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Cui Y, Wu K, Yao X. The CDPK-related protein kinase HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 interact with HvCML32 to negatively regulate drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108909. [PMID: 38971089 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) as one of calcium sensors were play important roles in stress responses. CDPK-related protein kinase (CRK) was identified as subgroup III of CDPK has been characterized in many plants, but the members and functions of CRK genes in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has not been clarified. Here, we identified four HvCRK genes and named HvCRK1-4 according to chromosomes localization. Moreover, the physiological function of highly induced genes of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 were investigated in drought stress tolerance by examining their overexpression transgenic lines functions generated in Arabidopsis thaliana. Under drought stress, both overexpression HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 displayed reduced drought resistance, and accompanied by higher accumulation levels of ROS. Notably, overexpression of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 reduced sensitivity to exogenous ABA, meanwhile the expression of ABA-responsive genes in transgenic plants were down-regulated compared to the wild type in response to drought stress. Furthermore, the physically interaction of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 with calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like (CML) proteins were determined in vivo, the further results showed that HvCML32 binds to HvCRK2/4 S_TKC structural domains and negatively regulates drought tolerance. In summary, this study identified HvCRK members and indicated that HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 genes play negative roles in drought tolerance, and provide insight into potential molecular mechanism of HvCRK2 and HvCRK4 in response to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Cui
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, 810016, Xining, China; Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, 810016, Xining, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, 810016, Xining, China; Oinghai Hulless Barley Subcenter of National Triticeae Improvement Center, 810016, Xining, China
| | - Kunlun Wu
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, 810016, Xining, China; Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, 810016, Xining, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, 810016, Xining, China; Oinghai Hulless Barley Subcenter of National Triticeae Improvement Center, 810016, Xining, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yao
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, 810016, Xining, China; Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Qinghai Tibet Plateau Germplasm Resources, 810016, Xining, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley Genetics and Breeding, 810016, Xining, China; Oinghai Hulless Barley Subcenter of National Triticeae Improvement Center, 810016, Xining, China.
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2
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Jun SE, Shim JS, Park HJ. Beyond NPK: Mineral Nutrient-Mediated Modulation in Orchestrating Flowering Time. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3299. [PMID: 37765463 PMCID: PMC10535918 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Flowering time in plants is a complex process regulated by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and temperature, as well as nutrient conditions. While the impact of major nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on flowering time has been well recognized, the significance of micronutrient imbalances and their deficiencies should not be neglected because they affect the floral transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. The secondary major nutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur participate in various aspects of flowering. Micronutrients such as boron, zinc, iron, and copper play crucial roles in enzymatic reactions and hormone biosynthesis, affecting flower development and reproduction as well. The current review comprehensively explores the interplay between microelements and flowering time, and summarizes the underlying mechanism in plants. Consequently, a better understanding of the interplay between microelements and flowering time will provide clues to reveal the roles of microelements in regulating flowering time and to improve crop reproduction in plant industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jae Sun Shim
- School of Biological Science and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Center of Ecomimetics, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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3
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Lee H, Ganguly A, Baik S, Cho HT. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 modulates PIN-FORMED polarity and Arabidopsis development via its own phosphorylation code. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3513-3531. [PMID: 34402905 PMCID: PMC8566293 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PIN-FORMED (PIN)-mediated polar auxin transport (PAT) is involved in key developmental processes in plants. Various internal and external cues influence plant development via the modulation of intracellular PIN polarity and, thus, the direction of PAT, but the mechanisms underlying these processes remain largely unknown. PIN proteins harbor a hydrophilic loop (HL) that has important regulatory functions; here, we used the HL as bait in protein pulldown screening for modulators of intracellular PIN trafficking in Arabidopsis thaliana. Calcium-dependent protein kinase 29 (CPK29), a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, was identified and shown to phosphorylate specific target residues on the PIN-HL that were not phosphorylated by other kinases. Furthermore, loss of CPK29 or mutations of the phospho-target residues in PIN-HLs significantly compromised intracellular PIN trafficking and polarity, causing defects in PIN-mediated auxin redistribution and biological processes such as lateral root formation, root twisting, hypocotyl gravitropism, phyllotaxis, and reproductive development. These findings indicate that CPK29 directly interprets Ca2+ signals from internal and external triggers, resulting in the modulation of PIN trafficking and auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyodong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Song Baik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyung-Taeg Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Author for correspondence:
