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Biosynthesis of organic photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin by diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR)-mediated global upregulation of engineered heme biosynthesis pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14460. [PMID: 30262872 PMCID: PMC6160403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zn-porphyrin is a promising organic photosensitizer in various fields including solar cells, interface and biomedical research, but the biosynthesis study has been limited, probably due to the difficulty of understanding complex biosynthesis pathways. In this study, we developed a Corynebacterium glutamicum platform strain for the biosynthesis of Zn-coproporphyrin III (Zn-CP III), in which the heme biosynthesis pathway was efficiently upregulated. The pathway was activated and reinforced by strong promoter-induced expression of hemAM (encoding mutated glutamyl-tRNA reductase) and hemL (encoding glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase) genes. This engineered strain produced 33.54 ± 3.44 mg/l of Zn-CP III, while the control strain produced none. For efficient global regulation of the complex pathway, the dtxR gene encoding the transcriptional regulator diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) was first overexpressed in C. glutamicum with hemAM and hemL genes, and its combinatorial expression was improved by using effective genetic tools. This engineered strain biosynthesized 68.31 ± 2.15 mg/l of Zn-CP III. Finally, fed-batch fermentation allowed for the production of 132.09 mg/l of Zn-CP III. This titer represents the highest in bacterial production of Zn-CP III reported to date, to our knowledge. This study demonstrates that engineered C. glutamicum can be a robust biotechnological model for the production of photosensitizer Zn-porphyrin.
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GIBSON KD, NEUBERGER A, TAIT GH. Studies on the biosynthesis of prophyrin and bacteriochlorophyll by Rhodoseudomonas spheroides. 3. The effect of threonine on the biosynthesis of homoserine and methionine. Biochem J 1998; 84:483-90. [PMID: 13898424 PMCID: PMC1243701 DOI: 10.1042/bj0840483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GIBSON KD, NEUBERGER A, TAIT GH. Studies on the biosynthesis of porphyrin and bacteriochlorophyll by Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. 2. The effects of ethionine and threonine. Biochem J 1998; 83:550-9. [PMID: 13898422 PMCID: PMC1243595 DOI: 10.1042/bj0830550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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BULL MJ, LASCELLES J. The association of protein synthesis with formation of pigments in some photosynthetic bacteria. Biochem J 1998; 87:15-28. [PMID: 14016788 PMCID: PMC1276832 DOI: 10.1042/bj0870015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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GIBSON KD, NEUBERGER A, TAIT GH. STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PORPHYRIN AND BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL BY RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SPHEROIDES. 4. S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINEMAGNESIUM PROTOPORPHYRIN METHYLTRANSFERASE. Biochem J 1996; 88:325-34. [PMID: 14063871 PMCID: PMC1202116 DOI: 10.1042/bj0880325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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COOPER R. THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF COPROPORPHYRINOGEN, MAGNESIUM PROTOPORPHYRIN MONOMETHYL ESTER AND BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL BY RHODOPSEUDOMONAS CAPSULATA. Biochem J 1996; 89:100-8. [PMID: 14097350 PMCID: PMC1202277 DOI: 10.1042/bj0890100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cardin RD, Biel AJ. Isolation of a Rhodobacter capsulatus bioB mutant and cloning of the bioB gene. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:2181-3. [PMID: 2156812 PMCID: PMC208721 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.4.2181-2183.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a Tn5 insertion mutant of Rhodobacter capsulatus which requires biotin for growth. Crossfeeding studies with Escherichia coli bio mutants indicated that the insertion is in the bioB gene. A cosmid that complements the bioB insertion was isolated, and the bioB gene was localized to a 2.85-kilobase EcoRI-PstI fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Cardin
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803
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Wright MS, Cardin RD, Biel AJ. Isolation and characterization of an aminolevulinate-requiring Rhodobacter capsulatus mutant. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:961-6. [PMID: 3029039 PMCID: PMC211887 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.3.961-966.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using transposon Tn5 mutagenesis, we isolated a mutant strain of Rhodobacter capsulatus that requires aminolevulinate for growth. Southern blot analysis indicated that this strain has a single Tn5 insertion. The addition of 0.1 mM aminolevulinate to the medium allowed the mutant to grow either aerobically or photosynthetically with generation times similar to those of the parental strain. When grown photosynthetically, bacteriochlorophyll accumulation increased with increasing aminolevulinate concentration. The mutant strain had only 10% of the normal aminolevulinate synthase activity, but it had a normal level of porphobilinogen synthase activity. The requirement for aminolevulinate could be satisfied by porphobilinogen, hemin, or protoporphyrin. While the mutant grew well on agar plates containing any of these substrates, growth in liquid media containing hemin or protoporphyrin was poor. Introduction of an R' factor containing all the known R. capsulatus bch genes into the mutant strain did not relieve the requirement for aminolevulinate, suggesting that the Tn5 insertion is not within the bch region.
