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BARKER JC, MAY A. Prolonged Apnoea Following E.C.T. Modified by Suxethonium (Brevidil “E”). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 105:496-503. [PMID: 13665313 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.105.439.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There have been numerous reports in recent years of prolonged apnoea resulting from the use of suxamethonium (succinylcholine, “Scoline”) in general anaesthesia and for electroplexy. For example, Grant (16) described a case of respiratory paralysis lasting 2 to 3 post-operative days following an intravenous dose of 80 mg. of suxamethonium, and Cowan (7) reported a patient who underwent a partial gastrectomy and exhibited complete apnoea for 9 hours duration after only 25 mg. of suxamethonium had been given, and who subsequently died. Hurley and Monro (22) reported apnoea lasting for 10 minutes following 20 mg. of suxamethonium used as a relaxant for electroplexy, and for 20 minutes after decamethonium iodide.
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Oxime-type acetylcholinesterase reactivators in pregnancy: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:575-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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HAUT A, TUDHOPE GR, CARTWRIGHT GE. The nonhemoglobin erythrocytic proteins, studied by electrophoresis on starch gel. J Clin Invest 1998; 41:579-87. [PMID: 13905459 PMCID: PMC290952 DOI: 10.1172/jci104512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Tayebati SK, Giannella M, Indraccolo SR, Pigini M, Sabbatini M, Zaccheo D, Amenta F. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors and acetylcholinesterase activity in umbilical artery and vein in pregnancy-induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia). Clin Exp Hypertens 1997; 19:1205-17. [PMID: 9385471 DOI: 10.3109/10641969709083213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (pre-eclampsia) on muscarinic cholinergic receptors and on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was investigated using frozen sections of the umbilical artery and vein. Pre-eclamptic patients undergoing Caesarean delivery and normotensive pregnant control woman undergoing Caesarean delivery with similar parity, gestation length and age were examined. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors were assayed in frozen sections of the umbilical artery and vein by a radioligand binding assay technique, using [3H]-N-methyl scopolamine (NMS) as a ligand. AChE was demonstrated with a histochemical technique associated with microdensitometry. [3H]-NMS was specifically bound to sections of both umbilical artery and vein in a manner consistent with the labelling of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. The affinity of the radioligand was similar in the two vessels, whereas the maximum density of binding sites (Bmax) was higher in the umbilical vein than in the artery. A faint AChE reactivity was observed in the tunica media of both umbilical artery and vein. In pre-eclampsia, a loss of [3H]-NMS binding sites not accompanied by changes in the affinity of radioligand was found. The decrease of muscarinic cholinergic receptors involved to a greater extent the umbilical artery than the vein. No differences in AChE activity were found at the level of umbilical artery and vein between control and pre-eclamptic subjects. These findings suggest that pre-eclampsia is characterized by a loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the umbilical circulation not accompanied by changes of the acetylcholine catabolizing enzyme AChE. It is possible that the decreased density of vascular muscarinic cholinergic receptors in pregnancy-induced hypertension contribute to the increased resistance of the umbilical circulation occurring in pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Tayebati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Italy
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Bogair N. The Bessis reticular cell, the hemoglobin 'switch' and the role of fetal hemoglobin: a hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 1991; 34:105-10. [PMID: 1710315 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(91)90175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With the help of diverse factors, definitive erythropoiesis is induced by the junction of a pluripotential stem-cell with a specialized macrophage. In the normal adult marrow the latter becomes the reticular cell forming the core of an 'erythroblastic island'. It stays in close contact with all the erythroid cells descending from the stem-cell until their full maturation. While this contact lasts, only alpha and beta (delta) globin chains are produced. The production of gamma chains is inhibited. Stress forces the reticular cell to let the erythroid cells go. The stronger the stress, the earlier the separation. When free from the reticular cell, the erythroid cells stop producing beta chains and switch to form gamma ones. Increase in the volume of blood circulation is a potent stress. Since it is relatively enormous in the embryo and the fetus, most hemoglobin produced at these periods will be fatal. The important quality of fetal hemoglobin is its high oxidizability. It permits the senescent fetal red cell to be hemolysed intravascularly before any membrane alterations appear. The heme is dealt with by the placenta. Since no erythrophagocytosis has occurred, no bilirubin is formed. This process prevents bilirubin, which is toxic to the fetal liver, to reach it.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bogair
