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Rogerson FM, Last K, Golub SB, Gauci SJ, Stanton H, Bell KM, Fosang AJ. ADAMTS-9 in Mouse Cartilage Has Aggrecanase Activity That Is Distinct from ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030573. [PMID: 30699963 PMCID: PMC6387038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5 are the principal aggrecanases in mice and humans; however, mice lacking the catalytic domain of both enzymes (TS-4/5∆cat) have no skeletal phenotype, suggesting there is an alternative aggrecanase for modulating normal growth and development in these mice. We previously identified aggrecanase activity that (a) cleaved at E↓G rather than E↓A bonds in the aggrecan core protein, and (b) was upregulated by retinoic acid but not IL-1α. The present study aimed to identify the alternative aggrecanase. Femoral head cartilage explants from TS-4/5∆cat mice were stimulated with IL-1α or retinoic acid and total RNA was analysed by microarray. In addition to ADAMTS-5 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, which are not candidates for the novel aggrecanase, the microarray analyses identified MMP-11, calpain-5 and ADAMTS-9 as candidate aggrecanases upregulated by retinoic acid. When calpain-5 and MMP-11 failed to meet subsequent criteria, ADAMTS-9 emerged as the most likely candidate for the novel aggrecanase. Immunohistochemistry revealed ADAMTS-9 expression throughout the mouse growth plate and strong expression, particularly in the proliferative zone of the TS-4/5-∆cat mice. In conclusion, ADAMTS-9 has a novel specificity for aggrecan, cleaving primarily at E↓G rather than E↓A bonds in mouse cartilage. ADAMTS-9 might have more important roles in normal skeletal development compared with ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, which have key roles in joint pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser M Rogerson
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
| | - Karena Last
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Suzanne B Golub
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Stephanie J Gauci
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Heather Stanton
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Katrina M Bell
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Amanda J Fosang
- University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Wu P, Holguin N, Silva MJ, Fu M, Liao W, Sandell LJ. Early response of mouse joint tissue to noninvasive knee injury suggests treatment targets. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1256-65. [PMID: 24470303 DOI: 10.1002/art.38375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint trauma can lead to a spectrum of acute lesions, including cartilage degradation, ligament or meniscus tears, and synovitis, all potentially associated with osteoarthritis (OA). This study was undertaken to generate and validate a murine model of knee joint trauma following noninvasive controlled injurious compression in vivo. METHODS The right knees of 8-week-old mice were placed in a hyperflexed position and subjected to compressive joint loading at 1 of 3 peak forces (3N, 6N, or 9N) for 60 cycles in a single loading period and harvested on days 5, 9, and 14 after loading (n = 3-5 for each time point and for each loading). The left knees were not loaded and were used as the contralateral control. Histologic, immunohistochemical, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses were performed to evaluate acute pathologic features in chondrocyte viability, cartilage matrix metabolism, synovial reaction, and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels. RESULTS Acute joint pathology was associated with increased injurious loads. All loading regimens induced chondrocyte apoptosis, cartilage matrix degradation, disruption of cartilage collagen fibril arrangement, and increased levels of serum COMP. We also observed that 6N loading induced mild synovitis by day 5, whereas at 9N, with tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament, severe posttraumatic synovitis and ectopic cartilage formation were observed. CONCLUSION We have established a murine model of knee joint trauma with different degrees of overloading in vivo. Our results suggest that immediate therapies particularly targeted to apoptosis and synovial cell proliferation could affect the acute posttraumatic reaction to potentially limit chronic consequences and OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wu
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Florine EM, Miller RE, Porter RM, Evans CH, Kurz B, Grodzinsky AJ. Effects of Dexamethasone on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Chondrogenesis and Aggrecanase Activity: Comparison of Agarose and Self-Assembling Peptide Scaffolds. Cartilage 2013; 4:63-74. [PMID: 24533173 PMCID: PMC3922645 DOI: 10.1177/1947603512455196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dexamethasone (Dex) is a synthetic glucocorticoid that has pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic effects in cartilage tissue engineering systems, though the mechanisms by which these effects are mediated are not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that the addition of Dex to chondrogenic medium would affect matrix production and aggrecanase activity of human and bovine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured in self-assembling peptide and agarose hydrogels. DESIGN We cultured young bovine and adult human BMSCs in (RADA)4 self-assembling peptide and agarose hydrogels in medium containing TGF-β1±Dex and analyzed extracellular matrix composition, aggrecan cleavage products, and the effects of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486 on proteoglycan content, synthesis, and catabolic processing. RESULTS Dex improved proteoglycan synthesis and retention in agarose hydrogels seeded with young bovine cells, but decreased proteoglycan accumulation in peptide scaffolds. These effects were mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Adult human BMSCs showed minimal matrix accumulation in agarose, but accumulated ~50% as much proteoglycan and collagen as young bovine BMSCs in peptide hydrogels. Dex reduced aggrecanase activity in (RADA)4 and agarose hydrogels, as measured by anti-NITEGE Western blotting, for both bovine and human BMSC-seeded gels. CONCLUSIONS The effects of Dex on matrix production are dependent on cell source and hydrogel identity. This is the first report of Dex reducing aggrecanase activity in a tissue engineering culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Florine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Section of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan M. Porter
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher H. Evans
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bodo Kurz
- Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia,Anatomical Institute, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Struglics A, Lohmander LS, Last K, Akikusa J, Allen R, Fosang AJ. Aggrecanase cleavage in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients is minimally detected in the aggrecan interglobular domain but robust at the aggrecan C-terminus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:4151-61; author reply 4162-3. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Stanton H, Melrose J, Little CB, Fosang AJ. Proteoglycan degradation by the ADAMTS family of proteinases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1616-29. [PMID: 21914474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are key components of extracellular matrices, providing structural support as well as influencing cellular behaviour in physiological and pathological processes. The diversity of proteoglycan function reported in the literature is equally matched by diversity in proteoglycan structure. Members of the ADAMTS (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs) family of enzymes degrade proteoglycans and thereby have the potential to alter tissue architecture and regulate cellular function. In this review, we focus on ADAMTS enzymes that degrade the lectican and small leucine-rich repeat families of proteoglycans. We discuss the known ADAMTS cleavage sites and the consequences of cleavage at these sites. We illustrate our discussion with examples from the literature in which ADAMTS proteolysis of proteoglycans makes profound changes to tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Stanton
- University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Australia.
