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Hong M, Yao J, Rao F, Chen Z, Gao N, Zhang Z, Jiang W. Insight into the synergistic mechanism of sonolysis and sono-induced BiFeO 3 nanorods piezocatalysis in atenolol degradation: Ultrasonic parameters, ROS and degradation pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139084. [PMID: 37263504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, BiFeO3 nanorods (BFO NRs) was synthesized as the piezoelectric catalyst. The synergistic mechanism of sonolysis and sono-induced BFO-piezocatalysis in atenolol degradation was revealed and the effect of ultrasonic parameters on it was investigated for the first time. The results indicated that 100 kHz was the optimal frequency for the sonolytic and sono-piezocatalytic degradation of atenolol in ultrasound/BFO nanorods (US/BFO NRs) system, with the highest synergistic coefficient of 3.43. The piezoelectric potential differences of BFO NRs by COMSOL Multiphysics simulations further distinguishing that the impact of cavitation shock wave and ultrasonic vibration from sonochemistry reaction (i.e., 2.48, -2.48 and 6.60 V versus 0.008, -0.008 and 0.02 V under tensile, compressive and shear stress at 100 kHz). The latter piezoelectric potentials were insufficient for reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) generation, while the former contributed to 53.93% •OH yield in US/BFO NRs system. Sono-piezocatalysis was found more sensitive to ultrasonic power density than sonolysis. The quenching experiments and ESR tests indicated that the ROS contribution in atenolol degradation followed the order of •OH > 1O2 > h+ > O2•- in US/BFO NRs system and 1O2 generation is exclusively dissolved-oxygen dependent. Four degradation pathways for atenolol in US/BFO NRs system were proposed via products identification and DFT calculation. Toxicity assessment by ECOSAR suggested the toxicity of the degradation products could be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Fanhui Rao
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zihan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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2
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Ye Z, Guo Z, Wang J, Zhang L, Guo Y, Yoshimura C, Niu J. Photodegradation of acebutolol in natural waters: Important roles of carbonate radical and hydroxyl radical. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132318. [PMID: 34826949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acebutolol (ACE) has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, and its photochemical fate in natural waters is a matter of concern due to its ubiquitous occurrence and its toxicity to aquatic organisms. In this study, the photodegradation of ACE in river water and synthetic waters were investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. The results demonstrated that ACE photodegradation rate in river water was 3.2 times higher than that in pure water. Then the influences of HCO3-, NO3- and DOM on ACE photolysis were investigated under their concentrations similar with the ones in river water. ACE photodegradation was significantly enhanced in the presence of HCO3- alone, and the scavenging experiments and the electron paramagnetic resonance experiments together proved that HCO3- could be oxidized by triplet-excited state of ACE to generate CO3•-, which subsequently played a key role in ACE degradation. The presence of both NO3- and DOM also increased the ACE photodegradation rates, and •OH and 3DOM* were found to be involved in the degradation. In addition, when DOM was added to a solution with HCO3-, the enhancement effect of HCO3- on ACE photodegradation was weakened due to the scavenging of CO3•- by DOM combined with the light screening effect of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimi Ye
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Zhongyu Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jieqiong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China.
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
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3
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Fent K. Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents in surface waters at global scale: Occurrence, ecotoxicity and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138770. [PMID: 32361434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have emerged as major groups of environmental contaminants over the past decades. However, knowledge about their occurrence in freshwaters and their ecotoxicity is still limited. Here, we critically summarize the presence of 82 cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and represent their effects on aquatic organisms. Only about 71% of these pharmaceuticals in use have been analyzed for their residues in aquatic ecosystems and only about 24% for their effects. When detected in surface waters, they occurred at concentrations of dozens to hundreds of ng/L. In wastewaters, they reached up to several μg/L. Effects of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have been extensively studied in fish and a few in invertebrates, such as Daphnia magna and mussels. These pharmaceuticals affect cardiac physiology, lipid metabolism, growth and reproduction. Besides, effects on spermatogenesis and neurobehavior are observed. Environmental risks are associated with beta-blockers propranolol, metoprolol, and lipid lowering agents bezafibrate and atorvastatin, where adverse effects (biochemical and transcriptional) occurred partially at surface water concentrations. In some cases, reproductive effects occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. This review summarizes the state of the art on the occurrence of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and highlights their risks to fish. Further research is needed to include more subtle changes on heart function and to explore non-investigated drugs. Their occurrence in freshwaters and impact on a diverse array of aquatic organisms are particularly needed to fully assess their environmental hazards and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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4
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Filipe OMS, Santos EBH, Otero M, Gonçalves EAC, Neves MGPMS. Photodegradation of metoprolol in the presence of aquatic fulvic acids. Kinetic studies, degradation pathways and role of singlet oxygen, OH radicals and fulvic acids triplet states. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 385:121523. [PMID: 31732332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metoprolol is a pharmaceutical used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and disorders, whose frequent detection in surface waters raises concern. Indirect photodegradation is an important degradation pathway in waters and dissolved organic matter has a major role as photosensitizer. In this study, metoprolol photodegradation, in the absence and in the presence of fulvic acids extracted from the Vouga River (Portugal) (VRFA), was assessed under simulated sunlight. While metoprolol direct photodegradation was deniable, indirect photolysis occurred under the presence of VRFA. It followed a pseudo-first order kinetics and after 72 h of irradiation there was a decrease of metoprolol concentration of ∼80 %. The OH radical (OH) was verified to be the main reactive species (RS) responsible for the photosensitized degradation of metoprolol, but other RS are also involved, probably triplet excited states of FA (3FA*) and singlet oxygen (1O2), as demonstrated by the higher inhibition of the photodegradation in presence of sodium azide than in presence of 2-propanol. Based on a previous identification of photoproducts, tentative degradation mechanisms were here proposed. Photoproducts analysis after 24 h irradiation in the absence and presence of scavengers, shown that different RS are involved in the formation of different products/intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M S Filipe
- CERNAS - Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda B H Santos
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Marta Otero
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Elsa A C Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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5
