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Yang M, Kasbe P, Bu J, Xu W. Scalable solid-state synthesis of 2D transition metal oxide/graphene hybrid materials and their utilization for microsupercapacitors. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8390-8400. [PMID: 38602122 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional metal oxide (MO) nanostructures have unique properties compared with their bulk or 0D and 1D (nanoparticle and nanowire) counterparts. Their abundant surface area and atomically thin 2D structure are advantageous for their applications in catalysis and energy, as well as integration with 2D layered materials such as graphene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). However, fast and scalable synthesis of 2D MOs and their nanocomposites remains challenging. Here, we developed a microwave-assisted solid-state synthesis method for the scalable generation of 2D MOs and 2D MO/rGO nanocomposites with tunable structure and composition. The structures and properties of 2D Fe2O3 and 2D ZnO as well as their nanocomposites with rGO were systematically investigated. The excellent electrochemical properties of such 2D MO/rGO nanocomposites also enable us to use them as electrode materials to fabricate microsupercapacitors. This work provides new insights into the scalable and solid-state synthesis of 2D nanocomposites and their potential applications in catalysis, energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muxuan Yang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Pratik Kasbe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Jinyu Bu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Weinan Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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2
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Ahmed AS, Müller DW, Bruyere S, Holtsch A, Müller F, Barrirero J, Brix K, Migot S, Kautenburger R, Jacobs K, Pierson JF, Mücklich F. Surface Modification of Brass via Ultrashort Pulsed Direct Laser Interference Patterning and Its Effect on Bacteria-Substrate Interaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37467050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become a crucial challenge for human health. One potential solution to this problem is the use of antibacterial surfaces, i.e., copper and copper alloys. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of brass that underwent topographic surface functionalization via ultrashort pulsed direct laser interference patterning. Periodic line-like patterns in the scale range of single bacterial cells were created on brass with a 37% zinc content to enhance the contact area for rod-shaped Escherichia coli (E. coli). Although the topography facilitates attachment of bacteria to the surface, reduced killing rates for E. coli are observed. In parallel, a high-resolution methodical approach was employed to explore the impact of laser-induced topographical and chemical modifications on the antibacterial properties. The findings reveal the underlying role of the chemical modification concerning the antimicrobial efficiency of the Cu-based alloy within the superficial layers of a few hundred nanometers. Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the effect of alloy composition on targeted laser processing for antimicrobial Cu-surfaces, which facilitates the thorough development and optimization of the process concerning antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Saddiqa Ahmed
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Daniel Wyn Müller
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Anne Holtsch
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Frank Müller
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jenifer Barrirero
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Kristina Brix
- Department of Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Elemental Analysis, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Sylvie Migot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Ralf Kautenburger
- Department of Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry, Elemental Analysis, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics and Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | | | - Frank Mücklich
- Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
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Photocatalytic Performance of Undoped and Al-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles in the Degradation of Rhodamine B under UV-Visible Light:The Role of Defects and Morphology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415459. [PMID: 36555102 PMCID: PMC9779551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quasi-spherical undoped ZnO and Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles with different aluminum content, ranging from 0.5 to 5 at% of Al with respect to Zn, were synthesized. These nanoparticles were evaluated as photocatalysts in the photodegradation of the Rhodamine B (RhB) dye aqueous solution under UV-visible light irradiation. The undoped ZnO nanopowder annealed at 400 °C resulted in the highest degradation efficiency of ca. 81% after 4 h under green light irradiation (525 nm), in the presence of 5 mg of catalyst. The samples were characterized using ICP-OES, PXRD, TEM, FT-IR, 27Al-MAS NMR, UV-Vis and steady-state PL. The effect of Al-doping on the phase structure, shape and particle size was also investigated. Additional information arose from the annealed nanomaterials under dynamic N2 at different temperatures (400 and 550 °C). The position of aluminum in the ZnO lattice was identified by means of 27Al-MAS NMR. FT-IR gave further information about the type of tetrahedral sites occupied by aluminum. Photoluminescence showed that the insertion of dopant increases the oxygen vacancies reducing the peroxide-like species responsible for photocatalysis. The annealing temperature helps increase the number of red-emitting centers up to 400 °C, while at 550 °C, the photocatalytic performance drops due to the aggregation tendency.