- Rokah Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Boura AL, Gude NM, King RG, Walters WA. Acetylcholine output and foetal vascular resistance of human perfused placental cotyleda. Br J Pharmacol 1986; 88:301-6. [PMID: 3730696 PMCID: PMC1916822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1986.tb10205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The foetal villous vessels of single cotyleda of human placentae have been perfused with a constant flow of Krebs solution, recording inflow pressure and passing the venous perfusate in cascade over guinea-pig ileum and rat stomach strip preparations in vitro. Each cotyledon released for at least 4 h a substance that was probably acetylcholine. The perfusate caused contractions of both preparations which were inhibited by atropine or hyoscine and potentiated by physostigmine. Contractile activity was destroyed after incubation at 37 degrees C of perfusate with acetylcholinesterase but not with acetylcholinesterase plus physostigmine. When the perfusion temperature was lowered to 34 degrees C or below, acetylcholine output was reduced, the extent depending on the fall in temperature. No change in resistance of the villous vessels occurred during the changes in temperature or in the presence at 37 degrees C of atropine, hyoscine, hexamethonium, (+)-tubocurarine, hemicholinium-3 or bretylium. Submaximal vasoconstrictor responses of the villous vessels to the thromboxane A2-mimetic U46619 were not affected by reduction of the perfusion temperature to 30 degrees C, which lowered acetylcholine-like output by approximately 70%. Responses to U46619, at 37 degrees C, were unchanged during the presence of atropine or hyoscine. Acetylcholine is released into the foetal circulation of the human placenta but no evidence could be obtained that it affects villous vascular smooth muscle tone or vasoconstrictor responses.
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Karlsen RL, Sterri S, Lyngaas S, Fonnum F. Reference values for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase activities in children, implications for organophosphate intoxication. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1981; 41:301-2. [PMID: 7313514 DOI: 10.1080/00365518109092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase activity was measured in the blood of both healthy children 0-12 years of age and adults by a recently developed radiochemical method. Children less than 4 months of age were found to have lower levels for these enzymes than adults. Above this age, however, similar values were obtained for children and adults. A case report of an organophosphate intoxication is presented and is discussed in the light of our results.
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Gupte SC, Bhatia HM. Erythrocyte membrane enzyme acetyl cholinesterase in neonatal jaundice. Indian J Pediatr 1980; 47:267-71. [PMID: 7228224 DOI: 10.1007/bf02831313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Spielberg SP, Kramer LI, Goodman SI, Butler J, Tietze F, Quinn P, Schulman JD. 5-oxoprolinuria: biochemical observations and case report. J Pediatr 1977; 91:237-41. [PMID: 874680 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have studied a patient with 5-oxoprolinuria who presented with hemolysis and metabolic acidosis as a neonate; he has had normal growth and development to one year of age. Compensated hemolytic anemia persists, and he requires alkalinizing agents for correction of acidosis. Biochemical studies have confirmed that a deficiency of glutathione synthetase is responsible for the 5-oxoprolinuria. Genetic heterogeneity was apparent on comparative study of glutathione synthetase kinetics in cells from two patients with this disorder. The consequences of the deficiency of glutathione synthetase, decreased intracellular glutathione, and overproduction of 5-oxoproline are discussed with reference to the possible cellular roles of these compounds.
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Legge M, Brian M, Winterbourn C, Carrell B. Red cell superoxide dismutase activity in the newborn. AUSTRALIAN PAEDIATRIC JOURNAL 1977; 13:25-8. [PMID: 869789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1977.tb01892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Adams A, Harkness RA. Developmental changes in purine phosphoribosyltransferases in human and rat tissues. Biochem J 1976; 160:565-76. [PMID: 1016239 PMCID: PMC1164271 DOI: 10.1042/bj1600565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The hypoxanthine/guanine and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities in a wide variety of human tissues were studied during their growth and development from foetal life onward. A wide range of activities develop after birth, with especially high values in the central nervous system and testes. 2. Postnatal development of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase was also defined in the rat. Although there were increases in the central nervous system and testes, there was also a rise in activity in the liver, which was less marked in man. 3. A sensitive radiochemical assay method, using dTTP to inhibit 5'-nucleotidase activity, suitable for tissue extracts, was developed. 4. No definite evidence of the existence of tissue-specific isoenzymes of hypoxanthine/guanine or adenine phosphoribosyltransferase was found. Hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in testes, however, had a significantly different thermal-denaturation rate constant. 5. The findings are discussed in an attempt to relate activity of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase to biological function. Growth as well as some developmental changes appear to be related to increase in the activity of this enzyme.
