicochemical parameters that can dictate these effects and modulate the therapeutic potential of the NP. Despite the scientific and clinical significance of understanding Platelet-NP interactions, there is a significant knowledge gap in the field and a critical need for further investigation. Moreover, improved guidelines and research methodologies need to be developed and implemented. Our outlook includes the use of biomimetic in vitro models to investigate these complex interactions under both healthy physiological and disease conditions.

Centaurea behen leaf extract mediated green synthesized silver nanoparticles as antibacterial and removing agent of environmental pollutants with blood compatible and hemostatic effects

The present study focused on evaluating the antibacterial properties, radical scavenging, and photocatalytic activities of Centaurea behen-mediated silver nanoparticles (Cb-AgNPs). The formation of Cb-AgNPs was approved by UV-Vis spectrometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the obtained AgNPs have a maximum absorbance peak at 450 nm with spherical morphology and an average size of 13.03 ± 5.8 nm. The catalytic activity of the Cb-AgNPs was investigated using Safranin O (SO) solution as a cationic dye model. The Cb-AgNPs performed well in the removal of SO. The coupled physical adsorption/photocatalysis reaction calculated about 68% and 98% degradation of SO dye under solar irradiation. The Cb-AgNPs inhibited the growth of gram-negative or positive bacteria strains and had excellent DPPH radicals scavenging ability (100% in a concentration of 200 µg/ml) as well as a good effect on reducing coagulation time (at concentrations of 200 and 500 µg/mL reduced clotting time up to 3 min). Considering the fact that green synthesized Cb-AgNPs have antioxidant and antibacterial properties and have a good ability to reduce coagulation time, they can be used in wound dressings. As well as these NPs with good photocatalytic activity can be a suitable option for degrading organic pollutants.

Repurposing FDA-approved compounds to target JAK2 for colon cancer treatment

Colorectal cancer is one of the common cancers worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. The current treatment has the inherent drawbacks and there is a need of developing a new treatment. Interleukin-6 a pleiotropic cytokine involved in immune regulation and activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway in colorectal cancer. JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway functions as a critical regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and immune expression. The abnormality in the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is involved in the tumorigenesis of colon cancer including apoptosis. In this study, we identified novel inhibitors for JAK2 protein by performing virtual screening against FDA-approved compounds. To address the selectivity issue, we implemented cross-docking method followed by DFT calculations to understand the chemical reactivity of the identified compounds. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for the top FDA compounds against JAK2 to understand the molecular interactions and structural stability of the complex over a period of 200 ns. Our results indicated that ergotamine, entrectinib, exatecan, dihydroergotamine, and paritaprevir can be used as alternative drugs for colon cancer. In addition, ergotamine was found to efficiently lower the cell viability with IC50 values of 100 µM on colon cancer cell lines. The long-term inhibitory effect of the ergotamine led to a decrease in colony size, and the toxicity properties were studied using hemolysis assay. Our study shows the potential of targeting JAK2 as a novel approach to colon cancer treatment, and demonstrate that ergotamine as a promising effects as an anti-cancer drug.

Investigation of sex-based differences in the immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles

The growing application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer, healthcare, and industrial products has raised concern over potential health implications due to increasing exposure. The evaluation of the immune response to nanomaterials is one of the key criteria to assess their biocompatibility. There are well-recognized sex-based differences in innate and adaptive immune responses. However, there is limited information available using human models. The aim was to investigate the potential sex-based differences in immune functions after exposure to AgNPs using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma from healthy donors. These functions include inflammasome activation, cytokine expression, leukocyte proliferation, chemotaxis, plasma coagulation, and complement activation. AgNPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Inflammasome activation by AgNPs was measured after 6- and 24-hours incubations. AgNPs-induced inflammasome activation was significantly higher in the females, especially for the 6-hour exposure. No sex-based differences were observed for Ag ions controls. Younger donors exhibited significantly more inflammasome activation than older donors after 24-hours exposure. IL-10 was significantly suppressed in males and females after exposure. AgNPs suppressed leukocyte proliferation similarly in males and females. No chemoattractant effects, no alterations in plasma coagulation, or activation of the complement were observed after AgNPs exposure. In conclusion, the results highlight that there are distinct sex-based differences in inflammasome activation after exposure to AgNPs in human PBMCs. The results highlight the importance of considering sex-based differences in inflammasome activation induced by exposure to AgNPs in any future biocompatibility assessment for products containing AgNPs.