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Abstract
Proteolysis of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan is a feature of arthritis. We present a method for analyzing aggrecanolysis in in vitro cultures of 3-week-old mouse femoral head cartilage based on traditional methods developed for large animal species. Investigators can choose either a simple analysis that detects several aggrecan fragments released into culture medium only or a more comprehensive study that detects all fragments present in both the medium and the cartilage matrix. The protocol comprises (i) cartilage culture and optional cartilage extraction, (ii) a quick and simple colorimetric assay for quantitating aggrecan and (iii) neoepitope western blotting to identify specific aggrecan fragments partitioning to the medium or cartilage compartments. The crucial difference between the methods for mice and larger animals is that the proportion of aggrecan in a given sample is normalized to total aggrecan rather than to tissue wet weight. This necessary break from tradition arises because tiny volumes of liquid clinging to mouse cartilage can increase the apparent tissue wet weight, causing unacceptable errors. The protocol has broad application for the in vitro analysis of transgenic mice, particularly those with mutations that affect cartilage remodeling, arthritic disease and skeletal development. The protocol is robust, reliable and takes 7-11 d to complete.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) involves all the structures of the joint. How the disease is initiated and what factors trigger the disease process remain unclear, although the mechanical environment seems to have a role. Our understanding of the biology of the disease has been hampered by the lack of access to tissue samples from patients with early stage disease, because clinically recognizable symptoms appear late in the osteoarthritic process. However, new data about the early processes in articular cartilage and new tools to identify the early stages of OA are providing fresh insights into the pathological sequence of events. The progressive destruction of cartilage involves degradation of matrix constituents, and rather active, yet inefficient, repair attempts. The release of fragmented molecules provides opportunities to monitor the disease process in patients, and to investigate whether these fragments are involved in propagating OA, for example, by inducing inflammation. The role of bone has not been fully elucidated, but changes in bone seem to be secondary to alterations in articular cartilage, which change the mechanical environment of the bone cells and induce them, in turn, to modulate tissue structure.
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Swearingen CA, Carpenter JW, Siegel R, Brittain IJ, Dotzlaf J, Durham TB, Toth JL, Laska DA, Marimuthu J, Liu C, Brown DP, Carter QL, Wiley MR, Duffin KL, Mitchell PG, Thirunavukkarasu K. Development of a novel clinical biomarker assay to detect and quantify aggrecanase-generated aggrecan fragments in human synovial fluid, serum and urine. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1150-8. [PMID: 20633682 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proteolytic degradation of aggrecan in articular cartilage is a hallmark feature of osteoarthritis (OA). The present study was aimed at developing a sensitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of aggrecanase-cleaved fragments of aggrecan in human serum and urine to facilitate the clinical development of aggrecanase inhibitors for OA. METHODS The BC3 monoclonal antibody that detects the ARGS neoepitope sequence in aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan was engineered and optimized using complementarity determining region (CDR)-saturation mutagenesis to improve its binding affinity to the neoepitope. A sandwich ELISA (BC3-C2 ELISA) was developed using the optimized alpha-ARGS antibody (BC3-C2) as capture antibody and a commercially available antibody directed against the hyaluronic-acid binding region (HABR) of aggrecan as detection antibody. Aggrecanase-cleaved fragments of aggrecan present in in vitro digests, human cartilage explant culture supernatants and in human synovial fluid, serum and urine were detected and quantified using this ELISA. RESULTS The optimized antibody had a 4-log improvement in affinity for the ARGS containing peptide compared to the parental BC3 antibody, while maintaining the ability to not cross-react with a spanning peptide. The BC3-C2 ELISA demonstrated the ability to detect aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan fragments in the native state, without the need for deglycosylation. This ELISA was able to measure aggrecanase-generated ARGS containing aggrecan fragments in human articular cartilage (HAC) explant cultures in the basal state (without cytokine stimulation). Treatment with an aggrecanase inhibitor resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of ARGS neoepitope released into the culture supernatant. The ELISA assay also enabled the detection of ARGS containing fragments in human synovial fluid, serum and urine, suggesting its potential utility as a biomarker of aggrecanase activity. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel ELISA using an optimized ARGS antibody and have demonstrated for the first time, an ELISA-based measurement of aggrecan degradation products in human serum and urine. This assay has the potential to serve as a mechanistic drug activity biomarker in the clinic and is expected to significantly impact/accelerate the clinical development of aggrecanase inhibitors and other disease modifying drugs for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Swearingen
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Swearingen CA, Chambers MG, Lin C, Marimuthu J, Rito CJ, Carter QL, Dotzlaf J, Liu C, Chandrasekhar S, Duffin KL, Mitchell PG, Durham TB, Wiley MR, Thirunavukkarasu K. A short-term pharmacodynamic model for monitoring aggrecanase activity: injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in rats and assessment of aggrecan neoepitope release in synovial fluid using novel ELISAs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:1159-66. [PMID: 20633676 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a short-term in vivo model in rats, with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) readout for specific aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan fragments, to facilitate testing of aggrecanase inhibitors. METHODS Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), a metabolic inhibitor, was injected into the right knee joint of male Lewis rats and the release of aggrecanase-cleaved fragments of aggrecan containing the NITEGE or ARGN neoepitope was measured in the synovial fluid at 7 days post MIA injection using novel ELISAs. The ELISAs utilize a commercial antibody directed against the hyaluronic-acid binding region (HABR) of aggrecan, in combination with either an alpha-NITEGE antibody (NITEGE ELISA) or an alpha-ARGS/BC3 antibody (ARGS ELISA), to detect aggrecanase-cleavage of aggrecan within the interglobular domain (IGD). Aggrecan fragments present in in vitro digests, in cytokine-treated cartilage explant culture supernatants and in rat synovial fluid lavage samples were detected and quantified using the two ELISAs. Small molecule inhibitors of aggrecanase activity were dosed orally on days 3-7 to determine their ability to inhibit MIA-induced generation of the NITEGE and ARGN neoepitopes measured in the rat synovial fluid. RESULTS The NITEGE assay was shown to specifically detect the N-terminal fragment of aggrecan comprising the G1 domain and the NITEGE neoepitope sequence. This assay can readily measure aggrecanase-cleaved bovine, human and rat aggrecan without the need for deglycosylation. The ARGS assay specifically detects C-terminal fragments of aggrecan comprising the ARGS/ARGN neoepitope and the G2 domain. Keratan sulfate (KS) residues of aggrecan interfere with this ELISA, and hence this assay works well with native rat articular cartilage aggrecan (that lacks KS residues) and with deglycosylated bovine and human aggrecan. Injection of MIA into the rat knee joints resulted in a time-dependent increase in the release of aggrecanase-cleaved aggrecan fragments into the synovial fluid and treatment with an aggrecanase inhibitor resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of the generation of these neoepitopes. CONCLUSIONS We have established a short-term in vivo model in rats that involves measurement of synovial fluid biomarkers that are dependent on aggrecanase activity in the joint. The short duration of the model combined with the mechanistic biomarker readout makes it very useful for the initial in vivo screening of aggrecanase inhibitors prior to testing them in time and resource-intensive disease models of osteoarthritis (OA).
