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Tao HP, Lu TF, Li S, Jia GX, Zhang XN, Yang QE, Hou YP. Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 is selectively expressed by peritubular myoid cells in the murine testis and sustains long-term spermatogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:217. [PMID: 37468762 PMCID: PMC11072130 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complicated process of germ cell differentiation that occurs within the seminiferous tubule in the testis. Peritubular myoid cells (PTMCs) produce major components of the basement membrane that separates and ensures the structural integrity of seminiferous tubules. These cells secrete niche factors to promote spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) maintenance and mediate androgen signals to direct spermatid development. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the identity and function of PTMCs have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we showed that the expression of pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (Pnliprp2) was restricted in PTMCs in the testis and that its genetic ablation caused age-dependent defects in spermatogenesis. The fertility of Pnliprp2 knockout animals (Pnliprp2-/-) was normal at a young age but declined sharply beginning at 9 months. Pnliprp2 deletion impaired the homeostasis of undifferentiated spermatogonia and severely disrupted the development and function of spermatids. Integrated analyses of single-cell RNA-seq and metabolomics data revealed that glyceride metabolism was changed in PTMCs from Pnliprp2-/- mice. Further analysis found that 60 metabolites were altered in the sperm of the Pnliprp2-/- animals; notably, lipid metabolism was significantly dysregulated. Collectively, these results revealed that Pnliprp2 was exclusively expressed in PTMCs in the testis and played a novel role in supporting continual spermatogenesis in mice. The outcomes of these findings highlight the function of lipid metabolism in reproduction and provide new insights into the regulation of PTMCs in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Tao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Teng-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotechnology Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Gong-Xue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China
| | - Qi-En Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, Qinghai, China.
| | - Yun-Peng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotechnology Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Varma S, Molangiri A, Kona SR, Ibrahim A, Duttaroy AK, Basak S. Fetal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting-Bisphenol A (BPA) Alters Testicular Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Adult Offspring: Relevance to Sperm Maturation and Quality. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043769. [PMID: 36835180 PMCID: PMC9958878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily exposure to bisphenols can affect reproductive functions due to their pseudo-estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic effects. Testicular lipids contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids necessary for sperm maturity, motility, and spermatogenesis. Whether prenatal exposure to bisphenols alters testicular fatty acid metabolism in adult offspring is unknown. Pregnant Wistar rats were gavaged from gestational day 4 to 21 with BPA and BPS (0.0, 0.4, 4.0, 40.0 μg/kg bw/day). Despite increased body and testis weight, the total testicular cholesterol, triglyceride, and plasma fatty acids were unaffected in the offspring. Lipogenesis was upregulated by increased SCD-1, SCD-2, and expression of lipid storage (ADRP) and trafficking protein (FABP4). The arachidonic acid, 20:4 n-6 (ARA) and docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5 n-6 (DPA) levels were decreased in the BPA-exposed testis, while BPS exposure had no effects. The expression of PPARα, PPARγ proteins, and CATSPER2 mRNA were decreased, which are important for energy dissipation and the motility of the sperm in the testis. The endogenous conversion of linoleic acid,18:2 n-6 (LA), to ARA was impaired by a reduced ARA/LA ratio and decreased FADS1 expression in BPA-exposed testis. Collectively, fetal BPA exposure affected endogenous long-chain fatty acid metabolism and steroidogenesis in the adult testis, which might dysregulate sperm maturation and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikanth Varma
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Archana Molangiri
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Suryam Reddy Kona
- Lipid Chemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ahamed Ibrahim
- Lipid Chemistry Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Asim K. Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +91-40-27197336
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Gautier C, Aurich C. "Fine feathers make fine birds" - The mammalian sperm plasma membrane lipid composition and effects on assisted reproduction. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106884. [PMID: 34776291 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sperm plasma membrane is important in modulating many sperm functions. The sperm membrane is composed of a complex mixture of lipids including phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. There are differences of sperm membrane composition among mammalian species with two groups differing in the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), either docosahexaenoic (ω-3 PUFA) or docosapentaenoic acid (ω-6 PUFA). During testicular and epididymal maturation, composition of the sperm plasma membrane evolves with spermatozoa gaining the capacity for fertilization. The importance of fatty acid metabolism for complete spermatogenesis has been elucidated using gene knockout mice. During epididymal transit cholesterol content decreases and PUFA content increases, conferring more fluidity properties to the sperm membrane. The relatively lesser content of antioxidant enzymes and the relatively larger content of PUFA make the spermatozoa particularly susceptible to lipid peroxidation during sperm preservation. In numerous studies, there was adding of PUFA and antioxidants to the diet of animals or to semen extenders with the aim to improve sperm membrane integrity. This review highlights the current knowledge on the sperm membrane composition and effects on sperm function in mammalian domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Gautier
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Kapourchali FR, Louis XL, Feltham BA, Eskin MNA, Suh M. Fatty acid compositions of immature and mature testis are differently responsive to dietary docosahexasenoic acid during development in rats exposed to prenatal ethanol. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 176:102379. [PMID: 34871860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) exposure impairs, but docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supports testis functions. This study investigated whether dietary DHA and prenatal EtOH exposure affected fatty acid profiles equally in immature and mature testis during developmental stages. METHODS Female rats were exposed to ± EtOH (3g/kg BW, twice a day via gavage) throughout pregnancy, while consuming a diet supplemented ± DHA (1.4%, w/w). Pups were continued on their mother's diet after weaning with testes collected for fatty acid analysis at different stages of reproductive development, at gestational day 20 (GD20) and postnatal day (PD) 4, 21, 49, and 90, to present fetal, neonatal, weaning, prepubertal and adult stages, respectively. RESULTS Regardless of EtOH exposure, dietary DHA significantly increased in testis DHA at all ages, with testis at weaning and prepuberty being more responsive to the diet (p<0.0002). Immature testis at GD20 and PD4 contained more DHA than n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (n-6 DPA) compared to mature testis while being well responsive to the maternal DHA diet through gestation and lactation. The level of n-6 very long chain fatty acids and (VLCFA) and n-6 DPA, distinctively increased from weaning and prepuberty, respectively, and were not reduced by the DHA diet at prepuberty and adulthood. Prenatal EtOH minimally affected testis fatty acids during development. CONCLUSION Immature and mature testis responds differently to dietary DHA. The age around sexual maturity might be a critical time for dietary intervention as testis was more responsive to diet at this time point. The increase in DPA and n-6 VLCFA in matured testis while not affected by dietary DHA, indicates their critical roles in male reproductive function in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh R Kapourchali
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xavier L Louis
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bradley A Feltham
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael N A Eskin
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Miyoung Suh
