1
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Igami K, Kittaka H, Yagi M, Gotoh K, Matsushima Y, Ide T, Ikeda M, Ueda S, Nitta SI, Hayakawa M, Nakayama KI, Matsumoto M, Kang D, Uchiumi T. iMPAQT reveals that adequate mitohormesis from TFAM overexpression leads to life extension in mice. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302498. [PMID: 38664021 PMCID: PMC11046090 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor A, TFAM, is essential for mitochondrial function. We examined the effects of overexpressing the TFAM gene in mice. Two types of transgenic mice were created: TFAM heterozygous (TFAM Tg) and homozygous (TFAM Tg/Tg) mice. TFAM Tg/Tg mice were smaller and leaner notably with longer lifespans. In skeletal muscle, TFAM overexpression changed gene and protein expression in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, with down-regulation in complexes 1, 3, and 4 and up-regulation in complexes 2 and 5. The iMPAQT analysis combined with metabolomics was able to clearly separate the metabolomic features of the three types of mice, with increased degradation of fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids and decreased glycolysis in homozygotes. Consistent with these observations, comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed signs of mitochondrial stress, with elevation of genes associated with the integrated and mitochondrial stress responses, including Atf4, Fgf21, and Gdf15. These found that mitohormesis develops and metabolic shifts in skeletal muscle occur as an adaptive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Igami
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kittaka
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikako Yagi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Clinical Chemistry, Division of Biochemical Science and Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Gotoh
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsushima
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/035t8zc32 Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Ikeda
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saori Ueda
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nitta
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Manami Hayakawa
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Anticancer Strategies Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Kashiigaoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Clinical Chemistry, Division of Biochemical Science and Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Ohl L, Kuhs A, Pluck R, Durham E, Noji M, Philip ND, Arany Z, Ahrens-Nicklas RC. Partial suppression of BCAA catabolism as a potential therapy for BCKDK deficiency. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2024; 39:101091. [PMID: 38770403 PMCID: PMC11103483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2024.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) deficiency is a recently described inherited neurometabolic disorder of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism implying increased BCAA catabolism. It has been hypothesized that a severe reduction in systemic BCAA levels underlies the disease pathophysiology, and that BCAA supplementation may ameliorate disease phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, we characterized a recent mouse model of BCKDK deficiency and evaluated the efficacy of enteral BCAA supplementation in this model. Surprisingly, BCAA supplementation exacerbated neurodevelopmental deficits and did not correct biochemical abnormalities despite increasing systemic BCAA levels. These data suggest that aberrant flux through the BCAA catabolic pathway, not just BCAA insufficiency, may contribute to disease pathology. In support of this conclusion, genetic re-regulation of BCAA catabolism, through Dbt haploinsufficiency, partially rescued biochemical and behavioral phenotypes in BCKDK deficient mice. Collectively, these data raise into question assumptions widely made about the pathophysiology of BCKDK insufficiency and suggest a novel approach to develop potential therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ohl
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- College of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Kuhs
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan Pluck
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Durham
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael Noji
- College of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathan D. Philip
