[Effects and related mechanism of bivalirudin on the survival of random skin flap on the back of rat]

Objective: To investigate the effects and related mechanism of bivalirudin on the survival of random skin flap on the back of rat. Methods: Thirty SD rats were divided into bivalirudin group and normal saline group according to the random number table, with 15 rats in each group. The random flap model with size of 9 cm×3 cm was reproduced on the back of rats in two groups. Immediately post injury, rats in bivalirudin group were intraperitoneally injected with 5 mg/mL bivalirudin (0.8 mL/kg), while rats in normal saline group were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline (0.8 mL/kg) once a day. The continuous injection lasted for 7 days. The flap was divided into distal area, middle area and proximal area averagely based on the flap blood supply. On post injury day (PID) 1, 3, and 7, the overall survival of each area of flap was observed with naked eyes. On PID 7, the survival rate of flap was calculated, and then the morphology of skin tissue at the center of the three areas of flap was observed by HE staining, the microvessel density (MVD) of the middle area of flap was calculated, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of the middle area of flap was detected with immunohistochemical staining. Data were processed with t test. Results: (1) On PID 1, flaps of rats in two groups had different degrees of swelling, mainly concentrated in distal area, but there was no obvious necrosis. The middle area and proximal area of flaps in two groups were survived. On PID 3, the necrosis of flaps of rats in two groups was concentrated in the middle area, while the proximal area of flap was still in survival state, and most distal area of flap was necrosis with a little scab. On PID 7, the necrosis of middle area of flaps of rats in two groups was gradually fused, and the survival area of flap of rats in bivalirudin group was larger than that in normal saline group. The distal area of flap was almost necrotic, and the proximal area of flap was almost survived. (2) On PID 7, the survival rate of flap of rats in bivalirudin group was (64±4)%, significantly higher than that in normal saline group [(45±3)%, t=13.49, P<0.01]. (3) On PID 7, the histological morphology of distal area of flap of rats in two groups was similar, the inflammatory cells were infiltrated abundantly, and tissue edema was obvious. A large number of new blood vessels appeared in the middle area of flap of rats in bivalirudin group, with the formation of collateral vessels, and basic dilation of new blood vessels was seen. There were fewer new blood vessels appeared in the middle area of flap of rats in normal saline group, and dilation of new blood vessels was not obvious. There was little inflammatory cells infiltration in the proximal area of flap of rats in two groups. Compared with that in normal saline group, tissue edema extent of proximal area of flap of rats in bivalirudin group was less, and expansion was observed in more blood vessels. (4) The MVD of middle area of flap of rats in bivalirudin group was (26±5)/mm(2,) significantly higher than that in normal saline group [(18±3)/mm(2,) t=5.43, P<0.05]. (5) The expression of VEGF of middle area of flap of rats in bivalirudin group was 6 534±384, significantly higher than that in normal saline group (4 659±448, t=12.31, P<0.05). Conclusions: Bivalirudin can promote the survival of random skin flap in rats, and the mechanisms may include reducing the formation of thrombosis, improving the blood supply of flap, and increasing the expression of VEGF, promoting the formation of new blood vessels.

[Visual impact of sub-tenon's anesthesia during surgery for retinal detachment]

Objective: To investigate the visual impact and influence factors of sub-Tenon's anesthesia in retinal detachment patients during pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) or combined phacoemulsification and PPV surgery. Methods: In this prospective case series study, 104 consecutive patients who underwent PPV or combined phacoemulsification and PPV under sub-Tenon's anesthesia between October 2012 and December 2013 were enrolled. Intraoperatively, the patients were asked whether they could see the light of the operating microscope or not at 5 minutes after sub-Tenon's anesthesia, and at the end of phacoemulsification, core vitreous removal, peripheral vitreous removal and the whole surgery, with their contralateral eyes being covered tightly and no photobleaching. The best corrected visual acuity and visual evoked potentials were examined and compared with each other preoperatively and at 1.5 months and 3 months postoperatively. Chi-square test was used to compare the detection rate of amaurosis between different modus operandi and whether covered contra-lateral eye. Student-t test was used to compare the difference of age and preoperative BCVA between the patients with or without experienced amaurois. Lastly, BCVA between different times were tested by one-way ANOVA analysis. Results: Without covering the contralateral eyes, the incidence of no light perception in various surgical steps was 0%, while it was 72.1%(75/104), 93.8%(75/80), 96.2%(100/104), 96.2%(100/104) and 86.5%(90/104) at the five timepoints, respectively, when the contralateral eyes were covered tightly. The incidence was 51.9%(54/104), 85.0%(68/80), 85. 6%(89/104), 84.6%(69/104) and 66.3%(88/104), respectively, after photobleaching was excluded. Approximately 95.2%(99/104) of patients reported no light perception at least once, 54.5%(54/99) reported no light perception 5 minutes after sub-Tenon's anesthesia, and 30.3%(30/99) recovered light perception when the surgery was finished. All eyes recovered to at least light perception on the first postoperative day. The best corrected visual acuity and visual evoked potentials at 1.5 months and 3 months postoperatively were significantly better than those before surgery. The BCVA was 1.75±0.78 preoperative, 0.96±0.63 1.5 months after operation, and 0.92±0.57 3 months after operation. There was a significant statistical difference between preoperative BCVA and postoperative BCVA (F=50.61, P<0.01) . In patients without waveform detection preoperatively, PVEP waveform could be found in 43.6% and 61.4% of the pactients at 1.5 months and 3 months after operation respectively. In those had certain waveform preoperatively, PVEP amplitudes rise significantly after surgery (t(1.5)=-2.69, t(3)=-2.97, P<0.05) . Conclusions: No light perception was detected in various surgical steps of vitrectomy under sub-Tenon's anesthesia in most patients. The blocking of optic nerve conduction may be caused by sub-Tenon' s anesthesia. Photobleaching can also have some effect. The incidence of no light perception during the surgery was not correlated with preoperative visual acuity, age and gender. Moreover, the effect was transient and harmless to visual function.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 332-337).

Clinical imaging findings in a girl with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome

We report an 82-year-old girl with premature aging, a karyotype of 46,XX and a de novo c.1824C>T mutation encoding p.G608G in the lamin A gene. The clinical features of accelerated aging and the molecular finding were consistent with the diagnosis of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS). In this presentation, we demonstrate the radiological imaging findings of skeletal, oral and craniofacial phenotypes of abnormalities associated with HGPS. The oral and craniofacial abnormalities caused dental caries, severe malocclusion, and swallowing, feeding and speech problems. Dural calcification, and granulation in the ear drum and external ear canal were additionally observed.

Study of development in an experimental animal model of a pediatric physeal slide-traction plate

BACKGROUND

To develop a physeal slide-traction plate for children can provide rigid internal fixation of a bone fracture without inhibiting epiphyseal growth.

METHODS

The slide-traction plates and standard plates were designed to configure to the femoral condyle. Twelve of thirty goats were used as normal controls and the rest were implanted with plates (right femurs were fixed with standard plates, and left femurs were fixed with slide-traction plates). All goats underwent X-ray examination at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after surgery, and femoral length were measured. Histological staining and electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the development of the epiphyseal plate at 3 and 6 months after surgery.