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4
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Asif MA, Garcia M, Tilbrook J, Brien C, Dowling K, Berger B, Schilling RK, Short L, Trittermann C, Gilliham M, Fleury D, Roy SJ, Pearson AS. Identification of salt tolerance QTL in a wheat RIL mapping population using destructive and non-destructive phenotyping. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:131-140. [PMID: 32835651 DOI: 10.1071/fp20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important food crops, however it is only moderately tolerant to salinity stress. To improve wheat yield under saline conditions, breeding for improved salinity tolerance of wheat is needed. We have identified nine quantitative trail loci (QTL) for different salt tolerance sub-traits in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from the bi-parental cross of Excalibur × Kukri. This population was screened for salinity tolerance subtraits using a combination of both destructive and non-destructive phenotyping. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was used to construct a high-density genetic linkage map, consisting of 3236 markers, and utilised for mapping QTL. Of the nine mapped QTL, six were detected under salt stress, including QTL for maintenance of shoot growth under salinity (QG(1-5).asl-5A, QG(1-5).asl-7B) sodium accumulation (QNa.asl-2A), chloride accumulation (QCl.asl-2A, QCl.asl-3A) and potassium:sodium ratio (QK:Na.asl-2DS2). Potential candidate genes within these QTL intervals were shortlisted using bioinformatics tools. These findings are expected to facilitate the breeding of new salt tolerant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Asif
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Joanne Tilbrook
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Chris Brien
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, The University of Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, The University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Kate Dowling
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, The University of Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Bettina Berger
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, The Plant Accelerator, The University of Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rhiannon K Schilling
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Laura Short
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Christine Trittermann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Delphine Fleury
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Innolea, 6 chemin de Panedautes, 31700, Mondonville, France
| | - Stuart J Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and ARC Industrial Transformation Research Hub for Wheat in a Hot and Dry Climate, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Allison S Pearson
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia; and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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5
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Yip Delormel T, Boudsocq M. Properties and functions of calcium-dependent protein kinases and their relatives in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:585-604. [PMID: 31369160 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a ubiquitous second messenger that mediates plant responses to developmental and environmental cues. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are key actors of plant signaling that convey calcium signals into physiological responses by phosphorylating various substrates including ion channels, transcription factors and metabolic enzymes. This large diversity of targets confers pivotal roles of CDPKs in shoot and root development, pollen tube growth, stomatal movements, hormonal signaling, transcriptional reprogramming and stress tolerance. On the one hand, specificity in CDPK signaling is achieved by differential calcium sensitivities, expression patterns, subcellular localizations and substrates. On the other hand, CDPKs also target some common substrates to ensure key cellular processes indispensable for plant growth and survival in adverse environmental conditions. In addition, the CDPK-related protein kinases (CRKs) might be closer to some CDPKs than previously anticipated and could contribute to calcium signaling despite their inability to bind calcium. This review highlights the regulatory properties of Arabidopsis CDPKs and CRKs that coordinate their multifaceted functions in development, immunity and abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Yip Delormel
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Boudsocq
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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Baba AI, Rigó G, Ayaydin F, Rehman AU, Andrási N, Zsigmond L, Valkai I, Urbancsok J, Vass I, Pasternak T, Palme K, Szabados L, Cséplő Á. Functional Analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana CDPK-Related Kinase Family: At CRK1 Regulates Responses to Continuous Light. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051282. [PMID: 29693594 PMCID: PMC5983578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase (CDPK)-Related Kinase family (CRKs) consists of eight members in Arabidopsis. Recently, AtCRK5 was shown to play a direct role in the regulation of root gravitropic response involving polar auxin transport (PAT). However, limited information is available about the function of the other AtCRK genes. Here, we report a comparative analysis of the Arabidopsis CRK genes, including transcription regulation, intracellular localization, and biological function. AtCRK transcripts were detectable in all organs tested and a considerable variation in transcript levels was detected among them. Most AtCRK proteins localized at the plasma membrane as revealed by microscopic analysis of 35S::cCRK-GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein) expressing plants or protoplasts. Interestingly, 35S::cCRK1-GFP and 35S::cCRK7-GFP had a dual localization pattern which was associated with plasma membrane and endomembrane structures, as well. Analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants revealed that AtCRK genes are important for root growth and control of gravitropic responses in roots and hypocotyls. While Atcrk mutants were indistinguishable from wild type plants in short days, Atcrk1-1 mutant had serious growth defects under continuous illumination. Semi-dwarf phenotype of Atcrk1-1 was accompanied with chlorophyll depletion, disturbed photosynthesis, accumulation of singlet oxygen, and enhanced cell death in photosynthetic tissues. AtCRK1 is therefore important to maintain cellular homeostasis during continuous illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Imran Baba
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Norbert Andrási