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Ruppelt JP, Pinnekamp J, Tondera K. Elimination of micropollutants in four test-scale constructed wetlands treating combined sewer overflow: Influence of filtration layer height and feeding regime. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115214. [PMID: 31671295 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater can contain large amounts of organic micropollutants. Some of these substances are harmful to the environment, even at low concentrations, e.g. when being discharged untreated into surface water bodies in case of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) during or after heavy rainfall events. Constructed wetlands can be very effective in treating CSOs. To date, there have only been few investigations about the retention of micropollutants using retention soil filters (RSFs), which basically are vertical flow constructed wetlands with an additional retention area. Thus, focus of this study was set on the interaction between dry periods, loading events, filter operation time, and the resulting removal of micropollutants originating from CSOs. The removal of 1-H-benzotriazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac, metoprolol, sulfamethoxazole and bisphenol A was examined in four test-scale RSFs. Removal efficiencies of approximately 70% were found for metoprolol. 1-H-benzotriazole, diclofenac and bisphenol A were removed moderately between 30 and 40%. For carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole, negative retention rates were found. No significant correlations were found between removal efficiencies and the length of the antecedent dry period and/or filter operation time. However, the study showed that removal efficiencies depend strongly on respective inflow concentrations. Thickness of the filter layer seems to have an influence as well; does not lead to uniform results, though.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Ruppelt
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Pinnekamp
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (ISA), RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Tondera
- IMT Atlantique Bretagne, Pays de Loire, Department of Energy Systems and Environment, F-44307, Nantes, France
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Neves CMB, Filipe OMS, Mota N, Santos SAO, Silvestre AJD, Santos EBH, Neves MGPMS, Simões MMQ. Photodegradation of metoprolol using a porphyrin as photosensitizer under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 370:13-23. [PMID: 30503313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins are known as effective photosensitizers and can be an interesting key in phototreatment of water contaminated with micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals. They already showed to be efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of dyes, chlorophenols and other pollutants. This work demonstrates the applicability of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (H2TF5PP) as photosensitizer for treatment of water contaminated with metoprolol, a highly prescribed β-blocker, which is not completely removed in sewage treatment plants. Studies were firstly developed under homogeneous conditions with simulated solar radiation and porphyrin was found to be efficient in the photodegradation of metoprolol, following a pseudo-first order kinetics with ca. 90% metoprolol degradation after 12 h. Experiments in presence of scavengers confirmed the mechanism of degradation via singlet oxygen. Appearance of several new peaks in HPLC chromatograms indicates the formation of products, identified by HPLC-MSn. Furthermore, the porphyrin was immobilized on a silica support and used as heterogeneous photocatalyst in degradation of metoprolol. Experiments using this heterogeneous photocatalyst under real solar irradiation were also performed, and similar results were obtained. Kinetic comparison of metoprolol photodegradation in buffer solution and in real wastewater treatment plant effluent showed that the efficiency of the immobilized porphyrin was not decreased by the complex matrix of the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M B Neves
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Olga M S Filipe
- CERNAS - Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mota
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A O Santos
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando J D Silvestre
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda B H Santos
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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7
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Quaresma AV, Sousa BA, Silva KTS, Silva SQ, Werle AA, Afonso RJCF. Oxidative treatments for atenolol removal in water: Elucidation by mass spectrometry and toxicity evaluation of degradation products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:303-313. [PMID: 30394595 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The presence of pharmaceuticals in water is a worldwide concern due to potential damage to human and environmental health. For example, compounds such as the β-blocker atenolol (ATE), widely used for the treatment of cardiac disease, are detected in drinking water since conventional water treatment plants are not designed to remove them. Thus, the evaluation of ATE removal at different water oxidative treatment processes, identification of its degradation products and evaluation of their toxicity is necessary. METHODS Aqueous solutions of ATE (10 mg/L) were submitted to oxidative treatments of chlorination ([NaClO] = 10 mg/L), ozonation ([O3 ] = 8 mg/L), photocatalysis ([TiO2 ] = 120 mg/L and UV-C light) and photolysis (UV-C light). The removal of ATE and formation of degradation products (DPs) were monitored by mass spectrometry. To assess acute cytotoxicity, DPs were submitted to colorimetric MTT assay using HepG2 cells. The Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) software was applied to estimate the acute and chronic toxicity of identified DPs at different trophic levels. RESULTS Photocatalysis was the treatment that demonstrated greater efficiency, removing 94% of the initial ATE. For the four tested treatments, 12 DPs were confirmed after 30 min. Moreover, some of the identified DPs were unpublished in the literature. Through high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), it was possible to elucidate the structure of the DPs. Solutions of DPs were not considered to be toxic to HepG2 cells. Only the DP with a molecular formula of C13 H19 NO3 (m/z 238.1438) could be considered detrimental to daphnid and green algae. CONCLUSIONS Low rates of organic matter removal and high rates of ATE degradation were obtained in the applied treatments after 30 min. Although the treated solutions were not toxic to HepG2 cells, one of the degradation products can be considered an environmental concern since it presents chronic toxicity to daphnid and green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Quaresma
- Environmental Engineering Post-Graduate Programme (ProAmb), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Bianca A Sousa
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Karina T S Silva
- Pharmacy Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Q Silva
- Biological Sciences Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Alceni A Werle
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Robson J C F Afonso
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil
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Zhou Y, Wu S, Zhou H, Huang H, Zhao J, Deng Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Yang J, Luo L. Chiral pharmaceuticals: Environment sources, potential human health impacts, remediation technologies and future perspective. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:523-537. [PMID: 30292145 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral pharmaceuticals (CPs), including non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), β-blockers and some herbicide and pesticides, are widely used in aquaculture, clinical treatment and many other fields. However, people are increasingly concerned about such ubiquitous pollutants, which can frequently be detected in contaminated soil and water. In large part, the significant sources of chiral pharmaceuticals stem from industrial processes, such as the direct discharge of untreated or incompletely treated wastewaters containing chiral pharmaceuticals, incorrect storage and use, animal wastes and biosolids. The main ways for human exposure to chiral pharmaceuticals are the disease treatment process and chiral pharmaceuticals contaminants. According to the results of a series of toxic studies, some diseases, even cancers, may be associated with exposure to certain chiral pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the treatment of chiral pharmaceuticals has become an important issue. The current advanced remediation techniques for chiral pharmaceuticals include the conventional method (sorption and sonolysis), biotransformation (an aerobic granular sludge-sequencing batch reactor and constructed wetland system) and advanced oxidation processes (ozonation and photocatalysis). Herein, in this review, we summarize the current status and sources of chiral pharmaceuticals, potential effects on human health, as well as the superiority, disadvantages and prospects of current advanced remediation technologies. Moreover, we also anticipate the prospect of the future research needed for chiral pharmaceuticals pollutant remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China.
