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Spiwoková P, Horn M, Fanfrlík J, Jílková A, Fajtová P, Leontovyč A, Houštecká R, Bieliková L, Brynda J, Chanová M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Caro-Diaz EJE, Almaliti J, El-Sakkary N, Gerwick WH, Caffrey CR, Mareš M. Nature-Inspired Gallinamides Are Potent Antischistosomal Agents: Inhibition of the Cathepsin B1 Protease Target and Binding Mode Analysis. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38757505 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by a parasitic blood fluke of the genus Schistosoma, is a global health problem for which new chemotherapeutic options are needed. We explored the scaffold of gallinamide A, a natural peptidic metabolite of marine cyanobacteria that has previously been shown to inhibit cathepsin L-type proteases. We screened a library of 19 synthetic gallinamide A analogs and identified nanomolar inhibitors of the cathepsin B-type protease SmCB1, which is a drug target for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni. Against cultured S. mansoni schistosomula and adult worms, many of the gallinamides generated a range of deleterious phenotypic responses. Imaging with a fluorescent-activity-based probe derived from gallinamide A demonstrated that SmCB1 is the primary target for gallinamides in the parasite. Furthermore, we solved the high-resolution crystal structures of SmCB1 in complex with gallinamide A and its two analogs and describe the acrylamide covalent warhead and binding mode in the active site. Quantum chemical calculations evaluated the contribution of individual positions in the peptidomimetic scaffold to the inhibition of the target and demonstrated the importance of the P1' and P2 positions. Our study introduces gallinamides as a powerful chemotype that can be exploited for the development of novel antischistosomal chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Spiwoková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Jílková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Adrian Leontovyč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Houštecká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Praha 2 12108, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Bieliková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, Praha 2 12108, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Chanová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 2028/7, Prague 2 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo J E Caro-Diaz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Jehad Almaliti
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, Prague 6 16610, Czech Republic
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Nicolau I, Hădade ND, Matache M, Funeriu DP. Synthetic Approaches of Epoxysuccinate Chemical Probes. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300157. [PMID: 37096389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemical probes are powerful tools for investigating biological processes. They are particularly useful for proteomic studies such as activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). These chemical methods initially used mimics of natural substrates. As the techniques gained prominence, more and more elaborate chemical probes with increased specificity towards given enzyme/protein families and amenability to various reaction conditions were used. Among the chemical probes, peptidyl-epoxysuccinates represent one of the first types of compounds used to investigate the activity of the cysteine protease papain-like family of enzymes. Structurally derived from the natural substrate, a wide body of inhibitors and activity- or affinity-based probes bearing the electrophilic oxirane unit for covalent labeling of active enzymes now exists. Herein, we review the literature regarding the synthetic approaches to epoxysuccinate-based chemical probes together with their reported applications, from biological chemistry and inhibition studies to supramolecular chemistry and the formation of protein arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Nicolau
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90 Panduri Street, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Niculina D Hădade
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Supramolecular and Organometallic Chemistry Centre, 11 Arany Janos Street, 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Matache
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90 Panduri Street, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel P Funeriu
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Research Centre of Applied Organic Chemistry, 90 Panduri Street, 050663, Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Toupin NP, Arora K, Shrestha P, Peterson JA, Fischer LJ, Rajagurubandara E, Podgorski I, Winter AH, Kodanko JJ. BODIPY-Caged Photoactivated Inhibitors of Cathepsin B Flip the Light Switch on Cancer Cell Apoptosis. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2833-2840. [PMID: 31750642 PMCID: PMC9885843 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to apoptotic agents is a long-standing challenge in cancer treatment. Cathepsin B (CTSB) is an enzyme which, among many essential functions, promotes apoptosis during cellular stress through regulation of intracellular proteolytic networks on the minute time scale. Recent data indicate that CTSB inhibition may be a promising method to steer cells away from apoptotic death toward necrosis, a mechanism of cell death that can overcome resistance to apoptotic agents, stimulate an immune response and promote antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, rapid and selective intracellular inactivation of CTSB has not been possible. However, here we report on the synthesis and characterization of photochemical and biological properties of BODIPY-caged inhibitors of CTSB that are cell permeable, highly selective and activated rapidly upon exposure to visible light. Intriguingly, these compounds display tunable photophysical and biological properties based on substituents bound directly to boron. Me2BODIPY-caged compound 8 displays the dual-action capability of light-accelerated CTSB inhibition and singlet oxygen production from a singular molecular entity. The dual-action capacity of 8 leads to a rapid necrotic response in MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells with high phototherapeutic indexes (>30) and selectivity vs noncancerous cells that neither CTSB inhibition nor photosensitization gives alone. Our work confirms that singlet oxygen production and CTSB inactivation is highly synergistic and a promising method for killing cancer cells. Furthermore, this ability to trigger intracellular inactivation of CTSB with light provides researchers with a powerful photochemical tool for probing biochemical processes on short time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Toupin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Karan Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Julie A. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Logan J. Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States
| | - Erandi Rajagurubandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Arthur H. Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50014, United States,Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Jeremy J. Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States,Corresponding Authors: .