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Valkai
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - János Urbancsok
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Imre Vass
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Taras Pasternak
- Faculty of Biologie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Palme
- Faculty of Biologie II, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - László Szabados
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Plant Biology Institute, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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7
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Bender KW, Blackburn RK, Monaghan J, Derbyshire P, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Goshe MB, Zielinski RE, Huber SC. Autophosphorylation-based Calcium (Ca 2+) Sensitivity Priming and Ca 2+/Calmodulin Inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana Ca 2+-dependent Protein Kinase 28 (CPK28). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3988-4002. [PMID: 28154194 PMCID: PMC5354511 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.763243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) represent the primary Ca2+-dependent protein kinase activities in plant systems. CPKs are composed of a dual specificity (Ser/Thr and Tyr) kinase domain tethered to a calmodulin-like domain (CLD) via an autoinhibitory junction (J). Although regulation of CPKs by Ca2+ has been extensively studied, the contribution of autophosphorylation in controlling CPK activity is less well understood. Furthermore, whether calmodulin (CaM) contributes to CPK regulation, as is the case for Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases outside the plant lineage, remains an open question. We therefore screened a subset of plant CPKs for CaM binding and found that CPK28 is a high affinity Ca2+/CaM-binding protein. Using synthetic peptides and native gel electrophoresis, we coarsely mapped the CaM-binding domain to a site within the CPK28 J domain that overlaps with the known site of intramolecular interaction between the J domain and the CLD. Peptide kinase activity of fully dephosphorylated CPK28 was Ca2+-responsive and was inhibited by Ca2+/CaM. Using in situ autophosphorylated protein, we expand on the known set of CPK28 autophosphorylation sites, and we demonstrate that, unexpectedly, autophosphorylated CPK28 had enhanced kinase activity at physiological concentrations of Ca2+ compared with the dephosphorylated protein, suggesting that autophosphorylation functions to prime CPK28 for Ca2+ activation and might also allow CPK28 to remain active when Ca2+ levels are low. Furthermore, CPK28 autophosphorylation substantially reduced sensitivity of the kinase to Ca2+/CaM inhibition. Overall, our analyses uncover new complexities in the control of CPK28 and provide mechanistic support for Ca2+ signaling specificity through Ca2+ sensor priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Bender
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
| | - R Kevin Blackburn
- the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | | | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Michael B Goshe
- the Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Raymond E Zielinski
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
| | - Steven C Huber
- From the Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801.,the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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8
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Wang JP, Xu YP, Munyampundu JP, Liu TY, Cai XZ. Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) and CDPK-related kinase (CRK) gene families in tomato: genome-wide identification and functional analyses in disease resistance. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:661-76. [PMID: 26520101 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and CDPK-related kinases (CRKs) play multiple roles in plant. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification of these two families is limited to several plant species, and role of CRKs in disease resistance remains unclear. In this study, we identified the CDPK and CRK gene families in genome of the economically important crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and analyzed their function in resistance to various pathogens. Twenty-nine CDPK and six CRK genes were identified in tomato genome. Both SlCDPK and SlCRK proteins harbored an STKc_CAMK type protein kinase domain, while only SlCDPKs contained EF-hand type Ca(2+) binding domain(s). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that plant CRK family diverged early from CDPKs, and shared a common ancestor gene with subgroup IV CDPKs. Subgroup IV SlCDPK proteins were basic and their genes contained 11 introns, which were distinguished from other subgroups but similar to CRKs. Subgroup I SlCDPKs generally did not carry an N-terminal myristoylation motif while those of the remaining subgroups and SlCRKs universally did. SlCDPK and SlCRK genes were differently responsive to pathogenic stimuli. Furthermore, silencing analyses demonstrated that SlCDPK18 and SlCDPK10 positively regulated nonhost resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and host resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000, respectively, while SlCRK6 positively regulated resistance to both Pst DC3000 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in tomato. In conclusion, CRKs apparently evolved from CDPK lineage, SlCDPK and SlCRK genes regulate a wide range of resistance and SlCRK6 is the first CRK gene proved to function in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Peng Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Munyampundu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tian-Yu Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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9