| | - Shikang Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Agricultural Typical Pollution Remediation and Wetland Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410028, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongli Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Nolte TM, Pinto-Gil K, Hendriks AJ, Ragas AMJ, Pastor M. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for primary aerobic biodegradation of organic chemicals in pristine surface waters: starting points for predicting biodegradation under acclimatization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:157-170. [PMID: 29192704 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00375g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biomass and acclimation can affect the removal of organic chemicals in natural surface waters. In order to account for these effects and develop more robust models for biodegradation, we have compiled and curated removal data for un-acclimated (pristine) surface waters on which we developed quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs). Global analysis of the very heterogeneous dataset including neutral, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic chemicals (N = 233) using a random forest algorithm showed that useful predictions were possible (Qext2 = 0.4-0.5) though relatively large standard errors were associated (SDEP ∼0.7). Classification of the chemicals based on speciation state and metabolic pathway showed that biodegradation is influenced by the two, and that the dependence of biodegradation on chemical characteristics is non-linear. Class-specific QSAR analysis indicated that shape and charge distribution determine the biodegradation of neutral chemicals (R2 ∼ 0.6), e.g. through membrane permeation or binding to P450 enzymes, whereas the average biodegradation of charged chemicals is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower, for which degradation depends more directly on cellular uptake (R2 ∼ 0.6). Further analysis showed that specific chemical classes such as peptides and organic halogens are relatively less biodegradable in pristine surface waters, resulting in the need for the microbial consortia to acclimate. Additional literature data was used to verify an acclimation model (based on Monod-type kinetics) capable of extrapolating QSAR predictions to acclimating conditions such as in water treatment, downstream lakes and large rivers under μg L-1 to mg L-1 concentrations. The framework developed, despite being based on multiple assumptions, is promising and needs further validation using experimentation with more standardised and homogenised conditions as well as adequate characterization of the inoculum used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Nolte
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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10
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Nolte TM, Ragas AMJ. A review of quantitative structure-property relationships for the fate of ionizable organic chemicals in water matrices and identification of knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:221-246. [PMID: 28296985 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Many organic chemicals are ionizable by nature. After use and release into the environment, various fate processes determine their concentrations, and hence exposure to aquatic organisms. In the absence of suitable data, such fate processes can be estimated using Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs). In this review we compiled available QSPRs from the open literature and assessed their applicability towards ionizable organic chemicals. Using quantitative and qualitative criteria we selected the 'best' QSPRs for sorption, (a)biotic degradation, and bioconcentration. The results indicate that many suitable QSPRs exist, but some critical knowledge gaps remain. Specifically, future focus should be directed towards the development of QSPR models for biodegradation in wastewater and sediment systems, direct photolysis and reaction with singlet oxygen, as well as additional reactive intermediates. Adequate QSPRs for bioconcentration in fish exist, but more accurate assessments can be achieved using pharmacologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models. No adequate QSPRs exist for bioconcentration in non-fish species. Due to the high variability of chemical and biological species as well as environmental conditions in QSPR datasets, accurate predictions for specific systems and inter-dataset conversions are problematic, for which standardization is needed. For all QSPR endpoints, additional data requirements involve supplementing the current chemical space covered and accurately characterizing the test systems used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Nolte
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Filipe OMS, Mota N, Santos SAO, Domingues MRM, Silvestre AJD, Neves MGPMS, Simões MMQ, Santos EBH. Identification and characterization of photodegradation products of metoprolol in the presence of natural fulvic acid by HPLC-UV-MS n. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:250-263. [PMID: 27381233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Metoprolol is a β-blocker highly prescribed for the treatment of heart diseases. It is not efficiently removed in wastewater treatment plants and it has been detected not only in the treated effluents, but also in natural waters. Thus, the knowledge of its fate in the environment is an important issue, and photodegradation is an important degradation pathway. While direct photodegradation of metoprolol by solar light is not relevant, there is evidence in the literature that it suffers indirect photodegradation and a few studies have been published showing the important role of dissolved humic matter as photo-sensitizer. However, the identification of the photoproducts formed in the presence of humic matter is very poor, since only 2 photoproducts had been identified. This study investigated the degradation of metoprolol under simulated solar radiation and in the presence of fulvic acids (FA) extracted from a river. During the photodegradation experiments we observed the formation of new compounds which were separated and tentatively identified by HPLC-UV-ESI-MSn. At least 16 compounds were tentatively identified, including the 2 compounds previously identified in the literature and 4 new compounds which had not been detected by other authors as degradation products of metoprolol, even when submitted to artificial degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M S Filipe
- CERNAS-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Mota
- CERNAS-Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, College of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia A O Santos
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | - M Graça P M S Neves
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda B H Santos
- CESAM, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Toolaram AP, Menz J, Rastogi T, Leder C, Kümmerer K, Schneider M. Hazard screening of photo-transformation products from pharmaceuticals: Application to selective β 1-blockers atenolol and metoprolol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1769-1780. [PMID: 27939084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of toxic components in cocktail mixtures of pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products (TPs) generated from environmental and treatment processes remains an arduous task. This study expanded in this area by applying a combination of chemical analytics, a battery of in vitro bioassays and an in silico "testing battery" to UV photolysis mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The objectives were to understand the toxic nature of the mixtures and to prioritize photo-TPs for risk analysis. The selective β1-blockers Atenolol (ATL) and Metoprolol (MTL) that are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment were used as an example. The photolysis mixtures were cytotoxic to Vibrio fischeri and mammalian cells but not mutagenic in the Ames test or genotoxic in the in vitro micronucleus and umu tests. Potentially hazardous TPs were proposed by relating the observed effects to the kinetics of TP occurrence and applying in silico toxicity predictions for individual photo-TPs. This model study was done to identify principal mechanisms rather than accurately simulating environmental transformation processes. Several photo-TPs were proposed to present a greater hazard than the selected β-blockers and therefore fate and toxicity assessments may be required to determine their environmental relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Priya Toolaram
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Tushar Rastogi
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
| | - Mandy Schneider
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany..