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4
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Arora K, Herroon M, Al-Afyouni MH, Toupin NP, Rohrabaugh TN, Loftus LM, Podgorski I, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Catch and Release Photosensitizers: Combining Dual-Action Ruthenium Complexes with Protease Inactivation for Targeting Invasive Cancers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14367-14380. [PMID: 30278123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual action agents containing a cysteine protease inhibitor and Ru-based photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) were designed, synthesized, and validated in 2D culture and 3D functional imaging assays of triple-negative human breast cancer (TNBC). These combination agents deliver and release Ru-based PDT agents to tumor cells and cause cancer cell death upon irradiation with visible light, while at the same time inactivating cathespin B (CTSB), a cysteine protease strongly associated with invasive and metastatic behavior. In total five Ru-based complexes were synthesized with the formula [Ru(bpy)2(1)](O2CCF3)2 (3), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and 1 = a bipyridine-based epoxysuccinyl inhibitor; [Ru(tpy)(NN)(2)](PF6)2, where tpy = terpiridine, 2 = a pyridine-based epoxysuccinyl inhibitor and NN = 2,2'-bipyridine (4); 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (5); benzo[ i]dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine (6); and 3,6-dimethylbenzo[ i]dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine (7). Compound 3 contains a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ fluorophore and was designed to track the subcellular localization of the conjugates, whereas compounds 4-7 were designed to undergo either photoactivated ligand dissociation and/or singlet oxygen generation. Photochemical studies confirmed that complexes 5 and 7 undergo photoactivated ligand dissociation, whereas 6 and 7 generate singlet oxygen. Inhibitors 1-7 all potently and irreversibly inhibit CTSB. Compounds 4-7 were evaluated against MDA-MB-231 TNBC and MCF-10A breast epithelial cells in 2D and 3D culture for effects on proteolysis and cell viability under dark and light conditions. Collectively, these data reveal that 4-7 potently inhibit dye-quenched (DQ) collagen degradation, whereas only compound 7 causes efficient cell death under light conditions, consistent with its ability to release a Ru(II)-based photosensitizer and to also generate 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Arora
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Mackenzie Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Nicholas P Toupin
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
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5
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Cathepsin B: Active site mapping with peptidic substrates and inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 27:1-15. [PMID: 30473362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of papain-like cysteine proteases, such as cathepsin B, as drug discovery targets for systemic human diseases has prevailed over the past years. The development of potent and selective low-molecular cathepsin B inhibitors relies on the detailed expertise on preferred amino acid and inhibitor residues interacting with the corresponding specificity pockets of cathepsin B. Such knowledge might be obtained by mapping the active site of the protease with combinatorial libraries of peptidic substrates and peptidomimetic inhibitors. This review, for the first time, summarizes a wide spectrum of active site mapping approaches. It considers relevant X-ray crystallographic data and discloses propensities towards favorable protein-ligand interactions in case of the therapeutically relevant protease cathepsin B.
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Onming S, Thongda W, Li C, Sawatdichaikul O, McMillan N, Klinbunga S, Peatman E, Poompuang S. Bioinformatics characterization of a cathepsin B transcript from the giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Homology modeling and expression analysis after Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 221-222:18-28. [PMID: 29649577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal proteolytic enzyme that has been suggested to play a role in pathological processes of immune system. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of cathepsin B transcript in the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (MrCTSB) was obtained from 454 pyrosequencing of cDNAs from hepatopancreas and muscle. It was 1158 bp in length, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 987 bp corresponding to 328 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass and pI of MrCTSB protein was 36.04 kDa and 4.73. The major characteristics of MrCTSB protein consisted of a propeptide of C1 peptidase family at the N-terminus and a cysteine protease (Pept_C1) domain at the C-terminus. The 3-dimentional structure of MrCTSB was constructed by computer-assisted homology modeling. The folding of MrCTSB was highly conserved to human CTSB structure and the modeled MrCTSB displayed characteristics of cysteine proteinases superfamily. The docking study was performed to investigate binding interactions between known inhibitors against MrCTSB. Known inhibitors were oriented in the groove of catalytic site cleft. They bound to subsites from S2, S1, S1', and S2', respectively, with key residues in each subsite. Challenge of juvenile prawns with Aeromonas hydrophila revealed that the MrCTSB transcript in hepatopancreas significantly increased at 60-96 h post injection (hpi). This suggested that MrCTSB may play roles in innate immunity of M. rosenbergii. Our results provide useful information for a more comprehensive study in immune-related functions of MrCTSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowalak Onming
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Orathai Sawatdichaikul
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nichanun McMillan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sirawut Klinbunga
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Supawadee Poompuang
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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Targeting the Expression of Cathepsin B Using CRISPR/Cas9 System in Mammalian Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1731:123-131. [PMID: 29318549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7595-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B belongs to a family of cathepsins and plays an important role in normal physiological functions in the cell. However, overexpression of cathepsin B has been associated with different malignancies, and this has made it an attractive pharmacological target. The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has allowed researchers to efficiently knock down genes with very less nonspecific activity compared to earlier methods. The protocol described below will enable investigators to develop cathepsin B knockdown stable cells and explains ways to study the knockdown.