Development of lactoferrin-coated multifunctional copolymer micelles to cross the blood-brain barrier

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) prevents pathogens and toxins in the bloodstream from reaching the brain, but also inhibits the delivery of agents intended to treat central nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we prepared and evaluated a novel nano-delivery vehicle system composed of lactoferrin-conjugated (Lf-PIC@Se) micelles. We used a COOH-PEG-PAsp-PV@Se synthesis-based method to prepare the micelles, which involved self-assembly followed by EDC-NHS coupling. Using glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor 8 as a model encapsulated chemical, Lf-PIC@Se micelles achieved a good loading capacity. In vitro analysis demonstrated that Lf-PIC@Se/8 micelles were stable in both neutral and acidic pH solutions in the presence or absence of H2O2, and confirmed their biosafety and compatibility in PC12 and bEND.3 cells. Notably, the cell uptake of Lf-PIC@Se/C6 micelles was much higher than that of PIC@Se micelles, and occurred through LfR-mediated endocytosis. The presence of Se meant that Lf-PIC@Se micelles acted as ROS scavengers in PC12 cells under H2O2-induced oxidative stress, which inhibited oxidative damage and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Hemolysis assays further demonstrated that Lf-PIC@Se represent a biocompatible carrier. Finally, in vivo experiments in mice suggested that Lf-PIC@Se micelles successfully crossed the BBB, confirming their potential as vehicles for drug delivery when treating AD and other central nervous system disorders.

Metal nanoparticle hybrid hydrogels: the state-of-the-art of combining hard and soft materials to promote wound healing

Wounds represent a grave affliction that profoundly impacts human well-being. Establishing barriers, preventing infections, and providing a conducive microenvironment constitute the crux of wound therapy. Hydrogel, a polymer with an intricate three-dimensional lattice, serves as a potent tool in erecting physical barriers and nurturing an environment conducive to wound healing. This enables effective control over exudation, hemostasis, accelerated wound closure, and diminished scar formation. As a result, hydrogels have gained extensive traction in the realm of wound treatment. Metallic nanoparticle carriers, characterized by their multifaceted responses encompassing acoustics, optics, and electronics, have demonstrated efficacy in wound management. Nevertheless, these carriers encounter challenges associated with swift clearance and nonuniform effectiveness. The hybridization of metallic nanoparticle carriers with hydrogels overcomes the shortcomings inherent in metallic nanoparticle-based wound therapy. This amalgamation not only addresses the limitations but also augments the mechanical robustness of hydrogels. It confers upon them attributes such as environmental responsiveness and multifunctionality, thereby synergizing strengths and compensating for weaknesses. This integration culminates in the precise and intelligent management of wounds. This review encapsulates the structural classifications, design strategies, therapeutic applications, and underlying mechanisms of metal nanoparticle hybrid hydrogels in the context of acute and chronic wound treatment. The discourse delves into the generation of novel or enhanced attributes arising from hybridization and how the current paradigm of wound therapy leverages these attributes. Amidst this continually evolving frontier, the potential of metal nanoparticle hybrid hydrogels to revolutionize wound treatment is underscored.

Erythrocyte Vulnerability to Airborne Nanopollutants

The toxicological impact of airborne polluting ultrafine particles (UFPs, also classified as nanoparticles with average sizes of less than 100 nm) is an emerging area of research pursuing a better understanding of the health hazards they pose to humans and other organisms. Hemolytic activity is a toxicity parameter that can be assessed quickly and easily to establish part of a nanoparticle's behavior once it reaches our circulatory system. However, it is exceedingly difficult to determine to what extent each of the nanoparticles present in the air is responsible for the detrimental effects exhibited. At the same time, current hemolytic assessment methodologies pose a series of limitations for the interpretation of results. An alternative is to synthesize nanoparticles that model selected typical types of UFPs in air pollution and evaluate their individual contributions to adverse health effects under a clinical assay of osmotic fragility. Here, we discuss evidence pointing out that the absence of hemolysis is not always a synonym for safety; exposure to model nanopollutants, even at low concentrations, is enough to increase erythrocyte susceptibility and dysfunction. A modified osmotic fragility assay in combination with a morphological inspection of the nanopollutant-erythrocyte interaction allows a richer interpretation of the exposure outcomes. Membrane-nanoparticle interplay has a leading role in the vulnerability observed. Therefore, future research in this line of work should pay special attention to the evaluation of the mechanisms that cause membrane damage.

Injectable, Antibacterial, and Hemostatic Tissue Sealant Hydrogels

Hemorrhage and bacterial infections are major hurdles in the management of life-threatening surgical wounds. Most bioadhesives for wound closure lack sufficient hemostatic and antibacterial properties. Furthermore, they suffer from weak sealing efficacy, particularly for stretchable organs, such as the lung and bladder. Accordingly, there is an unmet need for mechanically robust hemostatic sealants with simultaneous antibacterial effects. Here, an injectable, photocrosslinkable, and stretchable hydrogel sealant based on gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), supplemented with antibacterial zinc ferrite (ZF) nanoparticles and hemostatic silicate nanoplatelets (SNs) for rapid blood coagulation is nanoengineered. The hydrogel reduces the in vitro viability of Staphylococcus aureus by more than 90%. The addition of SNs (2% w/v) and ZF nanoparticles (1.5 mg mL-1 ) to GelMA (20% w/v) improves the burst pressure of perforated ex vivo porcine lungs by more than 40%. Such enhancement translated to ≈250% improvement in the tissue sealing capability compared with a commercial hemostatic sealant, Evicel. Furthermore, the hydrogels reduce bleeding by ≈50% in rat bleeding models. The nanoengineered hydrogel may open new translational opportunities for the effective sealing of complex wounds that require mechanical flexibility, infection management, and hemostasis.