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13
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Yin L, Ma R, Wang B, Yuan H, Yu G. The degradation and persistence of five pharmaceuticals in an artificial climate incubator during a one year period. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation and persistence of five pharmaceuticals in an artificial climate incubator during a one year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
| | - Ruixue Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
| | - Bin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
| | - Honglin Yuan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology
- Xi'an 710055
- China
| | - Gang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality
- School of Environment
- Tsinghua University
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14
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Menz J, Toolaram AP, Rastogi T, Leder C, Olsson O, Kümmerer K, Schneider M. Transformation products in the water cycle and the unsolved problem of their proactive assessment: A combined in vitro/in silico approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 98:171-180. [PMID: 27855972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) emerging from incomplete degradation of micropollutants in aquatic systems can retain the biological activity of the parent compound, or may even possess new unexpected toxic properties. The chemical identities of these substances remain largely unknown, and consequently, the risks caused by their presence in the water cycle cannot be assessed thoroughly. In this study, a combined approach for the proactive identification of hazardous elements in the chemical structures of TPs, comprising analytical, bioanalytical and computational methods, was assessed by the example of the pharmaceutically active micropollutant propranolol (PPL). PPL was photo-transformed using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and 115 newly formed TPs were monitored in the reaction mixtures by LC-MS analysis. The reaction mixtures were screened for emerging effects using a battery of in vitro bioassays and the occurrence of cytotoxic and mutagenic activities in bacteria was found to be significantly correlated with the occurrence of specific TPs during the treatment process. The follow-up analysis of structure-activity-relationships further illustrated that only small chemical transformations, such as the hydroxylation or the oxidative opening of an aromatic ring system, could substantially alter the biological effects of micropollutants in aquatic systems. In conclusion, more efforts should be made to prevent the occurrence and transformation of micropollutants in the water cycle and to identify the principal degradation pathways leading to their toxicological activation. With regard to the latter, the judicious combination of bioanalytical and computational tools represents an appealing approach that should be developed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Menz
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Anju Priya Toolaram
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Tushar Rastogi
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Mandy Schneider
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1/C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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15
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Brown AK, Challis JK, Wong CS, Hanson ML. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and β-blocker transformation products may not pose a significant risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms in wastewater effluent-dominated receiving waters. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 11:618-639. [PMID: 25820351 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A probabilistic ecological risk assessment was conducted for the transformation products (TPs) of 3 β-blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol) and 5 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline) to assess potential threats to aquatic organisms in effluent-dominated surface waters. To this end, the pharmacokinetic literature, the University of Minnesota's Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database Pathway Prediction System aerobic microbial degradation software, and photolysis literature pertaining to β-blockers and SSRIs were used to determine their most likely TPs formed via human metabolism, aerobic biodegradation, and photolysis, respectively. Monitoring data from North American and European surface waters receiving human wastewater inputs were the basis of the exposure characterizations of the parent compounds and the TPs, where available. In most cases, where monitoring data for TPs did not exist, we assumed a conservative 1:1 parent-to-TP production ratio (i.e., 100% of parent converted). The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)'s EPISuite and ECOSAR v1.11 software were used to estimate acute and chronic toxicities to aquatic organisms. Hazard quotients, which were calculated using the 95(th) percentile of the exposure distributions, ranged from 10(-11) to 10(-3) (i.e., all significantly less than 1). Based on these results, the TPs of interest would be expected to pose little to no environmental risk in surface waters receiving wastewater inputs. Overall, we recommend developing analytical methods that can isolate and quantify human metabolites and TPs at environmentally relevant concentrations to confirm these predictions. Further, we recommend identifying the major species of TPs from classes of pharmaceuticals that could elicit toxic effects via specific modes of action (e.g., norfluoxetine via the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]1A receptors) and conducting aquatic toxicity tests to confirm these findings. To our knowledge, this is the first quantitative probabilistic ecotoxicological assessment of all of the predicted and probable TPs of these pharmaceuticals, and our approach provides a framework for future such studies with other compound classes as data become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair K Brown
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Fort Garry Campus, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Fort Garry Campus, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, Fort Garry Campus, Winnipeg, Canada
- The University of Winnipeg, Richardson College for the Environment, Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Studies and Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark L Hanson
- University of Manitoba, Department of Environment and Geography, Fort Garry Campus, Winnipeg, Canada
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16
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Voulvoulis N, Barceló D, Verlicchi P. Pharmaceutical Residues in Sewage Treatment Works and their Fate in the Receiving Environment. PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622345-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are increasingly used in large amounts in human (and veterinary) medicine around the world. They reach the aquatic environment mainly through sewage treatment systems and can reach μg l−1 levels. The continual input of pharmaceuticals to the aquatic environment, via sewage, can also impart a persistent quality to compounds that otherwise possess no inherent environmental stability. While the literature contains increasing numbers of studies detailing fate, effects and behaviour in the environment, the subject is still not fully understood for all the different therapeutic classes. The toxicological significance for non-target (especially aquatic) organisms is poorly understood. The use/release of antibiotics and natural/synthetic steroids to the environment has generated most of the concern to date, but a plethora of other drugs are increasingly attracting attention, as their biological activity alone may support ecotoxicity assessments of those compounds with high production volumes (or toxicity), especially in view of the increasing importance of freshwater resources. Pharmaceuticals display a variety of removal efficiencies during wastewater treatment and their fate and behaviour are not determined by their physicochemical properties alone. Despite the fact that many drugs have high sorption potentials, partitioning to the solid phase was determined to be an unlikely removal pathway for the majority of compounds. The partitioning behaviour of these compounds both in sewage treatment and the aquatic environment is likely to be dictated by a number of physicochemical parameters. Findings also indicate that the costs of using tertiary treatment options (mainly based on drinking water treatment) to remove drugs from wastewater effluent are likely to be prohibitively expensive, and potentially undesirable, due sustainability implications. While adjusting existing treatment parameters may increase the removal efficiencies of pharmaceuticals, any changes to sewage treatment parameters would need to be offset against the economic and environmental costs. Likewise, any regulations on drug use must be balanced against health benefits. If receiving waters are used for potable supplies, the presence of these compounds may (although it is unlikely) represent a potential hazard to human health, especially in areas without advanced water treatment. The focus for future research should therefore be on proper and sufficient science for establishing the occurrence, exposure and effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment, so that sound decisions can be made regarding human and ecological health.