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Ruan H, Hao S, Young P, Zhang H. Targeting Cathepsin B for Cancer Therapies. HORIZONS IN CANCER RESEARCH 2015; 56:23-40. [PMID: 26623174 PMCID: PMC4662557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a member of the papain family of cysteine proteases normally present in the lysosome, but it can translocate and function to degrade components of the extracellular matrix. It exhibits carboxyopeptidase, peptidyldipepidase, and endopeptidase activity. Aberrant overexpression of cathepsin B has been reported in invasive and metastatic cancers, including breast cancer, melanoma and colorectal cancer. It has been shown that oncogenic activation, such as the signaling of the ErbB pathways, can lead to cathepsin B overexpression. The degradation of the extracellular matrix is a key factor for cathepsin B to contribute to development and metastasis of tumors. An example of substrates for cathepsin B is E-cadherin, which is involved in adherens junctions, and the downregulation of E-cadherin in cancer is directly linked to invasion and metastasis. Recent studies also point to a role for cathepsin B in macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. The structure of cathepsin B is crystallographically solved, and several highly selective and potent inhibitors for cathepsin B have been developed. Yet it remains to be a challenge to demonstrate the clinical utility or benefit of any cathepsin B inhibitor. As cathepsin B is required for a cellular process called lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), inhibition of cathepsin B would protect cancer cells from cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents. It is expected that combining cathepsin B inhibitors with other approaches, such as nanoparticles, to direct the inhibition to the extracellular space may lead to better clinical approaches to treat cancers and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongtao Zhang
- Corresponding author: Hongtao Zhang, Ph.D., 252 John Morgan Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, Phone: 215-573-9256, Fax: 215-898-2401,
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9
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Steinberger J, Grishkovskaya I, Cencic R, Juliano L, Juliano MA, Skern T. Foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: structural insights into the mechanism of intermolecular cleavage. Virology 2014; 468-470:397-408. [PMID: 25240326 PMCID: PMC4220004 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA initiates at one of two start codons leading to the synthesis of two forms of leader proteinase Lpro (Labpro and Lbpro). These forms free themselves from the viral polyprotein by intra- and intermolecular self-processing and subsequently cleave the cellular eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4G. During infection, Lbpro removes six residues from its own C-terminus, generating sLbpro. We present the structure of sLbpro bound to the inhibitor E64-R-P-NH2, illustrating how sLbpro can cleave between Lys/Gly and Gly/Arg pairs. In intermolecular cleavage on polyprotein substrates, Lbpro was unaffected by P1 or P1′ substitutions and processed a substrate containing nine eIF4GI cleavage site residues whereas sLbpro failed to cleave the eIF4GI containing substrate and cleaved appreciably more slowly on mutated substrates. Introduction of 70 eIF4GI residues bearing the Lbpro binding site restored cleavage. These data imply that Lbpro and sLbpro may have different functions in infected cells. The leader proteinase (Lpro) of foot-and-mouth disease virus is a virulence factor. Lpro can exist in three different forms in the infected cell. Structural analysis reveals how Lpro can accept basic residues at P1 and P1′. Isoform lacking six C-terminal residues is impaired in intermolecular cleavage. Properties of the isoforms may modulate enzymatic activity during viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Steinberger
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina Grishkovskaya
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Cencic
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luiz Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-20 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-20 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tim Skern
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.