Construction of Phlorotannin-Based Nanoparticles for Alleviating Acute Liver Injury

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a severe health condition with limited treatment options. Phlorotannin (PT), a natural compound extracted from seaweeds, has shown potential in improving liver function. However, its poor stability and bioavailability have limited its applications in vivo. In this study, we developed PT-based nanoparticles (NPs) through a Mannich reaction with glycine, which exhibited good biocompatibility and prolonged circulation time in vivo. Our results revealed that the PT NPs possess strong free radical scavenging ability, effectively reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviating oxidative stress and proinflammatory responses in the H2O2-induced oxidative damage model of HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the PT NPs effectively attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver tissue of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury mice by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In summary, our results suggested that the PT NPs could serve as a promising nano-therapeutic strategy for alleviating ALI.

Inducing Cytotoxicity in Colon Cancer Cells and Suppressing Cancer Stem Cells by Dolasetron and Ketoprofen through Inhibition of RNA Binding Protein PUM1

Clinical trials of new drugs often face a high failure rate of approximately 45 percent due to safety and toxicity concerns. Repurposing drugs with well-established safety profiles becomes crucial in addressing this challenge. Colon cancer ranks as the third most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. This study focuses on the RNA-binding protein pumilio1 (PUM1), a member of the PUF family involved in post-transcriptional gene expression regulation. By utilizing molecular docking techniques and FDA-approved drugs, potential inhibitors against PUM1 were identified. Notably, dolasetron and ketoprofen demonstrated promising results, exhibiting strong binding affinity, hydrophobic interactions, and favorable chemical reactivity according to Conceptual-DFT calculations. Both compounds effectively reduced cell viability, with IC50 values of 150 µM and 175 µM, respectively and shows long term inhibitory effects as seen by reduced in number of colonies. Moreover, they exhibited inhibitory effects on colon cancer stem cells, as indicated by reduced colonospheroid size and numbers. Apoptosis is induced by these compounds and has triggered activation of executioner caspase 3/7 in HCT116 cells which is evident through a caspase 3/7 assay and AO/EB staining, while the non-toxic effect of these compounds was evident from viability against non-cancerous cell line and hemolysis assay. Additionally, the treatment group showed a significant decrease in PUM1 and cancer stem cell markers expression compared to the control group. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of targeting PUM1 as a novel approach to colon cancer treatment. Dolasetron and ketoprofen demonstrate promise as effective anti-cancer and anti-cancer stem cell drugs, inducing apoptosis in colon cancer cells through inhibition of PUM1.

Nanosilver: An Old Antibacterial Agent with Great Promise in the Fight against Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major problem worldwide that costs 55 billion USD annually for extended hospitalization, resource utilization, and additional treatment expenditures in the United States. This review examines the roles and forms of silver (e.g., bulk Ag, silver salts (AgNO3), and colloidal Ag) from antiquity to the present, and its eventual incorporation as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in numerous antibacterial consumer products and biomedical applications. The AgNP fabrication methods, physicochemical properties, and antibacterial mechanisms in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial models are covered. The emphasis is on the problematic ESKAPE pathogens and the antibiotic-resistant pathogens of the greatest human health concern according to the World Health Organization. This review delineates the differences between each bacterial model, the role of the physicochemical properties of AgNPs in the interaction with pathogens, and the subsequent damage of AgNPs and Ag+ released by AgNPs on structural cellular components. In closing, the processes of antibiotic resistance attainment and how novel AgNP-antibiotic conjugates may synergistically reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant pathogens are presented in light of promising examples, where antibiotic efficacy alone is decreased.

A new strategy to prevent biofilm and clot formation in medical devices: The use of atmospheric non-thermal plasma assisted deposition of silver-based nanostructured coatings

In industrialized countries, health care associated infections, the fourth leading cause of disease, are a major health issue. At least half of all cases of nosocomial infections are associated with medical devices. Antibacterial coatings arise as an important approach to restrict the nosocomial infection rate without side effects and the development of antibiotic resistance. Beside nosocomial infections, clot formation affects cardiovascular medical devices and central venous catheters implants. In order to reduce and prevent such infection, we develop a plasma-assisted process for the deposition of nanostructured functional coatings on flat substrates and mini catheters. Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are synthesized exploiting in-flight plasma-droplet reactions and are embedded in an organic coating deposited through hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) plasma assisted polymerization. Coating stability upon liquid immersion and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization is assessed through chemical and morphological analysis carried out by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the perspective of future clinical application, an in vitro analysis of anti-biofilm effect has been done. Moreover, we employed a murine model of catheter-associated infection which further highlighted the performance of Ag nanostructured films in counteract biofilm formation. The anti-clot performances coupled by haemo- and cytocompatibility assays have also been performed.