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Swearingen
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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10
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Abstract
Neoepitope antibodies recognize the newly created N or C terminus of protein degradation products but fail to recognize the same sequence of amino acids present in intact or undigested protein. Aggrecan neoepitope antibodies have been pivotal in studies determining the contribution of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases to aggrecanolysis. In particular, an antibody to the A(374)RGSV N terminus was instrumental in the landmark discovery of the aggrecanases, ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. Antibodies to neoepitopes at the major MMP cleavage site DIPEN(341)/(342)FFGVG helped to distinguish MMP-driven aggrecan loss from aggrecanase-driven aggrecan loss and identified a role for MMPs in late-stage disease. More recently, neoepitope antibodies that recognize cleavage sites in the chondroitin sulphate-rich region of aggrecan have been used to show that aggrecanase cleavage proceeds in a defined manner, beginning at the C terminus and proceeding to the signature cleavage at NITEGE(373)/(374)ARGSV in the interglobular domain. Work with the C-terminal neoepitope antibodies has underscored the need to use a suite of neoepitope antibodies to fully describe aggrecanolysis in vitro. In this chapter, we describe the production of two aggrecan neoepitope antibodies as examples: the monoclonal anti-FFGVG antibody (AF-28) and the polyclonal anti-DIPEN antisera.
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Miwa HE, Gerken TA, Huynh TD, Duesler LR, Cotter M, Hering TM. Conserved sequence in the aggrecan interglobular domain modulates cleavage by ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2008; 1790:161-72. [PMID: 19101611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleavage of aggrecan by ADAMTS proteinases at specific sites within highly conserved regions may be important to normal physiological enzyme functions, as well as pathological degradation. METHODS To examine ADAMTS selectivity, we assayed ADAMTS-4 and -5 cleavage of recombinant bovine aggrecan mutated at amino acids N-terminal or C-terminal to the interglobular domain cleavage site. RESULTS Mutations of conserved amino acids from P18 to P12 to increase hydrophilicity resulted in ADAMTS-4 cleavage inhibition. Mutation of Thr, but not Asn within the conserved N-glycosylation motif Asn-Ile-Thr from P6 to P4 enhanced cleavage. Mutation of conserved Thr residues from P22 to P17 to increase hydrophobicity enhanced ADAMTS-4 cleavage. A P4' Ser377Gln mutant inhibited cleavage by ADAMTS-4 and -5, while a neutral Ser377Ala mutant and species mimicking mutants Ser377Thr, Ser377Asn, and Arg375Leu were cleaved normally by ADAMTS-4. The Ser377Thr mutant, however, was resistant to cleavage by ADAMTS-5. CONCLUSION We have identified multiple conserved amino acids within regions N- and C-terminal to the site of scission that may influence enzyme-substrate recognition, and may interact with exosites on ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of the binding of ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 exosites to aggrecan should be explored as a therapeutic intervention for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki E Miwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Durigova M, Soucy P, Fushimi K, Nagase H, Mort JS, Roughley PJ. Characterization of an ADAMTS-5-mediated cleavage site in aggrecan in OSM-stimulated bovine cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1245-52. [PMID: 18372197 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a previous study, we identified a 50-kDa G3-containing aggrecan degradation product in bovine cartilage, released from the tissue after interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulation in the presence of oncostatin M (OSM). Our objective was to purify, determine the N-terminal sequence of this fragment and verify whether this cleavage could be attributed to a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5 action in vitro. METHODS Collected media from bovine cartilage explant cultures stimulated with IL-1+OSM were subjected to anion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal sequence of the fragment of interest in the purified fractions was determined by automated Edman sequencing. Fetal bovine aggrecan was digested with full-length recombinant ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 and resulting degradation products were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) and immunoblotting using an anti-G3 antiserum and an anti-neoepitope antibody that had been generated to the new N-terminus of the G3 fragment. RESULTS Characterization of the 50-kDa fragment showed that it possesses chondroitin sulfate (CS) and is the result of a cleavage within the C-terminal portion of the CS-2 domain, adjacent to the G3 region. Sequence analysis identified the cleavage region as TQRPAE(2047)-(2048)ARLEIE, suggesting an aggrecanase-derived product. Using an anti-neoepitope antibody specific for the additional cleavage site, it was shown that the product is generated in vitro upon digestion of aggrecan by ADAMTS-5 and, to a much lesser extent, by ADAMTS-4. CONCLUSIONS The abundance and rapid rate of release of this degradation product in organ cultures in the presence of OSM suggest that it could result from a unique aggrecan proteolysis mediated by aggrecanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Durigova
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
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Connelly JT, Wilson CG, Levenston ME. Characterization of proteoglycan production and processing by chondrocytes and BMSCs in tissue engineered constructs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1092-100. [PMID: 18294870 PMCID: PMC2605680 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize the proteoglycan (PG) production and processing by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) within a tissue engineered construct. METHODS Bovine BMSCs and articular chondrocytes (ACs) were isolated from an immature calf, seeded into agarose gels, and cultured up to 32 days in the presence of TGF-beta1. The localization of various PGs was examined by immunofluorescence and histological staining. The role of proteolytic enzymes in construct development was further investigated by examining the effects of aggrecanase and MMP inhibitors on PG accumulation, aggrecan processing, and construct mechanics. RESULTS BMSCs developed a matrix rich in sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and full-length aggrecan, but had low levels of versican. The BMSC constructs had less collagen II and aggrecan compared to the AC constructs cultured under identical conditions. AC constructs also had high levels of pericellular collagen VI, while BMSCs had a pericellular matrix containing little collagen VI and greater levels of decorin, biglycan, and fibronectin. Treatment with the aggrecanase inhibitor did not affect sGAG accumulation or the dynamic moduli of the BMSC constructs. The MMP inhibitor slightly but significantly inhibited sGAG accumulation and lowered the dynamic moduli of BMSC constructs. CONCLUSIONS The results of this preliminary study indicate that long-term culture of BMSCs with TGF-beta1 promotes the development of an aggrecan-rich matrix characteristic of native articular cartilage; however, BMSCs accumulate significantly lower levels of sGAG and assemble distinct pericellular microenvironments compared to ACs. PG turnover does not appear to play a major role in the development of tissue engineered cartilage constructs by BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Connelly
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Christopher G. Wilson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Marc E. Levenston
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,Corresponding author: Marc E. Levenston, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Biomechanical Engineering, 233 Durand Building, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4038, 650.723.9464 (P),
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Little CB, Meeker CT, Golub SB, Lawlor KE, Farmer PJ, Smith SM, Fosang AJ. Blocking aggrecanase cleavage in the aggrecan interglobular domain abrogates cartilage erosion and promotes cartilage repair. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1627-36. [PMID: 17510707 PMCID: PMC1866253 DOI: 10.1172/jci30765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan loss from cartilage in arthritis is mediated by aggrecanases. Aggrecanases cleave aggrecan preferentially in the chondroitin sulfate-2 (CS-2) domain and secondarily at the E(373) downward arrow(374)A bond in the interglobular domain (IGD). However, IGD cleavage may be more deleterious for cartilage biomechanics because it releases the entire CS-containing portion of aggrecan. Recent studies identifying aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS-5) as the predominant aggrecanase in mouse cartilage have not distinguished aggrecanolysis in the IGD from aggrecanolysis in the CS-2 domain. We generated aggrecan knockin mice with a mutation that rendered only the IGD resistant to aggrecanases in order to assess the contribution of this specific cleavage to cartilage pathology. The knockin mice were viable and fertile. Aggrecanase cleavage in the aggrecan IGD was not detected in knockin mouse cartilage in situ nor following digestion with ADAMTS-5 or treatment of cartilage explant cultures with IL-1 alpha. Blocking cleavage in the IGD not only diminished aggrecan loss and cartilage erosion in surgically induced osteoarthritis and a model of inflammatory arthritis, but appeared to stimulate cartilage repair following acute inflammation. We conclude that blocking aggrecanolysis in the aggrecan IGD alone protects against cartilage erosion and may potentiate cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Little