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Selective Targeting of Tumor and Stromal Cells By a Nanocarrier System Displaying Lipidated Cathepsin B Inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Mikhaylov G, Klimpel D, Schaschke N, Mikac U, Vizovisek M, Fonovic M, Turk V, Turk B, Vasiljeva O. Selective targeting of tumor and stromal cells by a nanocarrier system displaying lipidated cathepsin B inhibitor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:10077-81. [PMID: 24975267 PMCID: PMC4499245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CtsB) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase that is specifically translocated to the extracellular milieu during cancer progression. The development of a lipidated CtsB inhibitor incorporated into the envelope of a liposomal nanocarrier (LNC-NS-629) is described. Ex vivo and in vivo studies confirmed selective targeting and internalization of LNC-NS-629 by tumor and stromal cells, thus validating CtsB targeting as a highly promising approach to cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mikhaylov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia); National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk (Russia); Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, 1000 Ljubljana (Slovenia)
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12
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Radzey H, Rethmeier M, Klimpel D, Grundhuber M, Sommerhoff CP, Schaschke N. E-64c-hydrazide: a lead structure for the development of irreversible cathepsin C inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1314-21. [PMID: 23780739 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin C is a papain-like cysteine protease with dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity that is thought to activate various granule-associated serine proteases. Its exopeptidase activity is structurally explained by the so-called exclusion domain, which blocks the active-site cleft beyond the S2 site and, with its Asp 1 residue, provides an anchoring point for the N terminus of peptide and protein substrates. Here, the hydrazide of (2S,3S)-trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-3-methylbutane (E-64c) (k2/Ki =140±5 M(-1) s(-1)) is demonstrated to be a lead structure for the development of irreversible cathepsin C inhibitors. The distal amino group of the hydrazide moiety addresses the acidic Asp 1 residue at the entrance of the S2 pocket by hydrogen bonding while also occupying the flat hydrophobic S1'-S2' area with its leucine-isoamylamide moiety. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship studies revealed that functionalization of this distal amino group with alkyl residues can be used to occupy the conserved hydrophobic S2 pocket. In particular, the n-butyl derivative was identified as the most potent inhibitor of the series (k2/Ki =56 000±1700 M(-1) s(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Radzey
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Qiu R, Liu X, Hu YH, Sun BG. Expression characterization and activity analysis of a cathepsin B from Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1376-1382. [PMID: 23473863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin B (EC 3.4.22.1) is a member of lysosomal cysteine protease and has a papain-like fold. In mammals, it is involved in protein degradation and other physiological processes including immune response. However, little is known about the function of cathepsin B in mollusks. In this study, we identified and analyzed a cathepsin B homolog (HdCatB) from Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), an economically important mollusk species cultured in East Asia. HdCatB is composed of 336 amino acid residues and its mature form is predicted to start at residue 86. HdCatB possesses typical domain architecture of cathepsin B and contains a propeptide region and a cysteine protease domain, the latter containing the four active site residues (Q108, C114, H282, and N302) that are conserved in many different organisms. HdCatB shares 40-60% overall sequence identities with the cathepsin Bofa number of vertebrates and invertebrates and is phylogenetically very close to mollusk cathepsin B. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis revealed that HdCatB expression occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated by bacterial infection. Recombinant HdCatB purified from Escherichia coli exhibited apparent protease activity, which was optimal at 45 °C and pH 6.0. These results indicate that HdCatB is a bioactive protease that is likely to be implicated in the immune response of abalone during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reng Qiu
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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Nogueira Santos JA, Assis DM, Gouvea IE, Júdice WAS, Izidoro MA, Juliano MA, Skern T, Juliano L. Foot and mouth disease leader protease (Lbpro): Investigation of prime side specificity allows the synthesis of a potent inhibitor. Biochimie 2011; 94:711-8. [PMID: 22085639 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus expresses its genetic information as a single polyprotein that is translated from the single-stranded RNA genome. Proteinases contained within the polyprotein then generate the mature viral proteins. The leader protease (Lb(pro)) performs the initial cleavage by freeing itself from the growing polypeptide chain; subsequently, Lb(pro) cleaves the two homologues of the host cell protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). We showed that Lb(pro) possesses specific binding sites at the non prime side from S(1) down to S(7) [Santos et al. (2009) Biochemistry, 48, 7948-7958]. Here, we demonstrate that Lb(pro) has high prime side specificity at least down to the S'(5) site. Lb(pro) is thus not only one of the smallest papain-like cysteine peptidases but also one of the most specific. It can still however cleave between both K↓G and G↓R pairs. We further determined the two-step irreversible inhibition (E + I ↔ EI→ E - I) kinetic parameters of two known irreversible epoxide-based inhibitors of cysteine proteinases, E64 and CA074 on Lb(pro) that show for the reversible step (E + I ↔ EI) K(i) = 3.4 μM and 11.6 μM, and for the irreversible step (EI→E-I) k(4) = 0.16 and 0.06 min(-1), respectively. Knowledge of the Lb(pro) specificity led us to extend E64 by addition of the dipeptide R-P. This compound, termed E64-R-P-NH(2), irreversibly inhibited Lb(pro) with a K(i) = 30 nM and k(4) = 0.01 min(-1) and can serve as the basis for design of specific inhibitors of FMDV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alexandre Nogueira Santos
