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Linge KL, Gruchlik Y, Busetti F, Ryan U, Joll CA. Use of micropollutant indicator ratios to characterize wastewater treatment plant efficiency and to identify wastewater impact on groundwater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120822. [PMID: 38599088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Contamination by wastewater has been traditionally assessed by measuring faecal coliforms, such as E. coli and entereococci. However, using micropollutants to track wastewater input is gaining interest. In this study, we identified nine micropollutant indicators that could be used to characterize water quality and wastewater treatment efficiency in pond-based wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of varying configuration. Of 232 micropollutants tested, nine micropollutants were detected in treated wastewater at concentrations and frequencies suitable to be considered as indicators for treated wastewater. The nine indicators were then classified as stable (carbamazepine, sucralose, benzotriazole, 4+5-methylbenzotriazole), labile (atorvastatin, naproxen, galaxolide) or intermediate/uncertain (gemfibrozil, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate isomers) based on observed removals in the pond-based WWTPs and correlations between micropollutant and dissolved organic carbon removal. The utility of the selected indicators was evaluated by assessing the wastewater quality in different stages of wastewater treatment in three pond-based WWTPs, as well as selected groundwater bores near one WWTP, where treated wastewater was used to irrigate a nearby golf course. Ratios of labile to stable indicators provided insight into the treatment efficiency of different facultative and maturation ponds and highlighted the seasonal variability in treatment efficiency for some pond-based WWTPs. Additionally, indicator ratios of labile to stable indicators identified potential unintended release of untreated wastewater to groundwater, even with the presence of micropollutants in other groundwater bores related to approved reuse of treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Perth, Australia.
| | - Yolanta Gruchlik
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
| | - Francesco Busetti
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, PO Box 1250, Perth, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Perth, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Australia
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Qiao S, Huang W, Kuzma D, Kormendi A. Acesulfame and other artificial sweeteners in a wastewater treatment plant in Alberta, Canada: Occurrence, degradation, and emission. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141893. [PMID: 38582168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Acesulfame (ACE), sucralose (SUC), cyclamate (CYC), and saccharin (SAC) are widely used artificial sweeteners that undergo negligible metabolism in the human body, and thus ubiquitously exist in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Due to their persistence in WWTPs, ACE and SUC are found in natural waters globally. Wastewater samples were collected from the primary influent, primary effluent, secondary effluent, and final effluent of a WWTP in Alberta, Canada between August 2022 and February 2023, and the artificial sweeteners concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS. Using wastewater-based epidemiology, the daily per capita consumption of ACE in the studied wastewater treatment plant catchment was estimated to be the highest in the world. Similar to other studies, the removal efficiency in WWTP was high for SAC and CYC, but low or even negative for SUC. However, ACE removal remained surprisingly high (>96%), even in the cold Canadian winter months. This result may indicate a further adaptation of microorganisms capable of biodegrading ACE in WWTP. The estimated per capita discharge into the environment of ACE, CYC, and SAC is low in Alberta due to the prevalent utilization of secondary treatment throughout the province, but is 17.4-18.8 times higher in Canada, since only 70.3% of total discharged wastewater in Canada undergoes secondary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Qiao
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Wendy Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Darina Kuzma
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, 3131 210 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta, T0L 0X0, Canada
| | - Aleshia Kormendi
- Advancing Canadian Water Assets, University of Calgary, 3131 210 Ave SE, Calgary, Alberta, T0L 0X0, Canada
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Colín-García K, Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM, García-Medina S. Influence of sucralose, acesulfame-k, and their mixture on brain's fish: A study of behavior, oxidative damage, and acetylcholinesterase activity in Daniorerio. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139928. [PMID: 37625490 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose (SUC) and acesulfame-k (ACE-K) are widely used artificial sweeteners worldwide; however, they are frequently detected in aquatic environments due to their low metabolism and inadequate removal during wastewater treatment. The harmful effects of these compounds on hydrobionts have yet to be fully understood, as data on their toxicity is limited and inconclusive. This research aimed to determine the impact of SUC (50, 75, 125 μg/L) and ACE-K (50, 75, 125 μg/L), individually and in combination, on fish's swimming behavior, acetylcholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress response after four months of exposure. Following exposure, adult Danio rerio displayed anxiety-like behavior, as evidenced by increased freezing time and decreased swimming activity. Additionally, analysis of fish brain tissue revealed a disruption of REDOX homeostasis, leading to oxidative stress, which may be responsible for the observed inhibition of AChE activity. The results indicated that ACE-K was more toxic than SUC, and the mixture of both compounds produced a more detrimental effect than when each compound was administered alone. These findings highlight the hazardous impacts of SUC and ACE-K on fish in environmentally relevant concentrations, suggesting that these compounds should be added to the priority pollutant list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Colín-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Paseo Colón Intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu S/n y Cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, CP, 07700, Mexico
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Ondruch P, Schluesener MP, Dierkes G, Jewell K, Kirchgeorg T, Hasenbein S, Ternes TA, Wick A. Occurrence and distribution of emerging micropollutants in the central part of the German Bight. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 195:115427. [PMID: 37659386 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MPs) are transported via rivers from industrial and urban areas to the German Bight (G.B.). In contrast to the mounting rivers less information is available on the occurrence of MPs and their transformation products (TPs) in the marine environment of the G.B. In this study 83 compounds, including 26 metabolites of pharmaceuticals and environmental TPs were measured in water at 46 sampling sites in estuaries of Ems, Weser, Elbe, and the G.B. 36 MPs were even detected in the open sea areas (salinity > 34 psu) at 0.07-5.1 ng/L and to the best of our knowledge 10 MPs were detected in the marine environment for the first time. Concentrations of 8 MPs exceeded PNEC values suggesting a potential risk for sea life. Spatial distribution and relation of MPs with salinity allowed identifying emission paths for certain compounds and revealed the emissions from the River Elbe and Rhine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ondruch
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Georg Dierkes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Kevin Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Torben Kirchgeorg
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Hasenbein
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Department of Marine Science, Wüstland 2, DE-22589 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
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Kochmann J, Laier M, Klimpel S, Wick A, Kunkel U, Oehlmann J, Jourdan J. Infection with acanthocephalans increases tolerance of Gammarus roeselii (Crustacea: Amphipoda) to pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55582-55595. [PMID: 36897452 PMCID: PMC10121498 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crustacean amphipods serve as intermediate hosts for parasites and are at the same time sensitive indicators of environmental pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The extent to which interaction with the parasite influences their persistence in polluted ecosystems is poorly understood. Here, we compared infections of Gammarus roeselii with two species of Acanthocephala, Pomphorhynchus laevis, and Polymorphus minutus, along a pollution gradient in the Rhine-Main metropolitan region of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Prevalence of P. laevis was very low at the unpolluted upstream reaches (P ≤ 3%), while higher prevalence (P ≤ 73%) and intensities of up to 9 individuals were found further downstream-close to an effluent of a large wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Co-infections of P. minutus and P. laevis occurred in 11 individuals. Highest prevalence of P. minutus was P ≤ 9% and one parasite per amphipod host was the maximum intensity recorded. In order to assess whether the infection affects survival in the polluted habitats, we tested the sensitivity of infected and uninfected amphipods towards the pyrethroide insecticide deltamethrin. We found an infection-dependent difference in sensitivity within the first 72 h, with an effect concentration (24 h EC50) of 49.8 ng/l and 26.6 ng/l for infected and uninfected G. roeselii, respectively. Whereas final host abundance might partially explain the high prevalence of P. laevis in G. roeselii, the results of the acute toxicity test suggest a beneficial effect of acanthocephalan infection for G. roeselii at polluted sites. A strong accumulation of pollutants in the parasite could serve as a sink for pesticide exposure of the host. Due to the lack of a co-evolutionary history between parasite and host and a lack of behavioral manipulation (unlike in co-evolved gammarids), the predation risk by fish remains the same, explaining high local prevalence. Thus, our study exemplifies how organismic interaction can favor the persistence of a species under chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Kochmann
- Department of Integrative Parasitology and Zoophysiology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Laier
- Department of Integrative Parasitology and Zoophysiology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Department of Integrative Parasitology and Zoophysiology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
- Present Address: Bavarian Environment Agency, Specific Analysis for Environmental Monitoring, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, D-86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Yu X, Yu F, Li Z, Shi T, Xia Z, Li G. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment of artificial sweeteners in surface and ground waters of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (Henan section, China). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:52609-52623. [PMID: 36840868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a new class of water contaminants, artificial sweeteners (ASs) have attracted much attention due to their environmental persistence and potential adverse effects to human and the environment. This study systematically investigated the occurrence and distribution of four commonly used ASs in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), surface water and groundwater in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River (Henan section). Sucralose (SUC) was dominant in WWTP effluents and had the highest mass loading. Acesulfame (ACE), cyclamate (CYC), saccharin (SAC), and SUC were consistently detected in surface water at concentrations ranging from 1.364 ng/L (CYC) to 7786 ng/L (ACE). Spatial analysis showed that the pollution level of ASs in the trunk stream was lower than that in most tributaries. The total concentrations of ASs detected in surface water ranged between 308.7 and 10,498 ng/L, while in groundwater, the total concentration of ASs detected was between ND-4863 ng/L. ACE and SUC are the main pollutants in surface water and groundwater within this survey area. The risk assessment showed that the risks of the four target ASs to aquatic organisms were negligible (risk quotient (RQ) values < 0.1), and the maximum risk quotient of the mixtures (MRQ) values of all rivers were all much less than 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Yu
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Furong Yu
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Resources Conservation and Restoration in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Resources Conservation and Restoration in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient Utilization of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China.