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Zeng H, Xu L, Singh A, Wang H, Du L, Poovaiah BW. Involvement of calmodulin and calmodulin-like proteins in plant responses to abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:600. [PMID: 26322054 PMCID: PMC4532166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transient changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration have been well recognized to act as cell signals coupling various environmental stimuli to appropriate physiological responses with accuracy and specificity in plants. Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) are major Ca(2+) sensors, playing critical roles in interpreting encrypted Ca(2+) signals. Ca(2+)-loaded CaM/CMLs interact and regulate a broad spectrum of target proteins such as channels/pumps/antiporters for various ions, transcription factors, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, metabolic enzymes, and proteins with unknown biochemical functions. Many of the target proteins of CaM/CMLs directly or indirectly regulate plant responses to environmental stresses. Basic information about stimulus-induced Ca(2+) signal and overview of Ca(2+) signal perception and transduction are briefly discussed in the beginning of this review. How CaM/CMLs are involved in regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses are emphasized in this review. Exciting progress has been made in the past several years, such as the elucidation of Ca(2+)/CaM-mediated regulation of AtSR1/CAMTA3 and plant responses to chilling and freezing stresses, Ca(2+)/CaM-mediated regulation of CAT3, MAPK8 and MKP1 in homeostasis control of reactive oxygen species signals, discovery of CaM7 as a DNA-binding transcription factor regulating plant response to light signals. However, many key questions in Ca(2+)/CaM-mediated signaling warrant further investigation. Ca(2+)/CaM-mediated regulation of most of the known target proteins is presumed based on their interaction. The downstream targets of CMLs are mostly unknown, and how specificity of Ca(2+) signaling could be realized through the actions of CaM/CMLs and their target proteins is largely unknown. Future breakthroughs in Ca(2+)/CaM-mediated signaling will not only improve our understanding of how plants respond to environmental stresses, but also provide the knowledge base to improve stress-tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Luqin Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - B. W. Poovaiah
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Science, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
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10
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Edel KH, Kudla J. Increasing complexity and versatility: how the calcium signaling toolkit was shaped during plant land colonization. Cell Calcium 2014; 57:231-46. [PMID: 25477139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium serves as a versatile messenger in adaptation reactions and developmental processes in plants and animals. Eukaryotic cells generate cytosolic Ca(2+) signals via Ca(2+) conducting channels. Ca(2+) signals are represented in form of stimulus-specific spatially and temporally defined Ca(2+) signatures. These Ca(2+) signatures are detected, decoded and transmitted to downstream responses by an elaborate toolkit of Ca(2+) binding proteins that function as Ca(2+) sensors. In this article, we examine the distribution and evolution of Ca(2+)-conducting channels and Ca(2+) decoding proteins in the plant lineage. To this end, we have in addition to previously studied genomes of plant species, identified and analyzed the Ca(2+)-signaling components from species that hold key evolutionary positions like the filamentous terrestrial algae Klebsormidium flaccidum and Amborella trichopoda, the single living representative of the sister lineage to all other extant flowering plants. Plants and animals exhibit substantial differences in their complements of Ca(2+) channels and Ca(2+) binding proteins. Within the plant lineage, remarkable differences in the evolution of complexity between different families of Ca(2+) signaling proteins are observable. Using the CBL/CIPK Ca(2+) sensor/kinase signaling network as model, we attempt to link evolutionary tendencies to functional predictions. Our analyses, for example, suggest Ca(2+) dependent regulation of Na(+) homeostasis as an evolutionary most ancient function of this signaling network. Overall, gene families of Ca(2+) signaling proteins have significantly increased in their size during plant evolution reaching an extraordinary complexity in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai H Edel
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 4, 48149 Münster, Germany; College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Hartmann J, Fischer C, Dietrich P, Sauter M. Kinase activity and calmodulin binding are essential for growth signaling by the phytosulfokine receptor PSKR1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:192-202. [PMID: 24495073 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cell growth-promoting peptide phytosulfokine (PSK) is perceived by leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases. To elucidate PSK receptor function we analyzed PSKR1 kinase activity and binding to Ca(2+) sensors and evaluated the contribution of these activities to growth control in planta. Ectopically expressed PSKR1 was capable of auto- and transphosphorylation. Replacement of a conserved lysine within the ATP-binding region by a glutamate resulted in the inhibition of auto- and transphosphorylation kinase activities. Expression of the kinase-inactive PSKR1(K762E) receptor in the pskr null background did not restore root or shoot growth. Instead, the mutant phenotype was enhanced suggesting that the inactive receptor protein exerts growth-inhibitory activity. Bioinformatic analysis predicted a putative calmodulin (CaM)-binding site within PSKR1 kinase subdomain VIa. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis demonstrated that PSKR1 binds to all isoforms of CaM, more weakly to the CaM-like protein CML8 but apparently not to CML9. Mutation of a conserved tryptophan (W831S) within the predicted CaM-binding site strongly reduced CaM binding. Expression of PSKR1(W831S) in the pskr null background resulted in growth inhibition that was similar to that of the kinase-inactive receptor. We conclude that PSK signaling requires Ca(2+) /CaM binding and kinase activity of PSKR1 in planta. We further propose that the inactivated kinase interferes with other growth-promoting signaling pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Hartmann
- Entwicklungsbiologie und Physiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 5, Kiel, 24118, Germany
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12
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Poovaiah B, Du L, Wang H, Yang T. Recent advances in calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling with an emphasis on plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:531-42. [PMID: 24014576 PMCID: PMC3793035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling contributes in diverse roles in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huizhong Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6414 (B.W.P., L.D.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, People’s Republic of China (L.D., H.W.); and
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (T.Y.)
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164–6414 (B.W.P., L.D.)
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, People’s Republic of China (L.D., H.W.); and
- Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (T.Y.)