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-20 São Paulo, Brazil
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Biniossek ML, Nägler DK, Becker-Pauly C, Schilling O. Proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites characterizes prime and non-prime specificity of cysteine cathepsins B, L, and S. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:5363-73. [PMID: 21967108 DOI: 10.1021/pr200621z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins mediate proteome homeostasis and have pivotal functions in diseases such as cancer. To better understand substrate recognition by cathepsins B, L, and S, we applied proteomic identification of protease cleavage sites (PICS) for simultaneous profiling of prime and non-prime specificity. PICS profiling of cathepsin B endopeptidase specificity highlights strong selectivity for glycine in P3' due to an occluding loop blocking access to the primed subsites. In P1', cathepsin B has a partial preference for phenylalanine, which is not found for cathepsins L and S. Occurrence of P1' phenylalanine often coincides with aromatic residues in P2. For cathepsin L, PICS identifies 845 cleavage sites, representing the most comprehensive PICS profile to date. Cathepsin L specificity is dominated by the canonical preference for aromatic residues in P2 with limited contribution of prime-site selectivity determinants. Profiling of cathepsins B and L with a shorter incubation time (4 h instead of 16 h) did not reveal time-dependency of individual specificity determinants. Cathepsin S specificity was profiled at pH 6.0 and 7.5. The PICS profiles at both pH values display a high degree of similarity. Cathepsin S specificity is primarily guided by aliphatic residues in P2 with limited importance of prime-site residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Biniossek
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Germany
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Cysteine cathepsins: from structure, function and regulation to new frontiers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1824:68-88. [PMID: 22024571 PMCID: PMC7105208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is more than 50 years since the lysosome was discovered. Since then its hydrolytic machinery, including proteases and other hydrolases, has been fairly well identified and characterized. Among these are the cysteine cathepsins, members of the family of papain-like cysteine proteases. They have unique reactive-site properties and an uneven tissue-specific expression pattern. In living organisms their activity is a delicate balance of expression, targeting, zymogen activation, inhibition by protein inhibitors and degradation. The specificity of their substrate binding sites, small-molecule inhibitor repertoire and crystal structures are providing new tools for research and development. Their unique reactive-site properties have made it possible to confine the targets simply by the use of appropriate reactive groups. The epoxysuccinyls still dominate the field, but now nitriles seem to be the most appropriate “warhead”. The view of cysteine cathepsins as lysosomal proteases is changing as there is now clear evidence of their localization in other cellular compartments. Besides being involved in protein turnover, they build an important part of the endosomal antigen presentation. Together with the growing number of non-endosomal roles of cysteine cathepsins is growing also the knowledge of their involvement in diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. Finally, cysteine cathepsins are important regulators and signaling molecules of an unimaginable number of biological processes. The current challenge is to identify their endogenous substrates, in order to gain an insight into the mechanisms of substrate degradation and processing. In this review, some of the remarkable advances that have taken place in the past decade are presented. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis 50 years after the discovery of lysosome.
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Mirković B, Renko M, Turk S, Sosič I, Jevnikar Z, Obermajer N, Turk D, Gobec S, Kos J. Novel mechanism of cathepsin B inhibition by antibiotic nitroxoline and related compounds. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1351-6. [PMID: 21598397 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Mirković
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Robinson MW, Corvo I, Jones PM, George AM, Padula MP, To J, Cancela M, Rinaldi G, Tort JF, Roche L, Dalton JP. Collagenolytic activities of the major secreted cathepsin L peptidases involved in the virulence of the helminth pathogen, Fasciola hepatica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1012. [PMID: 21483711 PMCID: PMC3071364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The temporal expression and secretion of distinct members of a family of virulence-associated cathepsin L cysteine peptidases (FhCL) correlates with the entry and migration of the helminth pathogen Fasciola hepatica in the host. Thus, infective larvae traversing the gut wall secrete cathepsin L3 (FhCL3), liver migrating juvenile parasites secrete both FhCL1 and FhCL2 while the mature bile duct parasites, which are obligate blood feeders, secrete predominantly FhCL1 but also FhCL2. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show that FhCL1, FhCL2 and FhCL3 exhibit differences in their kinetic parameters towards a range of peptide substrates. Uniquely, FhCL2 and FhCL3 readily cleave substrates with Pro in the P2 position and peptide substrates mimicking the repeating Gly-Pro-Xaa motifs that occur within the primary sequence of collagen. FhCL1, FhCL2 and FhCL3 hydrolysed native type I and II collagen at neutral pH but while FhCL1 cleaved only non-collagenous (NC, non-Gly-X-Y) domains FhCL2 and FhCL3 exhibited collagenase activity by cleaving at multiple sites within the α1 and α2 triple helix regions (Col domains). Molecular simulations created for FhCL1, FhCL2 and FhCL3 complexed to various seven-residue peptides supports the idea that Trp67 and Tyr67 in the S2 subsite of the active sites of FhCL3 and FhCL2, respectively, are critical to conferring the unique collagenase-like activity to these enzymes by accommodating either Gly or Pro residues at P2 in the substrate. The data also suggests that FhCL3 accommodates hydroxyproline (Hyp)-Gly at P3-P2 better than FhCL2 explaining the observed greater ability of FhCL3 to digest type I and II collagens compared to FhCL2 and why these enzymes cleave at different positions within the Col domains. Conclusions/Significance These studies further our understanding of how this helminth parasite regulates peptidase expression to ensure infection, migration and establishment in host tissues. Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite that causes liver fluke disease (fasciolosis) in domestic animals (sheep and cattle) and humans worldwide. In order to infect their mammalian hosts, F. hepatica larvae must penetrate and traverse the intestinal wall of the duodenum, move through the peritoneum and penetrate the liver. After migrating through the liver, causing extensive tissue damage, the parasites move to their final niche in the bile ducts where they mature and feed on host haemoglobin to support the production of eggs. To achieve these tasks, F. hepatica secretes a number of distinct cathepsin L cysteine peptidases (FhCL). Thus, the infective larvae that penetrate the host gut secrete cathepsin L3 (FhCL3), the migrating liver-stage juvenile parasites secrete both FhCL1 and FhCL2 while mature bile duct parasites that feed on host blood secrete predominantly FhCL1 but also FhCL2. Here we show that the major cathepsin L peptidases secreted by F. hepatica (FhCL1, FhCL2 and FhCL3) display differential ability to degrade host collagen (an important component of host tissues) and investigate this phenomenon at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Robinson
- Infection, Immunity and Innovation (i3) Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Cathepsins B1 and B2 of Trichobilharzia SPP., bird schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:136-54. [PMID: 21660663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichobilharzia regenti and T. szidati are schistosomes that infect birds. although T. regenti/T. szidati can only complete their life cycle in specific bird hosts (waterfowl), their larvae-cercariae are able to penetrate, transform and then migrate as schistosomula in nonspecific hosts (e.g., mouse, man). Peptidases are among the key molecules produced by these schistosomes that enable parasite invasion and survival within the host and include cysteine peptidases such as cathepsins B1 and B2. These enzymes are indispensable bio-catalysts in a number of basal biological processes and host-parasite interactions, e.g., tissue invasion/migration, nutrition and immune evasion. Similar biochemical and functional characteristics were observed for cathepsins B1 and B2 in bird schistosomes (T. regenti, T. szidati) and also for their homologs in human schistosomes (Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum). Therefore, data obtained in the research of bird schistosomes can also be exploited for the control of human schistosomes such as the search for targets of novel chemotherapeutic drugs and vaccines.
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Yao X, Zhang J, Sun J, Liu B. Recombinant expression, characterization and expressional analysis of clam Meretrix meretrix cathepsin B, an enzyme involved in nutrient digestion. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1861-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peptidyl epoxides extended in the P′ direction as cysteine protease inhibitors: Effect on affinity and mechanism of inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9032-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schaschke N, Assfalg‐Machleidt I, Machleidt W. Inhibition of Cathepsin L by Epoxysuccinyl Peptides Simultaneously Addressing Active‐Site and Remote‐Site Regions. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1721-4. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Büth H, Luigi Buttigieg P, Ostafe R, Rehders M, Dannenmann SR, Schaschke N, Stark HJ, Boukamp P, Brix K. Cathepsin B is essential for regeneration of scratch-wounded normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:747-61. [PMID: 17651862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes are important processes during tissue regeneration and wound healing of the skin. Here, we focussed on proteases that contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling as a prerequisite of keratinocyte migration. In particular, we assessed the significance of the mammalian cysteine peptidase cathepsin B for human keratinocytes during regeneration from scratch wounding. We describe the construction of a scratch apparatus that allows applying scratches of defined length, width and depth to cultured cells in a reproducible fashion. The rationale for our approach derived from our previous work where we have shown that HaCaT keratinocytes secrete cathepsin B into the extracellular space during spontaneous and induced migration. Here, we observed rapid removal of type IV collagen from underneath lamellipodial extensions of keratinocytes at the advancing fronts of regenerating monolayers, indicating that proteolytic ECM remodeling starts upon initiation of keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, we verified our previous results with HaCaT cells by