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Menezes EB, Velho ALC, Santos F, Dinh T, Kaya A, Topper E, Moura AA, Memili E. Uncovering sperm metabolome to discover biomarkers for bull fertility. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:714. [PMID: 31533629 PMCID: PMC6749656 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subfertility decreases the efficiency of the cattle industry because artificial insemination employs spermatozoa from a single bull to inseminate thousands of cows. Variation in bull fertility has been demonstrated even among those animals exhibiting normal sperm numbers, motility, and morphology. Despite advances in research, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the causes of low fertility in some bulls have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the metabolic profile of bull spermatozoa using non-targeted metabolomics. Statistical analysis and bioinformatic tools were employed to evaluate the metabolic profiles high and low fertility groups. Metabolic pathways associated with the sperm metabolome were also reported. Results A total of 22 distinct metabolites were detected in spermatozoa from bulls with high fertility (HF) or low fertility (LF) phenotype. The major metabolite classes of bovine sperm were organic acids/derivatives and fatty acids/conjugates. We demonstrated that the abundance ratios of five sperm metabolites were statistically different between HF and LF groups including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), carbamate, benzoic acid, lactic acid, and palmitic acid. Metabolites with different abundances in HF and LF bulls had also VIP scores of greater than 1.5 and AUC- ROC curves of more than 80%. In addition, four metabolic pathways associated with differential metabolites namely alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism were also explored. Conclusions This is the first study aimed at ascertaining the metabolome of spermatozoa from bulls with different fertility phenotype using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We identified five metabolites in the two groups of sires and such molecules can be used, in the future, as key indicators of bull fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Menezes
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, 4025 Wise Center, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - A L C Velho
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, 4025 Wise Center, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - F Santos
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, 4025 Wise Center, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - T Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, 4025 Wise Center, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - A Kaya
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - E Topper
- Alta Genetic Inc., Watertown, WI, USA
| | - A A Moura
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - E Memili
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, 4025 Wise Center, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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Metabolomics coupled with pathway analysis characterizes metabolic changes in response to BDE-3 induced reproductive toxicity in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5423. [PMID: 29615664 PMCID: PMC5882662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may affect male reproductive function. 4-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-3), the photodegradation products of higher brominated PBDEs, is the most fundamental mono-BDE in environment but is less studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reproductive toxicity induced by BDE-3 and explore the mechanism by metabolomics approach. In this study, mice were treated intragastrically with BDE-3 for consecutive six weeks at the dosages of 0.0015, 1.5, 10 and 30 mg/kg. The reproductive toxicity was evaluated by sperm analysis and histopathology examinations. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS was applied to profile the metabolites of testis tissue, urine and serum samples in the control and BDE-3 treated mice. Results showed the sperm count was dose-dependently decreased and percentage of abnormal sperms increased by the treatment of BDE-3. Histopathology examination also revealed changes in seminiferous tubules and epididymides in BDE-3 treated mice. Metabolomics analysis revealed that different BDE-3 groups showed metabolic disturbances to varying degrees. We identified 76, 38 and 31 differential metabolites in testis tissue, urine and serum respectively. Pathway analysis revealed several pathways including Tyrosine metabolism, Purine metabolism and Riboflavin metabolism, which may give a possible explanation for the toxic mechanism of BDE-3. This study indicates that UHPLC-Q-TOFMS-based metabolomics approach provided a better understanding of PBDEs-induced toxicity dynamically.
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Cho S, Khan A, Jee SH, Lee HS, Hwang MS, Koo YE, Park YH. High resolution metabolomics to determines the risk associated with bisphenol A exposure in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:1-10. [PMID: 29276974 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although high BPA exposure has been correlated with several metabolic diseases, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, a metabolomics approach was used to explore the metabolic variations caused by low or high BPA exposure in female (n = 96) and male (n = 98) urine. Fatty acid elongation and sphingolipid metabolism were affected by high BPA exposure in males and females. Fatty acid elongation and sphingolipid metabolism were further investigated among age groups consisted of 30-39 yrs old, 40-49 yrs old, and 50-59 yrs old males and females with high or low urinary BPA. High BPA-exposed males in 30 s and females in 40 s were found with significant disturbance in fatty acid elongation and sphingolipid metabolism, respectively. Additionally, females in 40 s showed elevated inflammatory metabolites: 6-ketoprostaglandin E1 and thromboxane. In the present study, we have demonstrated that environmental metabolomics is useful to elucidate the health effects of BPA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongha Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Adnan Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, and Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sil Hwang
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Koo
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngja H Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Impact of a Standard Rodent Chow Diet on Tissue n-6 Fatty Acids, Δ9-Desaturation Index, and Plasmalogen Mass in Rats Fed for One Year. Lipids 2015; 50:1069-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Changes of phosphatidylcholine and fatty acids in germ cells during testicular maturation in three developmental male morphotypes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii revealed by imaging mass spectrometry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120412. [PMID: 25781176 PMCID: PMC4363669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Testis maturation, germ cell development and function of sperm, are related to lipid composition. Phosphatidylcholines (PCs) play a key role in the structure and function of testes. As well, increases of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), especially arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are essential for male fertility. This study is the first report to show the composition and distribution of PCs and total fatty acids (FAs) in three groups of seminiferous tubules (STs) classified by cellular associations [i.e., A (STs with mostly early germ cells), B (STs with mostly spermatids), and C (STs with spermatozoa)], in three morphotypes of Macrobrachium rosenbergii, [i.e., small male (SM), orange claw male (OC), and blue claw male (BC)]. Thin layer chromatography exhibited levels of PCs reaching maxima in STs of group B. Imaging mass spectrometry showed remarkably high signals corresponding to PC (16:0/18:1), PC (18:0/18:2), PC (18:2/20:5), and PC (16:0/22:6) in STs of groups A and B. Moreover, most signals were detected in the early developing cells and the intertubular area, but not at the area containing spermatozoa. Finally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated that the major FAs present in the testes were composed of 14:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 16:1, 18:1, 18:2, 20:1, 20:2, 20:4, 20:5, and 22:6. The testes of OC contained the greatest amounts of these FAs while the testes of BC contained the least amounts of these FAs, and there was more EPA (20:5) in the testes of SM and OC than those in the BC. The increasing amounts of FAs in the SM and OC indicate that they are important for spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. This knowledge will be useful in formulating diets containing PUFA and HUFA for prawn broodstocks in order to improve testis development, and lead to increased male fecundity.