RESULTS

Compared to the standard plate, the slide-traction plate group exhibited more normal physeal growth, histologic features, safranin O staining, and electron microscopy structural features. There were significant differences in length in the femurs of goats fixed with slide-traction plates and standard plates at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery, respectively. There was no difference between femurs of the normal control group and the femurs fixed with the slide-traction plates. Thicker epiphyseal plates were found in the left vs. the right femurs of the group fixed with plates at 3 and 6 months after surgery. In the group fixed with plates, Safranin O staining showed that the epiphyseal plates of the left femurs had more fuscous staining than the right femurs at 3 and 6 months after surgery. Electron microscopy also showed that cells in the epiphyseal plates of the left femurs were healthier in appearance than cells from the right femurs in the group fixed with plates.

CONCLUSION

The physeal slide-traction plate can slide with the growth of the physis and is suitable for fixation of fractures in this region.

Atomistics of Ge deposition on Si(100) by atomic layer epitaxy

Chlorine termination of mixed Ge/Si(100) surfaces substantially enhances the contrast between Ge and Si sites in scanning tunneling microscopy observations. This finding enables a detailed investigation of the spatial distribution of Ge atoms deposited on Si(100) by atomic layer epitaxy. The results are corroborated by photoemission measurements aided by an unusually large chemical shift between Cl adsorbed on Si and Ge. Adsorbate-substrate atomic exchange during growth is shown to be important. The resulting interface is thus graded, but characterized by a very short length scale of about one monolayer.

Fecal steroids of the coprolite of a Greenland Eskimo mummy, AD 1475: a clue to dietary sterol intake

BACKGROUND

Sterols in feces reflect sterols in the diet. In previous analyses of the fecal steroids in 1000-2000-y-old Native American coprolites found in the dry caves of Nevada, we showed that the sterol nucleus was stable. The coprolites provided useful dietary information.

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, we analyzed the fecal steroids of an Eskimo mummy buried and frozen >500 y ago in Greenland. We compared these analyses with our findings in the coprolites from Nevada and in present-day stool samples from Tarahumara Indians of Mexico and Americans consuming low- and high-cholesterol diets.

DESIGN

The fecal material from the Eskimo mummy was subjected to saponification, extraction, and digitonin precipitation. The sterols and bile acids were further analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.

RESULTS

The fecal steroids of the Greenland Eskimo mummy were remarkably similar to those of present-day stool samples. However, unlike in the stool of modern humans, a portion of the neutral steroids in the coprolite had been converted to sterol epimers. Instead of deoxycholic acid, 3alpha,6beta,12alpha-trihydroxycholanic acid was one of the major fecal bile acids. The plant sterol output in the coprolite was only 0.4% of the output of Americans consuming 250-400 mg plant sterols/d. The ratio of bile acid to cholesterol in the coprolite was similar to that in stool from Tarahumara Indians consuming a low-cholesterol diet.

CONCLUSION

The sterol nucleus is stable when frozen. The analysis of coprolite showed that the young Eskimo woman had consumed a diet very low in plant sterols and moderate to low in cholesterol content.

Sterol balance in the Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Reduction in whole body cholesterol synthesis and normal bile acid production

The Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation/mental retardation syndrome caused by a deficiency of the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol Delta(7)-reductase. This enzyme converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol in the last step in cholesterol biosynthesis. The pathology of this condition may result from two different factors: the deficiency of cholesterol itself and/or the accumulation of precursor sterols such as 7-DHC. Although cholesterol synthesis is defective in cultured SLOS cells, to date there has been no evidence of decreased whole body cholesterol synthesis in SLOS and only incomplete information on the synthesis of 7-DHC and bile acids. In this first report of the sterol balance in SLOS, we measured the synthesis of cholesterol, other sterols, and bile acids in eight SLOS subjects and six normal children. The diets were very low in cholesterol content and precisely controlled. Cholesterol synthesis in SLOS subjects was significantly reduced when compared with control subjects (8.6 vs. 19.6 mg/kg per day, respectively, P < 0.002). Cholesterol precursors 7-DHC, 8-DHC, and 19-nor-cholestatrienol were synthesized in SLOS subjects (7-DHC synthesis was 1.66 +/- 1.15 mg/kg per day), but not in control subjects. Total sterol synthesis was also reduced in SLOS subjects (12 vs. 20 mg/kg per day, P < 0.022). Bile acid synthesis in SLOS subjects (3.5 mg/kg per day) did not differ significantly from control subjects (4.6 mg/kg per day) and was within the range reported previously in normals. Normal primary and secondary bile acids were identified. This study provides direct evidence that whole body cholesterol synthesis is reduced in patients with SLOS and that the synthesis of 7-DHC and other cholesterol precursors is profoundly increased. It is also the first reported measure of daily bile acid synthesis in SLOS and provides evidence that bile acid supplementation is not likely to be necessary for treatment. These sterol balance studies provide basic information about the biochemical defect in SLOS and strengthen the rationale for the use of dietary cholesterol in its treatment.

Cholesterol supplementation with egg yolk increases plasma cholesterol and decreases plasma 7-dehydrocholesterol in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), an autosomal recessive condition comprising multiple malformations, mental retardation, and growth failure, results from reduced activity of the final enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, 7-dehydrocholesterol Delta(7)-reductase (DHCR7). Reduced plasma and tissue cholesterol concentrations and accumulation of cholesterol precursors including 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) are characteristic biochemical abnormalities. While it is still unclear what role these potentially toxic precursors have in the pathogenesis of this disorder, the accumulation of 7-DHC in the brain has been associated with impaired learning in rats and oxidized 7-DHC has been shown to induce growth retardation in cultured rat embryos. We hypothesized that supplemental dietary cholesterol would increase plasma cholesterol levels and suppress synthesis of 7-DHC and other abnormal sterols in individuals with SLOS. After baseline sterol levels were obtained, patients were provided supplemental cholesterol as egg yolk. Plasma sterols were analyzed by capillary-column gas chromatography over time in four children with SLOS. When evaluated at 4-8 weeks after the initiation of cholesterol supplementation, there was a marked increase in mean plasma cholesterol, from 53 mg/dl to 82 mg/dl. While the percent of total sterols as 7-DHC decreased from 15% to 10%, there was no change in total plasma 7-DHC levels. However, when evaluated 35-90 weeks after the institution of cholesterol supplementation, mean plasma 7-DHC decreased, from 11.3 mg/dl to 3.5 mg/dl (-67%, P < 0.05), along with an increase in mean plasma cholesterol from 53 mg/dl to 114 mg/dl (+116%, P < 0.05). These results support the hypothesis that over time dietary cholesterol supplementation from egg yolk increases the plasma cholesterol levels and decreases levels of 7-DHC which may be toxic. These data have important therapeutic implications in the management of SLOS.

Comparison of hemocytometer leukocyte counts and standard urinalyses for predicting urinary tract infections in febrile infants

OBJECTIVES

To compare the accuracy of standard and hemocytometer white blood cell (WBC) counts and urinalyses for predicting urinary tract infection (UTI) in febrile infants.