In Vitro Hemocompatibility and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Dual-Labeled [99mTc]Tc-FITC-Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Nuclear imaging is a highly sensitive and noninvasive imaging technique that has become essential for medical diagnosis. The use of radiolabeled nanomaterials capable of acting as imaging probes has shown rapid development in recent years as a powerful, highly sensitive, and noninvasive tool. In addition, quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images performed by incorporating radioisotopes into nanoparticles (NPs) might improve the evaluation and the validation of potential clinical treatments. In this work, we present a direct method for [99mTc]Tc-radiolabeling of FITC-tagged silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFN). NPs were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro studies were carried out, including the evaluation of stability in biological media and the evaluation of hemocompatibility and genotoxicity using the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. The radiolabeling method was reproducible and robust with high radiolabeling efficiency (∼95%) and high stability in biological media. Hydrodynamic properties of the radiolabeled NPs remain stable after dual labeling. The interaction of SFN with blood elicits a mild host response, as expected. Furthermore, CBMN assay did not show genotoxicity induced by [99mTc]Tc-FITC-SFN under the described conditions. In conclusion, a feasible and robust dual-labeling method has been developed whose applicability has been demonstrated in vitro, showing its value for further investigations of silk fibroin NPs biodistribution in vivo.

Tenofovir-tethered gold nanoparticles as a novel multifunctional long-acting anti-HIV therapy to overcome deficient drug delivery-: an in vivo proof of concept

BACKGROUND

The adoption of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) substantially extends the life expectancy and quality of HIV-infected patients. Yet, eliminating the latent reservoirs of HIV to achieve a cure remains an unmet need. The advent of nanomedicine has revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The present study explores a unique combination of Tenofovir (TNF) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a potential therapeutic approach to overcome several limitations of the current ART.

RESULTS

TNF-tethered AuNPs were successfully synthesized. Cell viability, genotoxicity, haemolysis, and histopathological studies confirmed the complete safety of the preparation. Most importantly, its anti-HIV1 reverse transcriptase activity was ~ 15 folds higher than the native TNF. In addition, it exhibited potent anti-HIV1 protease activity, a much sought-after target in anti-HIV1 therapeutics. Finally, the in vivo biodistribution studies validated that the AuNPs could reach many tissues/organs, serving as a secure nest for HIV and overcoming the problem of deficient drug delivery to HIV reservoirs.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that the combination of TNF and AuNPs exhibits multifunctional activity, viz. anti-HIV1 and anti-HIV1 protease. These findings are being reported for the first time and highlight the prospects of developing AuNP-TNF as a novel next-generation platform to treat HIV/AIDS.

Silver nanoparticles induced hepatoxicity via the apoptotic/antiapoptotic pathway with activation of TGFβ-1 and α-SMA triggered liver fibrosis in Sprague Dawley rats

Despite the extraordinary use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in medicinal purposes and the food industry, there is rising worry about potential hazards to human health and the environment. The existing study aims to assess the hepatotoxic effects of different dosages of AgNPs by evaluating hematobiochemical parameters, oxidative stress, liver morphological alterations, immunohistochemical staining, and gene expression to clarify the mechanism of AgNPs' hepatic toxic potential. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into control and three AgNPs intraperitoneally treated groups 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg b.w. daily for 15 and 30 days. AgNP exposure reduced body weight, caused haematological abnormalities, and enhanced hepatic oxidative and nitrosative stress with depletion of the hepatic GSH level. Serum hepatic injury biomarkers with pathological hepatic lesions where cholangiopathy emerges as the main hepatic alteration in a dosage- and duration-dependent manner were also elevated. Furthermore, immunohistochemical labelling of apoptotic markers demonstrated that Bcl-2 was significantly downregulated while caspase-3 was significantly upregulated. In conclusion, the hepatotoxic impact of AgNPs may be regulated by two mechanisms, implying the apoptotic/antiapoptotic pathway via raising BAX and inhibiting Bcl-2 expression levels in a dose-dependent manner. The TGF-β1 and α-SMA pathway which triggered fibrosis with incorporation of iNOS which consequently activates the inflammatory process were also elevated. To our knowledge, there has been no prior report on the experimental administration of AgNPs in three different dosages for short and long durations in rats with the assessment of Bcl-2, BAX, iNOS, TGF-β1, and α-SMA gene expressions.

Silver Nanoparticles Conjugated with Colistin Enhanced the Antimicrobial Activity against Gram-Negative Bacteria

Colistin is a potent peptide antibiotic that is effective against Gram-negative bacteria. However, nephrotoxicity limited its clinical use. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained attention as a potential antimicrobial agent and nanodrug carrier. The conjugation of antibiotics and AgNPs has been found to increase the activity and decrease drug toxicity. In this study, colistin was conjugated with AgNPs (Col-AgNPs), which was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra. The optimized Col-AgNPs had the proper characteristics, including spherical shape, monodispersity, nanosized particle, high surface charge, and good stability. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern supported the crystallinity of Col-AgNPs and AgNPs. The drug loading of Col-AgNPs was 11.55 ± 0.93%. Col-AgNPs had higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) than AgNPs and colistin. The mechanism of actions of Col-AgNPs involved membrane disruption and genomic DNA damage. The Col-AgNPs and AgNPs were biocompatible with human red blood cells and renal cells at concentrations up to 16 µg/mL. Interestingly, Col-AgNPs exhibited higher cell survival than AgNPs and colistin at 32 µg/mL. Our results revealed that the Col-AgNPs could enhance the antimicrobial activity and cell biocompatibility more than colistin and AgNPs.