| | - Tongyang Shi
- College of Geosciences and Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, China
| | - Zhiguo Xia
- School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, Liaoning, China
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Marazuela MA, Formentin G, Erlmeier K, Hofmann T. Seasonal biodegradation of the artificial sweetener acesulfame enhances its use as a transient wastewater tracer. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 232:119670. [PMID: 36731204 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of the artificial sweetener acesulfame potassium (ACE) during wastewater treatment and subsequently in the aquatic environment has made it a widely used tracer of wastewater inputs to both surface water and groundwater. However, the recently observed biodegradation of ACE during wastewater treatment has questioned the validity of this application. In this study, we assessed the use of ACE not only as a marker of wastewater, but also as a transient wastewater tracer that allows both the calculation of mixing ratios and travel times through the aquifer as well as the calibration of transient groundwater flow and mass transport models. Our analysis was based on data obtained in a nearly 8-year river water and groundwater sampling campaign along a confirmed wastewater-receiving riverbank filtration site located close to a drinking water supply system. We provide evidence that temperature controls ACE concentration and thus its seasonal oscillation. River water data showed that ACE loads decreased from 1.5-4 mg·s-1 in the cold season (December to June; T<10 °C) to 0-0.5 mg·s-1 in the warm season (July to November; T>10 °C). This seasonal variability of >600% was detectable in the aquifer and preserved >3 km, with ACE concentrations oscillating between <LOQ in the warm season up to 1 μg·L-1 in the cold season. The large seasonal variation in ACE concentrations during wastewater treatment, compared to the other sweeteners (sucralose, cyclamate, and saccharin) and chloride enables its use as a transient tracer of wastewater inflows and riverbank filtration. In addition, the arrival time of the ACE concentration peak can be used to estimate groundwater flow velocity and mixing ratios, thereby demonstrating its potential in the calibration of groundwater numerical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Marazuela
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 UZAII, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Giovanni Formentin
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 UZAII, Vienna 1090, Austria; HPC Italia Srl, via Francesco Ferrucci 17/A, Milano 20145, Italy
| | - Klaus Erlmeier
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 UZAII, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 UZAII, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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Singh R, Singh M. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for highly selective and sensitive determination of artificial sweetener Acesulfame-K. TALANTA OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2023.100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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Shen G, Lei S, Li H, Yu Q, Wu G, Shi Y, Xu K, Ren H, Geng J. Occurrence and removal of four artificial sweeteners in wastewater treatment plants of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:75-84. [PMID: 36476784 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners discharged into aquatic environments have raised concern because of their ubiquitous occurrence and potential biological effect. And some of them, such as sucralose (SUC) and acesulfame (ACE), have been identified as emerging contaminants. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are considered as important sources and sinks of artificial sweeteners discharged into the environment. In this study, the occurrence and removal of four representative artificial sweeteners in 12 WWTPs located in different provinces of China were investigated. The results showed that artificial sweeteners were detected widely in the investigated WWTPs. The median concentrations of the four target artificial sweeteners were detected in influents at levels of 0.03-3.85 μg L-1 and decreased in the order of SUC > ACE > aspartame (APM) > neotame (NTM). Additionally, the per capita mass loads of total artificial sweeteners in the WWTPs could be affected by the location of the WWTPs and were higher in southern cities than in northern cities. It was also found that there was a distinct linear correlation between the per capita mass load of ACE in influents and population density. During the treatment of WWTPs, the overall removal efficiency of artificial sweeteners ranged from -116% to 99.1%. Among the target artificial sweeteners, SUC and ACE might have potential risk to aquatic environments based on the calculation of the risk quotient. Thus, advanced treatment processes were carried to further remove SUC and ACE to reduce their long-term cumulative effect. Overall, UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS showed a better effect than granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption in the removal of artificial sweeteners. The reaction constants of ACE by UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS were higher than those of SUC, which is related to molar extinction coefficients. Meanwhile, the adsorption ability of GAC adsorption for SUC was better than that of ACE, which is in correlation with the octanol-water partition coefficient. By comparison of removal efficiency, UV/PDS was considered as the most suitable advanced treatment process to remove ACE and SUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Shaoting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hongzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Qingmiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yufei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Manivannan B, Nallathambi G, Devasena T. Alternative methods of monitoring emerging contaminants in water: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2009-2031. [PMID: 36128976 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00237j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the release of emerging contaminants (ECs) in aquatic bodies, and these ECs may have adverse effects on humans even at their trace (μg L-1) levels. Their occurrence in wastewater systems is more common, and the current wastewater treatment facilities are inefficient in eliminating many of such persistent ECs. "Gold standard" techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and other high-resolution mass spectrometers are used for the quantification of ECs of various kinds, but they all have significant limitations. This paper reviews the alternative methods for EC detection, which include voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based electrochemical methods, colorimetry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence probes, and fluorescence spectroscopy-based optical techniques. These alternative techniques have several advantages over conventional techniques, including low sample volume, excludes solid phase extraction procedure, high sensitivity, selectivity, portability, reproducibility, rapidity, low cost, and the ability to monitor ECs in real time. This review summarises each of the alternative methods for detecting ECs in water samples and their respective limits of detection (LODs). The sensitivity of each technique varied depending on the type of EC measured, type of electrochemical probe and electrode, substrates, type of nanoparticle (NP), the physicochemical parameters of water samples tested, and more. Nevertheless, this paper also focuses on some of the current challenges encountered by these alternative methods in monitoring ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gobi Nallathambi
- Department of Textile Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis NA, Nika MC, Oswaldova M, Oswald P, Kostakis M, Koupa A, Thomaidis NS, Slobodnik J. Screening of legacy and emerging substances in surface water, sediment, biota and groundwater samples collected in the Siverskyi Donets River Basin employing wide-scope target and suspect screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150253. [PMID: 34818787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Siverskyi Donets is the fourth longest river in Ukraine and its ecosystem is heavily affected by numerous agricultural and industrial activities. An impact of the on-going armed military conflicts in the Eastern Ukraine to the overall pollution by the chemicals has been studied. Considering the uncontrolled activities in the catchment due to the conflict, there is a high demand to assess the contamination status of the Siverskyi Donets basin. In this study, the occurrence of the EU Water Framework Directive priority substances, selected physicochemical parameters and wide-range emerging contaminants were investigated in surface water, groundwater, biota and river sediments samples from 13 sampling sites in the river basin. The study included metals, inorganic, non-polar and polar organic contaminants. The wide-scope target screening of 2316 substances and suspect screening of 2219 substances revealed occurrence of 83 compounds in the studied samples. A few industrial chemicals such as plasticizers bisphenol A and DEHP, as well as flame retardant brominated diphenylethers were found to be potentially hazardous to the ecosystem, exceeding the established legacy environmental quality standards (EQS) or the provisional no-effect concentration (PNEC) values. River sediment samples contained traces of long-term banned chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and degradation products of DDT (p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE). A simplified risk assessment based on comparison of measured concentration of the detected compounds against their (eco)toxicity threshold values from the NORMAN Ecotoxicology Database has been performed to aid their prioritization in future monitoring and, eventually, establishing the list of Siverskyi Donets River Basin Specific Pollutants. A comparison with the recent similar studies in the Dniester and Dnieper river basins in Ukraine has shown that the overall pollution by chemicals in the Siverskyi Donets basin is significantly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Peter Oswald
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Marios Kostakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Koupa
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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12
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Sérodes JB, Behmel S, Simard S, Laflamme O, Grondin A, Beaulieu C, Proulx F, Rodriguez MJ. Tracking domestic wastewater and road de-icing salt in a municipal drinking water reservoir: Acesulfame and chloride as co-tracers. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117493. [PMID: 34365194 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing strategies to identify the origins of contaminants in watersheds is crucial for source water protection. The use of multiple tracers improves the ability to identify contamination events originating from various land use activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of acesulfame and chloride as co-tracers to represent the impact of pollution originating from wastewater and road de-icing on water quality in a municipal drinking water source. The study included a two-year sampling and water quality analysis program in numerous locations within a drinking water reservoir comprising a lake (upstream) and a river (downstream) which supply raw water to a municipal water treatment plant. Results showed that the spatial variability of acesulfame and chloride within the watershed of the lake-river systems depends on the location of contaminant sources, mainly municipal wastewater and septic tank discharges (for acesulfame) and the presence of small tributaries of the lake and river (for chloride). Temporal variability of the tracers under study differed according to the sampling location and was mainly affected by seasonal conditions. Correlation analyses between the two tracers in lake and river waters (in terms of concentrations and loads) made it possible to pinpoint the probable origins of contamination. The assessment of the spatio-temporal variability of these co-tracers within the lake-river watersheds allowed for the delineation of priority intervention zones as a decision-making tool for municipal authorities in improving drinking water source protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-B Sérodes
- École Supérieure d'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | | | - Sabrina Simard
- École Supérieure d'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Olivier Laflamme
- École Supérieure d'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Antoine Grondin
- École Supérieure d'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Christine Beaulieu
- Ville de Québec, Division de la Qualité de l'eau et du Soutien Technique, 214, avenue Saint-Sacrement, Québec, (QC) G1N 3X6, Canada.
| | - François Proulx
- École Supérieure d'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1V 0A6, Canada; Ville de Québec, Division de la Qualité de l'eau et du Soutien Technique, 214, avenue Saint-Sacrement, Québec, (QC) G1N 3X6, Canada.