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Chen M, Xu B, Ji W, Qiao S, Hu N, Hu Y, Wu W, Qiu L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhou Z, Xia Y, Wang X. Bisphenol A alters n-6 fatty acid composition and decreases antioxidant enzyme levels in rat testes: a LC-QTOF-based metabolomics study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44754. [PMID: 23024759 PMCID: PMC3443100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Male reproductive toxicity induced by exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been widely reported. The testes have proven to be a major target organ of BPA toxicity, so studying testicular metabolite variation holds promise for the discovery of mechanisms linked to the toxic effects of BPA on reproduction. Methodology/Principal Findings Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered doses of BPA at the levels of 0, 50 mg/kg/d for 8 weeks. We used an unbiased liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-QTOF)-based metabolomics approach to discover, identify, and analyze the variation of testicular metabolites. Two n-6 fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) were identified as potential testicular biomarkers. Decreased levels of LA and increased levels of AA as well as AA/LA ratio were observed in the testes of the exposed group. According to these suggestions, testicular antioxidant enzyme levels were detected. Testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) declined significantly in the exposed group compared with that in the non-exposed group, and the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) as well as catalase (CAT) also showed a decreasing trend in BPA treated group. Conclusions/Significance BPA caused testicular n-6 fatty acid composition variation and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels. This study emphasizes that metabolomics brings the promise of biomarkers identification for the discovery of mechanisms underlying reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanlei Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Shanghai Office, Bruker Daltonics Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianglin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yubang Wang
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide, and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shoulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zuomin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (XW)
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (YX); (XW)
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Koeberle A, Shindou H, Harayama T, Yuki K, Shimizu T. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are incorporated into maturating male mouse germ cells by lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 3. FASEB J 2011; 26:169-80. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-184879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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Fish oil diets alter the phospholipid balance, fatty acid composition, and steroid hormone concentrations in testes of adult pigs. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1134-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The present study investigated whether fatty acid compositions of testes are affected by the obese condition and dietary n-3 long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) intake. Male lean and obese Zucker rats were fed a 15 % (w/w, total diet) fat diet containing either 0 or 5·0 % (w/w, total fatty acids) n-3 LCFA for 8 weeks. Reproductive organ weights, sperm morphology and fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) of testes were analysed. The obese rats had significantly (P < 0·0001) smaller epididymides and seminal vesicles, larger prostates and abundant underdeveloped testes compared with lean rats. Diet treatment did not affect the sex organ weights. The effect of genotype on fatty acid composition was minor in PC and PE except for DHA (22 : 6n-3). The n-3 LCFA diet significantly (P < 0·0001) elevated 22 : 6n-3 and reduced arachidonic acid (20 : 4n-6) and DPA (22 : 5n-6) in testicular PC and PE of lean and obese rats compared with the control diet. The acylation of dietary n-3 LCFA into 22 : 6n-3 was 2-fold higher in obese rat testes than in lean rats fed the same diet. Underdeveloped testes had 70 % less 22 : 5n-6 in PC and PE than normal-size testes. Results indicate that testicular fatty acid composition is sensitive to dietary fat modulations and especially obese rats responded more to dietary n-3 LCFA than their lean counterparts. The selective reduction in 22 : 5n-6 in underdeveloped testes indicates that 22 : 5n-6 is important in male reproduction in rats and requires further study to define the role of elongation and desaturation in testicular development.
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14
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Koeberle A, Shindou H, Harayama T, Shimizu T. Role of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 3 for the supply of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids in TM4 Sertoli cells. FASEB J 2010; 24:4929-38. [PMID: 20705908 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-162818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells supply germ cells with nutrients, including highly polyunsaturated fatty acids (hPUFAs), which are essential for testicular function. We have previously reported high expression of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT)3 in mature mouse testis and suggested an arachidonoyl-transferase activity to LPA. To investigate the role of LPAAT3 in the storage and release of PUFAs, TM4 Sertoli cells were stably transfected with LPAAT3-small hairpin (sh)RNA. Arachidonoyl-, eicosapentaenoyl-, and docosapentaenoyl-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and linoleoyl-containing phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylglycerol were significantly decreased as determined by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Expression of murine LPAAT3 in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells had essentially an opposite effect. The level of polyunsaturated PC correlated with cellular levels of free docosapentaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in TM4 and CHO-K1 cells, respectively. Activity assays using microsomal preparations as a source of LPAAT3 revealed an excessive PA synthesis from LPA acceptors for docosahexaenoyl-, arachidonoyl- and less pronounced for linoleoyl-CoA. We propose that the efficient incorporation of hPUFAs into PA-the precursor of several phospholipids, including PC-and the selective increase of the polyunsaturated PC pool in TM4 Sertoli cells might be required for the controlled release of hPUFAs and their supply to germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Koeberle A, Shindou H, Harayama T, Shimizu T. Role of lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 3 for the supply of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids in TM4 Sertoli cells. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10.162818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Harayama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyFaculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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16
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Oresti GM, Reyes JG, Luquez JM, Osses N, Furland NE, Aveldaño MI. Differentiation-related changes in lipid classes with long-chain and very long-chain polyenoic fatty acids in rat spermatogenic cells. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2909-21. [PMID: 20610732 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m006429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In rat seminiferous tubules (ST), cells that contain polar and neutral lipids with long-chain polyenoic fatty acids (PUFA) and sphingomyelins (SM) and ceramides (Cer) with very long chain (VLC) PUFA of the n-6 series coexist. In this study, pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were isolated to determine how these lipids change during spermatogenesis. As the amount per cell of PUFA-rich glycerophospholipids (GPL) decreased with cell size, the 22:5/20:4 ratio increased with cell differentiation. The elovl2 and elovl5 genes, required for 22:5 formation, were expressed (mRNA) in both cell types. Residual bodies- particles with compacted organelles and materials discarded from late spermatids-concentrated cholesterol, 22:5-rich triacylglycerols, and GPL, including plasmalogens and phosphatidylserine. Species of SM and Cer with nonhydroxylated (n-) VLCPUFA (28:4, 30:5, and 32:5) predominated in pachytene spermatocytes, whereas species with the corresponding 2-hydroxy (2-OH) VLCPUFA prevailed in round spermatids. Thus, a dramatic increase in the 2-OH/n-VLCPUFA ratio in SM and Cer was a hallmark of differentiation. A substantial decrease of 2-OH SM occurred between spermatids and mature spermatozoa and 2-OH SM species were collected in residual bodies "en route" to Sertoli cells. Notably, spermatids and spermatozoa gained a significant amount of ceramides devoid of n-VLCPUFA but having 2-OH VLCPUFA as their main fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo M Oresti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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17
