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Ke Y, Zhou Y, Lv Y, Qi Y, Wei H, Lei Y, Huang F, Abbas F. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis provides insights on the floral scent formation in Hydrangea arborescens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023:e13914. [PMID: 37072650 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens var. 'Annabelle') flowers are composed of sweet aroma sepals rather than true petals and can change color. Floral volatiles play important roles in plants, such as attracting pollinators, defending against herbivores, and signaling. However, the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms underlying fragrance formation in H. arborescens during flower development remain unknown. In this study, a combination of metabolite profiling and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed to identify genes associated with floral scent biosynthesis mechanisms in 'Annabelle' flowers at three developmental stages (F1, F2, and F3). The floral volatile data revealed that the 'Annabelle' volatile profile includes a total of 33 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and VOCs were abundant during the F2 stage of flower development, followed by the F1 and F3 stages, respectively. Terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids were abundant during the F2 and F1 stages, with the latter being the most abundant, whereas fatty acid derivatives and other compounds were found in large amount during the F3 stage. According to ultra performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis, benzene and substituted derivatives, carboxylic acids and derivatives, and fatty acyls play a significant role in the floral metabolite profile. The transcriptome data revealed a total of 17,461 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 7,585, 12,795, and 9,044 DEGs discovered between the F2 and F1, F3 and F1, and F2 and F3 stages, respectively. Several terpenoids and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids biosynthesis-related DEGs were identified, and GRAS/bHLH/MYB/AP2/WRKY were more abundant among transcription factors (TFs). Finally, DEGs interlinked with VOCs compounds were determined using cytoscape and k-means analysis. Our results paves the way for the discovery of new genes, critical data for future genetic studies, and a platform for the metabolic engineering of genes involved in the production of Hydrangea's signature floral fragrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Ke
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiying Lv
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Qi
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Huanyu Wei
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Feiyan Huang
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Farhat Abbas
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Narbona E, del Valle JC, Arista M, Buide ML, Ortiz PL. Major Flower Pigments Originate Different Colour Signals to Pollinators. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.743850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flower colour is mainly due to the presence and type of pigments. Pollinator preferences impose selection on flower colour that ultimately acts on flower pigments. Knowing how pollinators perceive flowers with different pigments becomes crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant-pollinator communication and flower colour evolution. Based on colour space models, we studied whether main groups of pollinators, specifically hymenopterans, dipterans, lepidopterans and birds, differentially perceive flower colours generated by major pigment groups. We obtain reflectance data and conspicuousness to pollinators of flowers containing one of the pigment groups more frequent in flowers: chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids were subsequently classified in UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones and the anthocyanins cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, and malvidin derivatives. We found that flower colour loci of chlorophylls, carotenoids, UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones, and anthocyanins occupied different regions of the colour space models of these pollinators. The four groups of anthocyanins produced a unique cluster of colour loci. Interestingly, differences in colour conspicuousness among the pigment groups were almost similar in the bee, fly, butterfly, and bird visual space models. Aurones-chalcones showed the highest chromatic contrast values, carotenoids displayed intermediate values, and chlorophylls, UV-absorbing flavonoids and anthocyanins presented the lowest values. In the visual model of bees, flowers with UV-absorbing flavonoids (i.e., white flowers) generated the highest achromatic contrasts. Ours findings suggest that in spite of the almost omnipresence of floral anthocyanins in angiosperms, carotenoids and aurones-chalcones generates higher colour conspicuousness for main functional groups of pollinators.