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Bowman CE, Neinast MD, Jang C, Patel J, Blair MC, Mirek ET, Jonsson WO, Chu Q, Merlo L, Mandik-Nayak L, Anthony TG, Rabinowitz JD, Arany Z. Off-target depletion of plasma tryptophan by allosteric inhibitors of BCKDK. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.05.582974. [PMID: 38496495 PMCID: PMC10942310 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.582974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The activation of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism has garnered interest as a potential therapeutic approach to improve insulin sensitivity, enhance recovery from heart failure, and blunt tumor growth. Evidence for this interest relies in part on BT2, a small molecule that promotes BCAA oxidation and is protective in mouse models of these pathologies. BT2 and other analogs allosterically inhibit branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) to promote BCAA oxidation, which is presumed to underlie the salutary effects of BT2. Potential "off-target" effects of BT2 have not been considered, however. We therefore tested for metabolic off-target effects of BT2 in Bckdk-/- animals. As expected, BT2 failed to activate BCAA oxidation in these animals. Surprisingly, however, BT2 strongly reduced plasma tryptophan levels and promoted catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine in both control and Bckdk-/- mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that none of the principal tryptophan catabolic or kynurenine-producing/consuming enzymes (TDO, IDO1, IDO2, or KATs) were required for BT2-mediated lowering of plasma tryptophan. Instead, using equilibrium dialysis assays and mice lacking albumin, we show that BT2 avidly binds plasma albumin and displaces tryptophan, releasing it for catabolism. These data confirm that BT2 activates BCAA oxidation via inhibition of BCKDK but also reveal a robust off-target effect on tryptophan metabolism via displacement from serum albumin. The data highlight a potential confounding effect for pharmaceutical compounds that compete for binding with albumin-bound tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn E. Bowman
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Present address: Biology Department, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - Michael D. Neinast
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jiten Patel
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan C. Blair
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily T. Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - William O. Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | | | - Tracy G. Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Joshua D. Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zolt Arany
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Acevedo A, Jones AE, Danna BT, Turner R, Montales KP, Benincá C, Reue K, Shirihai OS, Stiles L, Wallace M, Wang Y, Bertholet AM, Divakaruni AS. The BCKDK inhibitor BT2 is a chemical uncoupler that lowers mitochondrial ROS production and de novo lipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105702. [PMID: 38301896 PMCID: PMC10910128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and branched-chain α-ketoacids are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying a putative causal relationship remain unclear. The branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) inhibitor BT2 (3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid) is often used in preclinical models to increase BCAA oxidation and restore steady-state BCAA and branched-chain α-ketoacid levels. BT2 administration is protective in various rodent models of heart failure and metabolic disease, but confoundingly, targeted ablation of Bckdk in specific tissues does not reproduce the beneficial effects conferred by pharmacologic inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that BT2, a lipophilic weak acid, can act as a mitochondrial uncoupler. Measurements of oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and patch-clamp electrophysiology show that BT2 increases proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane independently of its inhibitory effect on BCKDK. BT2 is roughly sixfold less potent than the prototypical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol and phenocopies 2,4-dinitrophenol in lowering de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial superoxide production. The data suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of BT2 may be attributable to the well-documented effects of mitochondrial uncoupling in alleviating cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bezawit T Danna
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rory Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katrina P Montales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yibin Wang
- DukeNUS School of Medicine, Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ambre M Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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5
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Tolezano GC, Bastos GC, da Costa SS, Scliar MDO, de Souza CFM, Van Der Linden H, Fernandes WLM, Otto PA, Vianna-Morgante AM, Haddad LA, Honjo RS, Yamamoto GL, Kim CA, Rosenberg C, Jorge AADL, Bertola DR, Krepischi ACV. Clinical Characterization and Underlying Genetic Findings in Brazilian Patients with Syndromic Microcephaly Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-023-03894-8. [PMID: 38180615 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Microcephaly is characterized by an occipitofrontal circumference at least two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) are commonly associated with microcephaly, due to perturbations in brain development and functioning. Given the extensive genetic heterogeneity of microcephaly, managing patients is hindered by the broad spectrum of diagnostic possibilities that exist before conducting molecular testing. We investigated the genetic basis of syndromic microcephaly accompanied by NDD in a Brazilian cohort of 45 individuals and characterized associated clinical features, as well as evaluated the effectiveness of whole-exome sequencing (WES) as a diagnostic tool for this condition. Patients previously negative for pathogenic copy number variants underwent WES, which was performed using a trio approach for isolated index cases (n = 31), only the index in isolated cases with parental consanguinity (n = 8) or affected siblings in familial cases (n = 3). Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified in 19 families (18 genes) with a diagnostic yield of approximately 45%. Nearly 86% of the individuals had global developmental delay/intellectual disability and 51% presented with behavioral disturbances. Additional frequent clinical features included facial dysmorphisms (80%), brain malformations (67%), musculoskeletal (71%) or cardiovascular (47%) defects, and short stature (54%). Our findings unraveled the underlying genetic basis of microcephaly in half of the patients, demonstrating a high diagnostic yield of WES for microcephaly and reinforcing its genetic heterogeneity. We expanded the phenotypic spectrum associated with the condition and identified a potentially novel gene (CCDC17) for congenital microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cantini Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Civitate Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza da Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Marília de Oliveira Scliar
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Carolina Fischinger Moura de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Alberto Otto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela M Vianna-Morgante
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Luciana Amaral Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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Yazdankhah M, Ghosh S, Liu H, Hose S, Zigler JS, Sinha D. Mitophagy in Astrocytes Is Required for the Health of Optic Nerve. Cells 2023; 12:2496. [PMID: 37887340 PMCID: PMC10605486 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in astrocytes has been implicated in the development of various neurological disorders. Mitophagy, mitochondrial autophagy, is required for proper mitochondrial function by preventing the accumulation of damaged mitochondria. The importance of mitophagy, specifically in the astrocytes of the optic nerve (ON), has been little studied. We introduce an animal model in which two separate mutations act synergistically to produce severe ON degeneration. The first mutation is in Cryba1, which encodes βA3/A1-crystallin, a lens protein also expressed in astrocytes, where it regulates lysosomal pH. The second mutation is in Bckdk, which encodes branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, which is ubiquitously expressed in the mitochondrial matrix and involved in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids. BCKDK is essential for mitochondrial function and the amelioration of oxidative stress. Neither of the mutations in isolation has a significant effect on the ON, but animals homozygous for both mutations (DM) exhibit very serious ON degeneration. ON astrocytes from these double-mutant (DM) animals have lysosomal defects, including impaired mitophagy, and dysfunctional mitochondria. Urolithin A can rescue the mitophagy impairment in DM astrocytes and reduce ON degeneration. These data demonstrate that efficient mitophagy in astrocytes is required for ON health and functional integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
| | - J. Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (S.G.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (D.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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7
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Ohl L, Kuhs A, Pluck R, Durham E, Noji M, Philip ND, Arany Z, Ahrens-Nicklas RC. Partial suppression of BCAA catabolism as a potential therapy for BCKDK deficiency. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.12.560929. [PMID: 37873402 PMCID: PMC10592755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.560929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) deficiency is a recently described inherited neurometabolic disorder of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism implying increased BCAA catabolism. It has been hypothesized that a severe reduction in systemic BCAA levels underlies the disease pathophysiology, and that BCAA supplementation may ameliorate disease phenotypes. To test this hypothesis, we characterized a recent mouse model of BCKDK deficiency and evaluated the efficacy of enteral BCAA supplementation in this model. Surprisingly, BCAA supplementation exacerbated neurodevelopmental deficits and did not correct biochemical abnormalities despite increasing systemic BCAA levels. These data suggest that aberrant flux through the BCAA catabolic pathway, not just BCAA insufficiency, may contribute to disease pathology. In support of this conclusion, genetic re-regulation of BCAA catabolism, through Dbt haploinsufficiency, partially rescued biochemical and behavioral phenotypes in BCKDK deficient mice. Collectively, these data raise into question assumptions widely made about the pathophysiology of BCKDK insufficiency and suggest a novel approach to develop potential therapies for this disease.