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Okuno E, Minatogawa Y, Kido R. A new biosynthetic route of porphyrin precursors in common between animals and plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983; 112:986-90. [PMID: 6342621 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An additional enzyme, 4-oxo-5-hydroxyvalerate (OHV) dehydrogenase was identified and characterized. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of OHV to 4,5-dioxovalerate, a direct precursor of 5-aminolevulinate. The enzyme was partially purified from rat liver supernatant as two isoenzyme (ca. 40,000 and 70,000 dalton). 5-Aminolevulinate was formed from OHV via 4,5-dioxovalerate by this dehydrogenase and alanine-4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.43). This dehydrogenase required NADP or NAD as a hydrogen acceptor. The enzyme was heat sensitive and catalyzed the reaction reversibly. The dehydrogenase was present in the high speed supernatants of liver and kidney of rat, rabbit and human, and that of spinach leaf.
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Varticovski L, Kushner J, Burnham B. Biosynthesis of porphyrin precursors. Purification and characterization of mammalian L-alanine:gamma,delta-dioxovaleric acid aminotransferase. J Biol Chem 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Porra RJ, Grimme LH. Tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in algae and higher plants: a discussion of the importance of the 5-aminolaevulinate synthase and the dioxovalerate transaminase pathways in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 9:883-6. [PMID: 744290 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Olden K, Hempfling WP. The 503-nm pigment of Escherichia coli B: characterization and nutritional conditions affecting its accumulation. J Bacteriol 1973; 113:914-21. [PMID: 4570612 PMCID: PMC285309 DOI: 10.1128/jb.113.2.914-921.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli B was shown to contain a pigment with a single symmetrical absorption band at 503 nm, which cannot be attributed to a cytochrome. The absorption of tetrahydroporphyrin in vitro closely resembled that of P-503 in intact cells. The compounds which rendered P-503 colorless, such as cyanide, azide, hydrazine, thiocyanate, hydroxylamine, dithionite, sulfite, and methylcyanide, also rendered tetrahydroporphyrin colorless. The pigment was present when the cells were grown aerobically or anaerobically in glucose minimal medium, or aerobically in either lactate or succinate minimal medium, but the pigment was not found in cells grown in complex media or in minimal media supplemented with methionine. A model is presented to suggest the involvement of methionine in the conversion of coproporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin. A variety of evidence suggesting that the 503-nm chromophore is in kinetic equilibrium with flavoprotein is discussed. However, it is not a participant in main line respiration, as its rate of reduction upon exhaustion of oxygen was too slow, and the rate of respiration in resting-cell suspensions was independent of P-503 concentration.
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Peters GA, Cellarius RA. Photosynthetic membrane development in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. II. Correlation of pigment incorporation with morphological aspects of thylakoid formation. JOURNAL OF BIOENERGETICS 1972; 3:345-59. [PMID: 4540275 DOI: 10.1007/bf01516074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Tait GH. Coproporphyrinogenase activities in extracts of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Chromatium strain D. Biochem J 1972; 128:1159-69. [PMID: 4345352 PMCID: PMC1174004 DOI: 10.1042/bj1281159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The anaerobic coproporphyrinogenase activity in an extract of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides is inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, alphaalpha'-bipyridyl, flavins, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 1,4-naphthaquinone. These compounds have no effect on the aerobic coproporphyrinogenase activity. 2. On removal of small-molecular-weight material from a crude extract, the anaerobic system becomes very unstable; it can be stabilized by adding succinate. Now nicotinamide nucleotides, in addition to Mg(2+), ATP and methionine, are required for protoporphyrin to be formed. 3. A mechanism for the anaerobic reaction is proposed, based on the cofactor requirements and the effect of inhibitors. 4. The enzyme responsible for aerobic activity has been partially purified and some of its properties are reported. 5. A crude extract of Chromatium strain D also exhibits coproporphyrinogenase activity under anaerobic conditions in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine or ATP plus methionine. The requirement for other cofactors is variable.