Eryptosis is an indicator of hematotoxicity in the risk assessment of environmental amorphous silica nanoparticles exposure: The role of macromolecule corona

Silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) have been widely manufactured for various applications and unintentionally generated in various industrial processes. SiO₂ NPs exposure is potentially hazardous to human health. Incremental evidence has indicated the presence of SiO₂ NPs in systemic circulation, which warranted their interaction with blood components. Due to the obvious weakness of hemolysis in the risk assessment of environmental NPs, we for the first time use eryptosis as a sensitive indicator to assess the hematotoxicity of SiO₂ NPs. In vitro results showed that the exposure of erythrocytes to pristine SiO₂ NPs resulted in typical features of eryptosis, including oxidative stress, calcium influx, phosphatidylserine externalization and hemolysis. However, SiO₂ NPs covered with mouse plasma (SiO₂@MP) or grafted with polyvinylpyrrolidone (SiO₂@PVP) did not stimulate eryptosis. Interestingly, neither bare nor macromolecule-decolorated SiO₂ NPs caused eryptosis in our in vivo mouse model, highlighting the protective role of coronal proteins on the amelioration of SiO₂ NPs-induced hematotoxicity. These results emphasized the influences of surface modification on the toxicity of environmental NPs.

Novel Magnetic Elastic Phase-Change Nanodroplets as Dual Mode Contrast Agent for Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Recently, dual-mode imaging systems merging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) have been developed. Designing a dual-mode contrast agent is complex due to different mechanisms of enhancement. Herein, we describe novel phase change nanodroplets (PCNDs) with perfluoropentane encapsulated in a pre-polyglycerol sebacate (pre-PGS) shell loaded with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles as having a dual-mode contrast agent effect. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared via the chemical co-precipitation method and PCNDs were prepared via the solvent displacement technique. PCNDs showed excellent enhancement in the in vitro US much more than Sonovue^® microbubbles. Furthermore, they caused a susceptibility effect resulting in a reduction of signal intensity on MRI. An increase in the concentration of nanoparticles caused an increase in the MR contrast effect but a reduction in US intensity. The concentration of nanoparticles in a shell of PCNDs was optimized to obtain a dual-mode contrast effect. Biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and immunogenicity assays showed that PCNDs were safe and non-immunogenic. Another finding was the dual-mode potential of unloaded PCNDs as T1 MR and US contrast agents. Results suggest the excellent potential of these PCNDs for use as dual-mode contrast agents for both MRI and US.

Synthesis and in vitro proof-of-concept studies on bispecific iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles targeting PSMA and GRP receptors for PET/MR imaging of prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy worldwide in men. This is a proof-of-concept study describing the development of ⁶⁸Ga-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (mNP) targeting prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and gastrin releasing peptide (GRPR) receptors as potential tools for diagnosis of PCa with PET/MRI. Two pharmacophores targeting PSMA, 1, and GRPR, 2, were coupled to mNPs carrying -SH (mNP-S1/2) or -NH₂ (mNP-N1/2) groups. The mNP-S1/2 and mNP-N1/2 were characterized for their size, zeta potential, structure, and efficiency of functionalization using dynamic light scattering (DLS), FT-IR and RP-HPLC. A direct ⁶⁸Ga-labelling procedure was followed, where ⁶⁸Ga-mNP-N1/2 proved superior to ⁶⁸Ga-mNP-S1/2 regarding radiolabelling efficiency, and thus were further evaluated in vitro. Toxicity studies in PCa cells (LNCaP, PC-3) showed low toxicity, and minimal hemolysis of red blood cells. In vitro assays in cells expressing PSMA (LNCaP), and GRPR (PC-3), showed specific time-dependent binding (40 min to plateau), high avidity (PC-3: K_d = 28.27 nM, LNCaP: K_d = 11.49 nM) and high internalization rates for ⁶⁸Ga-mNP-N1/2 in both cell lines.