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13
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Rigó G, Ayaydin F, Tietz O, Zsigmond L, Kovács H, Páy A, Salchert K, Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF, Szabados L, Palme K, Koncz C, Cséplő Á. Inactivation of plasma membrane-localized CDPK-RELATED KINASE5 decelerates PIN2 exocytosis and root gravitropic response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:1592-608. [PMID: 23673979 PMCID: PMC3694694 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CRK5 is a member of the Arabidopsis thaliana Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase-related kinase family. Here, we show that inactivation of CRK5 inhibits primary root elongation and delays gravitropic bending of shoots and roots. Reduced activity of the auxin-induced DR5-green fluorescent protein reporter suggests that auxin is depleted from crk5 root tips. However, no tip collapse is observed and the transcription of genes for auxin biosynthesis, AUXIN TRANSPORTER/AUXIN TRANSPORTER-LIKE PROTEIN (AUX/LAX) auxin influx, and PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers is unaffected by the crk5 mutation. Whereas AUX1, PIN1, PIN3, PIN4, and PIN7 display normal localization, PIN2 is depleted from apical membranes of epidermal cells and shows basal to apical relocalization in the cortex of the crk5 root transition zone. This, together with an increase in the number of crk5 lateral root primordia, suggests facilitated auxin efflux through the cortex toward the elongation zone. CRK5 is a plasma membrane-associated kinase that forms U-shaped patterns facing outer lateral walls of epidermis and cortex cells. Brefeldin inhibition of exocytosis stimulates CRK5 internalization into brefeldin bodies. CRK5 phosphorylates the hydrophilic loop of PIN2 in vitro, and PIN2 shows accelerated accumulation in brefeldin bodies in the crk5 mutant. Delayed gravitropic response of the crk5 mutant thus likely reflects defective phosphorylation of PIN2 and deceleration of its brefeldin-sensitive membrane recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Rigó
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olaf Tietz
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Páy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaus Salchert
- BASF Plant Science, DNA Landmarks, Quebec J3B 6X3, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin F. Medzihradszky
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II/Molecular Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Csaba Koncz
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
- Max-Planck Institute für Züchtungschforshung, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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14
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Yang L, Ji W, Gao P, Li Y, Cai H, Bai X, Chen Q, Zhu Y. GsAPK, an ABA-activated and calcium-independent SnRK2-type kinase from G. soja, mediates the regulation of plant tolerance to salinity and ABA stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33838. [PMID: 22439004 PMCID: PMC3306294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant Snf1 (sucrose non-fermenting-1) related protein kinase (SnRK), a subfamily of serine/threonine kinases, has been implicated as a crucial upstream regulator of ABA and osmotic signaling as in many other signaling cascades. In this paper, we have isolated a novel plant specific ABA activated calcium independent protein kinase (GsAPK) from a highly salt tolerant plant, Glycine soja (50109), which is a member of the SnRK2 family. Subcellular localization studies using GFP fusion protein indicated that GsAPK is localized in the plasma membrane. We found that autophosphorylation and Myelin Basis Protein phosphorylation activity of GsAPK is only activated by ABA and the kinase activity also was observed when calcium was replaced by EGTA, suggesting its independence of calcium in enzyme activity. We also found that cold, salinity, drought, and ABA stress alter GsAPK gene transcripts and heterogonous overexpression of GsAPK in Arabidopsis alters plant tolerance to high salinity and ABA stress. In summary, we demonstrated that GsAPK is a Glycine soja ABA activated calcium independent SnRK-type kinase presumably involved in ABA mediated stress signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yong Li
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xi Bai
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanming Zhu
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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15
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Analysis of calcium signaling pathways in plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1283-93. [PMID: 22061997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium serves as a versatile messenger in many adaptation and developmental processes in plants. Ca2+ signals are represented by stimulus-specific spatially and temporally defined Ca2+ signatures. These Ca2+ signatures are detected, decoded and transmitted to downstream responses by a complex toolkit of Ca2+ binding proteins that function as Ca2+ sensors. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will reflect on advancements in monitoring Ca2+ dynamics in plants. Moreover, it will provide insights in the extensive and complex toolkit of plant Ca2+ sensor proteins that relay the information presented in the Ca2+ signatures into phosphorylation events, changes in protein-protein interaction or regulation of gene expression. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Plants' response to signals is encoded by different Ca2+ signatures. The plant decoding Ca2+ toolkit encompasses different families of Ca2+ sensors like Calmodulins (CaM), Calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), Calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and their interacting kinases (CIPKs). These Ca2+ sensors are encoded by complex gene families and form intricate signaling networks in plants that enable specific, robust and flexible information processing. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides new insights about the biochemical regulation, physiological functions and of newly identified target proteins of the major plant Ca2+ sensor families. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signaling.