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Llambías EB, Battle AM. Studies on the porphobilinogen deaminase-uroporphyrinogen cosynthetase system of cultured soya-bean cells. Biochem J 1971; 121:327-40. [PMID: 5165654 PMCID: PMC1176574 DOI: 10.1042/bj1210327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. Porphobilinogenase was isolated and purified from soya-bean callus tissue; its components, porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen isomerase, were separated and purified. 2. The purified porphobilinogenase was resolved into two bands on starch-gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of porphobilinogenase, deaminase and isomerase fractions were determined by the gel-filtration method. Porphobilinogenase activity was affected by the presence of air; uroporphyrinogens were only formed under anaerobic conditions, although substrate consumption was the same in the absence of oxygen as in its presence. 3. pH-dependence of both porphobilinogenase and deaminase was the same and a sharp optimum at pH 7.2 was obtained. Isomerase was heat-labile, but the presence of ammonium ions or porphobilinogen afforded some protection against inactivation. The action of several compounds added to the system was studied. Cysteine, thioglycollate, ammonium ions and hydroxylamine inhibited porphobilinogenase; certain concentrations of sodium and magnesium salts enhanced activity; some dicarboxylic acids and 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone inhibited the deaminase. 4. delta-Aminolaevulate and ethionine in the culture media stimulated porphyrin synthesis and increased porphobilinogenase activity, whereas iron deficiency resulted in porphyrin accumulation. 5. The development of chlorophyll and porphobilinogenase on illumination of dark-grown callus was followed. 6. A hypothetical scheme is suggested for the enzymic synthesis of uroporphyrinogens from porphobilinogen.
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Abstract
1. Glycine decarboxylase and glycine-bicarbonate exchange activities were detected in extracts of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and in rat liver mitochondria and their properties were studied. 2. The glycine decarboxylase activity from both sources is stimulated when glyoxylate is added to the assay system. 3. Several proteins participate in these reactions and a heat-stable low-molecular-weight protein was purified from both sources. 4. These enzyme activities increase markedly when R. spheroides is grown in the presence of glycine, glyoxylate, glycollate, oxalate or serine. 5. All the enzymes required to catalyse the conversion of glycine into acetyl-CoA via serine and pyruvate were detected in extracts of R. spheroides; of these glycine decarboxylase has the lowest activity. 6. The increase in the activity of glycine decarboxylase on illumination of R. spheroides in a medium containing glycine, and the greater increase when ATP is also present in the medium, probably accounts for the increased incorporation of the methylene carbon atom of glycine into fatty acids found previously under these conditions (Gajdos, Gajdos-Török, Gorchein, Neuberger & Tait, 1968). 7. The results are compared with those obtained by other workers on the glycine decarboxylase and glycine-bicarbonate exchange activities in other systems.
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Cellarius RA, Peters GA. Photosynthetic membrane development in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides: incorporation of bacteriochlorophyll and development of energy transfer and photochemical activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 189:234-44. [PMID: 5350449 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(69)90050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Schick J, Drews G. The morphogenesis of the bacterial photosynthetic apparatus. 3. The features of a pheophytin-protein-carbohydrate complex excreted by the mutant M 46 of Rodospirillum rubrum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1969; 183:215-29. [PMID: 5792867 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(69)90145-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lascelles J, Altschuler T. Mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides lacking delta-aminolevulinate synthase: growth, heme, and bacteriochlorophyll synthesis. J Bacteriol 1969; 98:721-7. [PMID: 5784221 PMCID: PMC284877 DOI: 10.1128/jb.98.2.721-727.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Two mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides were described which lacked delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity. They required delta-aminolevulinate for growth; they did not respond to protoporphyrin or magnesium photoporphyrin, and only poorly to hemin. Synthesis of cytochromes and heme by mutant H-4 was dependent upon delta-aminolevulinate; this strain did not form bacteriochlorophyll either with or without delta-aminolevulinate and, consequently, grew only under aerobic conditions. Mutant H-5 formed bacteriochlorophyll in response to delta-aminolevulinate and grew both anaerobically in the light and aerobically in the dark; the amount of delta-aminolevulinate needed for optimal anaerobic growth was higher than that required aerobically. Synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and heme by suspensions of mutant H-5 incubated anaerobically in the light was dependent upon delta-aminolevulinate; bacteriochlorophyll production was completely inhibited by high aeration and by puromycin. The mutants differed in their ability to take up radioactive delta-aminolevulinate from the external environment; mutant H-5 was less active than mutant H-4 or the wild type. It was suggested that R. spheroides made only one form of delta-aminolevulinate synthase, which provided delta-aminolevulinate for bacteriochlorophyll and heme synthesis.
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Marriott J, Neuberger A, Tait GH. Control of delta-aminolaevulate synthetase activity in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochem J 1969; 111:385-94. [PMID: 5774467 PMCID: PMC1187556 DOI: 10.1042/bj1110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. delta-Aminolaevulate synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides grown semi-anaerobically undergoes a spontaneous activation during the first hour after the disruption of cells when homogenates are stored at 4 degrees . 2. After cultures of R. spheroides growing semi-anaerobically are oxygenated no activation of delta-aminolaevulate synthetase occurs in cell extracts. Cessation of activation in extracts is almost complete 10min. after oxygenation of cells has begun. 3. A heat-stable fraction of low molecular weight from semi-anaerobic cells reactivates delta-aminolaevulate synthetase in extracts of oxygenated cells and appears to contain a compound responsible for the spontaneous activation. 4. A heat-stable fraction of low molecular weight from oxygenated cells inhibits the spontaneous activation in extracts of semi-anaerobic cells. 5. The effect of oxygen on the rate of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis in R. spheroides may be mediated through alterations in the concentrations of a low-molecular-weight activator and inhibitor of delta-aminolaevulate synthetase.