METHODS

Enrolled were 230 febrile infants < 12 months of age. All urine specimens were obtained by suprapubic bladder aspiration and microscopically analyzed by the standard urinalysis (UA) and by hemocytometer WBC counts simultaneously, and quantitative urine cultures were performed. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for each method of UA. The optimal cutoff point of the UA test in predicting UTI was determined by ROC analysis.

RESULTS

There were 37 positive urine cultures of at least 1,000 CFU/ml. Of these 37 patients, 9 females and 28 males, 1 had a positive blood culture (Escherichia coli). Thirty (81%) of the positive urine cultures had a bacterial colony count > or = 100,000 colony-forming units/ml, whereas the remaining had between 1,000 and 50,000 colony-forming units/ml. The area under the ROC curve for standard UA was 0.790 +/- 0.053, compared with 0.900 +/- 0.039 for hemocytometer WBC counts (P < 0.05). For hemocytometer WBC counts, the presence of < or =10 WBC/microl appeared to be the most useful cutoff point, yielding a high sensitivity (83.8%) and specificity (89.6%). Standard UA, with a cutoff point of 5 WBC/high power field, had a lower sensitivity (64.9%) and similar specificity (88.1%). The hemocytometer WBC counts showed significantly greater sensitivity and positive predictive value (83.8 and 60.8%, respectively) than the standard urinalysis (64.9 and 51.1%, respectively) (P < 0.05). The accuracy, specificity and likelihood ratio of hemocytometer WBC counts were also greater than that of standard UA (88.7, 89.6 and 8.08% vs. 84.3, 88.1 and 5.44%).

CONCLUSION

Hemocytometer WBC counts provide more valid and precise prediction of UTI in febrile infants than standard UA. The presence of > or =10 WBC/microl in suprapubic aspiration specimens is the optimum cutoff value for identifying febrile infants for whom urine culture is warranted.

Fetal demise with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome confirmed by tissue sterol analysis and the absence of measurable 7-dehydrocholesterol Delta(7)-reductase activity in chorionic villi

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), an autosomal recessive condition with multiple malformations, mental retardation, and growth failure, results from markedly reduced activity of the final enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, 7-dehydrocholesterol Delta(7)-reductase (DHCR7). We diagnosed SLOS in a fetus following intrauterine demise at 32 weeks' gestation. Chorionic villus (CV) sampling had been performed at 30 weeks because oligohydramnios and atrioventricular septal defect were noted on fetal ultrasound. On fetal post-mortem examination, a midline U-shaped soft palate cleft, micrognathia, postaxial polydactyly of the fingers with single transverse palmar creases bilaterally, and cutaneous syndactyly of toes two-three bilaterally suggested SLOS. We hypothesized that SLOS could be confirmed by analysis of tissue sterols despite extensive autolysis, and by measurement of enzyme activity in CV cells. Measurement of DHCR7 activity in CV cells was undertaken using ergosterol as a substrate. CV cells were unable to convert any ergosterol to brassicasterol after a 72 h incubation period while control CV cells reduced 12.6-71.8% of ergosterol to brassciasterol in a 72 h period. SLOS was confirmed by measurement of elevated 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in the CV cells. Measurements of sterols were made in multiple fetal tissues. All tissues analysed showed elevated 7-DHC with markedly increased 7-DHC/cholesterol ratios.

Urinary tract infection in febrile infants younger than eight weeks of Age

OBJECTIVE

To assess the usefulness of laboratory parameters, including peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and microscopic urinalysis (UA), for identifying febrile infants younger than 8 weeks of age at risk for urinary tract infection (UTI), and comparison of standard UA and hemocytometer WBC counts for predicting the presence of UTI.

METHODS

A total of 162 febrile children <8 weeks of age were enrolled in this prospective study. All underwent clinical evaluation and laboratory investigation, including WBC count and differential; ESR; CRP; blood culture; a lumbar puncture for cell count and differential, glucose level, protein level, Gram stain, and culture; and a UA and urine culture. All urine specimens were obtained by suprapubic aspiration and microscopically analyzed with standard UA as well as with hemocytometer WBC counts. Quantitative urine cultures were performed. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, likelihood ratios, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were determined for each of the screening tests.

RESULTS

There were 22 positive urine culture results of at least 100 colony-forming unit/mL. Eighteen of these 22 patients were males, and all were uncircumcised. There were significant differences for pyuria >/=5 WBCs/hpf, pyuria >/=10 WBC/microL, CRP >20 mg/L, and ESR >30 mm/hour between culture-positive and culture-negative groups (P <.05). The ROC area for hemocytometer WBC count, standard UA, peripheral WBC count, ESR, and CRP concentration were.909 +/-.045,.791 +/-.065,.544 +/-.074,. 787 +/-.060, and.822 +/-.036, respectively. The ROC curve analysis indicates that the CRP, ESR, and standard UA were powerful but imperfect tools with which to discriminate for UTI in potentially infected neonates. Hemocytometer WBC counts had the highest sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and likelihood ratios for identifying very young infants with positive urine culture results. For all assessments, hemocytometer WBC counts were significantly different, compared with the standard urinalysis. ESR, CRP, and peripheral WBC counts were not helpful in identifying UTI in febrile infants.

CONCLUSION

UTI had a prevalence of 13.6% in febrile infants <8 weeks of age. The CRP, ESR, and standard UA were imperfect tools in discriminating for UTI, and the sensitivity of these laboratory parameters was relatively low. Hemocytometer WBC count was a significantly better predictor of UTI in febrile infants.

Sigmoid adhesion caused by a congenital mesocolic band

Congenital mesocolic band is an uncommon aberration in the development of the mesentery. Large-bowel obstruction secondary to adhesion and/or congenital band is very rare in children. A 6-month-old male infant who had no history of previous surgery was admitted with unremitting crying. A barium enema showed extraintestinal compression of the sigmoid colon. Laparotomy revealed an adhesive mesocolic band compressing the proximal part of the sigmoid colon. The band was lysed. The patient has remained asymptomatic since the procedure.

Technetium-99m-HmPAO brain SPECT in infantile Gaucher's disease

The authors report serial technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene-amine-oxime brain single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) findings in two infants with Gaucher's disease type 2. Detailed neurologic and laboratory examinations, including bone marrow biopsies and enzymatic assays, were described. Serial brain magnetic resonance imaging studies in one patient illustrated the progressive cerebral atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes. The SPECT in both cases demonstrated positive findings of initial scattered hypoperfusion, with extending to hypoperfusion of the entire cerebrum after 4 months of clinical deterioration. These changes in the SPECT findings may reflect progressive degeneration of the cerebrum in Gaucher's disease type 2. Brain SPECT may provide useful information on cerebral flow and metabolic distribution corresponding to the neurologic deficits of neuronopathic Gaucher's disease.