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17
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Moreno-González R, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Gros M, Barceló D, León VM. Seasonal distribution of pharmaceuticals in marine water and sediment from a Mediterranean coastal lagoon (SE Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:326-344. [PMID: 25766939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variations in the occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals were evaluated in seawater and sediment of Mar Menor lagoon from spring 2010 to winter 2011. A total of 20 pharmaceuticals in seawater and 14 in sediments were found at concentrations from low ngL(-)(1) up to 168ngL(-)(1) (azithromycin) in seawater and from low ngg(-1) up to 50.3ngg(-1) (xylazine) in sediments. Azithromycin, xylazine and metoprolol were the most ubiquitous compounds in seawater since they were found in all seawater samples collected. Seven compounds were quantified in both matrices: clarithromycin, erythromycin, hydrochlorothiazide, irbesartan, losartan, salicylic acid and valsartan. Seasonal distribution profiles revealed different sources of pollutants associated to both, El Albujón watercourse (which receives the input of a WWTP) and other non-controlled discharges, into the lagoon. In summer the highest concentrations in seawater for most of the pharmaceuticals were detected close to main touristic nuclei, probably as consequence of sources such as the excretion from bathers and/or other non-controlled discharges, these being significantly higher than in autumn and winter for antibiotics. On the contrary, the mean concentration of lorazepam was significantly higher in colder seasons than in warmer ones. Sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and especially clarithromycin showed hazard quotients higher than 1 in seawater at some areas of this lagoon indicating a potential risk to aquatic organisms in such specific areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Emili Grahit,101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Emili Grahit,101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA)-Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O, Emili Grahit,101, 17003 Girona, Spain.; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain..
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18
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Gan Z, Sun H, Wang R, Hu H, Zhang P, Ren X. Transformation of acesulfame in water under natural sunlight: joint effect of photolysis and biodegradation. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 64:113-122. [PMID: 25046375 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of acesulfame in water under environmentally relevant conditions, including direct and indirect photolysis, biodegradation, and hydrolysis, was systematically evaluated. Under natural sunlight, both direct and indirect photolysis of acesulfame were negligible in sterilized systems at neutral or alkaline pH, whereas direct photolysis occurred at pH of 4 with a rate constant of 0.0355 d(-1) in deionized water. No significant reduction in acesulfame contents was found in the dark controls or in the incubation experiments, indicating acesulfame was resistant to hydrolysis and biodegradation. In unsterilized systems, photolysis was substantially enhanced, implying that there was a joint effect of photolysis and biodegradation or that the sterilization process had the secondary effect of inactivating some photosensitizers. The near-surface summer half-life of acesulfame in the water from the Haihe River was 9 d. Specific experiments revealed the involvement of (1)O2/(3)DOM* in acesulfame photolysis, whereas OH exhibited only a slight contribution in the presence of DOM or bicarbonate. As indicated by the total organic carbon data, no significant mineralization occurred in both sterilized and unsterilized systems after acesulfame was irradiated under simulated sunlight for 7 d, suggesting the generation of persistent intermediates. Finally, major degradation intermediates were analyzed, and the degradation pathways of acesulfame under environmentally relevant conditions were proposed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwei Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinhao Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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19
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Maszkowska J, Stolte S, Kumirska J, Łukaszewicz P, Mioduszewska K, Puckowski A, Caban M, Wagil M, Stepnowski P, Białk-Bielińska A. Beta-blockers in the environment: part I. Mobility and hydrolysis study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:1112-21. [PMID: 25005235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Beta-blockers (BB) are one of the most widely used pharmaceuticals whose presence in different environmental compartments has already been proven in concentrations of even up to a few μg L(-1). However, our knowledge of their fate in the environment is still scarce. To obtain a better understanding on the environmental behavior of three selected BB comprehensive laboratory experiments assessing their mobility and hydrolytic stability has been conducted. Propranolol, metoprolol and nadolol--the most commonly consumed and detected in environmental samples--were selected as representatives of this group of pharmaceuticals. The objectives of our research were: (i) evaluation of the sorption potential and an explanation of the sorption mechanisms of these compounds onto soil and clay mineral (kaolinite); and (ii) investigation of the hydrolytic stability of these BB according to OECD 111. This comprehensive study supports the Environmental Risk Assessment of these pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Maszkowska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; UFT - Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jolanta Kumirska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Łukaszewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mioduszewska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alan Puckowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Wagil
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; UFT - Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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20
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Moreno-González R, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Gros M, Pérez-Cánovas E, Barceló D, León VM. Input of pharmaceuticals through coastal surface watercourses into a Mediterranean lagoon (Mar Menor, SE Spain): sources and seasonal variations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:59-72. [PMID: 24840281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal occurrence and distribution of 69 pharmaceuticals along coastal watercourses during 6 sampling campaigns and their input through El Albujón watercourse to the Mar Menor lagoon were determined by UPLC-MS-MS, considering a total of 115 water samples. The major source of pharmaceuticals running into this watercourse was an effluent from the Los Alcazares WWTP, although other sources were also present (runoffs, excess water from irrigation, etc.). In this urban and agriculturally influenced watercourse different pharmaceutical distribution profiles were detected according to their attenuation, which depended on physicochemical water conditions, pollutant input variation, biodegradation and photodegradation rates of pollutants, etc. The less recalcitrant compounds in this study (macrolides, β-blockers, etc.) showed a relevant seasonal variability as a consequence of dissipation processes (degradation, sorption, etc.). Attenuation was lower, however, for diclofenac, carbamazepine, lorazepam, valsartan, sulfamethoxazole among others, due to their known lower degradability and sorption onto particulate matter, according to previous studies. The maximum concentrations detected were higher than 1000 ng L(-1) for azithromycin, clarithromycin, valsartan, acetaminophen and ibuprofen. These high concentration levels were favored by the limited dilution in this low flow system, and consequently some of them could pose an acute risk to the biota of this watercourse. Considering data from 2009 to 2010, it has been estimated that a total of 11.3 kg of pharmaceuticals access the Mar Menor lagoon annually through the El Albujón watercourse. The highest proportion of this input corresponded to antibiotics (46%), followed by antihypertensives (20%) and diuretics (18%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O. Emili Grahit, 101-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O. Emili Grahit, 101-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - E Pérez-Cánovas
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici H(2)O. Emili Grahit, 101-17003 Girona, Spain; Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, San Pedro del Pinatar, 30740 Murcia, Spain.