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Yoshida K, Ito D, Miki N, Kondo T. Single-cell analysis clarifies mosaic color development in purple hydrangea sepal. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3549-3557. [PMID: 33220077 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea sepals exhibit a wide range of colors, from red, through purple, to blue; the purple color is a color mosaic. However, all of these colors are derived from the same components: simple anthocyanins, 3-O-glycosyldelphinidins, three co-pigment components, acylquinic acids and aluminum ions (Al3+ ). We show the color mosaic is a result of graded differences in intravacuolar factors. In order to clarify the mechanisms of mosaic color, we performed single-cell analyses of vacuolar pH, and anthocyanin, co-pigment and Al3+ content. From the sepals, a protoplast mixture of various colors was obtained. The cell color was evaluated by microspectrophotometry and vacuolar pH then was recorded by using a pH microelectrode. The organic and Al3+ contents were quantified by micro-HPLC. We found that the bluer the cell, the greater the ratio of 5-O-acylquinic acids and Al3+ to anthocyanins. Furthermore, reproducing experiments were conducted by mixing the components under various pH condition; all the colors could be reproduced in the various mixing conditions. Based on the above, we provide experimental evidence for cell color variation in hydrangea. Our study demonstrates the expression of phenotypic differences without any direct genomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Miki
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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YOSHIDA K, OYAMA KI, KONDO T. Insight into chemical mechanisms of sepal color development and variation in hydrangea. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:51-68. [PMID: 33563878 PMCID: PMC7897900 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a unique flower because it is composed of sepals rather than true petals that have the ability to change color. In the early 20th century, it was known that soil acidity and Al3+ content could intensify the blue hue of the sepals. In the mid-20th century, the anthocyanin component 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and the copigment components 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acids (2-4) were reported. Interestingly, all hydrangea colors from red to purple to blue are produced by the same organic components. We were interested in this phenomenon and the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea color variation. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea sepal color development, including the structure of the blue complex, transporters involved in accumulation of aluminum ion (Al3+), and distribution of the blue complex and aluminum ions in living sepal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi YOSHIDA
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kin-ichi OYAMA
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadao KONDO
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Target-Genes Reveal Species and Genotypic Specificity of Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Citrus and Related Genera. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070807. [PMID: 32708660 PMCID: PMC7397085 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anthocyanin pigmentation characterizes a number of tissues of Citrus and its relatives. The gain and loss of pigmentation is intriguing and is inherited variously among species. Methods: Citrus germplasm was used to investigate the anthocyanin pigmentation of tissues never before considered, including stamen, style and stigma, and of young leaves, petals, rind and flesh of 28 genotypes belonging to 14 species. Citrus genotypes encompassed citron, lemon, sweet orange, lime, and Citrus relatives included Microcitrus, Murraya, and Severinia. A relative qRT-PCR analysis was carried out on the structural and regulatory genes: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), flavanone 3′-hydroxylase (F3H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), uridine diphosphate glucose flavonoid glucosyl-transferase (UFGT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), Ruby and Noemi. Image analysis and a genomic approach were employed to evaluate how the red pigmentation is inherited among tissues and species. Results: Pigmentation of young leaves and petals is specific to citron and its hybrids. Ruby controls the pigmentation of petals, but not of leaves. The red color of the rind and flesh is a trait that particularly characterizes a diversity of sweet oranges, citron hybrids and Citrus relatives. Color expression depends on external factors and also on developmental stage. The coloration of stamen and style is citron-specific, while a red stigma is exclusive to Moro orange and its hybrids. Conclusion: It is hypothesized that there is a relationship among Citrus species and genes controlling anthocyanin pigmentation.