Impact of Particle Size on Toxicity, Tissue Distribution and Excretion Kinetics of Subchronic Intratracheal Instilled Silver Nanoparticles in Mice

The unique physicochemical properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) make them useful in a wide range of sectors, increasing their propensity for human exposure, as well as the need for thorough toxicological assessment. The biodistribution of silver, hematological parameters and GSH/GSSG levels in the lung and liver were studied in mice that were intratracheally instilled with AgNP (5 and 50 nm) and AgNO₃ once a week for 5 weeks, followed by a recovery period of up to 28 days (dpi). Data was gathered to build a PBPK model after the entry of AgNPs into the lungs. AgNPs could be absorbed into the blood and might cross the physiological barriers and be distributed extensively in mice. Similar to AgNO₃, AgNP5 induced longer-lasting toxicity toward blood cells and increased GSH levels in the lung. The exposure to AgNP50 increased the GSH from 1 dpi onward in the liver and silver was distributed to the organs after exposure, but its concentration decreased over time. In AgNP5 treated mice, silver levels were highest in the spleen, kidney, liver and blood, persisting for at least 28 days, suggesting accumulation. The major route for excretion seemed to be through the urine, despite a high concentration of AgNP5 also being found in feces. The modeled silver concentration was in line with the in vivo data for the heart and liver.

The interfacial interactions of nanomaterials with human serum albumin

The fates of nanomaterials (NMs) in vivo are greatly dependent on their interactions with human serum proteins. However, the interfacial molecular details of NMs-serum proteins are still difficult to be probed. Herein, the molecular interaction details of human serum albumin (HSA) with Au and SiO₂ nanoparticles have been systematically interrogated and compared by using lysine reactivity profiling mass spectrometry (LRP-MS). We demonstrated the biocompatibility of Au is better than SiO₂ nanoparticles and the NMs surface charge state played a more important role than particle size in the combination of NMs-HSA at least in the range of 15-40 nm. Our results will contribute to the fundamental mechanism understanding of NMs-serum protein interactions as well as the NMs rational design.

Mitigating off-target distribution and enhancing cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells with alpha-ketoglutaric acid-modified Fe/Mg-CA nanoparticles

Purpose

In this work, pH-sensitive alpha-ketoglutaric acid-modified Fe/Mg-carbonate apatite (α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA) NPs were introduced and found to be capable of promoting the selective delivery of cancer-killing drug doxorubicin (DOX) in breast cancer cells, while simultaneously mitigating DOX toxicity on normal cells.

Methods

As part of the characterization and evaluation of α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs to target breast cancer cells, a series of assessments were performed, which included size measurements, morphological analysis, FTIR, cytotoxicity assessment, hemolysis, drug binding, cellular uptake, and pH-responsive drug release tests. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to conduct the protein corona analysis of α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA using 10% FBS (fetal bovine serum) and mice plasma. Furthermore, to investigate the distribution of DOX-loaded α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs in major tissues and the tumor, a biodistribution investigation was conducted in mammary tumor-induced Balb/c mouse models 24 h after the intravenous administration of DOX-loaded α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs.

Results

The in vitro pH-dependent release of DOX over time demonstrated that α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs were pH-responsive and degraded rapidly at acidic pH levels. When compared to free DOX, the DOX-loaded α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs demonstrated a potent antiproliferative effect on breast cancer cells. Confocal microscopy confirmed the effective internalization of DOX-loaded α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs in breast cancer cells. The protein corona analysis revealed an affinity for dysopsonins (serum albumin, apolipoproteins) and transport proteins that may assist in extending their blood circulation period. Furthermore, biodistribution data of DOX-loaded α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs in the mammary tumor-induced Balb/c mouse model indicated extended circulation in the bloodstream, reduced non-target distribution in major tissues, and increased drug accumulation in the tumor.

Conclusion

The results obtained suggest that α-KAM-Fe/Mg-CA NPs may emerge as a prospective candidate for delivering therapeutic cargos to treat malignant mammary tumors.

Bell Shape Curves of Hemolysis Induced by Silver Nanoparticles: Review and Experimental Assay

The hemolytic activity assay is a versatile tool for fast primary toxicity studies. This work presents a systematic study of the hemolytic properties of ArgovitTM silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) extensively studied for biomedical applications. The results revealed an unusual and unexpected bell-shaped hemolysis curve for human healthy and diabetic donor erythrocytes. With the decrease of pH from 7.4 and 6.8 to 5.6, the hemolysis profiles for AgNPs and AgNO3 changed dramatically. For AgNPs, the bell shape changed to a step shape with a subsequent sharp increase, and for AgNO3 it changed to a gradual increase. Explanations of these changes based on the aggregation of AgNPs due to the increase of proton concentration were suggested. Hemolysis of diabetic donor erythrocytes was slightly higher than that of healthy donor erythrocytes. The meta-analysis revealed that for only one AgNPs formulation (out of 48), a bell-shaped hemolysis profile was reported, but not discussed. This scarcity of data was explained by the dominant goal of studies consisting in achieving clinically significant hemolysis of 5-10%. Considering that hemolysis profiles may be bell-shaped, it is recommended to avoid extrapolations and to perform measurements in a wide concentration interval in hemolysis assays.