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21
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Challis JK, Hanson ML, Friesen KJ, Wong CS. A critical assessment of the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments: defining our current understanding and identifying knowledge gaps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:672-96. [PMID: 24643336 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a critical assessment of the state and quality of knowledge around the aquatic photochemistry of human- and veterinary-use pharmaceuticals from laboratory experiments and field observations. A standardized scoring rubric was used to assess relevant studies within four categories: experimental design, laboratory-based direct and indirect photolysis, and field/solar photolysis. Specific metrics for each category are defined to evaluate various aspects of experimental design (e.g., higher scores are given for more appropriate characterization of light source wavelength distribution). This weight of evidence-style approach allowed for identification of knowledge strengths and gaps covering three areas: first, the general extent of photochemical data for specific pharmaceuticals and classes; second, the overall quality of existing data (i.e., strong versus weak); and finally, trends in the photochemistry research around these specific compounds, e.g. the observation of specific and consistent oversights in experimental design. In general, those drugs that were most studied also had relatively good quality data. The four pharmaceuticals studied experimentally at least ten times in the literature had average total scores (lab and field combined) of ≥29, considered decent quality; carbamazepine (13 studies; average score of 31), diclofenac (12 studies; average score of 31), sulfamethoxazole (11 studies; average score of 34), and propranolol (11 studies; average score of 29). Major oversights and errors in data reporting and/or experimental design included: lack of measurement and reporting of incident light source intensity, lack of appropriate controls, use of organic co-solvents in irradiation solutions, and failure to consider solution pH. Consequently, a number of these experimental parameters were likely a cause of inconsistent measurements of direct photolysis rate constants and quantum yields, two photochemical properties that were highly variable in the literature. Overall, the assessment rubric provides an objective and scientifically-defensible set of metrics for assessing the quality of a study. A major recommendation is the development of a method guideline, based on this rubric, for conducting and reporting on photochemical studies that would produce consistent and reliable data for quantitative comparison across studies. Furthermore, an emphasis should be placed on conducting more dual-fate studies involving controlled photolysis experiments in natural sunlight, and whole system fate studies in either natural or artificial systems. This would provide accurate data describing the actual contribution of photolysis to the overall fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Yan S, Song W. Photo-transformation of pharmaceutically active compounds in the aqueous environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:697-720. [PMID: 24608883 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00502j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past few years, the fate and transportation of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aqueous environments have raised significant concerns among the public, scientists and regulatory groups. Photodegradation is an important removal process in surface waters. This review summarizes the last 10 years (2003-2013) of studies on the solar or solar-simulated photodegradation of PhACs in aqueous environments. The PhACs covered include: beta-blockers, antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), histamine H₂-receptor antagonists, lipid regulators, carbamazepine, steroid hormones, and X-ray contrast media compounds. Kinetic studies, degradation mechanisms and toxicity removal are the three major topics involved in this review. The quantum yield for the direct photolysis of PhACs and the bimolecular reaction rate constants of PhACs with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the ˙OH radical and singlet oxygen, are also summarized. This information is not only important to predict the PhAC photodegradation fate, but also is very useful for advanced treatment technologies, such as ozone or advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.
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Wang XH, Lin AYC. Is the phototransformation of pharmaceuticals a natural purification process that decreases ecological and human health risks? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:203-215. [PMID: 24388870 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight photodegradation has long been considered a significant process in lowering the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and thus decreasing the ecological risk. For the first time, this study identified the significance of investigating the environmental photodegradation of a pharmaceutical residue mixture (rather than a single compound) and the associated toxicity of transformation byproducts in environmental waters, including rivers, hospital wastewaters, and effluents from wastewater treatment plants and pharmaceutical production facilities. Pharmaceuticals undergo phototransformation rather than mineralization (11-23% in 34 h). Pharmaceutical mixtures could possibly act as dissolved organic matter for each individual compound and subsequently affect the photolysis rates. The increased toxicity of irradiated pharmaceutical mixtures challenges the validity of the current understanding of sunlight photolysis. The implications of this work suggest that current knowledge concerning the occurrence, natural attenuation, ecotoxicity, and human health risks of pharmaceuticals is far from complete; photolysis is not necessarily a purification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Huan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Angela Yu-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71, Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Yang W, Ben Abdelmelek S, Zheng Z, An T, Zhang D, Song W. Photochemical transformation of terbutaline (pharmaceutical) in simulated natural waters: degradation kinetics and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6558-6565. [PMID: 24053937 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, varied nature organic matter isolates were employed to investigate the indirect photo transformation of terbutaline, which is a major feed additive medicine to increase the proportion of lean meat in the livestock. In the indirect photolysis of terbutaline under solar simulated irradiation, (1)O2 plays an important role among the •OH and (3)DOM*. The reaction rate constant of (1)O2 was determined as (7.1 ± 0.3) × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) at pH 7.0, while the reaction rate constant of •OH was (6.87 ± 0.43) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The contribution of singlet oxygen to the indirect photolysis of terbutaline (19-44%) was higher than that of the hydroxyl radical (1-7%). The pseudo first order rate constants for the photodegradation of terbutaline increase with increasing pH, which indicates that pH mainly affects the reaction rate of the singlet oxygen with the phenolic part of the terbutaline. The Quinone was identified as the main photosensitized product through LC-MS/MS analysis. It is also proposed that the degradation pathway of terbutaline involves reaction between the phenolic part of terbutaline and singlet oxygen. This finding strongly suggests that singlet oxygen was important factor for the photodegradation of terbutaline in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Liu X, Zhang T, Zhou Y, Fang L, Shao Y. Degradation of atenolol by UV/peroxymonosulfate: kinetics, effect of operational parameters and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2717-2724. [PMID: 24083900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoactivation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with UV (254nm) irradiation was used to generate the SO4(-)-based advanced oxidation process, which was adopted to degrade atenolol (ATL) in water. The second-order reaction rate constants of ATL with HO and SO4(-) were determined, and the effects of operational parameters (dose of PMS, solution pH, HCO3(-), humic acids (HA), and N2 bubbling) were evaluated as well. Finally the main transformation intermediates were identified and possible degradation pathways were proposed. The results showed that there was a linear positive correlation between the degradation rate of ATL and specific dose of PMS (1-16M PMS/M ATL). Increasing solution pH from 3 to 9 promoted elimination of ATL due to the pH-dependent effect of PMS photodecomposition, while further pH increase from 9 to 11 caused slowing down of degradation because of apparent conversion of HO to SO4(-). 1-8mM HCO3(-) exerted no more than 5.3% inhibition effect on ATL destruction, suggesting HCO3(-) was a weak inhibitor. Absorption (or complexation) and photosensitized oxidation induced by HA improved ATL degradation during the first minute of degradation process, whereas photon competition and radical scavenging effects became the leading role afterward. Bubbling with nitrogen enhanced the degradation rate due to the stripping of dissolved oxygen. Hydroxylation of aromatic ring, cleavage of ether bond, oxidation of primary and secondary amine moieties, and dimerization were involved in the degradation mechanism of ATL by UV/PMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Liu