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Oresti GM, Ayuza Aresti PL, Gigola G, Reyes LE, Aveldaño MI. Sequential depletion of rat testicular lipids with long-chain and very long-chain polyenoic fatty acids after X-ray-induced interruption of spermatogenesis. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2600-10. [PMID: 20529883 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m006395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When a single dose of X-rays is applied to the adult rat testis, stem spermatogonia are damaged, and spermatogenesis is interrupted. Supported by Sertoli cells, spermatogenic cells that endure irradiation complete their differentiation and gradually leave the testis as spermatozoa. In this study, the in vivo changes taking place a number of weeks after irradiation revealed cell-specific features of testicular lipid classes. A linear drop, taking about six weeks, in testis weight, nonlipid materials, free cholesterol, and 22:5n-6-rich glycerophospholipids took place with germ cell depletion. Sphingomyelins and ceramides with nonhydroxy very long-chain polyenoic fatty acids (n-VLCPUFA) disappeared in four weeks, together with the last spermatocytes, whereas species with 2-hydroxy VLCPUFA lasted for six weeks, disappearing with the last spermatids and spermatozoa. The amount per testis of 22:5n-6-rich triacylglycerols, unchanged for four weeks, fell between weeks 4 and 6, associating these lipids with spermatids and their residual bodies, detected as small, bright lipid droplets. In contrast, 22:5n-6-rich species of cholesterol esters and large lipid droplets increased in seminiferous tubules up to week 6, revealing they are Sertoli cell products. At week 30, the lipid and fatty acid profiles reflected the resulting permanent testicular involution. Our data highlight the importance of Sertoli cells in maintaining lipid homeostasis during normal spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo M Oresti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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18
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Agbaga MP, Mandal MNA, Anderson RE. Retinal very long-chain PUFAs: new insights from studies on ELOVL4 protein. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1624-42. [PMID: 20299492 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other mammalian tissues, retina is highly enriched in PUFA. Long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA; C18-C24) are essential FAs that are enriched in the retina and are necessary for maintenance of normal retinal development and function. The retina, brain, and sperm also contain very LC-PUFA (VLC-PUFA; >C24). Although VLC-PUFA were discovered more than two decades ago, very little is known about their biosynthesis and functional roles in the retina. This is due mainly to intrinsic difficulties associated with working on these unusually long polyunsaturated hydrocarbon chains and their existence in small amounts. Recent studies on the FA elongase elongation of very long chain fatty acids-4 (ELOVL4) protein, however, suggest that VLC-PUFA probably play some uniquely important roles in the retina as well as the other tissues. Mutations in the ELOVL4 gene are found in patients with autosomal dominant Stargardt disease. Here, we review the recent literature on VLC-PUFA with special emphasis on the elongases responsible for their synthesis. We focus on a novel elongase, ELOVL4, involved in the synthesis of VLC-PUFA, and the importance of these FAs in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of retinal photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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19
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Line and birth season effects on plasma testosterone and oxidative stress parameters in testis of maturing rabbits. Anim Reprod Sci 2009; 117:314-21. [PMID: 19570626 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the male reproductive function. Differences between rabbit breeds have been found for testis size, seminiferous tubule diameter, number and size of interstitial and germ cells, etc. Traits related to the redox system could also be affected by genetic factors. It is likely that differences between breeds for these traits would lead to differences in reproductive maturation and fertility. We have investigated in the present paper the age-related changes of the plasma testosterone (TST) concentration, superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) radical formation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARs) level in testis of rabbits in two breeds selected for different aptitudes (Caldes for growth rate and Prat for litter size). The effect of birth season for these traits was also assessed. Major changes in parameters related to oxidative stress were observed at an early age and most probably can be explained by the concomitant changes in testicular structure and function. Both lines showed similar developmental profiles and levels for all the variables studied. There was no interaction between line and birth season, consequently environmental conditions affected both lines in the same manner. Significant differences between males born in different seasons were found for O(2)(-) (4.84+/-0.19RLU/mg tissuemin versus 5.67+/-0.19RLU/mg tissuemin), SOD (6.12+/-0.11U/mg protein versus 7.09+/-0.11U/mg protein) and CAT (0.058+/-0.002K/mg protein versus 0.040+/-0.002K/mg protein). Future studies should take into account differences between seasons for a more precise analysis.
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20
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Stark KD, Lim SY, Salem N. Artificial rearing with docosahexaenoic acid and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid alters rat tissue fatty acid composition. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:2471-7. [PMID: 17703057 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700317-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6; 22:5n-6) are components of enriched animal feed and oil derived from Schizochytrium species microalgae. A one generation, artificial rearing model from day 2 after birth onward (AR) and a dam-reared control group (DAM) were used to examine DPAn-6 feeding on the fatty acid composition of various rat tissues at 15 weeks of age. Four AR diets were based on an n-3 fatty acid-deficient, 18:2n-6-based artificial milk with 22:6n-3 and/or 22:5n-6 added: AR-LA, AR-DHA, AR-DPAn-6, and AR-DHA+DPAn-6. The 22:6n-3 levels for the DAM, AR-DHA, and AR-DHA+DPAn-6 groups tended to be similar and higher than in the AR-LA and AR-DPAn-6 groups. The levels of 22:5n-6 tended to be higher only in the absence of dietary 22:6n-3. Adipose levels of 22:5n-6 was the only exception, as 22:5n-6 was significantly higher in AR-DHA+DPAn-6 than was observed in either the DAM or the AR-DHA group. There were no differences in 20:4n-6 levels within the tissues examined. In conclusion, 22:5n-6 replaces 22:6n-3 in the absence of 22:6n-3 only and does not appear to compete with 22:6n-3 in the presence of dietary 22:6n-3, suggesting that oils containing 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 may be a good dietary source of 22:6n-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken D Stark
- Laboratory of Nutritional and Nutraceutical Research, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Furland NE, Maldonado EN, Aresti PA, Aveldaño MI. Changes in lipids containing long- and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cryptorchid rat testes. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:181-8. [PMID: 17429018 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.056556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of experimental cryptorchidism on rat testicular phospholipids and neutral lipids that contain long-chain (C(18)-C(22)) and very long-chain (VLC) (C(24)-C(32)) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The weight of the cryptorchid testis was nearly half that of the contralateral control at postsurgical Days 7-10 owing to the depletion of germ cells. Concomitantly, the amounts of major glycerophospholipids (GPL) and sphingomyelin (SM) per testis decreased. Both these lipids lost their characteristic long-chain and very long-chain PUFA, notably 22:5n-6 and 28:4n-6, respectively, which suggests that these species are linked to the membranes of germ cells. In contrast, the amounts and concentrations of triglycerides (TG; triacylglycerols and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerols) and cholesterol esters (CE) increased several fold in the surviving cells (mainly Sertoli cells) in the cryptorchid testis. All these neutral lipids, but especially CE, accumulated large amounts of the major PUFA of the testis, 22:5n-6, as well as pentaenes with longer carbon chains (i.e., 24:5n-6 in TG and 28:5n-6 in CE). This accretion suggests that neutral lipids may store preformed PUFA coming from dying germ cell GPL and also VLCPUFA no longer needed as a source of PUFA destined to assemble new germ cell GPL. The lipid adjustments observed in cryptorchidism suggest a possible role for Sertoli cell CE in the turnover and conservation of PUFA within seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E Furland
- Institute for Biochemical Research of Bahía Blanca, National Research Council and University of the South, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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22
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Infante JP. A function for the vitamin E metabolite alpha-tocopherol quinone as an essential enzyme cofactor for the mitochondrial fatty acid desaturases. FEBS Lett 1999; 446:1-5. [PMID: 10100602 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A critical analysis of the changes in fatty acid patterns and their metabolism elicited by vitamin E deficiency leads to the proposal that a major role of dietary RRR-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC) is as an enzymatic precursor of alpha-tocopherolquinone (alpha-TQ) whose semiquinone radical functions as an essential enzyme cofactor for the fatty acid desaturases of the recently elucidated carnitine-dependent, channeled, mitochondrial desaturation-elongation pathway; a detailed mechanism for its function is proposed. Pathophysiological states produced by vitamin E deficiency and alpha-TOC transfer protein defects, such as ataxia, myopathy, retinopathy, and sterility are proposed to develop from the effects of impaired alpha-TQ-dependent desaturases and the resulting deficiency of their polyenoic fatty acid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Infante
- Institute for Theoretical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14852-4512, USA.