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Lynes DD, Chandrahalim H, Brown JM, Singh K, Bodily KT, Leedy KD. A statistical method to optimize the chemical etching process of zinc oxide thin films. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211560. [PMID: 35950193 PMCID: PMC9346367 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive material for microscale and nanoscale devices. Its desirable semiconductor, piezoelectric and optical properties make it useful in applications ranging from microphones to missile warning systems to biometric sensors. This work introduces a demonstration of blending statistics and chemical etching of thin films to identify the dominant factors and interaction between factors, and develop statistically enhanced models on etch rate and selectivity of c-axis-oriented nanocrystalline ZnO thin films. Over other mineral acids, ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) solutions have commonly been used to wet etch microscale ZnO devices because of their controllable etch rate and near-linear behaviour. Etchant concentration and temperature were found to have a significant effect on etch rate. Moreover, this is the first demonstration that has identified multi-factor interactions between temperature and concentration, and between temperature and agitation. A linear model was developed relating etch rate and its variance against these significant factors and multi-factor interactions. An average selectivity of 73 : 1 was measured with none of the experimental factors having a significant effect on the selectivity. This statistical study captures the significant variance observed by other researchers. Furthermore, it enables statistically enhanced microfabrication processes for other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Lynes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Hengky Chandrahalim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Justin M. Brown
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Karanvir Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Kyle T. Bodily
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
| | - Kevin D. Leedy
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433, USA
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Magdas D, David M, Berghian-Grosan C. Fruit spirits fingerprint pointed out through artificial intelligence and FT-Raman spectroscopy. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Etemad-Parishanzadeh O, Ali W, Linders J, Straube T, Lutz H, Aggarwal V, Mayer C, Textor T, Gutmann JS, Mayer-Gall T. Characterization and Optimization of AZO Nanoparticles as Coatings for Flexible Substrates toward High IR Reflectivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61707-61722. [PMID: 34913672 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy consumption by air-conditioning is expansive and leads to the emission of millions of tons of CO2 every year. A promising approach to circumvent this problem is the reflection of solar radiation: Rooms that would not heat up by irradiation will not need to be cooled down. Especially, transparent conductive metal oxides exhibit high infrared (IR) reflectivity and are commonly applied as low-emissivity coatings (low-e coatings). Indium tin oxide (ITO) coatings are the state-of-the-art application, though indium is a rare and expensive resource. This work demonstrates that aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) can be a suitable alternative to ITO for IR-reflection applications. AZO synthesized here exhibits better emissivity to be used as roofing membrane coatings for buildings in comparison to commercially available ITO coatings. AZO particles forming the reflective coating are generated via solvothermal synthesis routes and obtain high conductivity and IR reflectivity without the need of any further post-thermal treatment. Different synthesis parameters were studied, and their effects on both conductive and optical properties of the AZO nanoparticles were evaluated. To this end, a series of characterization methods, especially 27Al-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (27Al-NMR) analysis, have been conducted for a deeper insight into the particles' structure to understand the differences in conductivity and optical properties. The optimized AZO nanoparticles were coated on flexible transparent textile-based roofing membranes and tested as low-e coatings. The membranes demonstrated higher thermal reflectance compared with commercial ITO materials with an emissivity value lowered by 16%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wael Ali
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DTNW) gGmbH, Adlerstr.1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nano Integration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nano Integration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Low & Bonar GmbH, Rheinstrasse 11, 41836 Hückelhoven, Germany
| | - Harald Lutz
- CHT Germany GmbH, Bismarckstr. 102, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vikas Aggarwal
- CHT Germany GmbH, Bismarckstr. 102, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nano Integration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten Textor
- Reutlingen University, School of Textiles and Design, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jochen S Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DTNW) gGmbH, Adlerstr.1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nano Integration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West (DTNW) gGmbH, Adlerstr.1, 47798 Krefeld, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Nano Integration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, 45141 Essen, Germany
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Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Metanil Yellow Dyes Using Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanocrystals. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) have been effectively synthesized by a simple, efficient and cost-effective method using coconut husk extract as a novel fuel. The synthesized NCs are characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, Raman and PL studies. The obtained ZnO were found to be UV-active with a bandgap of 2.93 eV. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the crystallinity of the ZnO with hexagonally structured ZnO with a crystallite size of 48 nm, while the SEM analysis reveals the hexagonal bipyramid morphology. Photocatalytic activities of the synthesized ZnO NCs are used to degrade methylene blue and metanil yellow dyes.