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare T. Meeker
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne B. Golub
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate E. Lawlor
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pamela J. Farmer
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan M. Smith
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda J. Fosang
- Arthritis Research Group, University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, University of Sydney at the Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
Surgical Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Thirunavukkarasu K, Pei Y, Wei T. Characterization of the human ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase-2) gene promoter. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 34:225-31. [PMID: 17211519 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-006-9037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan degradation in osteoarthritis is mediated primarily by aggrecanases (-1 and -2) that are members of the ADAMTS family of proteases. Aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS-5) null mice are resistant to aggrecan degradation in models of experimentally-induced osteoarthritis. In order to analyze ADAMTS-5 gene expression at the transcriptional level, we have cloned a 2.6 kb promoter region (-2096 to +506) of the human ADAMTS-5 gene and generated betagal reporter constructs. Promoter functionality was tested in transient transfection assays in chondrocytic cells. Analysis of the 2.6 kb promoter sequence indicated four putative binding sites for the Runx family of transcription factors, of which one member, Runx2, plays a role in chondrocyte maturation and hypertrophy. Overexpression of Runx2 stimulated reporter gene expression approximately 7-fold over control in SW1353 human chondrosarcoma cells and approximately 5-fold over control in primary bovine articular chondrocytes, suggesting ADAMTS-5 to be a potential downstream target of Runx2. 5'-deletions in the promoter resulted in a substantial loss in responsiveness to Runx2 implicating the functional importance of the distal promoter region that harbors putative Runx binding elements for achieving maximal Runx2 effects. The promoter-reporter construct could serve as a useful tool to understand the regulation of ADAMTS-5 gene expression at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Thirunavukkarasu
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Labs, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
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16
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Lee NV, Sato M, Annis DS, Loo JA, Wu L, Mosher DF, Iruela-Arispe ML. ADAMTS1 mediates the release of antiangiogenic polypeptides from TSP1 and 2. EMBO J 2006; 25:5270-83. [PMID: 17082774 PMCID: PMC1636613 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases regulate both physiological and pathological events by processing matrix proteins and growth factors. ADAMTS1 in particular is required for normal ovulation and renal function and has been shown to modulate angiogenesis. Here we report that TSP1 and 2 are substrates of ADAMTS1. Using a combination of mass spectrometry and Edman degradation, we mapped the cleavage sites and characterized the biological relevance of these processing events. ADAMTS1 cleavage mediates the release of polypeptides from the trimeric structure of both TSP1 and 2 generating a pool of antiangiogenic fragments from matrix-bound thrombospondin. Using neo-epitope antibodies we confirmed that processing occurs during wound healing of wild-type mice. However, TSP1 proteolysis is decreased or absent in ADAMTS1 null mice; this is associated with delayed wound closure and increased angiogenic response. Finally, TSP1-/- endothelial cells revealed that the antiangiogenic response mediated by ADAMTS1 is greatly dependent on TSP1. These findings have unraveled a mechanistic explanation for the angiostatic functions attributed to ADAMTS1 and demonstrated in vivo processing of TSP1 under situations of tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Urology, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Douglas S Annis
- Department of Medicine and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Urology, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deane F Mosher
- Department of Medicine and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East Boyer Hall 559, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Tel.: +1 310 794 5763; Fax: +1 310 794 5766; E-mail:
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17
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Voros G, Sandy JD, Collen D, Lijnen HR. Expression of aggrecan(ases) during murine preadipocyte differentiation and adipose tissue development. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1837-44. [PMID: 17011710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression and potential functional role of aggrecan in adipogenesis and adipose tissue development was investigated in murine models of obesity. Aggrecan, as well as the two aggrecanases ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin motif) mRNAs, are expressed in subcutaneous (SC) and gonadal (GON) adipose tissues of mice. Their presence was confirmed by western blotting using adipose tissue extracts. In mice with nutritionally induced obesity (high fat diet) as well as in lean controls, aggrecan mRNA expression was downregulated whereas ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 were upregulated with time. In mice with genetically determined obesity (ob/ob), ADAMTS-5 mRNA was upregulated in both SC and GON adipose tissues, as compared to wild-type (WT) mice (p<0.001). Enhanced aggrecanase expression levels in these tissues were associated with significantly elevated levels of G1-NITEGE, a degradation product of aggrecan. Thus, aggrecan levels were high at the early stages of adipose tissue development in mice, whereas its production decreased and its degradation increased during development of obesity. A functional role of aggrecan in promoting early stages of adipogenesis is supported by the findings that it stimulated the in vitro differentiation of 3T3-F442A preadipocytes and the de novo in vivo accumulation of fat in Matrigel plaques injected into WT mice. Proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of adipose tissue, such as aggrecan, may contribute to the regulation of lipid uptake and obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Voros
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Miwa HE, Gerken TA, Hering TM. Effects of covalently attached chondroitin sulfate on aggrecan cleavage by ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13. Matrix Biol 2006; 25:534-45. [PMID: 16945513 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan is degraded by several aggrecanase-1 (ADAMTS-4) isoforms differing in the number of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG)-binding motifs. ADAMTS-4 and MMPs cleave aggrecan more efficiently within the chondroitin sulfate (CS)-rich region than the interglobular domain (IGD). We investigated the influence of CS on aggrecan core protein cleavage by ADAMTS-4 (p68) and (p40) as well as MMP-13, which has no recognizable GAG-binding sites. Chondroitinase ABC-treated cartilage aggrecan was cleaved with ADAMTS-4 (p68) less efficiently than CS-substituted aggrecan within the CS-2 domain. Keratanase-treated aggrecan exhibited reduced IGD cleavage, but when both CS and KS were removed, the IGD cleavage was restored. This result suggests that KS in the IGD may compete with CS for ADAMTS-4 (p68) binding. In the absence of KS, however, p68 binding was shifted to the CS-2 domain. CS-deficient full-length recombinant aggrecan (rbAgg) was produced by chondroitinase ABC treatment, or by expression in the xylosyltransferase-deficient CHO-pgsA745 cell line. When digested with the ADAMTS-4 (p68), each of these preparations exhibited reduced CS-2 domain cleavage compared to CS-substituted CHO-K1 cell-derived aggrecan. Additionally, CS-deficient rbAgg showed increased IGD scission prior to cleavage within the CS-2 domain. ADAMTS-4 (p40) readily cleaved both rbAggs within the IGD, but cleaved poorly within the CS-2 domain, indicating little CS dependence. MMP-13, in contrast, cleaved the CS region and the IGD of both CS-substituted and CS-deficient rbAgg equally well. These data indicate that covalently bound CS enhances ADAMTS-4-mediated cleavage within the CS-rich region. MMP-13 also cleaves preferentially within the CS-region, but by an apparently CS-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki E Miwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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19