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23
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Infante JP, Huszagh VA. Analysis of the putative role of 24-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids in the biosynthesis of docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids. FEBS Lett 1998; 431:1-6. [PMID: 9684854 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent literature on the putative involvement of a single cycle of peroxisomal beta-oxidation of 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the biosynthesis of the respective docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) fatty acids is critically reviewed. Present evidence suggests that in vitro data in support of the above proposition is an artifact of a low 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase activity due to depletion of NADPH resulting from incubation conditions. Kinetic studies with radiolabeled precursors in cell cultures have shown lower initial rates of labeling of 24:6n-3 than that of 22:6n-3, indicating that 24:6n-3 is an elongation product of 22:6n-3 rather than its precursor. Analysis of other literature data supports the proposal that 22:5n-6 and 22:6n-3 are synthesized in mitochondria via channeled carnitine-dependent pathways involving separate n-6- and n-3-specific desaturases. It is proposed that impaired peroxisomal function in some peroxisomal disorders is a secondary consequence of defective mitochondrial synthesis of 22:6n-3; moreover, some disorders of peroxisomal beta-oxidation show normal or increased 22:5n-6 concentrations, indicating that 22:5n-6 is synthesized by independent desaturases without peroxisomal involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Infante
- Institute for Theoretical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, NY 14852-4512, USA
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24
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Connor WE, Lin DS, Neuringer M. Biochemical markers for puberty in the monkey testis: desmosterol and docosahexaenoic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:1911-6. [PMID: 9177405 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.6.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the sperm of rhesus monkeys and humans uniquely contain large amounts of desmosterol not found in other tissues and have a high concentration of the highly polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3). However, the lipid composition of the testis, from which sperm originate, is unknown. During puberty, the testis undergoes remarkable morphological changes as testosterone levels rise and sperm production begins. We hypothesized that testicular maturation might also involve dramatic changes in lipid composition. Accordingly, we characterized the sterol and fatty acid composition of the testis of rhesus monkeys throughout the lifespan, from birth to old age. Although the cholesterol content in the testis remained relatively unchanged throughout life, the desmosterol content first decreased from 59 microg/g in infants to 6 microg/g in prepubertal monkeys, increased to 83 microg/g during puberty, and reached a plateau of 248 microg/g in the young adult, where it remained into old age. The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the testis also changed markedly. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) increased from 5.1% of total fatty acids in infants and juveniles to 18.1% in postpubertal young adults. Although some n-6 fatty acids, arachidonic (20:4 n-6) and linoleic (18:2 n-6), decreased from 16.0% and 10.0% in prepubertal juveniles, respectively, to 7.1% and 3.3% in young adults; dihomogamma-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6), the precursor of 1 series PGs, increased greatly from 1.8% to 10.3%. Similar changes occurred in both membrane and storage lipids (phospholipids and triglycerides), respectively. After puberty, the testicular fatty acid pattern remained stable into old age. Our data demonstrated that puberty is accompanied by substantial changes in the lipid composition of the primate testis. These changes suggest that desmosterol and both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids may have important roles in sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Connor
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201, USA
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25
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Abstract
Fatty acids with greater than 22 carbon atoms (very long chain fatty acids, VLCFA) are present in small amounts in most animal tissues. Saturated and monoenoic VLCFA are major components of brain, while the polyenoic VLCFA occur in significant amounts in certain specialized animal tissues such as retina and spermatozoa. Biosynthesis of VLCFA occurs by carbon chain elongation of shorter chain fatty acid precursors while beta-oxidation takes place almost exclusively in peroxisomes. Mitochondria are unable to oxidize VLCFA because they lack a specific VLCFA coenzyme A synthetase, the first enzyme in the beta-oxidation pathway. VLCFA accumulate in the tissues of patients with inherited abnormalities in peroxisomal assembly, and also in individuals with defects in enzymes catalyzing individual reactions along the beta-oxidation pathway. It is believed that the accumulation of VLCFA in patient tissues contributes to the severe pathological changes which are a feature of these conditions. However, little is known of the role of VLCFA in normal cellular processes, and of the molecular basis for their contribution to the disease process. The present review provides an outline of the current knowledge of VLCFA including their biosynthesis, degradation, possible function and involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poulos
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia
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26
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Caruso D, Risé P, Galella G, Regazzoni C, Toia A, Galli G, Galli C. Formation of 22 and 24 carbon 6-desaturated fatty acids from exogenous deuterated arachidonic acid is activated in THP-1 cells at high substrate concentrations. FEBS Lett 1994; 343:195-9. [PMID: 8174700 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Deuterated arachidonic acid (AA, [2H8]20:4 n-6) 1-25 microM, is converted to other fatty acids, as evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in THP-1 cells. The major products, in the 1 to 10 microM range, are 22:4 (elongated) and 20:3 (reduced in 5). At 25 microM, 24:4, 24:5 and 22:5 accumulate, with [2H8]/[2H0] ratios higher than in AA. At high AA concentration preferential conversion to elongated fatty acids with 5 unsaturations, through a 6 desaturase takes place and the 4-desaturated 22:5 appears to be formed through beta-oxidation of 24:5.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caruso
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Italy
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27
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Hurtado de Catalfo GE, Mandon EC, de Gómez Dumm IN. Arachidonic acid biosynthesis in non-stimulated and adrenocorticotropin-stimulated Sertoli and Leydig cells. Lipids 1992; 27:593-8. [PMID: 1328799 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in Sertoli and Leydig cells isolated from the testes of mature rats has been investigated. Both types of cells incorporated [2-14C]eicosatrienoic acid from the incubation medium and transformed it into arachidonic acid. The administration of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) to the rats decreased the delta 5 desaturating activity in the isolated testicular cells, while ACTH produced no changes in the uptake of the substrate. Similar results were obtained when ACTH was added to the incubation medium of cells isolated from non-hormone treated rats. The total fatty acid composition of the Sertoli cells isolated from ACTH-treated rats showed a significant increase in the relative percentage of 18:2n-6 and a decrease in the C20 and C22 polyenes. This may indicate that ACTH exerts an inhibitory effect on delta 6, delta 5 and delta 4 desaturase activities. Addition of corticosterone to the incubation medium also produced a significant decrease in arachidonic acid biosynthesis. Because ACTH is known to stimulate the release of corticosterone in vivo, both hormones may act cumulatively in the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in Sertoli and Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Hurtado de Catalfo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Argentina