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Ito T, Aoki D, Fukushima K, Yoshida K. Direct mapping of hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5450. [PMID: 30932024 PMCID: PMC6443790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The original sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is blue, although it is well known that sepal color easily changes from blue through purple to red. All the colors are due to a unique anthocyanin, 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, and both aluminum ion (Al3+) and copigments, 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid are essential for blue coloration. A mixture of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, 5-O-acylquinic acid, and Al3+ in a buffer solution at pH 4 produces a stable blue solution with visible absorption and circular dichroism spectra identical to those of the sepals, then, we named this blue pigment as ‘hydrangea blue-complex’. The hydrangea blue-complex consists of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, Al3+, and 5-O-acylquinic acid in a ratio 1:1:1 as determined by the electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To map the distribution of hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues, we carried out cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The spectrum of the reproduced hydrangea blue-complex with negative mode-detection gave a molecular ion at m/z = 841, which was consistent with the results of ESI-TOF MS. The same molecular ion peak at m/z = 841 was detected in freeze-fixed blue sepal-tissue. In sepal tissues, the blue cells were located in the second layer and the mass spectrometry imaging of the ion attributable to hydrangea blue-complex overlapped with the same area of the blue cells. In colorless epidermal cells, atomic ion of Al3+ was hardly detected and potassium adduct ion of 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 3-O-acylquinic acid were found. This is the first report about the distribution of aluminum, potassium, hydrangea blue-complex, and copigment in sepal tissues and the first evidence that aluminum and hydrangea blue-complex exist in blue sepal cells and are involved in blue coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dan Aoki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Yoshida K, Ito D, Kondo T. Formation of an Aluminum Complex of 5-O-Caffeoylquinic Acid with Chiral Molecular Stacking under Vacuolar Condition. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ng J, Freitas LB, Smith SD. Stepwise evolution of floral pigmentation predicted by biochemical pathway structure. Evolution 2018; 72:2792-2802. [PMID: 30187462 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental pathways play a major role in influencing the distribution of naturally occurring phenotypes. For example, pathway structure and regulation could make some phenotypes inaccessible or restrict the routes through which phenotypes evolve. In this study, we examine floral anthocyanin pigments across the Solanaceae family and test whether patterns of phenotypic variation are consistent with predicted constraints based on the structure of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We find that anthocyanin evolution occurs in a stepwise manner whereby transitions between the production of red mono hydroxylated pelargonidin pigments and blue trihydroxylated delphinidin pigments first passes through an intermediate step of producing purple dihydroxylated cyanidin pigments. Although the transitions between these three pigment types differ in frequency, we infer that these shifts are often reversible, suggesting that the functionality of the underlying biochemical pathway is generally conserved. Furthermore, our study finds that some pigment combinations are never observed, pointing to additional constraints on naturally occurring phenotypes. Overall, our findings provide insights into how the structure of an angiosperm-wide biochemical pathway has shaped macroevolutionary variation in floral pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne Ng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Loreta B Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 91501, Brazil
| | - Stacey D Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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Ito T, Oyama KI, Yoshida K. Direct Observation of Hydrangea Blue-Complex Composed of 3- O-Glucosyldelphinidin, Al 3+ and 5- O-Acylquinic Acid by ESI-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:E1424. [PMID: 29895788 PMCID: PMC6100629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue sepal color of hydrangea is due to a metal complex anthocyanin composed of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and an aluminum ion with the co-pigments 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2) and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (3). The three components, namely anthocyanin, Al3+ and 5-O-acylquinic acids, are essential for blue color development, but the complex is unstable and only exists in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the complex did not give analyzable NMR spectra or crystals. Therefore, many trials to determine the detailed chemical structure of the hydrangea-blue complex have not been successful to date. Instead, via experiments mixing 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3 in a buffered solution at pH 4.0, we obtained the same blue solution derived from the sepals. However, the ratio was not stoichiometric but fluctuated. To determine the composition of the complex, we tried direct observation of the molecular ion of the complex using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. In a very low-concentration buffer solution (2.0 mM) at pH 4.0, we reproduced the hydrangea-blue color by mixing 1, 2 and Al3+ in ratios of 1:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:3:1. All solution gave the same molecular ion peak at m/z = 843, indicating that the blue solution has a ratio of 1:1:1 for the complex. By using 3, the observed mass number was m/z = 827 and the ratio of 1, 3 and Al3+ was also 1:1:1. A mixture of 1, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) and Al3+ did not give any blue color but instead was purple, and the intensity of the molecular ion peak at m/z = 843 was very low. These results strongly indicate that the hydrangea blue-complex is composed of a ratio of 1:1:1 for 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Ito