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16
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Saidi Y, Finka A, Goloubinoff P. Heat perception and signalling in plants: a tortuous path to thermotolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:556-65. [PMID: 21138439 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An accurate assessment of the rising ambient temperature by plant cells is crucial for the timely activation of various molecular defences before the appearance of heat damage. Recent findings have allowed a better understanding of the early cellular events that take place at the beginning of mild temperature rise, to timely express heat-shock proteins (HSPs), which will, in turn, confer thermotolerance to the plant. Here, we discuss the key components of the heat signalling pathway and suggest a model in which a primary sensory role is carried out by the plasma membrane and various secondary messengers, such as Ca(2+) ions, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). We also describe the role of downstream components, such as calmodulins, mitogen-activated protein kinases and Hsp90, in the activation of heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs). The data gathered for land plants suggest that, following temperature elevation, the heat signal is probably transduced by several pathways that will, however, coalesce into the final activation of HSFs, the expression of HSPs and the onset of cellular thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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17
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Yang L, Ji W, Zhu Y, Gao P, Li Y, Cai H, Bai X, Guo D. GsCBRLK, a calcium/calmodulin-binding receptor-like kinase, is a positive regulator of plant tolerance to salt and ABA stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:2519-33. [PMID: 20400529 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases play vital roles in protein phosphorylation in eukaryotes, yet little is known about the phosphorylation process of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and its role in stress signal transduction in plants. A novel plant-specific calcium-dependent calmodulin-binding receptor-like kinase (GsCBRLK) has been isolated from Glycine soja. A subcellular localization study using GFP fusion protein indicated that GsCBRLK is localized in the plasma membrane. Binding assays demonstrated that calmodulin binds to GsCBRLK with an affinity of 25.9 nM in a calcium-dependent manner and the binding motif lies between amino acids 147 to169 within subdomain II of the kinase domain. GsCBRLK undergoes autophosphorylation and Myelin Basis Protein phosphorylation in the presence of calcium. It was also found that calcium/calmodulin positively regulates GsCBRLK kinase activity through direct interaction between the calmodulin-binding domain and calmodulin. So, it is likely that GsCBRLK responds to an environmental stimulus in two ways: by increasing the protein expression level and by regulating its kinase activity through the calcium/calmodulin complex. Furthermore, cold, salinity, drought, and ABA stress induce GsCBRLK gene transcripts. Over-expression of GsCBRLK in transgenic Arabidopsis resulted in enhanced plant tolerance to high salinity and ABA and increased the expression pattern of a number of stress gene markers in response to ABA and high salt. These results identify GsCBRLK as a molecular link between the stress- and ABA-induced calcium/calmodulin signal and gene expression in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Plant Bioengineering Laboratory, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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18
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Das R, Pandey GK. Expressional analysis and role of calcium regulated kinases in abiotic stress signaling. Curr Genomics 2010; 11:2-13. [PMID: 20808518 PMCID: PMC2851112 DOI: 10.2174/138920210790217981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of stimuli and activation of a signaling cascade is an intrinsic characteristic feature of all living organisms. Till date, several signaling pathways have been elucidated that are involved in multiple facets of growth and development of an organism. Exposure to unfavorable stimuli or stress condition activates different signaling cascades in both plants and animal. Being sessile, plants cannot move away from an unfavorable condition, and hence activate the molecular machinery to cope up or adjust against that particular stress condition. In plants, role of calcium as second messenger has been studied in detail in both abiotic and biotic stress signaling. Several calcium sensor proteins such as calmodulin (CaM), calcium dependent protein kinases (CDPK) and calcinuerin B-like (CBL) were discovered to play a crucial role in abiotic stress signaling in plants. Unlike CDPK, CBL and CaM are calcium-binding proteins, which do not have any protein kinase enzyme activity and interact with a target protein kinase termed as CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) and CaM kinases respectively. Genome sequence analysis of Arabidopsis and rice has led to the identification of multigene familes of these calcium signaling protein kinases. Individual and global gene expression analysis of these protein kinase family members has been analyzed under several developmental and different abiotic stress conditions. In this review, we are trying to overview and emphasize the expressional analysis of calcium signaling protein kinases under different abiotic stress and developmental stages, and linking the expression to possible function for these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110021, India
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19