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École Supérieure d'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard, Bureau 1616, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, Université Laval, Québec (QC) G1V 0A6, Canada.
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13
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Nickel JP, Sacher F, Fuchs S. Up-to-date monitoring data of wastewater and stormwater quality in Germany. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117452. [PMID: 34358910 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive dataset of pollutant concentrations in German urban wastewater systems is available from recently completed monitoring projects. It contains up to 1000 concentration values for each of 79 substances in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents from 49 sites, and up to 157 values for each of 95 substances in combined sewer overflows (CSOs) from 12 sites. WWTP influents and stormwater outfalls were sampled to a lesser extent. All sampling methods were harmonised and aimed at collecting event or multi-day composite samples over periods of ≥1 year. Among the substances analysed were biocides and pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated alkyl substances, metals, pharmaceuticals, benzotriazoles, phenols, acesulfame, di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and hexabromocyclododecanes. Occurrence, concentration ranges, and removal rates of selected WWTPs are presented. CSOs can be confirmed as an important pathway of metals and PAH to receiving waters when compared to WWTPs on the basis of annual per capita loads. The derived volume-weighted site mean concentrations are qualified to be used as representative input data for estimation of average substance emissions in large areas, e.g. on river basin scale, if no site-specific data are available. As such, they will contribute to the development of strategies to reduce substance emissions, taking into account not only WWTPs but also stormwater-related discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Nickel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Frank Sacher
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
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14
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Huang Y, Deng Y, Law JCF, Yang Y, Ding J, Leung KSY, Zhang T. Acesulfame aerobic biodegradation by enriched consortia and Chelatococcus spp.: Kinetics, transformation products, and genomic characterization. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 202:117454. [PMID: 34332189 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The artificial sweetener Acesulfame (ACE) has been frequently detected in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and is regarded as an emerging pollutant due to its low biodegradability. However, recent observations of ACE biodegradation in WWTPs have stimulated interest in the ACE-degrading bacteria and mineralization pathways. In this study, next-generation sequencing methods, Illumina and Nanopore sequencing, were combined to explore the ACE-degrading communities enriched from the activated sludge of six municipal wastewater treatment plants. Metagenomic investigations indicated that all enrichments were similarly dominated by the phyla Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes. Notably, at the species level, four metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were shared by six enriched communities with considerable abundances, indicating that they may be responsible for ACE biodegradation in the enrichments. Besides, two ACE-degrading pure strains, affiliated to the genus Chelatococcus, were isolated from the enrichment. The genomic analysis showed that these two isolates were the new species that were genetically distinct from their relatives. Two type strains, Chelatococcus asaccharovorans DSM 6462 and Chelatococcus composti DSM 101465, could not degrade ACE, implying that the ACE-degrading capability was not shared among the different species in the genus Chelatococcus. The results of the degradation experiment showed that the two isolates could use ACE as the sole carbon source and mineralize ~90% of the total organic carbon. Three biotransformation products (TP96, TP180B, and TP182B) were demonstrated by UPLC-QTOF-MS. The results of this study provide valuable insights into ACE biodegradation and its biotransformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Environmental Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Sengar A, Vijayanandan A. Comprehensive review on iodinated X-ray contrast media: Complete fate, occurrence, and formation of disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144846. [PMID: 33736235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are drugs which are used in medical examinations for organ imaging purposes. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have shown incapability to remove ICM, and as a consequence, ICM and their transformation products (TPs) have been detected in environmental waters. ICM show limited biotransformation and low sorption potential. ICM can act as iodine source and can react with commonly used disinfectants such as chlorine in presence of organic matter to yield iodinated disinfection byproducts (IDBPs) which are more cytotoxic and genotoxic than conventionally known disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Even highly efficient advanced treatment systems have failed to completely mineralize ICM, and TPs that are more toxic than parent ICM are produced. This raises issues regarding the efficacy of existing treatment technologies and serious concern over disinfection of ICM containing waters. Realizing this, the current review aims to capture the attention of scientific community on areas of less focus. The review features in depth knowledge regarding complete environmental fate of ICM along with their existing treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sengar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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16
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Naik AQ, Zafar T, Shrivastava VK. Environmental Impact of the Presence, Distribution, and Use of Artificial Sweeteners as Emerging Sources of Pollution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 2021:6624569. [PMID: 33936216 PMCID: PMC8060115 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6624569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are posing a new threat to the environment. The water ecosystem is the primary recipient of these emerging contaminants. Once ingested, sufficient amount of these artificial sweeteners escape unchanged from the human body and are added to the environment. However, some are added in the form of their breakdown products through excretion. Artificial sweeteners are resistant to wastewater treatment processes and are therefore continuously introduced into the water environments. However, the environmental behavior, fate, and long-term ecotoxicological contributions of artificial sweeteners in our water resources still remain largely unknown. Some artificial sweeteners like saccharin are used as a food additive in animal feeds. It also forms the degradation product of the sulfonylurea herbicides. All artificial sweeteners enter into the wastewater treatment plants from the industries and households. From the effluents, they finally reside into the receiving environmental bodies including wastewaters, groundwaters, and surface waters. The global production of these sweeteners is several hundred tons annually and is continuously being added into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Qayoom Naik
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, MP, India
| | - Tabassum Zafar
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, MP, India
| | - Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462026, MP, India
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17
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Development of ion-selective electrodes for antipyrine and its derivatives as potential tool for environmental water monitoring. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Li D, O'Brien JW, Tscharke BJ, Choi PM, Zheng Q, Ahmed F, Thompson J, Li J, Mueller JF, Sun H, Thomas KV. National wastewater reconnaissance of artificial sweetener consumption and emission in Australia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105963. [PMID: 32688159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are used as sugar substitutes in our daily lives yet consumption and release patterns are currently unknown in Australia. The spatial distribution of artificial sweetener consumption and WWTP effluent emission in Australia was estimated by wastewater analysis. Wastewater influent and effluent samples were collected from 69 WWTPs across Australia during the week of the 2016 Australian census. Mean population-weighted per capita loads for individual artificial sweeteners (cyclamate, aspartame, acesulfame, sucralose, saccharin) ranged from 0.12 ± 0.14 mg d-1p-1 for aspartame to 6.9 ± 2.8 mg d-1p-1 for acesulfame with 1004 kg of these artificial sweeteners being consumed daily in Australia. Significant removal of aspartame (100%), cyclamate (92 ± 18%) and saccharin (88 ± 21%) was observed during wastewater treatment. The average per capita release to the environment for individual artificial sweeteners (cyclamate, acesulfame, sucralose, saccharin) ranged from 230 ± 780 mg d-1 1000p-1 (cyclamate) to 3800 ± 1400 mg d-1 1000p-1 (sucralose). The daily release of artificial sweeteners from Australian WWTPs was estimated to be 142 kg suggesting that 14% of the artificial sweeteners consumed in Australia are released into the environment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first wastewater study to estimate the occurrence and population-normalized artificial sweetener consumption and emission in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jiaying Li
- Advanced Water Management Centre (AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, 4102 Queensland, Australia.