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Skandalis SS, Theocharis AD, Vynios DH, Papageorgakopoulou N, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK, Theocharis DA. Cartilage aggrecan undergoes significant compositional and structural alterations during laryngeal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1046-53. [PMID: 16574327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan is a key component of cartilage and is responsible for the integrity and function of the tissue. In this study, the content of aggrecan and its structural modifications in adjacent to cancer apparently normal cartilages (AANCs) from various stages of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) were investigated. Our data demonstrated a stage-related loss of aggregable aggrecan in AANCs, compared to the healthy laryngeal cartilage (HLC), which was excessive in advanced stages of disease. On aggregable aggrecan level, AANCs were characterized by significant compositional and structural modifications, the extent of which was closely related with the stage of LSCC. Four concrete subpopulations of aggregable molecules with particular physicochemical characteristics were identified with a strong tendency to prevail subpopulations of molecules of lower hydrodynamic sizes with increasing LSCC stage. These findings demonstrated that the cleavage of aggregable aggrecan occurred in concrete peptide bonds within the CS-1 and CS-2 attachment domains. These significant alterations were closely associated with the process of cartilage destruction, indicating the crucial role of aggrecan during LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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20
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Thomas M, Sabatini M, Bensaude F, Mignard B, Ortuno JC, Caron I, Boutin JA, Ferry G. A microplate assay for the screening of ADAMTS-4 inhibitors. Matrix Biol 2006; 25:261-7. [PMID: 16442274 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecanase plays a major role in cartilage proteoglycan degradation in rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The search of new inhibitors of aggrecanase activity necessitates a robust assays in order to be able to screen large numbers of compounds. We present in this paper an assay based on the cleavage of His-tagged aggrecan interglobular domain by N- and C- terminus truncated, active aggrecanase-1/ADAMTS-4, with formation of the aggrecanase-specific ARGSV neoepitope. This is detected by anti-ARGSV antibody, in turn recognized by a fluorescent anti-IgG. Furthermore, the formation of the reaction products was confirmed by high-pressure capillary electrophoresis. This assay allows the rapid screening of aggrecanase inhibitors in a 96-well plate format, allowing an immediate transposition to high-throughput scale up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology, Institut de Recherches Servier, IdRS, 11 rue des Moulineaux, 92150 Suresnes, France
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21
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Stewart MC, Fosang AJ, Bai Y, Osborn B, Plaas A, Sandy JD. ADAMTS5-mediated aggrecanolysis in murine epiphyseal chondrocyte cultures. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:392-402. [PMID: 16406703 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/19/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggrecan degradation by aggrecanases [a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs (ADAMTS) 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 15] is considered to initiate much of the cartilage pathology seen in human arthritis, however, the proteinase responsible and its mode of control is unclear. The present work was done to examine mechanisms of aggrecanase control in a novel murine epiphyseal cell system and to determine whether ADAMTS5 alone is responsible for aggrecanolysis by these cells. METHODS Epiphyseal cells from 4-day-old mice (wild type, TS-5 (-/-), CD44(-/-), syndecan-1(-/-), membrane type-4 matrix metalloproteinase [MT4MMP(-/-)]) were maintained in non-adherent aggregate cultures and aggrecanolysis studied by biochemical and histochemical methods. Confocal immunolocalization analyses were done with specific probes for ADAMTS5, hyaluronan (HA) and aggrecanase-generated fragments of aggrecan. RESULTS Aggrecanolysis by these cells was specifically aggrecanase-mediated and it occurred spontaneously without the need for addition of catabolic stimulators. Chondrocytes from ADAMTS5-null mice were aggrecanase-inactive whereas all other mutant cells behaved as wild type in this regard suggesting that ADAMTS5 activity is not controlled by CD44, syndecan-1 or MT4MMP in this system. Immunohistochemical analysis supported the central role for ADAMTS5 in the degradative pathway and indicated that aggrecanolysis occurs primarily in the HA-poor pericellular region in these cultures. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with published in vivo studies showing that single-gene ADAMTS5 ablation confers significant protection on cartilage in murine arthritis. We propose that this culture system and the analytical approaches described provide a valuable framework to further delineate the expression, activity and control of ADAMTS-mediated aggrecanolysis in human arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Stewart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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22
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Miwa HE, Gerken TA, Huynh TD, Flory DM, Hering TM. Mammalian expression of full-length bovine aggrecan and link protein: formation of recombinant proteoglycan aggregates and analysis of proteolytic cleavage by ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1760:472-86. [PMID: 16427204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan, a large chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) proteoglycan, has not previously been expressed as a full-length recombinant molecule. To facilitate structure/function analysis, we have characterized recombinant bovine aggrecan (rbAgg) and link protein expressed in COS-7 cells. We demonstrate that C-terminally truncated rbAgg was not secreted. Gel filtration chromatography of rbAgg and isolated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, and their susceptibility to chondroitinase ABC digestion indicate that the GAG chains are predominantly CS, which likely occupy fewer serine residues than native aggrecan. To confirm functionality, we determined that rbAgg bound hyaluronan and recombinant link protein to form proteoglycan aggregates. In addition, cleavage of rbAgg by ADAMTS-4 revealed that the p68 form of ADAMTS-4 preferentially cleaves within the CS-2 domain, whereas the p40 form only effectively cleaves within the interglobular domain (IGD). MMP-13 cleaved rbAgg within the IGD, but cleaved more rapidly at a site within the CS domains, suggesting a role in C-terminal processing of aggrecan. Our results demonstrate that recombinant aggrecan can be used for in vitro analyses of matrix protease-dependent degradation of aggrecan in the IGD and CS domains, and both recombinant aggrecan and link protein can be used to study the assembly of proteoglycan aggregates with hyaluronan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki E Miwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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23
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Le Maitre CL, Freemont AJ, Hoyland JA. The role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of human intervertebral disc degeneration. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R732-45. [PMID: 15987475 PMCID: PMC1175026 DOI: 10.1186/ar1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hypotheses that in human intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration there is local production of the cytokine IL-1, and that this locally produced cytokine can induce the cellular and matrix changes of IVD degeneration. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize five members of the IL-1 family (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), IL-1RI (IL-1 receptor, type I), and ICE (IL-1β-converting enzyme)) in non-degenerate and degenerate human IVDs. In addition, cells derived from non-degenerate and degenerate human IVDs were challenged with IL-1 agonists and the response was investigated using real-time PCR for a number of matrix-degrading enzymes, matrix proteins, and members of the IL-1 family. This study has shown that native disc cells from non-degenerate and degenerate discs produced the IL-1 agonists, antagonist, the active receptor, and IL-1β-converting enzyme. In addition, immunopositivity for these proteins, with the exception of IL-1Ra, increased with severity of degeneration. We have also shown that IL-1 treatment of human IVD cells resulted in increased gene expression for the matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP 3 (matrix metalloproteinase 3), MMP 13 (matrix metalloproteinase 13), and ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs)) and a decrease in the gene expression for matrix genes (aggrecan, collagen II, collagen I, and SOX6). In conclusion we have shown that IL-1 is produced in the degenerate IVD. It is synthesized by native disc cells, and treatment of human disc cells with IL-1 induces an imbalance between catabolic and anabolic events, responses that represent the changes seen during disc degeneration. Therefore, inhibiting IL-1 could be an important therapeutic target for preventing and reversing disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lyn Le Maitre