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8
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Acevedo A, Jones AE, Danna BT, Turner R, Montales KP, Benincá C, Reue K, Shirihai OS, Stiles L, Wallace M, Wang Y, Bertholet AM, Divakaruni AS. The BCKDK inhibitor BT2 is a chemical uncoupler that lowers mitochondrial ROS production and de novo lipogenesis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.15.553413. [PMID: 37645724 PMCID: PMC10461965 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.15.553413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and branched-chain α-ketoacids (BCKAs) are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disease, but the molecular mechanisms underlying a putative causal relationship remain unclear. The branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK) inhibitor BT2 is often used in preclinical models to increase BCAA oxidation and restore steady-state BCAA and BCKA levels. BT2 administration is protective in various rodent models of heart failure and metabolic disease, but confoundingly, targeted ablation of Bckdk in specific tissues does not reproduce the beneficial effects conferred by pharmacologic inhibition. Here we demonstrate that BT2, a lipophilic weak acid, can act as a mitochondrial uncoupler. Measurements of oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane potential, and patch-clamp electrophysiology show BT2 increases proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane independently of its inhibitory effect on BCKDK. BT2 is roughly five-fold less potent than the prototypical uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and phenocopies DNP in lowering de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial superoxide production. The data suggest the therapeutic efficacy of BT2 may be attributable to the well-documented effects of mitochondrial uncoupling in alleviating cardiovascular and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bezawit T Danna
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rory Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katrina P Montales
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cristiane Benincá
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martina Wallace
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yibin Wang
- DukeNUS School of Medicine, Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 8 College Road, Mail Code 169857, Singapore
| | - Ambre M Bertholet
- Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lead contact
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9
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Yan L, Guo L. Exercise-regulated white adipocyte differentitation: An insight into its role and mechanism. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1670-1692. [PMID: 37334782 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
White adipocytes play a key role in the regulation of fat mass amount and energy balance. An appropriate level of white adipocyte differentiation is important for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Exercise, an important way to improve metabolic health, can regulate white adipocyte differentiation. In this review, the effect of exercise on the differentiation of white adipocytes is summarized. Exercise could regulate adipocyte differentiation in multiple ways, such as exerkines, metabolites, microRNAs, and so on. The potential mechanism underlying the role of exercise in adipocyte differentiation is also reviewed and discussed. In-depth investigation of the role and mechanism of exercise in white adipocyte differentiation would provide new insights into exercise-mediated improvement of metabolism and facilitate the application of exercise-based strategy against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Yan
- School of Exercise and Health and Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports and Public Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences (Shanghai University of Sport), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Guo
- School of Exercise and Health and Collaborative Innovation Center for Sports and Public Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences (Shanghai University of Sport), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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10
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Liu R, Zhang L, You H. Insulin Resistance and Impaired Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221147. [PMID: 37125547 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complicated and involves multiple contributing factors. Mounting evidence supports the concept that AD is an age-related metabolic neurodegenerative disease mediated in part by brain insulin resistance, and sharing similar metabolic dysfunctions and brain pathological characteristics that occur in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and other insulin resistance disorders. Brain insulin signal pathway is a major regulator of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. In the past several years, impaired BCAA metabolism has been described in several insulin resistant states such as obesity, T2DM and cardiovascular disease. Disrupted BCAA metabolism leading to elevation in circulating BCAAs and related metabolites is an early metabolic phenotype of insulin resistance and correlated with future onset of T2DM. Brain is a major site for BCAA metabolism. BCAAs play pivotal roles in normal brain function, especially in signal transduction, nitrogen homeostasis, and neurotransmitter cycling. Evidence from animal models and patients support the involvement of BCAA dysmetabolism in neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and maple syrup urine disease. More recently, growing studies have revealed altered BCAA metabolism in AD, but the relationship between them is poorly understood. This review is focused on the recent findings regarding BCAA metabolism and its role in AD. Moreover, we will explore how impaired BCAA metabolism influences brain function and participates in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao You