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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26
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Morais SA, Delerue-Matos C, Gabarrell X, Blánquez P. Multimedia fate modeling and comparative impact on freshwater ecosystems of pharmaceuticals from biosolids-amended soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:252-62. [PMID: 23746366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study modeled the impact on freshwater ecosystems of pharmaceuticals detected in biosolids following application on agricultural soils. The detected sulfonamides and hydrochlorothiazide displayed comparatively moderate retention in solid matrices and, therefore, higher transfer fractions from biosolids to the freshwater compartment. However, the residence times of these pharmaceuticals in freshwater were estimated to be short due to abiotic degradation processes. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory mefenamic acid had the highest environmental impact on aquatic ecosystems and warrants further investigation. The estimation of the solid-water partitioning coefficient was generally the most influential parameter of the probabilistic comparative impact assessment. These results and the modeling approach used in this study serve to prioritize pharmaceuticals in the research effort to assess the risks and the environmental impacts on aquatic biota of these emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Alberto Morais
- SosteniPrA (UAB-IRTA-Inèdit), Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Moctezuma E, Leyva E, López M, Pinedo A, Zermeño B, Serrano B. Photocatalytic Degradation of Metoprolol Tartrate. Top Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-013-0119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Chen Y, Liang Q, Zhou D, Wang Z, Tao T, Zuo Y. Photodegradation kinetics, products and mechanism of timolol under simulated sunlight. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 252-253:220-226. [PMID: 23523913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of β-blocker timolol in fulvic acid (FA) solution was investigated under simulated sunlight. The triplet excited state of FA ((3)FA(*)) and singlet oxygen ((1)O2) were the main reactive species responsible for the degradation of timolol in the aerated FA solutions. Both dissolved oxygen and iodide ions (I(-)) are the efficient quenchers of (3)FA(*). The photodegradation was drastically accelerated after removing the dissolved oxygen. The presence of I(-) inhibited the photosensitized degradation of timolol in the deoxygenated FA solutions, whereas the role of I(-) in the reaction was concentration-dependent in the aerated solutions. The other halide ions such as chloride (Cl(-)) and bromide (Br(-)) exhibited less effect on the photodegradation of timolol in both aerated and deoxygenated solutions. By LC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS analysis, the photoproducts of timolol in both aerated and deoxygenated FA solutions were identified. Electron transfer interaction occurred between (3)FA(*) and amine moiety of timolol, leading to the cleavage of C-O bond in the side chain and oxidation of the hexatomic ring. These findings suggest the photosensitized degradation was a significant pathway for the elimination of timolol in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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29
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Ribeiro AR, Afonso CM, Castro PML, Tiritan ME. Enantioselective biodegradation of pharmaceuticals, alprenolol and propranolol, by an activated sludge inoculum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 87:108-14. [PMID: 23131609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of chiral pharmaceuticals in the environment can be enantioselective. Thus quantification of enantiomeric fractions during the biodegradation process is crucial for assessing the fate of chiral pollutants. This work presents the biodegradation of alprenolol and propranolol using an activated sludge inoculum, monitored by a validated enantioselective HPLC method with fluorescence detection. The enantioseparation was optimized using a vancomycin-based chiral stationary phase under polar ionic mode. The method was validated using a minimal salts medium inoculated with activated sludge as matrix. The method was selective and linear in the range of 10-800 ng/ml, with a R²>0.99. The accuracy ranged from 85.0 percent to 103 percent, the recovery ranged from 79.9 percent to 103 percent, and the precision measured by the relative standard deviation (RSD) was <7.18 percent for intra-batch and <5.39 percent for inter-batch assays. The limits of quantification and detection for all enantiomers were 10 ng/ml and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. The method was successfully applied to follow the biodegradation of the target pharmaceuticals using an activated sludge inoculum during a fifteen days assay. The results indicated slightly higher biodegradation rates for the S-enantiomeric forms of both beta-blockers. The presence of another carbon source maintained the enantioselective degradation pattern while enhancing biodegradation extent up to fourteen percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde do Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde-Norte-CICS-ISCS-N, CESPU, R. Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Paredes, Portugal
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30
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Bartram AE, Winter MJ, Huggett DB, McCormack P, Constantine LA, Hetheridge MJ, Hutchinson TH, Kinter LB, Ericson JF, Sumpter JP, Owen SF. In vivo and in vitro liver and gill EROD activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to the beta-blocker propranolol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:573-582. [PMID: 21384489 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The conservation of common physiological systems across vertebrate classes suggests the potential for certain pharmaceuticals, which have been detected in surface waters, to produce biological effects in nontarget vertebrates such as fish. However, previous studies assessing the effects of such compounds in fish have not taken into account the potential for metabolism and elimination. This study aimed to assess if propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist or β-blocker, could modulate EROD activity (indicative of CYP1A activity) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gills and liver. For this, an in vivo time course exposure with 1 mg/L was conducted. Additionally, using measured in vivo plasma concentrations, an in vitro exposure at human therapeutic levels was undertaken. This allowed comparison of in vitro and in vivo rates of EROD activity, thus investigating the applicability of cell preparations as surrogates for whole animal enzyme activity analysis. In vitro exposure of suspended liver and gill cells at concentrations similar to in vivo levels resulted in EROD activity in both tissues, but with significantly higher rates (up to six times in vivo levels). These results show that propranolol exposure elevated EROD activity in the liver and gill of rainbow trout, and that this is demonstrable both in vivo (albeit nonsignificantly in the liver) and in vitro, thus supporting the use of the latter as a surrogate of the former. These data also provide an insight into the potential role of the gill as a site of metabolism of pharmaceuticals in trout, suggesting that propranolol (and feasibly other pharmaceuticals) may undergo "first pass" metabolism in this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Bartram
- AstraZeneca, Safety Health and Environment, Brixham Environmental Laboratory, Freshwater Quarry, Brixham, Devon, TQ5 8BA, UK