Uneven distribution of desmosterol and docosahexaenoic acid in the heads and tails of monkey sperm

Previously we demonstrated high concentrations of desmosterol and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in monkey testes and sperm. Desmosterol, a cholesterol precursor, is not present elsewhere in the body. High concentrations of DHA are found elsewhere only in the retina and brain. To examine the distribution of these compounds in the heads and tails of sperm, we separated them and determined their sterol, fatty acid, and phospholipid molecular species composition. Desmosterol predominated in tails (134.4 vs. 1.7 microg/10(9) cells in heads). The cholesterol content was also greater in the tails (66.2 vs. 30.3 microg/10(9) cells in heads). Sperm tails had more polyunsaturated fatty acids than the heads (34.1 vs. 12.1% of total fatty acids) which resulted mainly from the higher contents of DHA (19.6 vs. 1.1%) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) (6.4 vs. 1.6%) in the tails. These differences in fatty acid composition occurred mainly in phospholipids: phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine for n-3 fatty acids and phosphatidyl serine and cardiolipin for n-6 fatty acids. Fifteen phospholipid molecular species were identified. Sperm tails had more molecular species containing unsaturated fatty acids than the heads. Our results reveal the large differences in membrane lipid composition between the heads and tails of sperm. Most (99%) of the desmosterol and DHA in sperm is located in the tail. These differences may be responsible for the different functions of these two components of sperm. The large number of double bonds in DHA, six, and in desmosterol, two, may contribute to the membrane fluidity necessary for the motility of the sperm tails.

Evaluation of in vivo models for studying calcification behavior of commercially available bovine pericardium

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY

A common frame of reference is essential when attempting to determine if new treatments intended to reduce calcification of bioprostheses are superior to existing processes and products. The aim of this study was to examine calcification behavior for a commercially available pericardial bioprosthesis in subcutaneous and sheep valve models, and to evaluate the importance of appropriate control treatments in comparative studies with proposed new treatments.

METHODS

Samples of bovine pericardium were placed subcutaneously under the dorsal skin of weanling rats and juvenile rabbits for 30-, 60- and 90-day intervals. Samples were either commercially available pericardial tissue or tissue processed with phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde alone. Commercially available pericardial valves were also implanted in the mitral position in juvenile sheep, with elective sacrifice at 20 weeks. Retrieved samples underwent X-ray, histologic and elemental analysis.

RESULTS

Commercial samples retrieved from the subcutaneous and sheep models showed similar, minimal calcification behavior on X-ray and histologic slides, whereas pericardium exposed to glutaraldehyde alone demonstrated rapid calcification.

CONCLUSIONS

The 90-day subcutaneous rabbit model produced patterns of calcification similar to those in valves explanted from juvenile sheep after 20 weeks. A statistically significant decrease (p < 10(-8)) in calcification was demonstrated for clinical pericardium when compared with pericardium exposed to glutaraldehyde alone in the subcutaneous model. This suggests that subcutaneous models may be a cost-effective, time-efficient means of evaluating and comparing various tissue treatment methods. The rabbit methodology may provide a more accurate prediction of clinical performance, offering a greater degree of sensitivity. These studies also indicate that the commercially available process shows minimal calcification in the commonly used 30-day weanling rat subcutaneous model, contradicting other reported studies that may not accurately represent commercially available processes.

Seroprevalences to Toxoplasma gondii in privately-owned dogs in Taiwan

The prevalences of IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs in Taiwan were measured by using both a kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. A logistic regression model with five factors (sex, age, weight, breed, domain) was analyzed. Pet dogs (n = 658) had seroprevalence of 7.9%, and had IgG and IgM geometric mean titers of 1:50 and 1:31, respectively. Older or heavier pet dogs had higher odds of seropositivity than younger or lighter dogs. Also, mixed-breed dogs had higher odds of seropositivity than pure-bred dogs.

Pneumococcal meningitis complicated with hemolytic uremic syndrome: report of two cases

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in associated with infections of neuraminidase-producing streptococcus pneumoniae was rarely reported in the literature. We report two infants with proven pneumococcal meningitis associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, renal failure, and T-antigen activation characteristic of neuraminidase activity. This supports a common pathogenesis in HUS following infection of neuraminidase-producing strains of S. pneumoniae. One infant complicated with status epilepticus died, and the other infant survived without sequelae. We recommend that neuraminidase production should be considered in case of pneumococcal meningitis associated with anemia and thrombocytopenia without diffuse bleeding tendency. Early recognition of HUS associated S. pneumoniae neuraminidase production is vital. The use of compatible washed red blood cells, meticulous supportive care and appropriate use of dialysis will improve survival.

Abnormal phospholipid molecular species of erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia

As the lipid composition of cell membranes has significant effects upon cellular function, we hypothesized that the membranes of sickle cells might have a distorted lipid composition. Accordingly, we analyzed the molecular species of the choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, the fatty acid composition of the total phospholipids and of the five major individual phospholipids of erythrocytes from 8 patients with sickle cell anemia and from 14 normal subjects. Of the 31 molecular species identified for each subclass of the glycerophospholipids, 12 were found to be distinctly abnormal. Sickle cells contained more molecular species with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position and fewer molecular species with polyunsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position. The values ranged from 20 to 60% above or below normal values. In diacyl choline glycerophospholipids (outer membrane leaflet), sickle erythrocytes contained lower amounts of the 16:0-18:2 species and higher 16:0-18:1 and 16:0-16:0 species. In diacyl ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (inner membrane leaflet), sickle erythrocytes had lower amounts of 18:0-22:6; 16:0-22:4; 18:0-18:2; 18:1-18:2; and 18:1-20:3. In phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, sickle erythrocytes contained less linoleic acid, less docosahexaenoic acid (30-40%) and more oleic and palmitic acids (20-30%) compared to normal erythrocytes. These same differences were seen also in the total phospholipids. Our data demonstrated distinct abnormalities of the phospholipid molecular species composition in the membrane lipids of sickle erythrocytes. These defects might have a role in one or more known metabolic abnormalities of sickle cell disease including cation imbalance, dehydration, disturbed membrane phospholipid asymmetry, and hypercoagulability. Furthermore, detailed information of the phospholipid molecular species composition of normal erythrocytes was provided.

Sperm abnormalities in retinitis pigmentosa

PURPOSE

To determine the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and sperm, along with the functional characteristics of sperm, in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Sperm and retinal cells share important homologies. Both are rich in the highly polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6[n-3]), and both contain a structural component called the axoneme. Low concentrations of DHA in the retina of monkeys are known to cause visual impairment. Because blood levels of DHA in retinitis pigmentosa patients are less than normal, reduced DHA in the retina might contribute to the visual impairment characteristic of this disease. This study was conducted on the hypothesis that the sperm of retinitis pigmentosa patients might be abnormal and that these abnormalities might infer similar lipid and structural abnormalities of the retina.

METHODS

The lipid composition of erythrocytes and sperm (fatty acids and sterols) and sperm function were analyzed in 26 patients with retinitis pigmentosa and in 8 healthy men.