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19
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Van Stempvoort DR, Brown SJ, Spoelstra J, Garda D, Robertson WD, Smyth SA. Variable persistence of artificial sweeteners during wastewater treatment: Implications for future use as tracers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116124. [PMID: 32755735 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For more than a decade the artificial sweeteners acesulfame (ACE) and sucralose (SUC) have been applied as tracers of the input of wastewater to environmental waters. Recently concerns have been raised that degradation of ACE during treatment may hinder or restrict its use as a wastewater tracer. In this study the value of ACE and SUC as tracers was reassessed based on samples of wastewater at 12 municipal wastewater treatment (MWWT) plants and from 7 septic systems and associated septic plumes in groundwater. The results indicated stability of SUC during MWWT at most plants, and variable removal of both sweeteners during some MWWT and in the septic wastewater systems. However, the residual concentrations of ACE and SUC in municipal effluent and in septic plumes indicate that both sweeteners remain valuable wastewater tracers. The mass ratio SUC/ACE was found to be a useful parameter for examining the relative persistence of these sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Van Stempvoort
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Susan J Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - John Spoelstra
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dorothy Garda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William D Robertson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
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20
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Belton K, Schaefer E, Guiney PD. A Review of the Environmental Fate and Effects of Acesulfame-Potassium. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2020; 16:421-437. [PMID: 32065497 PMCID: PMC7318193 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of low and no calorie sweeteners (LNCSs) has increased substantially the past several decades. Their high solubility in water, low absorption to soils, and reliable analytical methods facilitate their detection in wastewater and surface waters. Low and no calorie sweeteners are widely used in food and beverage products around the world, have been approved as food additives, and are considered safe for human consumption by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and other regulatory authorities. Concerns have been raised, however, regarding their growing presence and potential aquatic toxicity. Recent studies have provided new empirical environmental monitoring, environmental fate, and ecotoxicity on acesulfame potassium (ACE-K). Acesulfame potassium is an important high-production LNCS, widely detected in the environment and generally reported to be environmentally persistent. Acesulfame-potassium was selected for this environmental fate and effects review to determine its comparative risk to aquatic organisms. The biodegradation of ACE-K is predicted to be low, based on available quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, and this has been confirmed by several investigations, mostly published prior to 2014. More recently, there appears to be an interesting paradigm shift with several reports of the enhanced ability of wastewater treatment plants to biodegrade ACE-K. Some studies report that ACE-K can be photodegraded into potentially toxic breakdown products, whereas other data indicate that this may not be the case. A robust set of acute and chronic ecotoxicity studies in fish, invertebrates, and freshwater plants provided critical data on ACE-K's aquatic toxicity. Acesulfame-potassium concentrations in wastewater and surface water are generally in the lower parts per billion (ppb) range, whereas concentrations in sludge and groundwater are much lower (parts per trillion [ppt]). This preliminary environmental risk assessment establishes that ACE-K has high margins of safety (MOSs) and presents a negligible risk to the aquatic environment based on a collation of extensive ACE-K environmental monitoring, conservative predicted environmental concentration (PEC) and predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) estimates, and prudent probabilistic exposure modeling. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:421-437. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Belton
- Grocery Manufacturers AssociationArlingtonVirginiaUSA
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21
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Boulard L, Dierkes G, Schlüsener MP, Wick A, Koschorreck J, Ternes TA. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of pharmaceuticals sorbed to suspended particulate matter of German rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115366. [PMID: 31865123 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies confirmed a wide distribution of pharmaceuticals in rivers and streams, a limited knowledge is available about the partitioning of pharmaceuticals between the water phase and suspended particulate matter (SPM). To close this gap of knowledge, we developed and validated a sensitive and high throughput analytical method for the analysis of 57 pharmaceuticals, 42 metabolites and transformation products (TP) as well as the artificial sweetener acesulfame sorbed to SPM. The method was based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by a clean-up via solvent exchange and detection via direct injection-reversed phase LC-MS/MS and freeze-drying-HILIC-MS/MS. Freundlich isotherms were determined for 90 analytes. All showed a linear sorption behavior. Distribution coefficients (Kd) ranged from 0.64 L/kg to 9300 L/kg. For 18 pharmaceuticals, Kd values were found to be above 100 L/kg. SPM of annual composite samples were analyzed to determine the pharmaceutical concentrations between 2005 and 2015 at four sites of the river Rhine: Weil, Iffezheim, Koblenz and Bimmen as well as between 2006 and 2015 at one site of the river Saar, at Rehlingen. In these SPM samples, up to 61 of the 100 analytes were detected with concentrations up to 190 ng/g d.w. (dry weight) for guanylurea, a transformation product of the antidiabetic metformin. For most analytes, increasing concentrations were found along the length of the Rhine and higher concentrations were measured in Rehlingen/Saar. Normalization of the data with the antiepileptic drug carbamazepine as an intrinsic tracer for municipal wastewater indicated possible industrial discharges for four analytes. For most pharmaceuticals, the annual concentrations exhibited a good correlation with the consumption volumes in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boulard
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Dierkes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Bismarckplatz 1, 10643, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
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Fu K, Wang L, Wei C, Li J, Zhang J, Zhou Z, Liang Y. Sucralose and acesulfame as an indicator of domestic wastewater contamination in Wuhan surface water. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:109980. [PMID: 31785946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are applied widely as sucrose substitutes in food, pharmaceuticals, and personal-care products, which results in their release into surface water. The occurrence of ASs in aquatic environments in China has rarely been reported. In this study, we determined the concentration of seven ASs in surface water and sediment samples from 16 lakes in Wuhan. The sum of the ASs concentration ranged from 0.89 to 20.6 μg/L in the surface water, with a mean value of 4.96 ± 5.16 μg/L. The most abundant AS was sucralose (SUC), with a concentration from 0.33 to 18.0 μg/L, followed by acesulfame (ACE) (0.40-2.78 μg/L), saccharin (SAC) (<MDL to 1.86 μg/L), and cyclamate (CYC) (<MDL to 2.22 μg/L). SUC and ACE accounted for 90% ± 8% of the total ASs in the surface water. The Σ4 ASs sediment concentrations ranged from 1.71 to 6.49 ng/g of the dry weight (dw, mean value 3.03 ± 1.03 ng/g dw). SAC, CYC, and ACE were detected in sediments (<MDL to 4.17 ng/g dw), with SAC as the dominant AS. In surface water, the Σ4 ASs concentrations of Hanyang station were higher than those of Hankou, while the Σ4 ASs concentrations in sediment samples from different regions showed no significant difference. The ASs concentrations in the surface water and sediment in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. Relatively higher concentrations and detected frequencies of SUC and ACE were found in surface water samples, whereas these two ASs were absent in background samples, which indicates that SUC and ACE can be used as potential indicators of wastewater contamination in Wuhan, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Yong Liang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Fu Y, Li S, Shi Y, Geng J, Li J, Wu G, Xu K, Ren H. Removal of artificial sweeteners using UV/persulfate: Radical-based degradation kinetic model in wastewater, pathways and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115102. [PMID: 31574346 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) have been frequently detected in aquatic environment and are of emerging concern due to their environmental persistence, acesulfame (ACE) and sucralose (SUC) are two ASs that are difficult to remove. The ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) advanced oxidation process has been proven to remove ASs in real wastewater effectively. In this study, radical-based degradation kinetic model, pathways and toxicity evaluation of ASs by UV/PS process were explored. ACE and SUC were effectively removed by UV/PS process, and UV photolysis, hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) and sulfate radicals (SO4∙-) contributes the degradation of ASs. A kinetic prediction model for ASs degradation was established based on the second-order rate constants with HO∙ and SO4∙-, and the steady state concentrations of HO∙ and SO4∙- were calculated through the degradations of two reference compounds. The kinetic model could predict the degradation process of ASs in five real wastewaters effluents. Furthermore, two models based on the kinetic and the water matrices parameters for ASs degradation in wastewater were compared. Finally, the tentative pathways of ASs degradations by UV/PS were proposed. Also, toxicity evaluation showed that ASs after UV/PS treatment enhanced the toxicity on C. carpio liver, and prolongation of treatment time and recovery in fresh water can reduce the toxicity on C. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yufei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Juechun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
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24
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Hedgespeth ML, Gibson N, McCord J, Strynar M, Shea D, Nichols EG. Suspect screening and prioritization of chemicals of concern (COCs) in a forest-water reuse system watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133378. [PMID: 31386959 PMCID: PMC8425958 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Much research has assessed organic chemicals of concern (COCs) in municipal wastewater and receiving waters, but few studies have examined COCs in land treatment systems. Many prior studies have implemented targeted methods that quantify a relatively small fraction of COCs present in wastewater and receiving waters. This study used suspect screening to assess chemical features in ground- and surface waters from a watershed where secondary-treated wastewater is irrigated onto 900 ha of temperate forest, offering a more holistic view of chemicals that contribute to the exposome. Chemical features were prioritized by abundance and ToxPi scoring across seasonal sampling events to determine if the forest-water reuse system contributed to the chemical exposome of ground- and surface waters. The number of chemical features detected in wastewater was usually higher than on- and off-site ground- and surface waters; in wastewater, chemical features trended with precipitation in which greater numbers of features were detected in months with low precipitation. The number of chemical features detected in off- and on-site waters was similar. The lower overlap between chemical features found in wastewater and downstream surface waters, along with the similar numbers of features being detected in upstream and downstream surface waters, suggests that though wastewater may be a source of chemicals to ground and surface waters on-site, dissipation of wastewater-derived features (in number and peak area abundance) likely occurs with limited off-site surface water export by the forested land treatment system. Further, the numbers of features detected on site and the overlap between wastewater and surface waters did not increase during periods of low rainfall, counter to our initial expectations. The chemical features tentatively identified in this watershed appear common to features identified in other studies, warranting further examination on the potential for resulting impacts of these on humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hedgespeth
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Nancy Gibson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - James McCord
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Mark Strynar
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Damian Shea
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Guthrie Nichols
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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25