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31
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Wang L, Xu H, Cooper WJ, Song W. Photochemical fate of beta-blockers in NOM enriched waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 426:289-295. [PMID: 22503673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Beta-blockers, prescribed for the treatment of high blood pressure and for long-term use after a heart attack, have been detected in surface and ground waters. This study examines the photochemical fate of three beta-blockers, atenolol, metoprolol, and nadolol. Hydrolysis accounted for minor losses of these beta-blockers in the pH range 4-10. The rate of direct photolysis at pH 7 in a solar simulator varied from 6.1 to 8.9h(-1) at pH 7. However, the addition of a natural organic matter (NOM) isolate enhanced the photochemical loss of all three compounds. Indirect photochemical fate, generally described by reactions with hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet oxygen ((1)ΔO(2)), and, the direct reaction with the triplet excited state, (3)NOM(⁎), also varied but collectively appeared to be the major loss factor. Bimolecular reaction rate constants of the three beta-blockers with (1)ΔO(2) and OH were measured and accounted for 0.02-0.04% and 7.2-38.9% of their loss, respectively. These data suggest that the (3)NOM(⁎) contributed 50.6-85.4%. Experiments with various (3)NOM(⁎) quenchers supported the hypothesis that it was singly the most important reaction. Atenolol was chosen for more detailed investigation, with the photoproducts identified by LC-MS analysis. The results suggested that electron-transfer could be an important mechanism in photochemical fate of beta-blockers in the presence of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Urban Water Research Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2175, USA
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32
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Active components of frequently used β-blockers from the aspect of computational study. J Mol Model 2012; 18:4491-501. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Environmental Fate of Chiral Pharmaceuticals: Determination, Degradation and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2439-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abramović B, Kler S, Sojić D, Laušević M, Radović T, Vione D. Photocatalytic degradation of metoprolol tartrate in suspensions of two TiO2-based photocatalysts with different surface area. Identification of intermediates and proposal of degradation pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 198:123-32. [PMID: 22035693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of metoprolol tartrate (MET), a widely used β(1)-blocker, in TiO(2) suspensions of Wackherr's "Oxyde de titane standard" and Degussa P25. The study encompasses transformation kinetics and efficiency, identification of intermediates and reaction pathways. In the investigated range of initial concentrations (0.01-0.1 mM), the photocatalytic degradation of MET in the first stage of the reaction followed approximately a pseudo-first order kinetics. The TiO(2) Wackherr induced a significantly faster MET degradation compared to TiO(2) Degussa P25 when relatively high substrate concentrations were used. By examining the effect of ethanol as a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals (OH), it was shown that the reaction with OH played the main role in the photocatalytic degradation of MET. After 240 min of irradiation the reaction intermediates were almost completely mineralized to CO(2) and H(2)O, while the nitrogen was predominantly present as NH(4)(+). Reaction intermediates were studied in detail and a number of them were identified using LC-MS/MS (ESI+), which allowed the proposal of a tentative pathway for the photocatalytic transformation of MET as a function of the TiO(2) specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Abramović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Fatta-Kassinos D, Vasquez MI, Kümmerer K. Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and wastewater formed during photolysis and advanced oxidation processes - degradation, elucidation of byproducts and assessment of their biological potency. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:693-709. [PMID: 21835425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of transformation products of pharmaceuticals resulting from the parent compounds during natural and technical photolytic processes and advanced oxidation processes has only recently started to attract the interest of the scientific community. Even though relevant studies have now started to produce important knowledge, still many gaps exist that hinder the in-depth and broad understanding of the extent of the potential problems stemming from the presence of such compounds in the environment and the applicability of such techniques for wastewater and potable water treatment. The great diversity of pharmaceutical compounds, the variety of processes and conditions applied by the various research groups active in the field, and the endless list of potential biological endpoints that could potentially be explored, coupled with the limitations related to the analytical capabilities presently available, are some of the crucial parameters that characterize this challenging research direction. This review paper tries to highlight some of the most relevant studies performed so far and to summarize the parameters that prevent scientists from reaching comprehensive conclusions in relation to the formation, fate, and effects of transformation products of pharmaceutical compounds during photo-driven and advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fatta-Kassinos
- Gaia - Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Sur B, Rolle M, Minero C, Maurino V, Vione D, Brigante M, Mailhot G. Formation of hydroxyl radicals by irradiated 1-nitronaphthalene (1NN): oxidation of hydroxyl ions and water by the 1NN triplet state. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1817-24. [PMID: 21922113 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The excited triplet state of 1-nitronaphthalene ((3)1NN*) reacts with OH(-) with a second-order reaction rate constant of (1.66 ± 0.08)×10(7) M(-1) s(-1) (μ±σ). The reaction yields the ˙OH radical and the radical anion 1NN(-)˙. In aerated solution, the radical 1NN(-)˙ would react with O(2) to finally produce H(2)O(2) upon hydroperoxide/superoxide disproportionation. The photolysis of H(2)O(2) is another potential source of ˙OH, but such a pathway would be a minor one in circumneutral (pH 6.5) or in basic solution ([OH(-)] = 0.3-0.5 M). The oxidation of H(2)O by (3)1NN*, with rate constant 3.8 ± 0.3 M(-1) s(-1), could be the main ˙OH source at pH 6.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Sur
- Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino, Italy
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Rivas FJ, Gimeno O, Borralho T, Carbajo M. UV-C radiation based methods for aqueous metoprolol elimination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 179:357-362. [PMID: 20347220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine disruptor metoprolol has been oxidised in aqueous solution by means of the systems UV-C, UV-C/H(2)O(2), UV-C/percarbonate, UV-C/monopersulfate, UV-C/TiO(2), UV-C/H(2)O(2)/TiO(2) and photo-Fenton. From simple photolysis experiments the quantum yield of metoprolol has been calculated (roughly 5x10(-3) mol Einstein(-1) at circumneutral pH). Addition of free radicals promoters significantly enhanced the metoprolol depletion rate. Mineralization degree was negligible when no promoter was added, while low values were achieved in the presence of either inorganic peroxides or titanium dioxide. The combination of radiation, hydrogen peroxide and TiO(2) increased the mineralization level up to values in the proximity of 45-50% under the best conditions investigated. The photo-Fenton process was the best system in terms of total oxidation (mineralization degree 70%) when optimum conditions were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Rivas
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Jose Luis Sotelo, Avenida de Elvas S/N, 06071 Badajoz, Spain.
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38
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Maddigapu PR, Bedini A, Minero C, Maurino V, Vione D, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Sarakha M. The pH-dependent photochemistry of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:323-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00103d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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