RESULTS

The sperm of patients with retinitis pigmentosa had a much lower DHA concentration, a lower desmosterol-to-cholesterol ratio, reduced motility, abnormal structure, and lower sperm counts compared with that in normal subjects. Usher's II patients exhibited the most pronounced reductions of DHA in sperm. Sperm DHA concentration was positively correlated to sperm motility, to sperm count, and to the desmosterol-to-cholesterol ratio. Lower erythrocyte DHA was also observed in retinitis pigmentosa patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that the sperm of patients with retinitis pigmentosa, particularly those with Usher's II, have an abnormal lipid composition that is associated with reduced motility. The possibility exists that these patients might have similar abnormalities in the DHA biochemistry of the retina. Sperm biochemistry and function may be a marker for this disease. A clinical trial of DHA in retinitis pigmentosa is suggested for future study.

Frequency of associated anomalies in congenital hypoplasia of depressor anguli oris muscle: a study of 50 patients

Aside from congenital heart disease, anomalies associated with unilateral hypoplasia of the depressor anguli oris muscle have not been well-documented in large series. We evaluated the associated anomalies in 50 infants or children with this disorder (male:female = 2:1) and found accompanying anomalies in 35 (70%) of 50 cases. They included anomalies of the head and neck (48%), heart (44%), skeleton (22%), genitourinary tract (24%), central nervous system (10%), gastrointestinal tract (6%), and miscellaneous minor anomalies (8%). Nearly half of our cases (22/50) had at least 2 associated systemic anomalies. Failure to thrive and psychomotor retardation were found in 5 (10%) and 3 (6%) patients, respectively, on follow-up. Three infants died neonatally of severe heart disorders, and the other one died of central nervous system anomalies. The above findings indicate that a thorough search for associated anomalies, particularly in the cardiovascular system, should be performed in all newborns with asymmetric crying face.

Biochemical markers for puberty in the monkey testis: desmosterol and docosahexaenoic acid

We previously reported that the sperm of rhesus monkeys and humans uniquely contain large amounts of desmosterol not found in other tissues and have a high concentration of the highly polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3). However, the lipid composition of the testis, from which sperm originate, is unknown. During puberty, the testis undergoes remarkable morphological changes as testosterone levels rise and sperm production begins. We hypothesized that testicular maturation might also involve dramatic changes in lipid composition. Accordingly, we characterized the sterol and fatty acid composition of the testis of rhesus monkeys throughout the lifespan, from birth to old age. Although the cholesterol content in the testis remained relatively unchanged throughout life, the desmosterol content first decreased from 59 microg/g in infants to 6 microg/g in prepubertal monkeys, increased to 83 microg/g during puberty, and reached a plateau of 248 microg/g in the young adult, where it remained into old age. The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of the testis also changed markedly. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) increased from 5.1% of total fatty acids in infants and juveniles to 18.1% in postpubertal young adults. Although some n-6 fatty acids, arachidonic (20:4 n-6) and linoleic (18:2 n-6), decreased from 16.0% and 10.0% in prepubertal juveniles, respectively, to 7.1% and 3.3% in young adults; dihomogamma-linolenic acid (20:3 n-6), the precursor of 1 series PGs, increased greatly from 1.8% to 10.3%. Similar changes occurred in both membrane and storage lipids (phospholipids and triglycerides), respectively. After puberty, the testicular fatty acid pattern remained stable into old age. Our data demonstrated that puberty is accompanied by substantial changes in the lipid composition of the primate testis. These changes suggest that desmosterol and both n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids may have important roles in sexual maturation.

A genetic algorithm approach to Chinese handwriting normalization

Normalization can be used to absorb writing variations and distortions, simplify the recognition processing steps, and improve the recognition rate of a Chinese handwriting recognition system. In this study, a genetic algorithm approach to Chinese handwriting normalization is proposed. In the proposed approach, a generalized normalization transform is defined as a linearly weighted combination of several normalization transforms and then genetic algorithms (GA's) are used to determine the optimal set of weighting coefficients. Here the fitness function contains three proposed features representing the characteristics of Chinese characters, namely, stroke density variation (SDV), character area coverage (CAC), and centroid offset (CO). Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed approach.

Crosslinking characteristics of an epoxy-fixed porcine tendon: effects of pH, temperature, and fixative concentration

Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) often results in functional instability within the knee joint and may induce a severe articular deterioration. Clinically, these patients may require an ACL reconstruction. In an attempt to develop an improved ligament prosthesis, a prototype xenograft--an epoxy-fixed porcine Achilles tendon--was developed. The study was intended to investigate the crosslinking characteristics of the epoxy-fixed porcine tendons fixed at different pHs (4.0, 7.4, 9.0, and 10.5), temperatures (4, 25, and 37 degrees C), and fixative concentrations (1, 2, or 4%). Samples of each group were taken out at various elapsed fixation periods. The crosslinking characteristics-fixation index, denaturation temperature, and moisture content-of each sample were determined. Additionally, the stiffness of the epoxy-fixed tendons under various fixation conditions was qualitatively compared. In the study it was noted that the color of porcine Achilles tendons remained natural after epoxy fixation. With increasing pH, temperature, or fixative concentration, the fixation indices and denaturation temperatures of the epoxy-fixed tendons increased. However, the fixed porcine tendons tended to be stiffer at a higher pH, temperature, or fixative concentration. The moisture contents of the epoxy-fixed tendons were relatively lower than the fresh ones, while they were approximately the same at different pHs, temperatures, and fixative concentrations. The implications of these findings for the epoxy-fixed porcine tendons in ACL reconstruction require further investigation.

Cross-linking characteristics of biological tissues fixed with monofunctional or multifunctional epoxy compounds

The cross-linking characteristics of biological tissues fixed by various epoxy compounds with different chemical structures (i.e. number of epoxide functional groups and backbone length) were investigated. Generally speaking, the tissues fixed with monofunctional fixatives were more pliable than those fixed with multifunctional fixatives. The fixation indices of the fixed tissues did not seem to be affected by the chemical structures of the fixatives. However, the number of functional groups and backbone length of the fixatives did play an important role in influencing the denaturation temperatures of the fixed tissues. In general, the denaturation temperatures of the multifunctional fixed tissues were higher than those of the monofunctional fixed tissues. Among the monofunctional fixed tissues, it was found that increasing the backbone length of the fixative decreased the denaturation temperature of the fixed tissue. This effect was present until the backbone length of the fixative became large enough.

Differential mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

Are the different fatty acids mobilized into plasma in proportion to their concentrations in adipose tissue triglyceride? To answer this question, we fed weaning rabbits a special diet to label the fat stores with a variety of dietary fatty acids. The release of adipose tissue fatty acids into the plasma was then induced by ACTH-stimulated lipolysis. The compositions of the resulting plasma free fatty acids and of the adipose tissue triglyceride were then compared. Plasma free fatty acids increased from 625 mumol/L at baseline to 2938 mumol/L after ACTH and represented fatty acids released from adipose tissue. The relative mobilization of these fatty acids from adipose tissue was defined as the ratio between their percentage in the plasma free fatty acid fraction to their percentage in adipose tissue triglyceride. For the 24 fatty acids examined, the relative mobilization ranged from 0.11 for 22:1 n-11 to 5.06 for 20:5 n-3, a 46-fold difference. Relative mobilization correlated positively with unsaturation and negatively with chain length. The relative mobilization for essential fatty acids was in the order of 20:5 n-3 > 20:4 n-6 > 18:3 n-3 > 22:6 n-3 > 18:2 n-6. Saturated fatty acids, along with oleic acid, were much less well mobilized than the entire group of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Our data indicate that the mobilization of fatty acids into plasma was not proportional to their content in adipose tissue, but rather was influenced by their molecular structure. Eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 n-3 (EPA), and arachidonic acid 20:4 n-6, precursors of two different prostaglandins, were the fatty acids with the highest mobilization into the plasma.