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anthony J Freemont
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Judith Alison Hoyland
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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24
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Oshita H, Sandy J, Suzuki K, Akaike A, Bai Y, Sasaki T, Shimizu K. Mature bovine articular cartilage contains abundant aggrecan that is C-terminally truncated at Ala719-Ala720, a site which is readily cleaved by m-calpain. Biochem J 2005; 382:253-9. [PMID: 15175011 PMCID: PMC1133938 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of normal mature articular cartilage contain aggrecan molecules which bear the G1 domain (the N-terminal globular domain of aggrecan) and are C-terminally truncated by proteolysis at a number of sites. A proportion of these molecules are generated by an aggrecanase and/or matrix-metalloproteinase-mediated cleavage in the IGD (interglobular domain between the G1 and G2 domains of aggrecan). However, the proteinase(s) responsible for formation of the majority of the larger G1-G2 and glycosaminoglycan-bearing truncated species is (are) unknown. N-terminal sequencing of aggrecan core fragments generated by m-calpain digestion of bovine aggrecan has identified four novel cleavage sites: one within the CS (chondroitin sulphate)-1 domain (at one or more of the bonds Ser1229-Val1230, Ser1249-Val1250, Ser1287-Val1288, Gly1307-Val1308 and Ser1346-Val1347), two within the IGD (at bonds Ala474-Ala475 and Gly365-Gly366) and one within the KS (keratan sulphate) domain (at Ala719-Ala720). A new monoclonal antibody (SK-28) to the C-terminal neoepitope at M710VTQVGPGVA719 showed that aggrecan products generated by this cleavage are present in high abundance in mature bovine articular cartilage extracts. We conclude that m-calpain, or an unidentified proteinase with the capacity to cleave at the same site, is active during aggrecan biosynthesis/secretion by mature chondrocytes or in the matrix of mature bovine articular cartilage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Oshita
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan
| | - John D. Sandy
- ‡Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, U.S.A
- §Shriners Hospital for Children, University of South Florida, 12502 Pine Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be sent, at the Shriners Hospital address (email )
| | - Kiichi Suzuki
- †Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagahama Municipal Hospital, 313 Ohinuicho, Nagahama 526-8580, Japan
| | - Atsushi Akaike
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan
| | - Yun Bai
- §Shriners Hospital for Children, University of South Florida, 12502 Pine Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A
| | - Tomohiro Sasaki
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan
| | - Katsuji Shimizu
- *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1194, Japan
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Skandalis SS, Theocharis DA, Papageorgakopoulou N, Vynios DH. The extractability of extracellular matrix components as a marker of cartilage remodeling in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1721:81-8. [PMID: 15652182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sequential extraction was applied to investigate the proteoglycan (PG) organization in healthy laryngeal cartilage (HLC) and laryngeal cartilage squamous cell carcinoma (LCSCC). Highly stable aggrecan aggregates, extracted from both HLC and LCSCC with strong dissociative reagents, i.e., 4 M guanidine HCl (GdnHCl), represented 53% and 7%, respectively, of total extracted macromolecules. Less stable complexes/aggregates, extracted with mild dissociative reagents (1 and 2 M GdnHCl), represented 40% and 61% of total extracted PGs from healthy and cancerous cartilage, respectively. Interestingly, a relative high proportion (32%) of uronic acid (UA)-containing macromolecules were removed from the cancerous cartilage using associative extracting solutions (PBS and 0.5 M GdnHCl), which obviously represented molecules freely extractable from the tissue. In contrast, the corresponding proportion in HLC was impressively low (about 7%). The major proportion of these molecules was chondroitin sulfate-containing PGs (CSPGs), which identified mainly as aggrecan. Differential digestion of the sequential extracts with chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC II demonstrated the presence of dermatan sulfate-containing PGs (DSPGs) in both HLC and LCSCC, being mainly present in the 1 M GdnHCl extract, and identified as decorin. All cancerous extracts were found to be rich in 4-sulfated disaccharides, mostly participating in DS structures. In conclusion, the applied procedure permitted the elucidation of the changes in the cartilage status, regarding the stability and identity of its proteoglycan aggregates/complexes, in both HLC and LCSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 265 00 Patras, Greece
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26
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Lemons ML, Sandy JD, Anderson DK, Howland DR. Intact aggrecan and chondroitin sulfate-depleted aggrecan core glycoprotein inhibit axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2003; 184:981-90. [PMID: 14769391 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2003] [Revised: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecan is a chondroitin sulfate (CS)/keratan sulfate (KS)-substituted proteoglycan (PG) abundant in cartilage which is also present within the mammalian embryonic, adult, and injured adult central nervous system (CNS). Although its role within the CNS is not clear, cell culture studies show that when substituted with CS, aggrecan inhibits neurite extension. To better understand the inhibitory effect of aggrecan on injured adult axons in vivo, we developed a model to independently test intact aggrecan and CS-depleted aggrecan core glycoprotein. Acute rat spinal cord hemisection cavities were filled with a growth-promoting matrix, Matrigel, and severed dorsal rootlets were placed into this matrix. This created an assay in which axons readily grew. The extent of ingrowth in this baseline assay was compared to the ingrowth in Matrigel loaded with intact aggrecan or the purified core glycoprotein of aggrecan. Our results show that both intact aggrecan and equivalent concentrations of the core glycoprotein component significantly inhibit axonal growth in this model system. These results confirm that aggrecan can inhibit the growth of adult axons in vivo and suggest that the inhibitory effects of aggrecan may be mediated, at least in part, by structures located on the core glycoprotein in the absence of the bulk of the CS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Lemons
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Center for Research in Pediatric Orthopedics, Shriners Hospital, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Roughley PJ, Barnett J, Zuo F, Mort JS. Variations in aggrecan structure modulate its susceptibility to aggrecanases. Biochem J 2003; 375:183-9. [PMID: 12859252 PMCID: PMC1223671 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Revised: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycan aggregates and purified aggrecan from adult and fetal bovine cartilage and adult and neonatal human cartilage were subjected to in vitro degradation by recombinant aggrecanase-1 and aggrecanase-2. The ability of the aggrecanases to cleave within the aggrecan IGD (interglobular domain) and CS2 domain (chondroitin sulphate-rich domain 2) was monitored by SDS/PAGE and immunoblotting. Aggrecanase-2 showed a similar ability to cleave within the IGD of adult and immature aggrecan, whereas aggrecanase-1 was less efficient in cleavage in the IGD of immature aggrecan, for both the bovine and the human substrates. Both aggrecanases showed a similar ability to cleave within the CS2 domain of bovine aggrecan irrespective of age, but showed a much lower ability to cleave within the CS2 domain of human aggrecan. Equivalent results were obtained whether aggrecan was present in isolation or as part of proteoglycan aggregates. When proteoglycan aggregates were used, neither aggrecanase was able to cleave link protein. Thus, for aggrecan cleavage by aggrecanases, variations in cleavage efficiency exist with respect to the species and age of the animal from which the aggrecan is derived and the type of aggrecanase being used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A6.