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Nickel JP, Fuchs S. Micropollutant emissions from combined sewer overflows. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:2179-2190. [PMID: 32198335 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In an extensive monitoring programme, event mean concentrations of 12 heavy metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nine pesticides/biocides, three pharmaceuticals, three benzotriazoles, acesulfame, and DEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) were measured at 10 combined sewer overflow (CSO) facilities throughout Bavaria, Germany, for more than 110 overflow events. A harmonised approach with large volume samplers was used to produce volume-proportional event composite samples. A wide range of event durations and volumes was covered successfully. All substances analysed were detected in CSO samples and the majority were quantified in more than 80% of the samples. Our results confirm that CSOs need to be considered in the debate on micropollutant emissions, and knowledge regarding their concentrations at a regional level needs to be solidified. Distinct substance-specific patterns can be observed in the variability between events and sites as well as in a correlation analysis of substance concentrations. These trends underline the need for differentiation of the substances by their predominant sources, pathways, and transport behaviours. Compared to wastewater treatment plants, CSOs are an important pollution source especially for ubiquitous, primarily stormwater-transported pollutants, including substances causing failure to achieve good chemical status of surface waters, such as the uPBT (ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic) substances Hg and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Nickel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
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26
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Kleinsteuber S, Rohwerder T, Lohse U, Seiwert B, Reemtsma T. Sated by a Zero-Calorie Sweetener: Wastewater Bacteria Can Feed on Acesulfame. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2606. [PMID: 31824446 PMCID: PMC6879467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely used artificial sweetener acesulfame K has long been considered recalcitrant in biological wastewater treatment. Due to its persistence and mobility in the aquatic environment, acesulfame has been used as marker substance for wastewater input in surface water and groundwater. However, recent studies indicated that the potential to remove this xenobiotic compound is emerging in wastewater treatment plants worldwide, leading to decreasing mass loads in receiving waters despite unchanged human consumption patterns. Here we show evidence that acesulfame can be mineralized in a catabolic process and used as sole carbon source by bacterial pure strains isolated from activated sludge and identified as Bosea sp. and Chelatococcus sp. The strains mineralize 1 g/L acesulfame K within 8–9 days. We discuss the potential degradation pathway and how this novel catabolic trait confirms the “principle of microbial infallibility.” Once the enzymes involved in acesulfame degradation and their genes are identified, it will be possible to survey diverse environments and trace back the evolutionary origin as well as the mechanisms of global distribution and establishment of such a new catabolic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kleinsteuber
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thore Rohwerder
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Lohse
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Cantwell MG, Katz DR, Sullivan J, Kuhn A. Evaluation of the artificial sweetener sucralose as a sanitary wastewater tracer in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:711-717. [PMID: 31426213 PMCID: PMC6766748 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Narragansett Bay is an urban estuary that historically has been impacted by long-term discharge of sanitary wastewater (WW) effluents. High-density water sampling was conducted in Narragansett Bay, RI, USA, in an effort to understand the distribution and behavior of sucralose, an artificial sweetener that has shown utility as a sanitary wastewater tracer. Water samples were collected at sixty-seven sites and analyzed for sucralose, whose performance was compared to other tracers present in wastewater effluents. Concentrations of sucralose were much higher than the other tracers measured, carbamazepine and caffeine, ranging from 18 to 3180 ng/L and corresponded well with salinity (r2 = 0.88), demonstrating conservative behavior throughout the Bay. Mapped interpolation data using an empirical bayesian kriging model clearly show the spatial trends of WW and how estuarine processes influence dilution and dispersion throughout the Bay. These findings provide further evidence of the efficacy of sucralose as a wastewater tracer in large urban estuaries where continuous high-volume discharge of WW occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Cantwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division (AED), 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.
| | - David R Katz
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division (AED), 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Julia Sullivan
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
| | - Anne Kuhn
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division (AED), 27 Tarzwell Drive, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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28
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Luo J, Wu L, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Fang F, Feng Q, Li C, Xue Z, Cao J. Review on the determination and distribution patterns of a widespread contaminant artificial sweetener in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:19078-19096. [PMID: 31104241 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The accurate determination of widespread artificial sweeteners (ASs) and the information of their distributions in environments are of significance to investigate the environmental behaviors. This paper firstly reviews the typical analytic methodologies for ASs and the main influencing factors during the analytic processes. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with LC-ESI-MS is currently the leading-edge method. However, the efficiency and accuracy for ASs analysis in environmental samples are also dependent on the SPE cartridges, buffers and pH, matrix effects, and sample stability. A basic procedure for ASs determination in different environmental samples is proposed. The current occurrences of ASs in environments are then evaluated. The ASs, especially the acesulfame and sucralose, are widely detected in various environmental medium. The concentrations of investigated ASs are generally in the order of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influent > WWTPs effluent > surface water > groundwater > drinking water; and atmosphere > soil. The ASs levels in the environment exhibit significant differences among different regions. Further analysis indicates that the phenomenon is highly correlated with the consumption patterns and the removal efficiency of WWTPs in a specific country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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29
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Karakurt S, Schmid L, Hübner U, Drewes JE. Dynamics of Wastewater Effluent Contributions in Streams and Impacts on Drinking Water Supply via Riverbank Filtration in Germany-A National Reconnaissance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6154-6161. [PMID: 31046248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of wastewater effluents to a stream that is subsequently used for drinking water abstraction has been previously referred to as de facto water reuse. Where the abstraction of surface water for drinking water production occurs via induced bank filtration or aquifer recharge, additional site-specific factors should be considered to assess the impact of wastewater effluents on bank-filtered water. This study represents the first national reconnaissance to quantify wastewater effluent contributions in streams across Germany and consequences for indirect drinking water abstraction from these streams. An automated assessment using ArcGIS was conducted for river basins considering minimum and mean average discharge conditions of streams as well as discharge from more than 7500 wastewater facilities. In urban areas, where the natural base discharge is low, wastewater effluent contributions greater than 30-50% were determined under mean minimum discharge conditions, which commonly prevail from May to September. A conceptual model was proposed to estimate critical bank filtrate shares resulting in exceedances of monitoring trigger levels for health-relevant chemicals as a universal qualitative assessment regarding the relevance of de facto reuse conditions in surface waters used for drinking water abstraction. This approach was validated using chemical monitoring data for three case study locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Karakurt
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Ludwig Schmid
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Garching , Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering , Technical University of Munich , Garching , Germany
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30
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Buchner EM, Happel O, Schmidt CK, Scheurer M, Schmutz B, Kramer M, Knauer M, Gartiser S, Hollert H. Approach for analytical characterization and toxicological assessment of ozonation products in drinking water on the example of acesulfame. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 153:357-368. [PMID: 30763901 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring and control of drinking water quality is generally important as it significantly contributes to the health of the population. In this context, particular attention has to be paid to the use of treatment techniques during drinking water treatment. It is known that the formation of reaction products (transformation products) has to be taken into account when oxidizing agents such as ozone are used. Different transformation products are classified as critical to health and require analytical examination. The risk assessment for previously unknown transformation products can be difficult as far as not all transformation products are present as single substances or the individual substances are not present in a sufficient high concentration or cannot be isolated from the original solution. The aim of this work is to show exemplarily the identification and quantification of ozonation products (OPs) after ozonation and their toxicological characterization, using the artificial sweetener acesulfame. It was shown that OPs can be fully characterized using ion chromatography in combination with different detection systems. A major OP could be recovered as a pure substance by crystallization and direct genotoxicological testing was possible without previous enrichment processes. Acesulfame samples of different concentrations in ultrapure and in drinking water after ozonation were tested in several genotoxicity tests. These tests revealed genotoxic effects of acesulfame after ozonation in ultrapure water in several genotoxicological test systems (micronucleus test, umu test, Ames-fluctuation-test and comet assay). In contrast, the crystallized ozonation product OP168 did not show any positive effects. Therefore, it seems likely that the observed effect was caused by the second major product OP170. However, a sufficiently large amount of analytically pure substance OP170 could not be obtained. It was also shown that the rate of the OP170 formation in drinking water is significantly lower than in ultrapure water and that ozonation in drinking water did not induce genotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Buchner
- Water Laboratory, RheinEnergie AG, Parkgürtel 24, 50823, Köln, Germany; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Happel
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carsten K Schmidt
- Water Laboratory, RheinEnergie AG, Parkgürtel 24, 50823, Köln, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Beat Schmutz
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meike Kramer
- Water Laboratory, RheinEnergie AG, Parkgürtel 24, 50823, Köln, Germany
| | - Martina Knauer
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg i.Br, Germany
| | - Stefan Gartiser
- Hydrotox GmbH, Bötzinger Straße 29, 79111, Freiburg i.Br, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt-Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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31
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Ribbers K, Breuer L, Düring RA. Detection of artificial sweeteners and iodinated X-ray contrast media in wastewater via LC-MS/MS and their potential use as anthropogenic tracers in flowing waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:189-196. [PMID: 30471499 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The detection of wastewater impact on stream chemistry is often hindered by high background concentrations of ubiquitous solutes. In the present study we tested the applicability of artificial sweeteners (AS) and iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) as tracers to detect this impact by examining wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents and surface water samples. The developed direct injection LC-MS/MS method enabled the detection of these anthropogenic micropollutants in aqueous samples down to trace level concentrations. The 2-h-composite sampling of WWTP effluent revealed fluctuating ICM concentrations between and within days with highest concentrations at the end of the week. Diatrizoic acid (DTZ) and iopromide (IOP) were the predominant ICM with concentrations up to 7 μg/L. Concentrations of the AS acesulfame (ACE) fluctuated between 0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L. Concentrations of AS and ICM in surface water were both associated with wastewater impact. DTZ contamination was more widespread whereas some sampling points exhibited a more pronounced contamination with non-ionic ICM. Surface water was frequently contaminated with AS. Particularly ACE was detected in every surface water sample indicating that it is chemically stable and that inputs to the aquatic environment via WWTP effluents are widespread. The broad application of ACE as food additive enables its application as a tracer throughout Germany. Furthermore, the developed LC-MS/MS method enables rapid detection of ACE down to the low ng/L-range. Nonetheless, DTZ or IOP could be used in addition to ACE to verify anthropogenic influences on natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Ribbers
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Rolf-Alexander Düring
- Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.