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28
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van der Grond J, Laven JS, van Echteld CJ, Dijkstra G, Grootegoed JA, de Rooij DG, Mali WP. The progression of spermatogenesis in the developing rat testis followed by 31P MR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1992; 23:264-74. [PMID: 1549041 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910230207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the use of human testicular 31P MR spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between several stages of male infertility, we have studied the testicular levels of several phosphorus containing compounds in the rat in relation to the condition of spermatogenesis and the cell types present in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. During testicular maturation several characteristic changes occur in the 31P MR spectrum of the testis of male Wistar rats. The phosphomonoester/adenosine triphosphate (PM/ATP) ratio shows a decline from 1.61 to 1.02 between the age of 3 and 12 weeks, whereas the phosphodiester (PD)/ATP ratio increases from 0 to 0.72. The testicular pH increases in the same time from 7.06 to 7.32. Testicular MR data obtained after 12 weeks of age onward do not show significant change anymore. The high PM/ATP ratio is associated by a relative high amount of proliferating spermatogonia and spermatocytes during meiosis in the testis, whereas the PD peak seems to be correlated with the release and maintenance of spermatozoa. The MR spectra show a specific fingerprint in all developmental stages of the rat testis as a result of the different cell types in the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van der Grond
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Van der Grond J, Dijkstra G, Roelofsen B, Mali WP. 31P-NMR determination of phosphomonoesters in relation to phospholipid biosynthesis in testis of the rat at different ages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1074:189-94. [PMID: 2043669 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90060-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the phosphomonoester (PM) peak, as observed in in vivo 31P-NMR spectra, are often attributed to changes in phospholipid synthesis and therefore to changes in cell proliferation. However, this technique provides information about the absolute size of the phosphomonoester pool rather than its turnover rate. To investigate whether there is a good correlation between changes in PM concentration and its turnover rate, we studied the turnover rate of the two major PM compounds, phosphocholine and phosphoethanolamine, in rat testes at different stages of testis development. [3H]Choline and [3H]ethanolamine were injected intraperitoneally into rats at the age of 3, 6 and 13 weeks, respectively. Phosphorylation of these compounds and their incorporation into phospholipids, were followed up to 6 h after injection of the phospholipid precursors. When these data were compared with the changes observed in the in vivo 31P-NMR PM peak, the concentration of the PM compounds appeared to correlate linearly, both with the conversion of choline into phosphocholine, as well with the rate of phospholipid synthesis, and therefore with the rate of cell proliferation. Hence, it is suggested that cell proliferation can be monitored by determining the changes in the PM peak that is observed in in vivo 31P-NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Van der Grond
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Huynh S, Oulhaj H, Bocquet J, Nouvelot A. Metabolic utilization of linoleate and alpha-linolenate in cultured Sertoli cells. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:265-70. [PMID: 1684926 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90039-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The capacity of cultured Sertoli cells to synthesize long-chain polyunsatured fatty acids (PUFA) from the essential fatty acid (EFA) precursors 18:2 n-6 and 18:3 n-3 was tested, and the concentrations of each EFA required to obtain maximal incorporation into membrane lipids were determined. 2. The two EFA were added to the culture medium as free fatty acids complexed to albumin in a molar ratio of 12:1. 3. When the substrates were added individually, the maximal levels of biosynthesis were obtained with 0.7 micrograms/ml of 18:2 n-6 and 2 micrograms/ml of 18:3 n-3. 4. When the two EFA were added together, clear alterations in the behavior of the desaturases with regard to the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were observed. 5. It was found that a concentration of 0.35 micrograms/ml of each EFA represented the "ideal" required level in order to ensure optimal incorporation of 22-carbon PUFA into the membrane lipids. 6. These results provide the first data on the definition of EFA requirements for Sertoli cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huynh
- Laboratoire de biochimie, URA CNRS 609, Université Caen, France
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Cooper DR, Carpenter MP. Sertoli-cell prostaglandin synthesis. Effects of (follitropin) differentiation and dietary vitamin E. Biochem J 1987; 241:847-55. [PMID: 3109380 PMCID: PMC1147638 DOI: 10.1042/bj2410847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of prostanoids by the Sertoli cell was assessed as part of a study on the role of vitamin E in maintaining spermatogenesis. Analyses of eicosanoid synthesis from endogenous substrate were carried out using freshly isolated Sertoli-cell-enriched preparations from both pre-pubertal and adult rats fed purified diets with and without vitamin E, as well as cells carried in primary culture. Freshly isolated cells from both the immature and fully differentiated adult testes produced PGI2 (prostaglandin I2) and PGE2, but PGF2 alpha was produced only by cells of the adult vitamin E-deficient rat. Cells from adult controls synthesized PGF2 alpha after primary culture. In contrast with other hormone responses of this cell, which are refractory in the adult, FSH (follitropin) potentiated prostaglandin production by freshly isolated cells of both immature and adult rats. The FSH response of Sertoli cells from immature animals did not change after primary culture. Adult cells were refractory to the hormone after culture, but the total amounts of prostaglandins produced by these cells were 10-fold higher than by either freshly isolated or cells of the immature in culture. Analogues of cyclic AMP did not potentiate prostaglandin synthesis. However, mepacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, blocked the FSH effect. The finding that Sertoli cells synthesize prostaglandins and FSH enhances prostaglandin production implicates a potential role for eicosanoids in spermatogenesis and suggests that vitamin E may affect intratesticular regulators.
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Infante JP. Vitamin E and selenium participation in fatty acid desaturation. A proposal for an enzymatic function of these nutrients. Mol Cell Biochem 1986; 69:93-108. [PMID: 3515161 DOI: 10.1007/bf00224757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical review of the literature on the effects of vitamin E and selenium deficiences on unsaturated fatty acid metabolism reveals that some of these effects are inconsistent with the antioxidant hypothesis of these nutrients as their only biological function. On the basis of these data it is proposed that vitamin E and selenium play a role in the desaturation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by participating in the microsomal electron transport chain and in a proposed peroxidase moiety of the desaturase complex, respectively. A re-interpretation of the experimental literature in terms of the proposed hypothesis is provided, with some suggestions to test its main tenets.