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Zhang W, Zhou RG, Gao YJ, Zheng SZ, Xu P, Zhang SQ, Sun DY. Molecular and genetic evidence for the key role of AtCaM3 in heat-shock signal transduction in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1773-84. [PMID: 19211698 PMCID: PMC2663753 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.133744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock (HS) is a common form of stress suffered by plants. It has been proposed that calmodulin (CaM) is involved in HS signal transduction, but direct evidence has been lacking. To investigate the potential regulatory function of CaM in the HS signal transduction pathway, T-DNA knockout mutants for AtCaM2, AtCaM3, and AtCaM4 were obtained and their thermotolerance tested. Of the three knockout mutant plants, there were no differences compared with wild-type plants under normal conditions. However, the AtCaM3 knockout mutant showed a clear reduction in thermotolerance after heat treatment at 45 degrees C for 50 min. Overexpression of AtCaM3 in either the AtCaM3 knockout or wild-type background significantly rescued or increased the thermotolerance, respectively. Results from electrophoretic mobility-shift assays, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and western-blot analyses revealed that, after HS, the DNA-binding activity of HS transcription factors, mRNA transcription of HS protein genes, and accumulation of HS protein were down-regulated in the AtCaM3 knockout mutant and up-regulated in the AtCaM3-overexpressing transgenic lines. Taken together, these results suggest that endogenous AtCaM3 is a key component in the Ca2+-CaM HS signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
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20
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Liu HT, Gao F, Li GL, Han JL, Liu DL, Sun DY, Zhou RG. The calmodulin-binding protein kinase 3 is part of heat-shock signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:760-73. [PMID: 18466301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on our previous findings, we proposed a pathway for the participation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) in heat-shock (HS) signal transduction. The specific mechanism by which CaM regulates activation of heat-shock transcription factors (HSFs) is not known. CaM-binding protein kinases (CBK) are the most poorly understood of the CaM target proteins in plants. In this study, using a yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that AtCBK3 interacts with AtHSFA1a. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to confirm the interaction between AtCBK3-YFP and AtHSFA1a-CFP. Furthermore, we demonstrate that purified recombinant AtCBK3 phosphorylated recombinant AtHSFA1a in vitro. We also describe the results of both downregulation of AtCBK3 expression and ectopic overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The T-DNA insertion AtCBK3 knockout lines had impaired basal thermotolerance, which could be complemented by transformation of plants with the native gene. Overexpression of AtCBK3 resulted in plants with increased basal thermotolerance. Results from real-time quantitative PCR and protein gel-blot analyses suggest that AtCBK3 regulates transcription of heat-shock protein (HSP) genes and synthesis of HSPs. The binding activity of HSF to the heat-shock element (HSE), the mRNA level of HSP genes and synthesis of HSPs were upregulated in AtCBK3-overexpressing lines after HS, but downregulated in AtCBK3 null lines. These results indicate that AtCBK3 controls the binding activity of HSFs to HSEs by phosphorylation of AtHSFA1a, and is an important component of the HS signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
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21
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Li DF, Li J, Ma L, Zhang L, Lu YT. Calmodulin isoform-specific activation of a rice calmodulin-binding kinase conferred by only three amino-acids of OsCaM61. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4325-31. [PMID: 16842786 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinase activity of a Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-binding serine/threonine protein kinase from rice (Oryza sativa) (OsCBK) has been reported to be unaffected by OsCaM1 binding. In this study, we examined whether other rice CaMs can stimulate OsCBK. It was observed that OsCaM61 stimulated OsCBK in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. In addition, Ala(111), Gly(123) and Ser(127) were identified as critical residues for OsCBK activation. Mutational study and fluorescent spectroscopy analysis indicated that CaM-binding affinity does not correlate with the kinase activity and that these key amino-acids in OsCaM61 play a vital role in suitable changes of OsCBK conformation for kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Fan Li
- Key Lab of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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22
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Li RJ, Hua W, Lu YT. Arabidopsis cytosolic glutamine synthetase AtGLN1;1 is a potential substrate of AtCRK3 involved in leaf senescence. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:119-26. [PMID: 16472779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While considerable progress has been achieved in plant CDPK studies in the past decade, there is relatively no information about the potential substrates of CRKs. In this report, a yeast two-hybrid screen was performed with truncated form of AtCRK3 as bait to identify its interacting proteins in an effort to dissect its physiological roles. One gene encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase AtGLN1;1 was isolated. Further analyses indicated that AtGLN1;1 could interact specifically with AtCRK3 and the kinase domain of AtCRK3 and the catalytic domain of AtGLN1;1 were responsible for such interaction, respectively. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo co-immunoprecipitation results strongly supported that they could physically interact with each other. Phosphorylation assays revealed that AtGLN1;1 could be specifically phosphorylated by AtCRK3 in vitro. All the results demonstrate that AtGLN1;1 may be a substrate of AtCRK3. In addition, both AtGLN1;1 and AtCRK3 could be induced by natural or artificially induced leaf senescence, implying that such interaction may be involved in the regulation of nitrogen remobilization during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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23
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Harper JF, Harmon A. Plants, symbiosis and parasites: a calcium signalling connection. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6:555-66. [PMID: 16072038 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A unique family of protein kinases has evolved with regulatory domains containing sequences that are related to Ca(2+)-binding EF-hands. In this family, the archetypal Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been found in plants and some protists, including the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Recent genetic evidence has revealed isoform-specific functions for a CDPK that is essential for Plasmodium berghei gametogenesis, and for a related chimeric Ca(2+) and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) that is essential to the formation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodules in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the analysis of 42 isoforms of CDPK and related kinases is expected to delineate Ca(2+) signalling pathways in all aspects of plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey F Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, MS200, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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24