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32
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Fu Y, Wu G, Geng J, Li J, Li S, Ren H. Kinetics and modeling of artificial sweeteners degradation in wastewater by the UV/persulfate process. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:12-20. [PMID: 30503870 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of artificial sweeteners (ASs) in wastewater and surface water gives rise to concerns about their removal, Acesulfame (ACE) and sucralose (SUC) are two ASs that are difficult to remove. The ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) advanced oxidation technology (AOT) is being considered as an effective process for the degradation of micropollutants in wastewater. However, the study of the degradation of ASs in real wastewater by the UV/PS is minimal. This study investigated the kinetics and modeling of ACE and SUC degradation in wastewater by the UV/PS process. Both ACE and SUC could be degraded effectively using this process. The degradation of ACE was mainly attributed to UV photolysis (51%), HO∙ (26%) and SO4∙- (16%), while that of SUC was mainly attributed to HO∙ (68%) and SO4∙- (27%). The second-order rate constants of ASs with SO4∙- were significantly lower than that with HO∙. Three major transformation products (TPs) of ACE and four major TPs of SUC were identified. Additionally, the effects and mechanisms of the water matrices, such as HCO3-, Cl-, NO3- and natural organic matter (NOM), on ASs degradation were investigated through response surface methodology (RSM). NOM and Cl- significantly inhibited the degradation of ACE in the UV/PS system, whereas NOM and HCO3- played a main inhibition role on the degradation of SUC. A water matrices parameter model for predicting ASs degradation in real wastewater was established by RSM for the first time, and the removal of ACE and SUC was well predicted by the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Juechun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, PR China
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Luo J, Zhang Q, Cao M, Wu L, Cao J, Fang F, Li C, Xue Z, Feng Q. Ecotoxicity and environmental fates of newly recognized contaminants-artificial sweeteners: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:1149-1160. [PMID: 30759555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners (ASs) are used in countless application in daily life. ASs are newly recognized as pollutants due to their high detection frequency in various environmental media, which has aroused great concern. This review presents the current knowledge of AS ecotoxicity and possible elimination routes in the environment. The obtained results indicate that the negative impacts of ASs are more severe than previously expected. More attention should be paid to the chronic and metabolite toxicities of ASs. Moreover, numerous processes (physical, chemical and biological) have been reported to be able to degrade ASs. However, the elimination efficiency varies greatly depending on the specific AS and the particular experimental conditions. Cyclamate and saccharin are easily removed, while sucralose and acesulfame are generally persistent. Additionally, there is a large gap in the ASs removal efficiency between bench tests and full-scale studies. The potential for microbial degradation of persistent ASs was reported in some regions, but clarification of the underlying mechanisms is necessary to increase the likelihood of using this approach in wide applications with a satisfactory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Hohai University Wentian College, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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van Driezum IH, Derx J, Oudega TJ, Zessner M, Naus FL, Saracevic E, Kirschner AKT, Sommer R, Farnleitner AH, Blaschke AP. Spatiotemporal resolved sampling for the interpretation of micropollutant removal during riverbank filtration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:212-223. [PMID: 30173030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Riverbank filtration (RBF) systems along rivers are widely used as public water supplies. In these systems, many organic micropollutants (OMPs) are attenuated, but some compounds have shown to be rather persistent. Their fate and transport has been studied in RBF sites along lakes and small rivers, but not extensively along large and dynamic rivers. Therefore, the influence of flood events on OMP behavior in these large and dynamic RBF sites was investigated. Monthly samples were taken from surface- and groundwater up to a distance of 900 m from the riverbank of the Danube from March 2014 till May 2016. Two flood events were sampled more extensively nearby the river. Results showed that changes in flow conditions in the river not only caused changes in OMP concentrations, but also in their load. It was seen that the load of benzotriazole, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole in the river increased with increasing river discharges. After a relatively long, oxic groundwater passage, several OMPs were reduced. In contrast to previous work, we found that benzotriazole was almost fully removed under oxic conditions. When entering the aquifer, benzotriazole concentrations were significantly reduced and at a distance of 550 m from the river, >97% was degraded. Carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole showed relatively persistent behavior in the aquifer. The concentrations measured during flood events were in the same range as seasonal sampling. Furthermore concentrations in the groundwater were higher during these events than in the Danube and can reach further into the aquifer. During flood events some highly degradable compounds (i.e. diclofenac) were found up to a distance of 24 m from the river. These results implied that drinking water utilities with RBF wells in oxic, alluvial aquifers located close to highly dynamic rivers need to consider a potential reduction in groundwater quality during and directly after flood events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge H van Driezum
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas J Oudega
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Zessner
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Technische Universität Wien, E226/1, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Floris L Naus
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ernis Saracevic
- Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Technische Universität Wien, E226/1, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department for Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Regina Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Department for Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Dr. Karl Dorrek Straße 30, 3500 Krems, Austria; Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute for Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering 166/5/r3, Technische Universität Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Paul Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, Technische Universität Wien, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria; Centre for Water Resource Systems, Technische Universität Wien, Karlsplatz 13, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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Nivala J, Kahl S, Boog J, van Afferden M, Reemtsma T, Müller RA. Dynamics of emerging organic contaminant removal in conventional and intensified subsurface flow treatment wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1144-1156. [PMID: 30308886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Six pilot-scale treatment wetlands treating municipal wastewater were monitored for classical wastewater parameters and selected Emerging Organic Compounds (EOCs): caffeine (CAF), ibuprofen (IBU), naproxen (NPX), benzotriazole (BTZ), diclofenac (DCL), acesulfame (ACE) and carbamazepine (CBZ) on a weekly basis over the course of one year. Treatment efficacy of the wetland systems was compared to that of a municipal wastewater treatment plant adjacent to the research site (activated sludge technology). The aerated wetlands VAp and HAp, and the two-stage vertical flow system VGp + VSp showed the highest treatment efficacy (>70% removal on a mass basis) and comparable treatment efficacy to the conventional WWTP for removal of CAF, IBU, NPX, BTZ, and DCL. Annual mass removal of ACE in the WWTP was 50% and varied in the wetlands (depending on system design) from zero to 62%. On a mean monthly basis, ACE removal in the treatment wetlands VGp + VSp, VAp, HAp, R was high (> 90%) for six months of the year. Monthly mean mass removal of CBZ was negligible for the WWTP and all treatment wetland systems except H50p, which showed up to 49% mass removal in June. Monthly mean mass removals of classical wastewater parameters and readily biodegradable EOCs (represented by CAF, IBU, NPX) were most stable in the intensified wetland designs VAp, HAp, and R. A statistical analysis confirms that system complexity, aerobic conditions, and temperature have the highest correlation to overall pollutant removal in the treatment wetland systems, including EOCs of high to moderate biodegradability. First-order removal rate coefficents and temperature correction factors for EOCs are reported for the first time in the treatment wetland literature. Limitations on the use of these values in engineering design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Nivala
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Centre for Environmental Biotechnology (UBZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kahl
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Boog
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Centre for Environmental Biotechnology (UBZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Dresden University of Technology, Applied Environmental System Analysis, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred van Afferden
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Centre for Environmental Biotechnology (UBZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland A Müller
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Centre for Environmental Biotechnology (UBZ), Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Tolouei S, Burnet JB, Autixier L, Taghipour M, Bonsteel J, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Temporal variability of parasites, bacterial indicators, and wastewater micropollutants in a water resource recovery facility under various weather conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:446-458. [PMID: 30408731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharges lead to the deterioration of receiving waters through treated effluents and by-passes, combined and sanitary sewer overflows, and cross-connections to storm sewers. The influence of weather conditions on fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens and wastewater micropollutants on raw and treated sewage concentrations has not been extensively characterized. However, such data are needed to understand the effects of by-pass discharges and incomplete treatment on receiving waters. A water resource recovery facility was monitored for pathogenic parasites (Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts), fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens), and wastewater micropollutants (caffeine, carbamazepine, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, acesulfame, sucralose, and aspartame) during 6 events under different weather conditions (snowmelt and trace to 32 mm 2-day cumulative precipitation). Greater intra- and inter-event variability was observed for Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens than for studied WWMPs. Even with the addition of inflow and infiltration, daily variations dominated concentration trends. Thus, afternoon and early evening were identified as critical times with regards to high concentrations and flows for potential by-pass discharges. Peak concentrations of Giardia were observed during the June wet weather event (1010 cysts/L), with the highest flowrates relative to the mean monthly flowrate. Overall, Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations were positively correlated with flowrate (R > 0.32, p < 0.05). In raw sewage samples collected under high precipitation conditions, caffeine, carbamazepine and its metabolite 2-OH-carbamazepine were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with Giardia, E. coli, and C. perfringens demonstrating that they are useful markers for untreated sewage discharges. Data from the study are needed for estimating peak concentrations discharged from wastewater sources in relation to precipitation or snowmelt events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tolouei