Absence of protective resistance to homologous challenge infections in jirds with chronic, amicrofilaremic infections of Brugia pahangi

Most jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) with chronic Brugia pahangi infections remain microfilaremic, develop a hyporesponsive state, and are susceptible to reinfection. Although few, some jirds become amicrofilaremic or fail to develop a microfilaremia. The hypothesis that chronically infected, amicrofilaremic jirds may be resistant to reinfection was tested. Twenty-four chronically infected amicrofilaremic jirds, with or without circulating antigen, were inoculated subcutaneously with 75 B. pahangi third-stage larvae (L3). Necropsies were performed 25 days postinoculation, and challenge populations were separated from existing worms by size. Similar inoculations and necropsies were performed on groups of chronically infected microfilaremic jirds and uninfected jirds. Based on worm recoveries, jirds with occult infections were not resistant to reinfection. An anamnestic antibody response to extracts of L3 or microfilariae (mf) was not seen, nor were antibodies to the surface of L3 or mf. The data indicate that a susceptible state is maintained in this model of lymphatic filariasis in the absence of circulating mf.

The lipids of slugs and snails: evolution, diet and biosynthesis

There is a considerable gap in current knowledge of the lipid composition of snails and slugs, both of which belong to the phylum Mollusca. We have therefore analyzed the sterol and fatty acid compositions of three species of slugs and three species of snails. The sterols of slugs included eight different sterols: cholesterol contributed 76-85% of the total sterols, brassicasterol accounted for 4-13%; other sterols we identified were lathosterol, 24-methylene cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and sitostanol. In contrast, snails contained two additional sterols, desmosterol and cholestanol. Of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in slugs, linoleic (18:2n-6) and arachidonic acids (20:4n-6) were the major n-6 fatty acids, while linoleic (18:3n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acids (20:5n-3) were the predominant n-3 fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), the end product in the n-3 fatty acid synthetic pathway and an important membrane fatty acid of mammals, fish and birds, was absent in both slugs and snails. However, the analogous product of n-6 fatty acid synthesis, 22:5n-6, was found in both snails and slugs. This raises speculation about preference for n-6 fatty acid synthesis in these species. Our data show the unique sterol and fatty acid compositions of slugs and snails, as well as similarities and differences in sterol composition between the two. The results between the two land mollusks are contrasted with those of marine mollusks, such as oysters, clams and scallops.

Effect of dietary N-3 fatty acids upon the phospholipid molecular species of the monkey retina

PURPOSE

To characterize the molecular species composition of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EGP) in the primate retina and to examine the effects of different dietary fats, the authors fed rhesus monkeys diets containing widely ranging amounts of n-3 fatty acids.

METHODS

From birth, infant monkeys were fed either a control soybean oil diet, containing 8% of total fatty acids as 18:3 (n-3), or a safflower oil-based n-3 fatty acid deficient diet containing < 0.4% 18:3 (n-3). A subset of the n-3 deficient group was later repleted with 1.6% ethyl docosahexaenoate, 22:6 (n-3), starting at 10 months of age. Tissues were taken from all monkeys upon termination at 21 to 51 months of age. The diacyl, alkenylacyl, and alkylacyl EGPs were quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).

RESULTS

Twenty-eight molecular species were identified in the retina of control monkeys. Ether phospholipids comprised 36% of the retinal ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Species containing polyunsaturated fatty acids in both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions (dipolyenes) were present only in the diacyl subclass and comprised 16% of the total species. Species having n-3 fatty acids in the sn-2 position contributed 59%, 36%, and 70% of total species in the diacyl, alkenylacyl, and alkylacyl subclasses, respectively. In the molecular species of the n-3 fatty acid deficient monkeys, the major change was the loss of most of the 18:0-22:6(n-3) species and its partial replacement with 18:0-22:5(n-6). In contrast, the species 18:1-22:6(n-3) decreased only slightly, from 6.2% to 4.8% of total diacyl species. Although the total concentration of dipolyenes (15% to 20% of the total species) was not affected by diet, their fatty acid compositions were changed drastically. The dipolyene species 22:6(n-3)-22:6(n-3) nearly disappeared in the n-3 deficient monkeys. Concomitantly, two new species, 22:5(n-6)-22:6(n-3) and 22:5(n-6)-22:5(n-6), appeared at 2.6% and 2.0%, respectively. Deficient monkeys given the ethyl ester of 22:6(n-3) in the diet recovered to a near-normal molecular species composition, except in the ether lipids, in which 16:0-20:4 remained low.

CONCLUSION

Diets of differing n-3 fatty acid content had profound qualitative and quantitative effects on the molecular species of retinal phospholipids, and the replacement of 22:6(n-3) by 22:5(n-6) in the retinas of n-3 deficient monkeys was asymmetric and functionally incomplete.

Temporal changes in myocardial uptake on serial bone scans in two cases of presumed senile cardiac amyloidosis

Two unusual examples of cardiac uptake in elderly patients who had received serial bone scans, one with a "waxing" and the other with a "waning" pattern of myocardial tracer uptake, are presented. An apparent temporal discordance between echocardiographic and scintigraphic findings is noted. Neither of the two patients had clinical, electrocardiographic, or other laboratory evidence of old or new myocardial infarction. Possible causes for the temporal changes are described. Presumptive diagnoses of senile cardiac amyloidosis were made based on clinical findings, noninvasive imaging, and comparison with a historic cohort at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Houston.

Are dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids deposited to the same extent in adipose tissue of rabbits?

The objective of this study was to determine the effect that different dietary fatty acids would have on the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue. Thirty adult rabbits were starved 3-4 wk to deplete adipose tissue stores. They were then refed five different fats (linseed, rapeseed, cocoa butter, palm, and safflower oils) to regain initial body weights. The fatty acids of the adipose tissue, in general, reflected the diet. Positive correlations between the amount of the five commonly consumed fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) in the diet and their deposition into the adipose tissue were observed. All polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were well incorporated into the adipose tissue, even linolenic acid. The deposition of dietary saturated fatty acids (ie stearic acid) was limited. Our data showed that the fatty acids of dietary fats may greatly affect adipose fatty acid composition. Thus, adipose stores of essential fatty acids can be greatly augmented by diet.

Spinal lymphosarcoma and disseminated mastocytoma associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in a cat

The course of naturally acquired infection with feline immunodeficiency virus was monitored in a cat over an 18-month period after diagnosis. The cat was admitted with diarrhea, poor body condition, a bite wound abscess, gingivitis, chronic fever, and splenomegaly. The cat's condition improved after splenectomy and remained stable for approximately 15 months, then began to deteriorate, as gingivitis, polyuria, polydipsia, pyrexia, multiple cutaneous masses, and hind limb paresis developed. The in vitro response of the cat's lymphocytes to mitogens was suppressed, and absolute lymphocyte counts were low. Spinal lymphosarcoma, disseminated mastocytoma, and presumptive diabetes mellitus were diagnosed after euthanasia. Decreased immune surveillance associated with feline immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression possibly played a role in the development of neoplastic disease in this cat.