Biogenic Synthesis of Antibacterial, Hemocompatible, and Antiplatelets Lysozyme Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles through the One-Step Process for Therapeutic Applications

To evaluate silver nanoparticles’ (AgNPs) therapeutic and clinical potentials, antibacterial action, blood compatibility, and antiplatelet activities are the main concerns for toxicity profiling. Heat-denatured lysozyme-mediated formulation stabilized the AgNPs, thereby providing more bactericidal activity and blood compatibility. The study of the synthesis of AgNPs suggests the rapid and cost-effective formulation of AgNPs by one-step reaction using a 10:1 ratio of silver nitrate and lysozyme by incubating at 60 °C for two hours. Characterization of AgNPs was analyzed by UV–Visible spectroscopy, DLS, TEM, EDX, XRD, AFM, and FTIR, followed by antibacterial, hemocompatibility, and platelet aggregation testing. The average size of synthesized AgNPs was found to be 94.10 nm with 0.45 mV zeta potential and 0.293 polydispersity index by DLS. The TEM and EXD results indicated homogeneously 28.08 nm spherical-shaped pure formations of AgNPs. The XRD peaks showed the synthesis of small AgNPs with a crystallite size of 22.88 nm, while the AFM confirmed the homogeneity and smoothness of the monodispersed AgNPs. The FTIR spectra specified the coating of the lysozyme-derived amide group on the AgNPs surface, which provides stability and functionality of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was remarkable against six pathogenic bacteria and three multidrug resistance (MDR) strains (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), which exhibited inhibition zones with diameters ranging between 13.5 ±  0.2 mm to 19.0 ±  0.3 mm. The non-hemolytic nature of the AgNPs was calculated by percentage hemolysis with four concentrations. The negative result of platelet aggregation using platelet-rich plasma suggests the antiplatelet effect of AgNPs. Only minor hemolysis of 6.17% in human erythrocytes and mild platelet aggregation of 1.98% were induced, respectively, by the use of 1000 µL of 1 mM AgNPs, which contains approximately 107.8 μg silver. The results indicated that the antiplatelet potency and non-hemolytic nature with the antibacterial action of the lysozyme functionalized AgNPs have a good chance to be used to solve in-stent restenosis and thrombosis issues of the coronary stent and may also have a possibility to use in vaccination to resolve the blood clotting problem. So, the optimized biogenic formulation of AgNPs offers promising opportunities to be used as a therapeutic agent.

A novel insight into mechanism of derangement of coagulation balance: interactions of quantum dots with coagulation-related proteins

Background

Quantum dots (QDs) have gained increased attention for their extensive biomedical and electronic products applications. Due to the high priority of QDs in contacting the circulatory system, understanding the hemocompatibility of QDs is one of the most important aspects for their biosafety evaluation. Thus far, the effect of QDs on coagulation balance haven’t been fully understood, and limited studies also have yet elucidated the potential mechanism from the perspective of interaction of QDs with coagulation-related proteins.

Results

QDs induced the derangement of coagulation balance by prolonging the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time as well as changing the expression levels of coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. The contact of QDs with PTM (prothrombin), PLG (plasminogen) and FIB (fibrinogen) which are primary coagulation-related proteins in the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems formed QDs-protein conjugates through hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The affinity of proteins with QDs followed the order of PTM > PLG > FIB, and was larger with CdTe/ZnS QDs than CdTe QDs. Binding with QDs not only induced static fluorescence quenching of PTM, PLG and FIB, but also altered their conformational structures. The binding of QDs to the active sites of PTM, PLG and FIB may promote the activation of proteins, thus interfering the hemostasis and fibrinolysis processes.

Conclusions

The interactions of QDs with PTM, PLG and FIB may be key contributors for interference of coagulation balance, that is helpful to achieve a reliable and comprehensive evaluation on the potential biological influence of QDs from the molecular level.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00458-x.

Enhanced Hemocompatibility of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium Dioxide

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used because of their excellent antimicrobial properties. However, the poor hemocompatibility limits the application of AgNPs in blood contact materials. General approaches to improve the hemocompatibility of AgNPs-containing surfaces are to construct barrier layers or co-immobilize anticoagulant biomolecules. But such modification strategies are often cumbersome to prepare and have limited applications. Therefore, this study proposes a simple UV-photo-functionalization strategy to improve the hemocompatibility of AgNPs. We loaded AgNPs onto titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles to form a composite nanoparticles (Ag@TiO₂NPs). Then, UV treatment was performed to the Ag@TiO₂NPs, utilizing the diffusible photo-induced anticoagulant properties of TiO₂ nanoparticles to enhance the hemocompatibility of AgNPs. After being deposited onto the PU surface, the photo-functionalized Ag@TiO₂NPs coating showed excellent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria. Besides, In vitro and ex-vivo experiments demonstrated that the photo-functionalized Ag@TiO₂NPs coating had desirable hemocompatibility. This modification strategy can provide a new solution idea to improve the hemocompatibility of metal nanoparticles.