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Nikolopoulou M, Soucek DA, Vary JC. Changes in the lipid content of boar sperm plasma membranes during epididymal maturation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 815:486-98. [PMID: 3995037 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membranes of boar sperm from caput, corpus and cauda of the epididymis were purified by differential- and sucrose-density equilibrium centrifugation and were found to yield a single band at a density of 1.13 g/cm3. This fraction was enriched in acid and alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities, whereas it contained minimal amounts of hyaluronidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase and no succinic acid dehydrogenase activities. The plasma membrane of caput, corpus and cauda sperm had the same phospholipid/protein and cholesterol/phospholipid ratios but yielded different amounts of protein and individual lipid classes. Several changes in the plasma membrane were observed during transit of sperm through the epididymis. Within the phospholipid class a decrease in the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol was detected accompanied by an increase in amount of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and polyphosphoinositides. In the other lipid classes there was a decrease in the amount of free fatty acid and the major glycolipid. The amount of cholesterol decreased, while the amount of desmosterol and cholesterol sulfate increased. There was an increase in the amount of diacylglycerol. In addition, the changes in the fatty acid composition of the total membrane lipid and each phospholipid were determined. The above changes in the lipid composition of the plasma membrane during epididymal maturation may help to explain the decreased resistance to cold shock and changes in membrane fluidity of sperm during transit in the epididymis.
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Marzouki ZM, Coniglio JG. The effects of hypophysectomy and testosterone treatment on the composition and metabolism of testicular lipids. Lipids 1984; 19:609-16. [PMID: 6482683 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hypophysectomy and of testosterone administration on lipid composition and metabolism of rat testicular tissue have been investigated. Increased concentrations of triacylglycerols and cholesterol were observed in testes of hypophysectomized compared to control (non-hypophysectomized) rats on the eighth day posthypophysectomy. Administration of testosterone maintained the concentrations of these lipids at about normal levels. The concentration of phospholipids was not affected by the hypophysectomy. Incorporation of 14C from 1-[14C] linoleate into testicular lipids was determined 24 hours after intratesticular injection. In hypophysectomized compared to control rats there was more 14C in C 16:0, C 20:2 and C 20:3 and less 14C in C 20:4 and C 22:4 of both phospholipids and triacylglycerols. After intratesticular injection of 1-[14C] eicosatrienoate there was more 14C in C 16:0 and C 20:3 and less 14C in C 20:4 and C 22:4 of both phospholipids and triacylglycerols of hypophysectomized compared to control rats. Intratesticular injection of 1-[14C]-arachidonate resulted in less 14C incorporation in C 22:4 in testes of hypophysectomized than in those of control rats. Treatment with testosterone did not affect the metabolism of any of the 14C-substrates. These results indicate that the testicular desaturation of C 20:3 to arachidonate, requiring a delta 5 desaturase, is inhibited by hypophysectomy and that testosterone by itself may control the concentrations of some testicular lipid classes but not the metabolism of the polyenoic acids.
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35
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Grogan WM. Metabolism of arachidonate in rat testis: characterization of 26-30 carbon polyenoic acids. Lipids 1984; 19:341-6. [PMID: 6429468 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid methyl esters of long-chain polyenoic fatty acids (LCPA) from rat testis injected with [1-14C] arachidonate were analyzed and separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Earlier, all previously identified LCPA were prepared in high purity along with 4 previously unidentified fatty acids, which were further characterized by capillary gas chromatography (GC), catalytic hydrogenation and alkaline isomerization. Unidentified fatty acids proved to be 26:4, 26:5, 28:5 and 30:5. All of these LCPA incorporated 14C from arachidonate (20:4) to specific activities that were comparable to that of 20:4 and previously identified metabolites of 20:4 and much greater than specific activities of 18:1n-9 or 22:6n-3. LCPA were analyzed on a capillary GC system capable of resolving known cis-trans and positional isomers of the n-3, n-6, n-7 and n-9 families of unsaturated fatty acids. Log plots of isothermal retention times and normal plots of temperature programmed retention times were linear (r = 0.999) in carbon number when values for known and previously unidentified LCPA of 4 or 5 double bonds, respectively, were coplotted. Thus, the newly identified fatty acids belong to the n-6 family of fatty acids synthesized from arachidonic acid.
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Abstract
270-Day old, male Ham/ICR mice were subjected to a diet change from high protein and carbohydrate and low fat to a diet higher in fat and lower in carbohydrate and protein. Age matched mice were maintained on laboratory rodent chow as controls. The diet change was not defined so the observed differences could not necessarily be ascribed to altered protein, carbohydrate, or fat intake. Comparison of the controls with the experimental mice revealed the " junk food" mice differed in lipid fatty acid profiles of the heart and liver and in percentage of lipid palmitic and oleic acids in these organs and also in plasma. Appearance was altered in the experimental mice which had dull, greasy coats. In addition, the experimental animals were less active, slept singly, and were slower in negotiating a three-choice maze than their comparably housed counterparts, indicating altered activity/curiosity behavior.
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37
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Beckman JK, Coniglio JG. The metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat Sertoli and germinal cells. Lipids 1980; 15:389-94. [PMID: 7401936 DOI: 10.1007/bf02534061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of [1-14C] linoleic, [1-14C] arachidonic and [3-14C] docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acids was investigated after intratesticular injection of the labeled compounds and isolation of rat Sertoli and germinal cell. Following injection of either 14C-linoleate or 14C-arachidonate, the specific activity (sp act) of docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid of Sertoli cells was greater than that of the germinal cells. The data suggest that the Sertoli cells are more active in the biosynthesis of the 22-carbon pentaene than the germinal cells. Differences between these 2 cell types were also noted in the distribution of the incorporated 14C among the various lipid classes. Following intra-testicular injection of 14C-docosapentaenoic acid, a greater proportion of the recovered 14C in Sertoli cells than in germinal cells was present in 20-carton fatty acids, suggesting a greater activity in Sertoli cells in the metabolism of the pentaene. The major portion of the recovered 14C in both cell types was present in triacylglycerols during early time periods and in phospholipids after 24 hr. The possibility of transfer of biosynthesized docosapentaenoic acid from Sertoli to germinal cells is discussed.