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Gassman M, Pluscec J, Bogorad L. delta-Aminolevulinic Acid Transaminase in Chlorella vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1968; 43:1411-4. [PMID: 16656929 PMCID: PMC1087031 DOI: 10.1104/pp.43.9.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme catalyzing the formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid by transamination of gamma,delta-dioxovaleric acid with l-alpha-alanine, l-glutamic acid, or l-phenylalanine has been detected in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris. The activity of this enzyme does not appear to parallel changes in chlorophyll content in a Chlorella mutant which requires light for chlorophyll production. The role of this enzyme in delta-aminolevulinic acid metabolism in plants is not clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gassman
- Department of Botany, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Gorchein A, Neuberger A, Tait GH. Adaptation of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1968; 171:111-25. [PMID: 4385855 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1968.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The composition of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides grown under oxygen or under air in the dark, or semi-anaerobically in the light was studied. The amounts of various constituents were expressed per cell. Anaerobically grown cells were 20 % lighter than cells grown under oxygen but contained approximately 50 % more protein and 85 % more phospholipid. The differences in weight were largely due to greater amounts of reserve material (poly-B-hydroxybutyrate and carbohydrate) in oxygen-grown cells. The major increase in the protein was due to a doubling of the 4particulate5 protein, the ‘soluble’ protein increasing by only 20% . The values of certain constituents in cells grown in air were intermediate between those of oxygen-grown cells and semi-anaerobically grown cells. The changes in composition were followed during adaptation from growth under oxygen to semi-anaerobic conditions in the light. Particulate protein, phospholipid, and enzymes concerned in bacteriochlorophyll synthesis increased markedly before photopigments or chromatophores were formed. These results indicate the sequence of some of the steps concerned in the differentiation of the cytoplasmic membrane of pigment-free microorganisms into the fully formed photosynthetic apparatus.
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Bottomley SS, Smithee GA. Characterization and measurement of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase in bone marrow cell mitochondria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 159:27-37. [PMID: 4297072 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(68)90241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gajdos A, Gajdos-Török M, Gorchein A, Neuberger A, Tait GH. The effect of adenosine triphosphate on porphyrin excretion and on glycine metabolism in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochem J 1968; 106:185-92. [PMID: 5721455 PMCID: PMC1198485 DOI: 10.1042/bj1060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP at concentrations of 1mm markedly decrease the amount of coproporphyrin excreted by Rhodopseudomonas spheroides illuminated in a medium containing glycine, succinate and fumarate. 2. The effect of ATP is decreased if ethionine is also added to the medium. 3. Evidence is presented showing that ATP is taken up by the organisms from the medium. 4. ATP is shown to have a marked effect on the utilization of glycine. In the presence of ATP the incorporation of the methylene carbon atom of glycine into the fatty acid moieties of the phospholipids is greatly increased, and more of the carboxyl carbon atom is lost, probably as carbon dioxide. 5. ATP has little effect on the utilization of succinate or fumarate. 6. The possible significance of these results with regard to the control by ATP of porphyrin synthesis and excretion and glycine metabolism is discussed.
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Lascelles J. The Bacterial Photosynthetic Apparatus. Adv Microb Physiol 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Richards WR, Rapoport H. The biosynthesis of chlorobium chlorophylls-660. The production of magnesium protoporphyrin monomethyl ester, bacteriochlorophyll, and chlorobium pheoporphyrins by Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum-660. Biochemistry 1967; 6:3830-9. [PMID: 6076631 DOI: 10.1021/bi00864a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Marver H, Tschudy D, Perlroth M, Collins A, Hunter G. The determination of aminoketones in biological fluids. Anal Biochem 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(66)90055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Untersuchungen zur Regulation der Bacteriochlorophyll-Synthese bei Rhodospirillum rubrum. Arch Microbiol 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Neuberger A, Tait GH. Studies on the biosynthesis of porphyrin and bacteriochlorophyll by Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. 5. Zinc-protoporphyrin chelatase. Biochem J 1964; 90:607-16. [PMID: 5833368 PMCID: PMC1202742 DOI: 10.1042/bj0900607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Turnover of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the rate of succinyl-coenzyme A formation may be important factors in the regulation of heme biosynthesis in liver homogenate. Acting as hydrogen acceptor, acetoacetate appears to have a unique role in influencing these metabolic processes.
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