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Kin-Ichi Oyama
- Research Institute for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Oyama KI, Yamada T, Ito D, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Metal Complex Pigment Involved in the Blue Sepal Color Development of Hydrangea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7630-5. [PMID: 26006163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins exhibit various vivid colors from red through purple to blue and are potential sources of food colorants. However, their usage is restricted because of their instability, especially as a blue colorant. The blue sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is due to a metal complex named "hydrangea-blue complex" composed of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, 1, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 2, and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3, as copigments, and Al(3+) in aqueous solution at approximately pH 4.0. However, the ratio of each component ins not stoichiometric, but is fluctuates within a certain range. The hydrangea-blue complex exists only in aqueous solution, exhibiting a stable blue color, but attempts at crystallization have failed; therefore, the structure remains obscure. To clarify the basis of the character of the hydrangea-blue pigment and to obtain its structural information, we studied the mixing conditions to reconstruct the same blue color as observed in the sepals. In highly concentrated sodium acetate buffer (6 M, pH 4.0) we could measure (1)H NMR of both the hydrangea-blue complex composed of 1 (5 mM), 2 (10 mM), and Al(3+) (10 mM) and a simple 1-Al(3+) complex. We also recorded the spectra of complexes composed with structurally different anthocyanins and copigments. Comparison of those signals indicated that in the hydrangea-blue complex 1 might be under equilibrium between chelating and nonchelating structures having an interaction with 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ichi Oyama
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamada
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Koshioka M, Umegaki N, Boontiang K, Pornchuti W, Thammasiri K, Yamaguchi S, Tatsuzawa F, Nakayama M, Tateishi A, Kubota S. Anthocyanins in the Bracts of Curcuma Species and Relationship of the Species Based on Anthocyanin Composition. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Five anthocyanins, delphinidin 3- O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3- O-rutinoside, petunidin 3- O-rutinoside, malvidin 3- O-glucoside and malvidin 3- O-rutinoside, were identified. Three anthocyanins, delphinidin 3- O-glucoside, cyanidin 3- O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3- O-rutinoside, were putatively identified based on C18 HPLC retention time, absorption spectrum, including λmax, and comparisons with those of corresponding standard anthocyanins, as the compounds responsible for the pink to purple-red pigmentation of the bracts of Curcuma alismatifolia and five related species. Cluster analysis based on four major anthocyanins formed two clusters. One consisted of only one species, C. alismatifolia, and the other consisted of five. Each cluster further formed sub-clusters depending on either species or habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Koshioka
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Naoko Umegaki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kriangsuk Boontiang
- Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | | | | | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Machida, Kanagawa 194-8610, Japan
| | - Fumi Tatsuzawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakayama
- Institute of Floricultural Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8519, Japan
| | - Akira Tateishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Wessinger CA, Rausher MD. Lessons from flower colour evolution on targets of selection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5741-9. [PMID: 23048126 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis of flower colour evolution provides a useful system to address the debate over the relative contribution of regulatory vs. functional mutations in evolution. The relative importance of these two categories depends on the type of flower colour transition and the genes involved in those transitions. These differences reflect differences in the degree of deleterious pleiotropy associated with functional inactivation of various anthocyanin pathway genes. Our findings illustrate how generalized statements regarding the contributions of regulatory and functional mutations to broad categories of traits, such as morphological vs. physiological, ignore differences among traits within categories and in doing so overlook important factors determining the relative importance of regulatory and functional mutations.