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39
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Beckman JK, Coniglio JG. A comparative study of the lipid composition of isolated rat Sertoli and germinal cells. Lipids 1979; 14:262-7. [PMID: 449628 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lipid composition of enriched preparations of Sertoli cells and of germinal cells, isolated from the testes of mature rats, has been investigated. Sertoli cells contained a much lower content of phospholipids (in particular, much less phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) and a higher content of triacylglycerols than did germinal cells. In addition, the Sertoli cells had a higher ratio of esterified to unesterified cholesterol than did germinal cells. Total lipids of Sertoli cells contained considerably lower levels of palmitic and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acids and higher levels of stearic and oleic acid than did the total lipids of germinal cells. The major phospholipid classes and the triacylglycerols of Sertoli cells similarly contained less palmitic and docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acids, more stearic and oleic acids and also more arachidonic acid than did the corresponding lipid classes of the germinal cells. Minor differences between cell types were also noted for the content of palmitoleic, linoleic, docosa-7,10,13,16-tetraenoic, docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic and tetracosa-9,12,15,18-tetraenoic acids.
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40
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Gallo LL, Cheriathundam E, Vahouny GV, Treadwell CR. Immunological comparison of cholesterol esterases. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 191:42-8. [PMID: 104662 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Beckman JK, Gray ME, Coniglio JG. The lipid composition of isolated rat spermatids and spermatocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 530:367-74. [PMID: 698237 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(78)90156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lipids composition of enriched fractions of spermatids and spermatocytes, isolated from rat testicular tissue, has been investigated. More than 20% of the total fatty acids of spermatids but only 10% of those of spermatocytes, isolated from testes of mature rats, was 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid. Spermatocyte-enriched fractions isolated from testes of immature rats had fatty acid compositions similar to those isolated from testes of mature rats. On the other hand, spermatids isolated from immature rats had a level of docosapentaenoic acid which was intermediate between the level found in spermatocytes and that of spermatids from mature rats. Major phospholipid classes and the triacylglycerols of spermatids contained much more of the docosapentaenoic acid than the corresponding lipid types from spermatocytes. Differences in content of total phospholipids, individual classes of phospholipids and triacylglycerols among spermatocytes, spermatids and late spermatids were also observed.
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42
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Ayala S, Brenner RR, Dumm CG. Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the alpha-linolenic series on the development of rat testicles. Lipids 1977; 12:1017-24. [PMID: 593069 DOI: 10.1007/bf02533328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 22:6 omega 3 acid provided by dietary fish oil on the development of germinal tissue of rat testes, fatty acid composition of lipids, and linoleic or alpha-linolenic acid delta 6 desaturation capacity was investigated. Results were compared to those obtained in animals fed methyl palmitate and sunflower seed oil (linoleate). At 7 and 9 weeks of age, development of germinal tissue of animals fed fish oil was normal. The fatty acid composition showed a decrease in 22:5 omega 6 acid content and an increase in 22:6 omega 3 acid in triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The fatty acid delta 6 desaturation capacity of testicules microsomes was increased. It is suggested that 22:6 omega 3 acid may functionally replace 22:5 omega 6 acid in germinal tissue.
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43
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Coniglio JG, Harris DG. Fatty acid composition of selected organs of gerbils maintained on a fat-deficient or fat-supplemented diet. Lipids 1977; 12:741-6. [PMID: 909361 DOI: 10.1007/bf02570906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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44
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Kunihiro U, Ineo I, Tamio Y. Glycolipid composition of human testis at different ages and the stereochemical configuration of seminolipid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(77)90044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Dumontier A, Burdick A, Ewigman B, Fahim M. Effects of Sonication on Mature Rat Testes**Supported in part by Whitewater Electronics.††Presented at the American Medical Student Association—University of Texas Medical Branch National Research Forum, April 1976, Galveston, Tex. Fertil Steril 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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47
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Fouche CE, Coniglio JG. Biosynthesis of docosa-4,7,10,13,16-pentaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 57:261-3. [PMID: 122553 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C E Fouche
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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48
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Coniglio JG, Whorton AR, Beckman JK. Essential fatty acids in testes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 83:575-89. [PMID: 920484 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3276-3_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Takatori T, Phillips F, Privett OS. Effects of dietary saturated and trans fatty acids on cholesteryl ester synthesis and hydrolysis in the testes of rats. Lipids 1976; 11:357-63. [PMID: 5644 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies were made of the enzymic synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in rat testes. Weanling rats were fed for 14 weeks diets containing 5% by wt of hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), a concentrate of ethyl elaidate and linolelaidate (TRANS), devoid of essential fatty acids (EFA), or safflower oil (SAFF). Cholesterol esterifying activity was localized in the soluble fraction, and cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity was distributed in both particulate and soluble fractions obtained from tissue homogenates. The optimum pH was 6.0 for esterification and 6.9-7.0 for hydrolysis. Neither esterifying nor hydrolytic activity was affected by freezing and thawing, but both reactions were inhibited by heat or sonication. The animals of both the HCO and TRANS groups had developed an EFA deficiency before they were sacrificed. The EFA deficiency produced upon feeding the HCO diet had no apparent effect on the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters in rat testes. The TRANS diet influenced the development of the testes as judged by their size, and cholesterol esterifying and cholesteryl ester hydrolyzing activities were suppressed in the testes of the animals of this group. A major difference in the effects of the HCO and TRANS diets on the lipids of the tests was the relatively minor amount of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and the elevated level of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5) in the cholesteryl esters of the testicular lipids of the TRANS group.
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50
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Jensen B. Rat testicular lipids and dietary isomeric fatty acids in essential fatty acid deficiency. Lipids 1976; 11:179-88. [PMID: 1263760 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Weanling rats were fed essential fatty acid-deficient diets, either completely fat-free, or with partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO, 28 wt %), or with fractions derived from PHFO containing primarily positional isomers of trans-eicosenoate (20:1, 3 wt %) or trans-docosenoate (22:1, 3 wt %). Control animals were fed a peanut oil-containing diet (28 wt %). After 5 or 15 weeks on the diet, the content of neutral and phosphorus-containing lipids in the testes was determined. The fatty acid distribution in major lipid classes was analyzed for animals fed the diets for 15 weeks. The testicular stage of maturation or degeneration was assessed by histology. The group fed PHFO exhibited signs of complete testicular degeneration, or lack of maturation, already after 5 weeks, whereas the animals on the diets with the very long chain monoenoic acids suffered severe degenerations only after 15 weeks. In the PHFO-fed rats, a sharp decline in the concentration of testicular triacylglycerols was observed. In all of the essential fatty acid-deficient groups, an increase in testicular sphingomyelin was observed. Cholesterol levels were fairly similar among all dietary groups. The total testicular fatty acids of the PHFO-fed animals contained somewhat more eicosadienoic acid than found in the other groups, and somewhat less (n-9)-acids. In all EFA-deficient groups, (n-6)-acids were lowered, in particular in triacylglycerols and phosphatidyl cholines. The PHFO group did not show a lower (n-6)-concentration than the other deficient groups, in spite of the more severe symptoms of deficiency. There was no evidence of a major accumulation of long chain isomeric fatty acids in the degenerated testes of the PHFO-, 20:1-, and 22:1-fed groups.
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