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Laurène Autixier
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Milad Taghipour
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jane Bonsteel
- Peel Region, 10 Peel Centre Dr, Brampton, L6T 4B9, ON, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Michéle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Hollender J, Rothardt J, Radny D, Loos M, Epting J, Huggenberger P, Borer P, Singer H. Comprehensive micropollutant screening using LC-HRMS/MS at three riverbank filtration sites to assess natural attenuation and potential implications for human health. WATER RESEARCH X 2018; 1:100007. [PMID: 31194029 PMCID: PMC6549901 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2018.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Riverbank filtration (RBF) is used worldwide to produce high quality drinking water. With river water often contaminated by micropollutants (MPs) from various sources, this study addresses the occurrence and fate of such MPs at three different RBF sites with oxic alluvial sediments and short travel times to the drinking water well down to hours. A broad range of MPs with various physico-chemical properties were analysed with detection limits in the low ng L-1 range using solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. Out of the 526 MPs targeted, a total of 123 different MPs were detected above the limit of quantification at the three different RBF sites. Of the 75-96 MPs detected in each river, 43-59% were attenuated during RBF. The remaining total concentrations of the MPs in the raw drinking water accounted to 0.6-1.6 μgL-1 with only a few compounds exceeding 0.1 μgL-1, an often used threshold value. The attenuation was most pronounced in the first meters of infiltration with a full elimination of 17 compounds at all three sites. However, a mixing with groundwater related to regional groundwater flow complicated the characterisation of natural attenuation potentials along the transects. Additional non-target screening at one site revealed similar trends for further non-target components. Overall, a risk assessment of the target and estimated non-target compound concentrations finally indicated during the sampling period no health risk of the drinking water according to current guidelines. Our results demonstrate that monitoring of contamination sources within a catchment and the affected water quality remains important in such vulnerable systems with partially short residence times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Universitätstrasse 16, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Rothardt
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Radny
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Loos
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jannis Epting
- Applied and Environmental Geology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Huggenberger
- Applied and Environmental Geology, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Borer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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Ghosh M, Chowdhury P, Ray AK. Study of solar photocatalytic degradation of Acesulfame K to limit the outpouring of artificial sweeteners. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Moldovan Z, Marincas O, Povar I, Lupascu T, Longree P, Rota JS, Singer H, Alder AC. Environmental exposure of anthropogenic micropollutants in the Prut River at the Romanian-Moldavian border: a snapshot in the lower Danube river basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31040-31050. [PMID: 30187404 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Prut River, the second longest tributary of the Danube river, was investigated for a wide range of anthropogenic organic pollutants to fill the data gap on environmental contamination in eastern European surface waters. In this study, the occurrence of a wide range of organic pollutants was measured along the transboundary Prut River, between Sculeni and Branza in 2010-2012. Using two different analytical methods, gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, over 300 compounds were screened for and 88 compounds were determined in the Prut River. In general, the chemicals occurred at low levels. At the last sampling site upstream of the confluence with the Danube river at Branza, the highest average concentrations (≥ 100 ng L-1) were determined for the artificial sweetener acesulfame, the pharmaceuticals metformin, 4-acetamidoantipyrene, and 4,4,5,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ol, the antioxidants 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol, and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-toluene, the personal care products HHCB (galaxolide), 4-phenyl-benzophenone, and octyl dimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid, the industrial chemical diphenylsulfone, and the sterol cholesterol. Low concentrations of agricultural pesticides occurred in the catchment. At Branza, the total accumulated load of all measured compounds was calculated to be almost 19 kg day-1. In comparison to the Rhine River, the loads in the Prut, determined with same LC-HRMS method for the same set of analytes, were two orders of magnitude lower. Discharge of wastewater without proper treatment from the city of Iasi in the Jijia catchment (Romania) as well as from the city of Cahul (Moldova) revealed a distinct increase in concentrations and loads in the Prut at Frasinesti and Branza. Thus, an implementation of wastewater treatment capacities in the Prut River basin would considerably reduce the loads of micropollutants from urban point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaharie Moldovan
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technology, RO-3400, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Olivian Marincas
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technology, RO-3400, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Igor Povar
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Institute of Chemistry, MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Tudor Lupascu
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Institute of Chemistry, MD-2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Philipp Longree
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Simovic Rota
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Singer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Baena-Nogueras RM, Traverso-Soto JM, Biel-Maeso M, Villar-Navarro E, Lara-Martín PA. Sources and trends of artificial sweeteners in coastal waters in the bay of Cadiz (NE Atlantic). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:607-616. [PMID: 30301079 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive study on the input, occurrence, and distribution of artificial sweeteners (ASs) in coastal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their receiving coastal waters. Acesulfame (ACE), aspartame (ASP), cyclamate (CYC), saccharine (SAC), and sucralose (SUC) were monitored for 6 months in Cadiz Bay (SW Spain). ASP was always detected at <0.1 μg L-1 and removal efficiencies were >90% for SAC and CYC. Higher ACE removal efficiencies were observed during warmer months. Persistence of ACE and SUC was observed in both WWTPs and their receiving coastal surface waters, where values up to 0.6 and 3 μg L-1 were measured, respectively. The highest concentrations were measured in a sewage-impacted estuary located in the north of the bay, where conservative behavior was confirmed. The source specificity and recalcitrance of ACE and SUC make them suitable for being used as sewage-pollution markers in coastal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Baena-Nogueras
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus Rio San Pedro, University of Cadiz, CEI·MAR, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Juan M Traverso-Soto
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus Rio San Pedro, University of Cadiz, CEI·MAR, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Miriam Biel-Maeso
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus Rio San Pedro, University of Cadiz, CEI·MAR, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Elena Villar-Navarro
- Department of Environmental Technologies, Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Campus Rio San Pedro, University of Cadiz, CEI·MAR, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Campus Rio San Pedro, University of Cadiz, CEI·MAR, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain.
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Kahl S, Kleinsteuber S, Nivala J, van Afferden M, Reemtsma T. Emerging Biodegradation of the Previously Persistent Artificial Sweetener Acesulfame in Biological Wastewater Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2717-2725. [PMID: 29461049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of acesulfame (ACE) in wastewater treatment (and subsequently the aquatic environment) has led to its use as a marker substance for wastewater input into surface water and groundwater. However, ACE degradation of >85% during summer and autumn was observed in nine German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Annual removal performance was more stable in larger plants, enhanced by low biological oxygen demand and impeded by water temperatures below 10 °C. Literature data suggest that the potential to degrade ACE emerged in WWTPs around the year 2010. This development is ongoing, as illustrated by ACE content in the German rivers Elbe and Mulde: Between 2013 and 2016 the ACE mass load decreased by 70-80%. In enrichment cultures with ACE as sole carbon source the carbonaceous fraction of ACE was removed completely, indicating catabolic biotransformation and the inorganic compound sulfamic acid formed in quantitative amounts. Sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes suggests that several species are involved in ACE degradation, with proteobacterial species affiliated to Phyllobacteriaceae, Methylophilaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae, and Pseudomonas becoming specifically enriched. ACE appears to be the first micropollutant for which the evolution of a catabolic pathway in WWTPs has been witnessed. It can yet only be speculated whether the emergence of ACE removal in WWTPs in different regions of the world is due to independent evolution or to global spreading of genes or adapted microorganisms.