Unique lipids of primate spermatozoa: desmosterol and docosahexaenoic acid

Spermatozoa represent a tissue readily accessible for study after various exogenous perturbations. To characterize the lipid composition of monkey sperm and to establish a baseline from which dietary or pharmaceutical influences may then be evaluated, we collected semen samples from five rhesus monkeys by electroejaculation and analyzed the sperm for sterols, fatty acid composition, and the molecular species of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipids. Two sterols were identified: cholesterol, 41%, and desmosterol, 59% of total sterols. Desmosterol was found only in the free form. Cholesterol existed in three different forms: free, 60%; esterified, 20%; and sulfated, 20%. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, DHA) was almost the only n-3 fatty acid in sperm phospholipids, 24% of the total fatty acids. DHA was present mainly in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Oleic and palmitic acids were the predominant monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The ethanolamine glycerophospholipids were separated into three subclasses: diacyl 49%, alkenylacyl 43%, and alkylacyl 8%. Thirteen molecular species were identified and quantified. The sn-1 position of these molecular species contained exclusively 16:0, 18:0, or 18:1. The sn-2 position contained n-3, n-6, and n-9, as well as saturated fatty acids. The molecular species having n-3 fatty acids in the sn-2 position contributed 43, 73, and 100% of the total in the diacyl, alkenylacyl, and alkylacyl subclasses, respectively. The presence of the unusual sterol, desmosterol, a cholesterol precursor not found in measurable quantities in any other tissue suggests an important functional and structural role for desmosterol in spermatozoa. The other unique lipids, cholesterol sulfate and the n-3 docosahexaenoic acid, may also have a significant role in the function of spermatozoa.

Detection of tumor necrosis factor activity in the supernatants of feline macrophages and lymphocytes

Using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-sensitive L929 cells, TNF-like activity was assayed in the supernatants of feline macrophage and lymphocyte cultures. Macrophages were separated from thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal cells. Lymphocytes were purified from peripheral blood and were then stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate. Lymphocyte stimulators alone did not have cytotoxicity against L929 cells. Based on the facts that cytotoxicity decreased with increasing dilutions of supernatant and that this cytotoxic activity could be blocked by antibody to human TNF, the activity detected in the supernatants of the feline macrophages and lymphocytes was likely due to feline TNF-alpha or -beta.

Neospora caninum infection in English Springer Spaniel littermates. Diagnostic evaluation and organism isolation

Progressive paraparesis developed in four male English Springer Spaniel pups from a litter of five during the first 10 weeks of life. Two of the pups, which had the earliest onset of neurologic signs, were euthanatized without further workup. However, a detailed investigation was completed on the remaining two littermates at 12 weeks of age. Both pups had progressive paraparesis for 3 to 4 weeks before presentation, with one dog developing subsequent asymmetric pelvic limb extensor rigidity. Based on results from neurologic examination, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, electrophysiology, and muscle/nerve biopsy, a presumptive diagnosis of protozoal polyradiculitis and polymyositis was made. Necropsy of the most severely affected pup confirmed the clinical diagnosis of inflammatory nerve root and muscle disease but no organisms were found. To increase the potential yield of organisms, the second pup was placed on immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids and euthanatized 2 weeks later. Numerous organisms were found in lesions in muscle and the central nervous system. Organisms grew in tissue culture and were isolated from the peritoneal fluid of gerbils inoculated with infected tissue. Organisms were not isolated from inoculated mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and hamsters. No parasites were seen in feces or tissues of three cats fed infected dog tissues. Serologic testing demonstrated a strong positive titer to Neospora caninum in both pups, and electron microscopy showed the characteristic morphology of this parasite.

Change in interleukin 2 production by lymphocytes during maturation of young cats

Lymphocytes from four specific-pathogen free cats were tested for their interleukin 2 activity every week beginning when the cats were 12 weeks old and ending when they were 26 weeks old. Lymphocytes from cats > or = 20 weeks old released significantly more interleukin 2 than those obtained from these cats at earlier ages when stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate. The change of interleukin 2 levels with maturation of young cats may represent an important difference in their level of defense to infections with various pathogens.

Toxoplasma gondii: an AIDS enhancing cofactor

Disseminated toxoplasmosis, one of the most severe acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated infections in humans, is believed to develop from a latent infection after the cellular immune system is suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, Toxoplasma gondii may serve as a cofactor in enhancing the immunodeficiency induced by HIV-1. This hypothesis is supported by the facts that: 1) co-infection with other pathogens in humans infected with HIV-1 may enhance the progression of the disease to AIDS; and 2) concomitant infection with T. gondii enhances feline immunodeficiency virus-induced immune dysfunction and is likely to cause a more rapid disease onset than an infection with HIV alone. It is possible that T. gondii infection induces tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. TNF then stimulates the induction of T-cell proteins that bind to the long terminal repeat of HIV-1. This binding at the repeat site then leads to increased HIV-1 activation which causes the dysfunction of CD4 cells and a resulting immunodeficiency that allows even greater amounts of T. gondii replication.

Antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii antigens in aqueous and cerebrospinal fluids of cats infected with T. gondii and FIV

Antibodies to antigens of Toxoplasma gondii were measured in the aqueous and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 16 specific-pathogen free kittens experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), T. gondii, or both pathogens. The results indicated that all cats infected with T. gondii had antibody responses to antigens of T. gondii in both aqueous fluids and CSF. Co-infection with FIV did not affect antibody levels. Aqueous fluids from eyes of cats with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis did not necessarily have higher antibody levels than those from eyes without lesions. Antibodies to T. gondii were also detected in the CSF of two cats from whose brains no parasites were isolated by in vivo mouse inoculation. Total IgG did not increase significantly in the aqueous fluids and CSF of cats infected with T. gondii whether or not they were also infected with FIV.

Macrophage functions in cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii

It was suspected that feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection would affect the function of feline macrophages, and that the concomitant infection of cats with FIV and Toxoplasma gondii would cause even greater changes in macrophage function. Sixteen specific-pathogen-free kittens, four per group, were infected either with FIV, T. gondii, both pathogens, or neither pathogen. After the cats had been infected with FIV for 14 weeks (8 weeks after T. gondii infection), peritoneal macrophages were collected. Some macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and supernatants were collected for the measurement of interleukin-1 production. Other macrophages were infected with T. gondii in a microbiocidal assay. Peritoneal macrophages from cats infected with FIV had decreased interleukin-1 secretion and increased antimicrobial activity. Co-infection with T. gondii apparently had no effect on these modifications of macrophage activity. Thus, acute FIV infection alone caused significant changes in macrophage functions that were not affected by concomitant T. gondii infection.