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Little CB, Hughes CE, Curtis CL, Janusz MJ, Bohne R, Wang-Weigand S, Taiwo YO, Mitchell PG, Otterness IG, Flannery CR, Caterson B. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in C-terminal and interglobular domain processing of cartilage aggrecan in late stage cartilage degradation. Matrix Biol 2002; 21:271-88. [PMID: 12009333 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(02)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology was used to examine aggrecan metabolites and the role of aggrecanases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in proteolysis of the interglobular domain (IGD) and C-terminus of aggrecan. An in vitro model of progressive cartilage degradation characterized by early proteoglycan loss and late stage collagen catabolism was evaluated in conjunction with a broad-spectrum inhibitor of MMPs. We have for the first time demonstrated that IGD cleavage by MMPs occurs during this late stage cartilage degeneration, both as a primary event in association with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release from the tissue and secondarily in trimming of aggrecanase-generated G1 metabolites. Additionally, we have shown that MMPs were responsible for C-terminal catabolism of aggrecan and generation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) deficient aggrecan monomers and that this aggrecan truncation occurred prior to detectable IGD cleavage by MMPs. The onset of this later stage MMP activity was also evident by the generation of MMP-specific link protein catabolites in this model culture system. Recombinant MMP-1, -3 and -13 were all capable of C-terminally truncating aggrecan with at least two cleavage sites N-terminal to the CS attachment domains of aggrecan. Through analysis of aggrecan metabolites in pathological synovial fluids from human, canine and equine sources, we have demonstrated the presence of aggrecan catabolites that appear to have resulted from similar C-terminal processing of aggrecan as that induced in our in vitro culture systems. Finally, by developing a new MAb recognizing a linear epitope in the IGD of aggrecan, we have identified two novel aggrecan metabolites generated by an as yet unidentified proteolytic event. Collectively, these results suggest that C-terminal processing of aggrecan by MMPs may contribute to the depletion of cartilage GAG that leads to loss of tissue function in aging and disease. Furthermore, analysis of aggrecan metabolites resulting from both C-terminal and IGD cleavage by MMPs may prove useful in monitoring different stages in the progression of cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Little
- Connective Tissue Biology Laboratory, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3US, Wales, UK.
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Sztrolovics R, Recklies AD, Roughley PJ, Mort JS. Hyaluronate degradation as an alternative mechanism for proteoglycan release from cartilage during interleukin-1beta-stimulated catabolism. Biochem J 2002; 362:473-9. [PMID: 11853557 PMCID: PMC1222409 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Data presented previously suggest that release of components of the cartilage matrix, in response to catabolic agents, cannot be accounted for by proteolytic mechanisms alone. In the present study, the release of glycosaminoglycan-containing components from bovine nasal cartilage cultured in the presence of interleukin-1beta, and from bovine nasal, fetal bovine epiphyseal and adult human articular cartilage cultured in the presence of retinoic acid, was accompanied by the loss of link protein and hyaluronate into the culture medium. Chromatographic analysis of the released hyaluronate showed it to be markedly reduced in size relative to that extracted from the corresponding tissue. It is proposed that, under stimulation by catabolic agents, two independent, but concurrent, mechanisms act to promote the release of aggrecan from the cartilage matrix. First, proteolytic cleavage of the aggrecan core protein results in the production of glycosaminoglycan-containing fragments that are free to diffuse from the tissue. Secondly, cleavage of hyaluronate renders portions of the proteoglycan aggregate small enough so that complexes of aggrecan (or fragments containing its G1 domain) and link protein are released from the tissue. It is likely that both mechanisms contribute to cartilage metabolism in normal physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sztrolovics
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A6
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Sztrolovics R, White RJ, Roughley PJ, Mort JS. The mechanism of aggrecan release from cartilage differs with tissue origin and the agent used to stimulate catabolism. Biochem J 2002; 362:465-72. [PMID: 11853556 PMCID: PMC1222408 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3620465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of aggrecan degradation in adult human articular, adult bovine nasal and fetal bovine epiphyseal cartilage in response to either interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) or retinoic acid were compared using an explant culture system. Bovine nasal cartilage cultured with either IL-1beta or retinoic acid exhibited significant release of glycosaminoglycan (GAG). For both factors, aggrecan proteolysis occurred predominantly at the 'aggrecanase' site, with no evidence for the action of matrix metalloproteinases, and resulted in the appearance of the corresponding G1 fragment in tissue extracts and in culture media. In human cartilage, little effect of IL-1beta was seen, but abundant release of GAG occurred in the presence of retinoic acid, with evidence of aggrecanase action. Treatment of fetal epiphyseal cartilage with retinoic acid resulted in significant GAG release, whereas treatment with IL-1beta did not. In the retinoic acid-treated tissue, however, no evidence for the cleavage of aggrecan in the interglobular region was apparent. Thus, in the fetal system, agents in addition to aggrecanase and matrix metalloproteinases appear to be active. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the pathways utilized for aggrecan catabolism may vary between different cartilages for a given stimulatory agent, and that, for a given tissue, different factors may elicit aggrecan release via different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sztrolovics
- Joint Diseases Laboratory, Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A6
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Sandy JD, Verscharen C. Analysis of aggrecan in human knee cartilage and synovial fluid indicates that aggrecanase (ADAMTS) activity is responsible for the catabolic turnover and loss of whole aggrecan whereas other protease activity is required for C-terminal processing in vivo. Biochem J 2001; 358:615-26. [PMID: 11535123 PMCID: PMC1222096 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3580615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of aggrecan proteolysis in human joints have implicated both the aggrecanase [ADAMTS, a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease (reprolysin-type) with thrombospondin type 1 motif] and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) families. We have analysed the aggrecan core protein species present in vivo in both articular cartilage and synovial fluids from normal, acutely injured and osteoarthritic joints. Normal cartilage contains at least seven major G1 domain (the N-terminal globular domain of aggrecan)-bearing species, of which three (full-length core, G1-NITEGE(373) and G1-VDIPEN(341)) have been identified. The C-terminals of the others are unknown but digestion of fetal human aggrecan with MMP-3 and crude aggrecanase suggests that they are products of MMP-like activity in vivo. Normal synovial fluids contain at least 10 species, of which nine result from ADAMTS-dependent cleavage, and this cleavage occurs at all of the five known aggrecanase sites. Aggrecan fragments in the cartilage and synovial fluids of acutely injured joints are generally similar to normal, but all contain a markedly increased ratio of G1-NITEGE to G1-VDIPEN. Aggrecan from the cartilage of late-stage osteoarthritis patients is remarkably similar to normal, whereas the synovial fluid aggrecan is more fragmented than that from normal or injured knees. The analyses suggest that the role of the ADAMTS and these MMP-like activities in human cartilage are distinctly different. Excessive ADAMTS activity in vivo is destructive to cartilage matrix, since the bulk of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-bearing products are released from the tissue into the synovial fluid following cleavage of the Glu(373)-Ala(374) bond. In contrast, the MMP-like activity appears to be essentially non-destructive, since much of the GAG-bearing product is retained in the tissue following cleavages that are in the more C-terminal regions of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Sandy
- Institute for Research in Skeletal Development and Paediatric Orthopaedics, Shriners Hospital for Children, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612-9499, USA.