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Ke K, Lu YT. Cellular localization and biochemical characterization of a novel calcium-dependent protein kinase from tobacco. Cell Res 2005; 15:604-12. [PMID: 16117850 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
By screening tobacco cDNA library with MCK1 as a probe, we isolated a cDNA clone NtCPK5 (accession number AY971376), which encodes a typical calcium-dependent protein kinase. Sequence analyses indicated that NtCPK5 is related to both CPKs and CRKs superfamilies and has all of the three conserved domains of CPKs. The biochemical activity of NtCPK5 was calcium-dependent. NtCPK5 had Vmax and Km of 526 nmol/min/mg and 210 microg/ml respectively with calf thymus histone (fraction III, abbreviated to histone IIIs) as substrate. For substrate syntide-2, NtCPK5 showed a higher Vmax of 2008 nmol/min/mg and a lower Km of 30 microM. The K0.5 of calcium activation was 0.04 microM or 0.06 microM for histone IIIs or syntide-2 respectively. The putative myristoylation and palmitoylation consensus sequence of NtCPK5 suggests that it could be a membrane-anchoring protein. Indeed, our transient expression experiments with wild type and mutant forms of NtCPK5/GFP fusion proteins showed that NtCPK5 was localized to the plasma membrane of onion epidermal cells and that the localization required the N-terminal acylation sites of NtCPK5/GFP. Taking together, our data have demonstrated the biochemical characteristics of a novel protein NtCPK5 and its subcellular localization as a membrane-anchoring protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yang LX, Wang RY, Ren F, Liu J, Cheng J, Lu YT. AtGLB1 enhances the tolerance of Arabidopsis to hydrogen peroxide stress. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 46:1309-16. [PMID: 15930012 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a widespread molecule plays an important role in plant stress responses. Here, we showed that an Arabidopsis line overexpressing hemoglobin 1 (AtGLB1) can enhance its tolerance to severe hypoxic stress. In our research, Arabidopsis lines with different hemoglobin levels were employed to study the relationship between H2O2 level and the tolerance to hypoxic stress. The relatively low endogenous H2O2 level of AtGLB1-overexpressing plants could be one of the main factors for the increased tolerance of plants to hypoxic stress. Further investigation indicated that the activity of the antioxidant system involved in scavenging H2O2 increased in all three lines examined during hypoxic treatment, while only the line overexpressing AtGLB1 could retain these relatively high levels up to 48 h of the treatment, suggesting that the antioxidant system might play a role in the low H2O2 level of Arabidopsis overexpressing AtGLB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xiang Yang
- Key Lab of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Zhang M, Liang S, Lu YT. Cloning and functional characterization of NtCPK4, a new tobacco calcium-dependent protein kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2005; 1729:174-85. [PMID: 15964083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Revised: 04/16/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA clone, encoding calcium (Ca2+)-dependent protein kinase (CDPK or CPK), was isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The full-length cDNA of 2360 bp contains an open reading frame for NtCPK4 consisting of 572 amino acid residues. Sequence alignment indicated that NtCPK4 shared high similarities with other CPKs and some CPK-related protein kinases (CRKs). Biochemical analyses showed that NtCPK4 phosphorylated itself and calf thymus histones fraction III-S (histone III-S) in a calcium-dependent manner, and the K0.5 of calcium activation was 0.29 microM or 0.25 microM with histone III-S or syntide-2 as substrates, respectively. The Vmax and Km were 588 nmol min-1 mg-1 and 176 microg ml-1, respectively, when histone III-S was used as substrate, while they were 2415 nmol min-1 mg-1 and 58 microM, respectively, with syntide-2 as substrate. In addition, the phosphorylation of NtCPK4 occurred on threonine residue, as shown by capillary electrophoresis analyses. All of these data demonstrated that NtCPK4 was a serine/threonine protein kinase. NtCPK4 as a low copy gene was expressed in all tested organs including the root, leaf, stem, and flower of tobacco, while its expression was temporally and spatially modulated in both productive and vegetative tissues during tobacco growth and development. NtCPK4 expression was also increased in response to the treatment of gibberellin or NaCl. Our study suggested that NtCPK4 might play vital roles in plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Key Lab of MOE for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Abstract
The year 2004 represents a milestone for the biosensor research community: in this year, over 1000 articles were published describing experiments performed using commercially available systems. The 1038 papers we found represent an approximately 10% increase over the past year and demonstrate that the implementation of biosensors continues to expand at a healthy pace. We evaluated the data presented in each paper and compiled a 'top 10' list. These 10 articles, which we recommend every biosensor user reads, describe well-performed kinetic, equilibrium and qualitative/screening studies, provide comparisons between binding parameters obtained from different biosensor users, as well as from biosensor- and solution-based interaction analyses, and summarize the cutting-edge applications of the technology. We also re-iterate some of the experimental pitfalls that lead to sub-optimal data and over-interpreted results. We are hopeful that the biosensor community, by applying the hints we outline, will obtain data on a par with that presented in the 10 spotlighted articles. This will ensure that the scientific community at large can be confident in the data we report from optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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