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Combustion synthesis of Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles using a new fuel and the study of its structural, micro-structural and optical properties. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Chen H, Sun Q, Tian T, Zheng L, Barré M, Monot-Laffez I, Makowska-Janusik M, Li G, Kassiba AH. Defects and microstructure of highly conducting Al-doped ZnO ceramics obtained via spark plasma sintering. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Nagashima H, Trébosc J, Kon Y, Sato K, Lafon O, Amoureux JP. Observation of Low-γ Quadrupolar Nuclei by Surface-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10659-10672. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nagashima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS-2638, Fédération Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yoshihiro Kon
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide, F-59000 Lille, France
- Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l’industrie, F-67166 Wissembourg, France
- Riken NMR Science and Development Division, Yokohama, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
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Sun Q, Li G, Tian T, Man Z, Zheng L, Barré M, Dittmer J, Goutenoire F, Kassiba AH. Controllable microstructure tailoring for regulating conductivity in Al-doped ZnO ceramics. Ann Ital Chir 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Gaffuri P, Appert E, Chaix-Pluchery O, Rapenne L, Salaün M, Consonni V. The Path of Gallium from Chemical Bath into ZnO Nanowires: Mechanisms of Formation and Incorporation. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10269-10279. [PMID: 31310521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanowires grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) are of high interest, but their doping with extrinsic elements including gallium in aqueous solution is still challenging despite its primary importance for transparent electrodes and electronics, and for mid-infrared plasmonics. We elucidate the formation mechanisms of ZnO nanowires by CBD using zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine as standard chemical precursors, as well as gallium nitrate and ammonia as chemical additives. A complete growth diagram, revealing the effects of both the relative concentration of gallium nitrate and pH, is gained by combining a thorough experimental approach with thermodynamic computations yielding theoretical solubility plots as well as Zn(II) and Ga(III) speciation diagrams. The role of Ga(OH)4- complexes is specifically shown as capping agents on the m-plane sidewalls of ZnO nanowires, enhancing their development and hence decreasing their aspect ratio. Additionally, the gallium incorporation into ZnO nanowires is investigated in detail by chemical analyses and Raman scattering. They show the predominant formation of gallium substituting for zinc atoms (GaZn) in as-grown ZnO nanowires and their partial conversion into GaZn-VZn complexes after postdeposition annealing under oxygen atmosphere. The conversion is further related to a significant relaxation of the strain level in ZnO nanowires. These findings reporting the physicochemical processes at work during the formation of ZnO nanowires and the related gallium incorporation mechanisms offer a general strategy for their extrinsic doping and open the way for carefully controlling their physical properties as required for nanoscale device engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gaffuri
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Estelle Appert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | | | - Laetitia Rapenne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Mathieu Salaün
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Vincent Consonni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France
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Nateq MH, Ceccato R. Enhanced Sol-Gel Route to Obtain a Highly Transparent and Conductive Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Film. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12111744. [PMID: 31146384 PMCID: PMC6600773 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrical and optical properties of sol–gel derived aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin films containing 2 at.% Al were investigated considering the modifying effects of (1) increasing the sol H2O content and (2) a thermal treatment procedure with a high-temperature approach followed by an additional heat-treatment step under a reducing atmosphere. According to the results obtained via the TG-DTA analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction technique, and four-point probe resistivity measurements, it is argued that in the modified sample, the sol hydrolysis, decomposition of the deposited gel, and crystallization of grains result in grains of larger crystallite size in the range of 20 to 30 nm and a stronger c-axis preferred orientation with slightly less microstrain. The obtained morphology and grain-boundary characteristics result in improved conductivity considering the resistivity value below 6 mΩ·cm. A detailed investigation of the samples’ optical properties, in terms of analyzing their absorption and dispersion behaviors through UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, support our reasoning for the increase of the mobility, and to a lesser extent the concentration of charge carriers, while causing only a slight degradation of optical transmittance down to nearly 80%. Hence, an enhanced performance as a transparent conducting film is claimed for the modified sample by comparing the figure-of-merit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Nateq
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Ceccato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
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Masoumi S, Nadimi E, Hossein-Babaei F. Electronic properties of Ag-doped ZnO: DFT hybrid functional study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14688-14693. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01578c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying the possibility of a p-type conduction mechanism in the Ag-doped ZnO can clarify persisting ambiguities in the related materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Masoumi
- Electronic Materials Laboratory (EML)
- Electrical Engineering Department
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran 16315-1355
- Iran
| | - Ebrahim Nadimi
- Centre for Computational Micro and Nanoelectronics
- Electrical Engineering Department
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran 16317-14191
- Iran
| | - Faramarz Hossein-Babaei
- Electronic Materials Laboratory (EML)
- Electrical Engineering Department
- K. N. Toosi University of Technology
- Tehran 16315-1355
- Iran
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