Immunological changes in cats with concurrent Toxoplasma gondii and feline immunodeficiency virus infections

To examine the immunological changes in cats concurrently infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and Toxoplasma gondii, kittens (four per group) were inoculated with FIV, T. gondii, both agents, or no pathogens. Blood mononuclear cells and plasma were collected weekly for lymphocyte assays and serology. At week 14, spleen and lymph node cells were used for lymphocyte assays; brains and mesenteric lymph nodes were used for isolation of T. gondii. More T. gondii organisms were present in tissues of the dually infected cats than in tissues of cats with toxoplasmosis alone. Two dually infected cats and one cat infected with T. gondii developed chorioretinitis. Spleen, lymph node, and blood mononuclear cells from dually infected cats had the greatest reduction in mitogenic responses. By week 3, cats infected with FIV underwent a decrease in the number of CD4 cells that was not changed by concurrent T. gondii infection; the number of CD8 cells increased only in cats infected with T. gondii alone. For cats infected with T. gondii, the responses of lymphocytes to T. gondii antigen were not affected by FIV infection; the responses to FIV antigen were negligible in all groups. Overall, this study indicates that FIV infection favors T. gondii proliferation. Also, the establishment of toxoplasmosis may enhance FIV-induced immunodeficiency and is likely to cause a more rapid disease progression than that from infection with FIV alone.

Feline immune system

Immunological features of feline lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, monocytes/macrophages, cytokines, major histocompatibility complex and delayed-type hypersensitivity are reviewed. Attention is given to the comparison of the feline immune system with the immune systems of humans and other animals. Also presented is information on the modification of feline immunity by pathogens.

High levels of the (n-6) fatty acid 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoate in the retinas of rabbits are reduced by feeding dietary fish oil from birth to adult life

High levels of 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid [22:5(n-6)], a fatty acid usually associated with (n-3) fatty acid deficiency, have been reported in the retina of young rabbits. We studied the fatty acid composition of the rabbit retina throughout development, from birth to adult life. We also attempted to modify the fatty acid composition of the retina by the feeding of fish oil, high in docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3), DHA]. Female rabbits were fed either a control or 2% fish oil diet through pregnancy and the nursing period. Weaned rabbits received the mothers' diet. In the retinas of control rabbits, 22:5(n-6) represented 3.7% of total fatty acids at birth, reached 15.1% at 9 wk and declined to 5.6% in adult rabbits. However, 22:6(n-3) increased steadily from birth onwards, from 3.8% of total fatty acids at birth to 19.6% in adults. Dietary fish oil increased the trace concentrations of long-chain (n-3) fatty acids in the milk to 10% of total fatty acids, reduced retinal 22:5(n-6) to less than or equal to 0.5% at all ages, and increased DHA to approximately 30% by 9 wk. Retinal phosphatidylethanolamine was even more sensitive to the impact of the fish oil diet, with DHA levels in newborn rabbits rising from 10% (control diet) to 43% of total fatty acids. These results demonstrated that 22:5(n-6) in the normal rabbit retina remains elevated (compared with other species) at all ages even as retinal DHA increases. The great increase of DHA in newborns whose mothers were fed fish oil suggests placental transfer of DHA and incorporation into retinal lipids.

Effects of nitroscanate on adult Taenia pisiformis in dogs with experimentally induced infections

Twenty-four specific-pathogen-free Beagles were each given 50 cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis that had been harvested from experimentally infected rabbits. Quantitative fecal egg counts and fecal screening for recovery of passed segments were performed on postinoculation days 56 through 70. Twenty-three of 24 dogs fed cysticerci developed patent infections. The 23 dogs with patent infections were assigned to 1 of 2 groups and treated with nitroscanate or a placebo 60 days after inoculation. Egg counts in the treated dogs had markedly decreased by the second day after treatment, and by the sixth day after treatment, segments were not found in the feces of any of the treated animals. The control dogs continued to pass eggs and segments in their feces throughout the 9 days after treatment. The dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 70 days after being inoculated. At necropsy, the mean number of scolices recovered from control dogs was 24.6, the mean number of scolices recovered from treated dogs was 0.25. Worms recovered from the control dogs were intact, gravid cestodes. Efficacy of treatment with nitroscanate at a mean dosage of 56 mg/kg of body weight was 98.9%.

Sluggish sitosterol turnover and hepatic failure to excrete sitosterol into bile cause expansion of body pool of sitosterol in patients with sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis

Sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis are characterized by the development of tendon and tuberous xanthomas at an early age and premature atherosclerosis despite normal plasma cholesterol concentrations. The reason(s) for the xanthoma formation and premature atherosclerosis are not clearly understood. The accumulation of sitosterol in the tissues of these patients could be due to increased uptake of low density lipoprotein (LDL) via LDL receptors because of an expanded sitosterol pool caused by sluggish turnover and decreased excretion of sitosterol into bile and feces coupled with the hyperabsorption of sitosterol. We have studied sitosterol and cholesterol turnovers, the biliary and fecal excretion of neutral and acidic steroids, and the response of plasma sterol (sitosterol and cholesterol) levels to either a sterol-free formula or low plant sterol diet in three patients. The average half-life of the first exponential (tA1/2) for sitosterol was 9.2 +/- 3.3 (mean +/- SD) days, which was more than twice that in normal humans. The second exponential (tB1/2) was 156 +/- 108 days, which was nearly 10 times longer than that for normal humans. The average cholesterol production rate in pool A was 0.87 g/day, which is about 40% of that in normal humans. Cholesterol synthesis measured by the sterol balance technique was also found to be about 70% lower than that for normal humans. In two patients fed a sterol-free formula diet, by 25 days their plasma sitosterol and cholesterol levels had decreased by 42% and 36%, respectively. However, in one patient plasma sitosterol and cholesterol concentrations remained unchanged while on the low plant sterol-mixed food diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil. Their incorporation into advanced human atherosclerotic plaques

The incorporation of fatty acids from dietary fish oil was measured in obstructive atherosclerotic plaques removed from 11 patients fed fish oil, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, for 6-120 days before a planned arterial endarterectomy. The fatty acids of plasma and atheroma were analyzed with special reference to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), the principal omega-3 fatty acids of fish oil. The omega-3 fatty acid content increased greatly in plasma from 0.9% of fatty acids to 14.8% in cholesteryl esters, from 3.8% to 22.1% in phospholipids, and from 1.3% to 21.9% in triglycerides. The omega-3 fatty acid content of the atherosclerotic plaques was also greater when compared with that of plaques removed from 18 non-fish oil-fed controls. The omega-3 fatty acid in cholesteryl esters of the plaques was 4.9% in the experimental group versus 1.4% in control plaque, in phospholipids it was 8.8% versus 1.8%, and in triglycerides it was 4.7% versus 0.7% (p less than 0.001 for each lipid class). The two major omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) behaved differently. Compared with their respective plasma levels, relatively more DHA than EPA was deposited into the plaques. Whereas the increase of omega-3 fatty acids in plasma reached a plateau 3 weeks after initiation of fish oil feeding, a linear increase in plaque omega-3 fatty acids continued with time. As a result of the changes in fatty acid composition, the lipid classes of both plasma and plaque had a higher unsaturation index in the fish oil-fed group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)