using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and show that non-cell-permeant cathepsin B-specific inhibitors delayed full regeneration of the monolayers from scratch wounding in both cell systems, HaCaT and NHEK. Application of a single dose of cathepsin B inhibitor directly after scratch wounding of keratinocytes demonstrated that cathepsin B is essential during initial stages of wound healing, while its contribution to the subsequent processes of proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes was of less significance. This notion was supported by our observation that the cathepsin B inhibitors used in this study did not affect proliferation rates of keratinocytes of regenerating cultures. Thus, we conclude that cathepsin B is indeed involved in ECM remodeling after its secretion from migrating keratinocytes. Cathepsin B might directly cleave ECM constituents or it may initiate proteolytic cascades that involve other proteases with the ability to degrade ECM components. Because cathepsin B is important for enabling migration of both, HaCaT cells and NHEK, our results support the notion that HaCaT keratinocytes represent an excellent cell culture model for analysis of human epidermal skin keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Büth
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen (formerly International University Bremen), Campus Ring 6, Research II-107, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
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Sadaghiani AM, Verhelst SHL, Gocheva V, Hill K, Majerova E, Stinson S, Joyce JA, Bogyo M. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of In Vivo Potency and Selectivity of Epoxysuccinyl-Based Inhibitors of Papain-Family Cysteine Proteases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:499-511. [PMID: 17524981 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The papain-family cathepsins are cysteine proteases that are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for a number of human disease conditions ranging from osteoporosis to cancer. Relatively few selective inhibitors for this family exist, and the in vivo selectivity of most existing compounds is unclear. We present here the synthesis of focused libraries of epoxysuccinyl-based inhibitors and their screening in crude tissue extracts. We identified a number of potent inhibitors that display selectivity for endogenous cathepsin targets both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the selectivity patterns observed in crude extracts were generally retained in vivo, as assessed by active-site labeling of tissues from treated animals. Overall, this study identifies several important compound classes and highlights the use of activity-based probes to assess pharmacodynamic properties of small-molecule inhibitors in vivo.
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Schaschke N. (2S,3S)-Oxirane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid: A privileged platform for probing human cysteine cathepsins. J Biotechnol 2007; 129:308-15. [PMID: 17339064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 01/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The notion that human cysteine cathepsins contribute only to general protein turnover within the lysosomes has changed in the last decade in a substantial manner. A continuously growing number of data accumulated in different fields of life sciences revealed that these enzymes are involved in a variety of pivotal physiological processes. To investigate these particular fraction of proteolytical activity of the human degradome even in a complex cellular environment, chemical probes that covalently label the corresponding proteases proved to be versatile tools. (2S,3S)-Oxirane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid provides an ideal platform for the design of such probing systems. Depending on the complexity of the attached recognition elements, either the activity of the entire group of human cysteine cathepsins or individual members can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schaschke
- Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Watanabe D, Yamamoto A, Tomoo K, Matsumoto K, Murata M, Kitamura K, Ishida T. Quantitative evaluation of each catalytic subsite of cathepsin B for inhibitory activity based on inhibitory activity-binding mode relationship of epoxysuccinyl inhibitors by X-ray crystal structure analyses of complexes. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:979-93. [PMID: 16950396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To quantitatively estimate the inhibitory effect of each substrate-binding subsite of cathepsin B (CB), a series of epoxysuccinyl derivatives with different functional groups bound to both carbon atoms of the epoxy ring were synthesized, and the relationship between their inhibitory activities and binding modes at CB subsites was evaluated by the X-ray crystal structure analyses of eight complexes. With the common reaction in which the epoxy ring of inhibitor was opened to form a covalent bond with the SgammaH group of the active center Cys29, the observed binding modes of the substituents of inhibitors at the binding subsites of CB enabled the quantitative assessment of the inhibitory effect of each subsite. Although the single blockage of S1' or S2' subsite exerts only the inhibitory effect of IC50 = approximately 24 microM (k2 = approximately 1250 M(-1) s(-1)) or approximately 15 microM (k2 = approximately 1800 M(-1) s(-1)), respectively, the synchronous block of both subsites leads to IC50 = approximately 23 nM (k2 = 153,000 - 185,000 M(-1) s(-1)), under the condition that (i) the inhibitor possesses a P1' hydrophobic residue such as Ile and a P2' hydrophobic residue such as Ala, Ile or Pro, and (ii) the C-terminal carboxyl group of a P2' residue is able to form paired hydrogen bonds with the imidazole NH of His110 and the imidazole N of His111 of CB. The inhibitor of a Pn' > or = 3' substituent was not potentiated by collision with the occluding loop. On the other hand, it was suggested that the inhibitory effects of Sn subsites are independent of those of Sn' subsites, and the simultaneous blockage of the funnel-like arrangement of S2 and S3 subsites leads to the inhibition of IC50 = approximately 40 nM (k2 = approximately 66,600 M(-1) s(-1)) regardless of the lack of Pn' substituents. Here we present a systematic X-ray structure-based evaluation of structure-inhibitory activity relationship of each binding subsite of CB, and the results provide the structural basis for designing a more potent CB-specific inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiya Watanabe