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Negishi T, Oshima K, Hattori M, Kanai M, Mano S, Nishimura M, Yoshida K. Tonoplast- and plasma membrane-localized aquaporin-family transporters in blue hydrangea sepals of aluminum hyperaccumulating plant. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43189. [PMID: 22952644 PMCID: PMC3430636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is tolerant of acidic soils in which toxicity generally arises from the presence of the soluble aluminum (Al) ion. When hydrangea is cultivated in acidic soil, its resulting blue sepal color is caused by the Al complex formation of anthocyanin. The concentration of vacuolar Al in blue sepal cells can reach levels in excess of approximately 15 mM, suggesting the existence of an Al-transport and/or storage system. However, until now, no Al transporter has been identified in Al hyperaccumulating plants, animals or microorganisms. To identify the transporter being responsible for Al hyperaccumulation, we prepared a cDNA library from blue sepals according to the sepal maturation stage, and then selected candidate genes using a microarray analysis and an in silico study. Here, we identified the vacuolar and plasma membrane-localized Al transporters genes vacuolar Al transporter (VALT) and plasma membrane Al transporter 1 (PALT1), respectively, which are both members of the aquaporin family. The localization of each protein was confirmed by the transient co-expression of the genes. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting results indicated that VALT and PALT1 are highly expressed in sepal tissue. The overexpression of VALT and PALT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred Al-tolerance and Al-sensitivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Negishi
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- G-COE in Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Oshima
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- G-COE in Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Pfündel EE, Ben Ghozlen N, Meyer S, Cerovic ZG. Investigating UV screening in leaves by two different types of portable UV fluorimeter reveals in vivo screening by anthocyanins and carotenoids. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 93:205-21. [PMID: 17286190 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two portable instruments, designed to evaluate epidermal UV screening in leaves, were compared: the Dualex and the UV-A-PAM fluorimeter. Both instruments excite chlorophyll fluorescence at the same UV wavelengths but reference excitation is in the red and the blue spectral range in the former and the latter fluorimeter, respectively. When analyzing green leaves, general agreement of the data is obtained with the two instruments. In the presence of anthocyanins, the UV-A-PAM fluorimeter provided higher estimates for epidermal UV transmittance than the Dualex fluorimeter, which was attributed to absorption of blue excitation light by anthocyanins. By comparing data from the instruments, anthocyanin-dependent transmittance of 50% was determined in abaxial sides of some autumn leaves, and also in abaxial sides of tropical shade plants. Further, with leaves of chlorophyll b-less mutants of H. vulgare, unusually high epidermal UV transmittance was detected but this was attributed to the lack of chlorophyll b absorption and, in addition, to absorption of blue radiation by xanthophylls which are not functionally connected to photosystems.
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Humphries EC. Studies on tannin compounds: I. Changes during autolysis of minced cacao bean. Biochem J 2006; 38:182-7. [PMID: 16747772 PMCID: PMC1258057 DOI: 10.1042/bj0380182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E C Humphries
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, British West Indies
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Kondo T, Toyama-Kato Y, Yoshida K. Essential structure of co-pigment for blue sepal-color development of hydrangea. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.07.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yoshida K, Toyama-Kato Y, Kameda K, Kondo T. Sepal color variation of Hydrangea macrophylla and vacuolar pH measured with a proton-selective microelectrode. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 44:262-8. [PMID: 12668772 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sepal color of hydrangea varies with the environmental conditions. Although chemical and biological studies on this color variation have a long history, little correct knowledge has been generated about color development. All colored sepals contain the same anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside. Thus, there must be some other system for developing the wide variety of colors. In hydrangea sepals the cells of the epidermis are colorless and only the second layer of cells contain pigment. We prepared protoplasts without any color change during enzyme treatment of sepals and measured the vacuolar pH of each of the colored cells. We could correlate the color of a single hydrangea cell with its vacuolar pH using a combination of micro-spectrophotometry and a proton-selective microelectrode. Values for the vacuolar pH of blue (lambda vismax: 589 nm) and red cells (lambda vismax: 537 nm) were 4.1 and 3.3, respectively, the vacuolar pH of blue cells being significantly higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Human Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan.
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Roelofsen P. Fermentation, Drying, and Storage of Cacao Beans. ADVANCES IN FOOD RESEARCH VOLUME 8 1958. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2628(08)60021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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