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Multi-layer solid-phase extraction and evaporation—enrichment methods for polar organic chemicals from aqueous matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2403-2411. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0921-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moeck C, Radny D, Auckenthaler A, Berg M, Hollender J, Schirmer M. Estimating the spatial distribution of artificial groundwater recharge using multiple tracers. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2017; 53:484-499. [PMID: 28589773 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2017.1334651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotopes of water, organic micropollutants and hydrochemistry data are powerful tools for identifying different water types in areas where knowledge of the spatial distribution of different groundwater is critical for water resource management. An important question is how the assessments change if only one or a subset of these tracers is used. In this study, we estimate spatial artificial infiltration along an infiltration system with stage-discharge relationships and classify different water types based on the mentioned hydrochemistry data for a drinking water production area in Switzerland. Managed aquifer recharge via surface water that feeds into the aquifer creates a hydraulic barrier between contaminated groundwater and drinking water wells. We systematically compare the information from the aforementioned tracers and illustrate differences in distribution and mixing ratios. Despite uncertainties in the mixing ratios, we found that the overall spatial distribution of artificial infiltration is very similar for all the tracers. The highest infiltration occurred in the eastern part of the infiltration system, whereas infiltration in the western part was the lowest. More balanced infiltration within the infiltration system could cause the elevated groundwater mound to be distributed more evenly, preventing the natural inflow of contaminated groundwater. Dedicated to Professor Peter Fritz on the occasion of his 80th birthday.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moeck
- a Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Dirk Radny
- a Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Adrian Auckenthaler
- b Office of Environmental Protection and Energy , Canton Basel-Country , Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- a Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- a Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
- c Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , ETH Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Mario Schirmer
- a Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
- d Centre of Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN) , University of Neuchâtel , Neuchâtel , Switzerland
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Yang YY, Liu WR, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ, Zhang M, Zhang JN, Jiang YX, Zhang LJ, Ying GG. Suitability of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and artificial sweeteners (ASs) as wastewater indicators in the Pearl River Delta, South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 590-591:611-619. [PMID: 28284644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater indicator is a useful tool for evaluating the wastewater impact on natural water, but there is little information about the suitability of wastewater indicators for different regions. This study aimed to select suitable wastewater indicators in the Pearl River Delta region, south China by screening a range of wastewater related organic compounds. The screening campaign was carried out by investigating the occurrence and removal efficiencies of 93 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and 5 artificial sweeteners (ASs) in nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located in the region, and the occurrence of these target compounds in the contaminated and clean surface water of the Pearl River. An ideal wastewater indicator should be hydrophilic, source-specific for domestic wastewater, ubiquitous in contaminated surface water with detection frequency (DF) >80% and absent in background water samples. For liable indicators, high removal rates (>90%) should be observed in WWTPs and they should be detected in all the influent samples at concentrations fifty times higher than their limits of quantification. For conservative indicators, low removal rates (<50%) should be observed in WWTPs and they should be detected in all the effluent samples at concentrations fifty times higher than their limits of quantification. Based on the above criteria, sucralose and fluconazole were selected as conservative indicators in the region, while cyclamate, saccharin, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, paracetamol, salicylic acid and caffeine were selected as liable indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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45
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Dissipation of Micropollutants in a Rewetted Fen Peatland: A Field Study Using Treated Wastewater. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Riemenschneider C, Seiwert B, Moeder M, Schwarz D, Reemtsma T. Extensive Transformation of the Pharmaceutical Carbamazepine Following Uptake into Intact Tomato Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6100-6109. [PMID: 28506063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug which is persistent in wastewater treatment plants and the environment. It has been frequently detected in plant material after irrigation with treated wastewater. To date, little information is, however, available on the transformation of CBZ in plants. In the present study, the uptake, translocation, and transformation of CBZ was studied in hydroponically grown tomato plants. After 35 days of exposure >80% of the total spiked amount of CBZ was taken by the tomato plants and mainly stored in the leaves. A total of 11 transformation products (TP) (mainly phase-I) were quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and their total amount corresponded to 33% of the CBZ taken up. The ratio of CBZ metabolites to CBZ was highest in fruits (up to 2.5) and leaves (0.5), suggesting an intensive transformation of CBZ in these compartments. Further 10 TPs (phase-I and II) were identified by LC-high resolution mass spectrometry screening, likely comprising another 12% of CBZ. On the basis of these experiments and on an experiment with CBZ-10,11-epoxide a transformation pathway of CBZ in intact tomato plants is proposed that involves epoxidation, hydrolysis, hydroxylation, ring contraction, or loss of the carbamoyl group, followed by conjugation to glucose or cysteine, but also reduction of CBZ. This transformation pathway and analytical data of CBZ transformation products allow for their determination also in field grown vegetable and for the generation of more accurate exposure data of consumers of vegetable irrigated with treated municipal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Riemenschneider
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monika Moeder
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops-IGZ , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ , Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Advancing Sequential Managed Aquifer Recharge Technology (SMART) Using Different Intermediate Oxidation Processes. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems are an efficient barrier for many contaminants. The biotransformation of trace organic chemicals (TOrCs) strongly depends on the redox conditions as well as on the dissolved organic carbon availability. Oxic and oligotrophic conditions are favored for enhanced TOrCs removal which is obtained by combining two filtration systems with an intermediate aeration step. In this study, four parallel laboratory-scale soil column experiments using different intermittent aeration techniques were selected to further optimize TOrCs transformation during MAR: no aeration, aeration with air, pure oxygen and ozone. Rapid oxygen consumption, nitrate reduction and dissolution of manganese confirmed anoxic conditions within the first filtration step, mimicking traditional bank filtration. Aeration with air led to suboxic conditions, whereas oxidation by pure oxygen and ozone led to fully oxic conditions throughout the second system. The sequential system resulted in an equal or better transformation of most TOrCs compared to the single step bank filtration system. Despite the fast oxygen consumption, acesulfame, iopromide, iomeprol and valsartan were degraded within the first infiltration step. The compounds benzotriazole, diclofenac, 4-Formylaminoantipyrine, gabapentin, metoprolol, valsartan acid and venlafaxine revealed a significantly enhanced removal in the systems with intermittent oxidation compared to the conventional treatment without aeration. Further improvement of benzotriazole and gabapentin removal by using pure oxygen confirmed potential oxygen limitation in the second column after aeration with air. Ozonation resulted in an enhanced removal of persistent compounds (i.e., carbamazepine, candesartan, olmesartan) and further increased the attenuation of gabapentin, methylbenzotriazole, benzotriazole, and venlafaxine. Diatrizoic acid revealed little degradation in an ozone–MAR hybrid system.
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48
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Recent Advances in the Use of Chemical Markers for Tracing Wastewater Contamination in Aquatic Environment: A Review. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Tran N, Drogui P, Brar SK, De Coninck A. Synergistic effects of ultrasounds in the sonoelectrochemical oxidation of pharmaceutical carbamazepine pollutant. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:380-388. [PMID: 27773260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic effects were evaluated during the oxidation of carbamazepine using a sono-electrochemical process. The sono-electrochemical oxidation was performed using two types of experimental units (having 1L and 100L of working volume, respectively) and containing one anode (Ti/PbO2) and one cathode (Ti). Different operating parameters, including power of ultrasounds, current intensity and reaction time were investigated. The degree of synergy increased when the current intensity decreased, whereas it increased with the power of ultrasounds imposed. The highest value of the synergy degree (33%) was recorded for the lowest current intensity (1.0A) and the highest power of ultrasounds (40W). Likewise, the benefits of ultrasound were observed during a long-term period of treatment of CBZ (30days of experiments without interruption). A relatively high degradation rate was recorded using the sono-electrochemical process (99.5%) (at I=1A, P=40W), compared to a percentage of CBZ degradation of 91% recorded during electrolysis alone (at I=1A, P=0W). Likewise, the scanning electron microscopy views and the measurements of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that there are not impurities deposited on the surface of electrode in the present of ultrasounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Tran
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, Canada.
| | - Satinder K Brar
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, Canada
| | - Arnaud De Coninck
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Québec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec, Qc, Canada
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50
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Storck FR, Skark C, Remmler F, Brauch HJ. Environmental fate and behavior of acesulfame in laboratory experiments. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 74:2832-2842. [PMID: 27997393 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acesulfame is a widely used artificial sweetener. It can be discharged into surface water by domestic wastewater due to its incomplete retention during wastewater treatment. Concentrations may reach up to 10 μg/L for smaller rivers. State-of-the-art analysis allows the determination of acesulfame traces (0.01 μg/L) and thus a potential tracking of the presence of wastewater in riverbank filtrate. To evaluate the behavior of acesulfame in the aquatic environment, biodegradation and sorption of acesulfame were tested. Batch experiments yielded low sorption for several soils (estimated solid-water distribution coefficient of acesulfame <0.1 L/kg). Biodegradation in a fixed-bed reactor was not observed at environmental concentrations of 9 μg/L in aqueous compost and soil extract (observation period 56 days). Only in diluted effluent of a wastewater treatment plant did biodegradation start, after 17 days of operation, and acesulfame completely fade, within 28 days. Flow-through column experiments indicated conservative behavior of acesulfame (recovery >83%) and long-term observations at different concentration levels yielded no biodegradation. Overall, laboratory experiments demonstrated a conservative behavior of acesulfame under conditions typical for riverbank filtration. However, there are hints for certain settings which favor an adaptation of the microbial community and facilitate a rapid biodegradation of acesulfame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R Storck
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW) Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
| | - Christian Skark
- Institut für Wasserforschung GmbH, Zum Kellerbach 46, 58239 Schwerte, Germany
| | - Frank Remmler
- Institut für Wasserforschung GmbH, Zum Kellerbach 46, 58239 Schwerte, Germany
| | - Heinz-Jürgen Brauch
- DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW) Karlsruhe, Karlsruher Straße 84, 76139 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
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