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Tortorella MD, Malfait AM, Deccico C, Arner E. The role of ADAM-TS4 (aggrecanase-1) and ADAM-TS5 (aggrecanase-2) in a model of cartilage degradation. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:539-52. [PMID: 11520168 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cleavage of aggrecan between residues Glu(373)-Ala(374), which is believed to be a key event in aggrecan destruction in arthritic diseases, has been attributed to an enzymatic activity, aggrecanase. Two cartilage aggrecanases have been identified, aggrecanase-1 (ADAM-TS4) and aggrecanase-2 (ADAM-TS5) and both enzymes have been shown very efficiently to cleave soluble aggrecan at the Glu(373)-Ala(374) site. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ADAM-TS4 and/or ADAM-TS5 are the aggrecanases responsible for aggrecan catabolism following interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment of bovine articular cartilage. RESULTS (1) IL-1- and TNF-stimulated release of aggrecan was associated with cleavage of aggrecan within the C-terminus at the ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5-sensitive sites, Glu(1480)-Gly(1481), Glu(1667)-Gly(1668), and Glu(1871)-Leu(1872). (2) The order of cleavage following IL-1 stimulation of cartilage explants was the same as when soluble aggrecan is digested with recombinant human ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5. (3) Both constitutive and stimulated cleavage of aggrecan at the ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5-sensitive sites in cartilage was blocked by a general metalloproteinase inhibitor but not by a MMP-specific inhibitor, and this inhibition correlated with inhibition of aggrecan release from cartilage. (4) PCR and Western blot analysis indicated that both ADAM-TS proteases are expressed in cartilage explants; ADAM-TS5 is constitutively expressed whereas ADAM-TS4 is induced following IL-1 and TNF treatment. (5) Immunodepletion of both ADAM-TS4 and ADAM-TS5 from bovine articular cartilage cultures following IL-1 stimulation resulted in a 90% reduction of aggrecanase activity in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Tortorella
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.
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Intact aggrecan and fragments generated by both aggrecanse and metalloproteinase-like activities are present in the developing and adult rat spinal cord and their relative abundance is altered by injury. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11425904 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-13-04772.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan (PG) that has been grouped with different PG families on the basis of its physical characteristics. These families include the chondroitin sulfate PGs, which appear to inhibit the migration of cells and axons during development. Although aggrecan has been studied primarily in cartilage, in the present study, tissue samples from developing, mature, and injured-adult rat spinal cords were used to determine whether aggrecan is present in the mammalian spinal cord. By the use of Western blot analysis, tissues were probed with aggrecan-specific antibodies (ATEGQV, TYKHRL, and LEC-7) and aggrecan-specific neoepitope antibodies (NITEGE, FVDIPEN, and TFKEEE) to identify full-length aggrecan and several fragments. Unlike many other aggrecan gene family members, aggrecan species were similar in embryonic day 14, postnatal day 1, and adult spinal cords. Spinal cord injury caused significant decreases in aggrecan. Partial recovery in some aggrecan species was evident by 2 weeks after injury. The presence of specific aggrecan neoepitopes suggested that aggrecan is cleaved in the spinal cord by both a disintegrin and metalloproteinase thrombospondin (also known as aggrecanase) and metalloproteinase-like activities. Many aggrecan species found in the spinal cord were similar to species in cartilage. Additional antibodies were used to identify two other aggrecan gene family members, neurocan and brevican, in the adult spinal cord. These studies present novel information on the aggrecan core protein species and enzymes involved in aggrecan cleavage in vivo in the rat spinal cord throughout development and after injury. They also provide the basis for investigating the function of aggrecan in the spinal cord.
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Lemons ML, Sandy JD, Anderson DK, Howland DR. Intact aggrecan and fragments generated by both aggrecanse and metalloproteinase-like activities are present in the developing and adult rat spinal cord and their relative abundance is altered by injury. J Neurosci 2001; 21:4772-81. [PMID: 11425904 PMCID: PMC6762363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan (PG) that has been grouped with different PG families on the basis of its physical characteristics. These families include the chondroitin sulfate PGs, which appear to inhibit the migration of cells and axons during development. Although aggrecan has been studied primarily in cartilage, in the present study, tissue samples from developing, mature, and injured-adult rat spinal cords were used to determine whether aggrecan is present in the mammalian spinal cord. By the use of Western blot analysis, tissues were probed with aggrecan-specific antibodies (ATEGQV, TYKHRL, and LEC-7) and aggrecan-specific neoepitope antibodies (NITEGE, FVDIPEN, and TFKEEE) to identify full-length aggrecan and several fragments. Unlike many other aggrecan gene family members, aggrecan species were similar in embryonic day 14, postnatal day 1, and adult spinal cords. Spinal cord injury caused significant decreases in aggrecan. Partial recovery in some aggrecan species was evident by 2 weeks after injury. The presence of specific aggrecan neoepitopes suggested that aggrecan is cleaved in the spinal cord by both a disintegrin and metalloproteinase thrombospondin (also known as aggrecanase) and metalloproteinase-like activities. Many aggrecan species found in the spinal cord were similar to species in cartilage. Additional antibodies were used to identify two other aggrecan gene family members, neurocan and brevican, in the adult spinal cord. These studies present novel information on the aggrecan core protein species and enzymes involved in aggrecan cleavage in vivo in the rat spinal cord throughout development and after injury. They also provide the basis for investigating the function of aggrecan in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Lemons
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0244, USA
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