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Herz F, Kaplan E, Scheye ES. Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in newborn infants of low birth weight. Clin Chim Acta 1973; 46:147-52. [PMID: 4745359 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wilson BW, Linkhart TA, Walker CR, Nieberg PS. Tissue acetylcholinesterase in plasma of chick embryos and dystrophic chickens. J Neurol Sci 1973; 18:333-50. [PMID: 4698314 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(73)90082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Emerson PM, Mason DY, Cuthbert JE. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase content and serum tocopherol levels in newborn infants. Br J Haematol 1972; 22:667-80. [PMID: 5037873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1972.tb05714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Neerhout RC. Disorders of the red cell membrane: a review of biochemical and physiologic alterations of erythrocyte membranes which may lead to morphologic changes and shortened cell survival. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1968; 7:451-64. [PMID: 4875650 DOI: 10.1177/000992286800700806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Morphologically similar cells can be seen in such varied conditions as liver disease, renal disease, a-betalipoproteinemia, malab sorption states, congenital nonspherocytic anemias, thalassemia, iron deficiency, pykno cytosis, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, erythro cyte enzyme deficiencies, etc. The common denominator in these condi tions may be an increase in membrane rigid ity, resulting from a diversity of causes. These would include altered protein-lipid- carbohydrate composition, abnormally struc tured hemoglobins, the presence of Heinz bodies due to altered glycolysis or unstable hemoglobins. The end result of such altered membrane elasticity, regardless of cause, would be fragmentation and destruction of the red cells during passage through small vascular channels, particularly in the spleen. Changes in erythrocyte stromal composi tion often seem to reflect more generalized systemic metabolic disorders. Whether any of the alterations of membrane composition are causally related to either the morpho logic changes or the shortened cell survival still remains to be proven.
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Weatherall DJ, Edwards JA, Donohoe WT. Haemoglobin and red cell enzyme changes in juvenile myeloid leukaemia. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1968; 1:679-81. [PMID: 4966603 PMCID: PMC1985380 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5593.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Eshaghpour E, Oski FA, Williams M. The relationship of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency to byperbilirubinemia in Negro premature infants. J Pediatr 1967; 70:595-601. [PMID: 6019754 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(67)80044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Witt I, Müller H, Künzer W. [Comparative biochemical studies of erythrocytes from the blood of the newborn and of adults]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1967; 45:262-4. [PMID: 4298617 DOI: 10.1007/bf01747607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Erythroblastosis, Fetal
- Erythrocytes/enzymology
- Female
- Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/etiology
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/metabolism
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Newborn, Diseases/metabolism
- Jaundice, Neonatal
- Metabolism, Inborn Errors
- Pregnancy
- Puerperal Disorders/metabolism
- Pyruvate Kinase/metabolism
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Williams ML. Water content and metabolic activity of mitochondria from fetal rat liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 118:221-9. [PMID: 4225403 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-6593(66)80031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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St�ffler G, Thauer RK, Uehleke H. Meth�moglobinbildung durch p-Hydroxylamino- und p-Nitrosobenzolsulfonamid in Nabelschnur- und Erwachsenen-Erythrocyten. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00246750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Schneider J, Haefele H. [Determination of the life span of fetal erythrocytes in adult blood circulation by a new method]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1965; 43:694-7. [PMID: 5891303 DOI: 10.1007/bf01728710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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SABINE JC. Red-Cell Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Physiological and Pathological Reticulocytosis. Br J Haematol 1965; 11:162-70. [PMID: 14262174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1965.tb06573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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WERNER E, HEIDER H. Katalaseaktivitätsbestimmung im Blut. Clin Chem Lab Med 1963. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1963.1.4.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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METGE WR, FOULK WT, DOWER JC. Physiologic mechanisms of jaundice in the newborn: a survey of new insights. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1962; 1:152-6. [PMID: 13935182 DOI: 10.1177/000992286200100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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STEWART AG, BIRKBECK JA. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase, transaminase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the erythrocytes and plasma of newborn infants. J Pediatr 1962; 61:395-404. [PMID: 13917110 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(62)80370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Activity of Enzymes in Metabolism and Transport in the Red Cell. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1956. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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SEELEMANN K. [Erythrocyte and hemoglobin metabolism in connection with birth and in the first months of life]. J Mol Med (Berl) 1955; 33:647-54. [PMID: 13252857 DOI: 10.1007/bf01472994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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