Assessment of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles against Secondary Cystic Echinococcosis in BALB/c Mice

Background: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a highly prevalent parasitic disease resulting from the hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus. It is also described as a zoonotic disease and considered a neglected tropical infection. Aim: This study assessed the antiparasitic activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), against E. granulosus infection in BALB/c mice. Methods: The green synthesis of AgNPs was accomplished using Zizyphus spina-christi leaves. AgNPs were orally administered to BALB/c mice for acute short-term toxicity evaluation, in doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, and 300 mg/kg, and observations for toxic signs were carried out at 24, 48 h, and 14 days, continuously. Moreover, a total of 20 mice divided into two groups were intraperitoneally administered with 1500 viable protoscoleces for secondary hydatidosis infection. Results: The results showed that AgNPs did not induce any adverse effects or signs and no death, in either group of mice. The histopathological findings in the liver, kidneys, and intestine of the mice administered with AgNPs revealed mild histological effects compared with the control ones. The treated-infected mice showed a change in the appearance of the liver hydatid cysts from hyaline to milky cloudy compared with the untreated infected mice. Conclusion: Biosynthesized AgNPs showed anti-hydatic effects and are suggested as anti-echinococcal cyst treatment.

Anti-ESBL derivatives of marine endophytic Streptomyces xiamenensis GRG 5 (KY457709) against ESBLs producing bacteria

The emerging threat of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) producing gram negative bacteria still remains an important worldwide concern. Due to insufficient drug choice and treatment failure of existing drugs,...

Blood compatibility evaluations of two-dimensional Ti3C2Txnanosheets

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial Ti3C2Tx is a novel biomaterial used for medical apparatus. For its application, biosafety serves as a prerequisite for their use in vivo. So far, no research has systematically reported how Ti3C2Tx interacts with various components in the blood. In this work, we evaluated the hemocompatibility of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets which we prepared by HF etching. Effects of the concentration and size of Ti3C2Tx on the morphology and hemolysis rate of human red blood cells (RBCs), the structure and conformation of plasma proteins, the complement activation, as well as in vitro blood coagulation were studied. In general, Ti3C2Tx takes on good blood compatibility, but in the case of high concentration (>30 μg/mL) and "Small size" (about 100 nm), it led to the rupture of RBCs membrane and a higher rate of hemolysis. Meanwhile, platelets and complement were inclined to be activated with the increased concentration, accompanying the changed configuration of plasma proteins dependent on concentration. Surprisingly, the presence of Ti3C2Tx did not significantly disrupt the coagulation. In vitro cell culture, the results prove that when the Ti3C2Tx concentration is as high as 60μg/mL and still has good biological safety. By establishing a fuzzy mathematical model, it was proved that the hemocompatibility of Ti3C2Tx is more concentration-dependent than size-dependent, and the hemolysis rate is the most sensitive to the size and concentration of the Ti3C2Tx. These findings provide insight into the potential use of Ti3C2Tx as biofriendly nanocontainers for biomaterials in vivo.

Platelet activation by charged ligands and nanoparticles: platelet glycoprotein receptors as pattern recognition receptors

Charge interactions play a critical role in the activation of the innate immune system by damage- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors. The ability of these receptors to recognize a wide spectrum of ligands through a common mechanism is critical in host defense. In this article, we argue that platelet glycoprotein receptors that signal through conserved tyrosine-based motifs function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) for charged endogenous and exogenous ligands, including sulfated polysaccharides, charged proteins and nanoparticles. This is exemplified by GPVI, CLEC-2 and PEAR1 which are activated by a wide spectrum of endogenous and exogenous ligands, including diesel exhaust particles, sulfated polysaccharides and charged surfaces. We propose that this mechanism has evolved to drive rapid activation of platelets at sites of injury, but that under some conditions it can drive occlusive thrombosis, for example, when blood comes into contact with infectious agents or toxins. In this Opinion Article, we discuss mechanisms behind charge-mediated platelet activation and opportunities for designing nanoparticles and related agents such as dendrimers as novel antithrombotics.

Formation and biological effects of protein corona for food-related nanoparticles

The rapid development of nanoscience and nanoengineering provides new perspectives on the composition of food materials, and has great potential for food biology research and applications. The use of nanoparticle additives and the discovery of endogenous nanoparticles in food make it important to elucidate in vivo safety of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles will spontaneously adsorb proteins during transporting in blood and a protein corona can be formed on the nanoparticle surface inside the human body. Protein corona affects the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and the structure and function of proteins, which in turn affects a series of biological reactions. This article reviewed basic information about protein corona of food-related nanoparticles, elucidated the influence of protein corona on nanoparticles properties and protein structure and function, and discussed the effect of protein corona on nanoparticles in vivo. The effects of protein corona on nanoparticles transport, cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and immune response were reviewed, and the reasons for these effects were also discussed. Finally, future research perspectives for food protein corona were proposed. Protein corona gives food nanoparticles a new identity, which makes proteins bound to nanoparticles undergo structural transformations that affect their recognition by receptors in vivo. It can have positive or negative impacts on cellular uptake and toxicity of nanoparticles and even trigger immune responses. Understanding the effects of protein corona have potential in evaluating the fate of the food-related nanoparticles, providing physicochemical and biological information about the interaction between proteins and foodborne nanoparticles. The review article will help to evaluate the safety of protein coronas formed on nanoparticles in food, and may provide fundamental information for understanding and controlling nanotoxicity.