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara,Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Mosi R, Baird IR, Cox J, Anastassov V, Cameron B, Skerlj RT, Fricker SP. Rhenium Inhibitors of Cathepsin B (ReO(SYS)X (Where Y = S, py; X = Cl, Br, SPhOMe-p)): Synthesis and Mechanism of Inhibition. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5262-72. [PMID: 16913715 DOI: 10.1021/jm060357z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of four new oxorhenium(V) complexes containing the "3 + 1" mixed-ligand donor set, ReO(SYS)X (where Y = S, py; X = Cl, Br), is described. All of the complexes tested exhibited selectivity for cathepsin B over K. Most notably, compound 6, ReO(SSS-2,2')Br (IC50(cathepsin B) = 1.0 nM), was 260 times more potent against cathepsin B. It was also discovered that complexes containing the same tridentate (SSS) ligand were more potent when the leaving group was bromide versus chloride (e.g., IC50(cathepsin B): ReO(SSS-2,2')Cl (4), 8.8 nM; ReO(SSS-2,2')Br (6), 1.0 nM). Mechanistic studies with cathepsin B showed that both compounds 2 (ReO(SpyS)(SPhOMe-p)) and 4 were active-site-directed. Compound 2 was determined to be a tight-binding, reversible inhibitor, while compound 4 was a time-dependent, slowly reversible inhibitor. The results described in this paper show that the oxorhenium(V) "3 + 1" complexes are potent, selective inhibitors of cathepsin B and have potential for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Mosi
- AnorMED Inc., Suite 200, 20353 64th Avenue, Langley BC V2Y1N5, Canada
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Hagenstein MC, Sewald N. Chemical tools for activity-based proteomics. J Biotechnol 2006; 124:56-73. [PMID: 16442651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several approaches for proteome analysis and the generation of proteome subsets rely on engineered chemical probes that are tailored towards the detection of different protein classes. The concepts are presented in this review covering the literature until mid-2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam C Hagenstein
- Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Germany
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30
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Luft FC. The cathepsins contribute to life and death in the placenta. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:259-61. [PMID: 16557397 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Franz Volhard Clinic, HELIOS Kliniken Berlin, Medical Faculty of the Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin-Buch, Germany.
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31
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Verhelst SHL, Bogyo M. Solid-phase synthesis of double-headed epoxysuccinyl activity-based probes for selective targeting of papain family cysteine proteases. Chembiochem 2006; 6:824-7. [PMID: 15776409 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Dvorák J, Delcroix M, Rossi A, Vopálenský V, Pospísek M, Sedinová M, Mikes L, Sajid M, Sali A, McKerrow JH, Horák P, Caffrey CR. Multiple cathepsin B isoforms in schistosomula of Trichobilharzia regenti: identification, characterisation and putative role in migration and nutrition. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:895-910. [PMID: 15950230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among schistosomatids, Trichobilharzia regenti, displays an unusual migration through the peripheral and central nervous system prior to residence in the nasal cavity of the definitive avian host. Migration causes tissue degradation and neuromotor dysfunction both in birds and experimentally infected mice. Although schistosomula have a well-developed gut, the peptidases elaborated that might facilitate nutrition and migration are unknown. This is, in large part, due to the difficulty in isolating large numbers of migrating larvae. We have identified and characterised the major 33 kDa cathepsin B-like cysteine endopeptidase in extracts of migrating schistosomula using fluorogenic peptidyl substrates with high extinction coefficients and irreversible affinity-labels. From first strand schistosomula cDNA, degenerate PCR and Rapid Amplification of cDNA End protocols were used to identify peptidase isoforms termed TrCB1.1-TrCB1.6. Highest sequence homology is to the described Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum cathepsins B1. Two isoforms (TrCB1.5 and 1.6) encode putatively inactive enzymes as the catalytic cysteine is substituted by glycine. Two other isoforms, TrCB1.1 and 1.4, were functionally expressed as zymogens in Pichia pastoris. Specific polyclonal antibodies localised the peptidases exclusively in the gut of schistosomula and reacted with a 33kDa protein in worm extracts. TrCB1.1 zymogen was unable to catalyse its own activation, but was trans-processed and activated by S. mansoni asparaginyl endopeptidase (SmAE aka. S. mansoni legumain). In contrast, TrCB1.4 zymogen auto-activated, but was resistant to the action of SmAE. Both activated isoforms displayed different pH-dependent specificity profiles with peptidyl substrates. Also, both isoforms degraded myelin basic protein, the major protein component of nervous tissue, but were inefficient against hemoglobin, thus supporting the adaptation of T. regenti gut peptidases to parasitism of host nervous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dvorák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicná 7, CZ 12844 Prague, Czech Republic
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