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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11
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Chen R, Li L, Zhao W. Antibiotics-induced dysbiosis in gut microbiota affects bumblebee health via regulating host amino acid metabolism. Amino Acids 2023; 55:519-528. [PMID: 36749379 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut bacteria can provide nutrition for the host, and regulate host physiological functions and host behavior. In this study, we specifically examined the important roles of free amino acids in the gut microbiota-host interaction. Bumblebees were treated with different concentrations of antibiotics (ampicillin combined with low/high concentrations of tetracycline). Then the effect of antibiotic treatments on the host body weight, gut microbiota, and the free amino acid profiles in the hindgut, hemolymph and brain of bees was evaluated. The results showed that antibiotic treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the host body weight at 11 days of age, the total bacterial load and the abundance of Bifidobacterium bohemicum and Gilliamella apicola in the bumblebee's hindgut. Additionally, the higher the concentration of antibiotics (tetracycline), the greater their impact on the body weight and intestinal microbiota of bumblebees. Further, we found that antibiotic treatments caused changes of free amino acids in different tissues, especially in the hindgut and hemolymph, including particularly the decrease of several types of essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids. Our results suggest that the gut microbiota may modulate the host growth via specific essential amino acids and branched-chain amino acids, which further reveals the crucial roles of free amino acids in the gut microbiota-host interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Mele S, Martelli F, Lin J, Kanca O, Christodoulou J, Bellen HJ, Piper MDW, Johnson TK. Drosophila as a diet discovery tool for treating amino acid disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:85-105. [PMID: 36567227 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid disorders (AADs) are a large group of rare inherited conditions that collectively impact one in 6500 live births, often resulting in rapid neurological decline and death during infancy. For several AADs, including phenylketonuria, dietary modification prevents physiological deterioration and ameliorates symptoms. Despite this remarkable potential for treatment success, dietary therapy for most AADs remains largely unexplored. Although animal models have provided novel insights into AAD mechanisms, few have been used for therapeutic diet discovery. Here, we find that of all the animal models, Drosophila is particularly well suited for nutrigenomic disease modelling, having amino acid pathways conserved with humans, exceptional genetic tractability, and the unique availability of a synthetic customisable diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mele
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Felipe Martelli
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jiayi Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Christodoulou
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew D W Piper
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Travis K Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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13
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Murashige D, Jung JW, Neinast MD, Levin MG, Chu Q, Lambert JP, Garbincius JF, Kim B, Hoshino A, Marti-Pamies I, McDaid KS, Shewale SV, Flam E, Yang S, Roberts E, Li L, Morley MP, Bedi KC, Hyman MC, Frankel DS, Margulies KB, Assoian RK, Elrod JW, Jang C, Rabinowitz JD, Arany Z. Extra-cardiac BCAA catabolism lowers blood pressure and protects from heart failure. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1749-1764.e7. [PMID: 36223763 PMCID: PMC9633425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic activation of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is protective in models of heart failure (HF). How protection occurs remains unclear, although a causative block in cardiac BCAA oxidation is widely assumed. Here, we use in vivo isotope infusions to show that cardiac BCAA oxidation in fact increases, rather than decreases, in HF. Moreover, cardiac-specific activation of BCAA oxidation does not protect from HF even though systemic activation does. Lowering plasma and cardiac BCAAs also fails to confer significant protection, suggesting alternative mechanisms of protection. Surprisingly, activation of BCAA catabolism lowers blood pressure (BP), a known cardioprotective mechanism. BP lowering occurred independently of nitric oxide and reflected vascular resistance to adrenergic constriction. Mendelian randomization studies revealed that elevated plasma BCAAs portend higher BP in humans. Together, these data indicate that BCAA oxidation lowers vascular resistance, perhaps in part explaining cardioprotection in HF that is not mediated directly in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Murashige
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Neinast
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michael G Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lambert
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Joanne F Garbincius
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Boa Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ingrid Marti-Pamies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kendra S McDaid
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Swapnil V Shewale
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily Flam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emilia Roberts
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Li Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth C Bedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew C Hyman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David S Frankel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Bollinger E, Peloquin M, Libera J, Albuquerque B, Pashos E, Shipstone A, Hadjipanayis A, Sun Z, Xing G, Clasquin M, Stansfield JC, Tierney B, Gernhardt S, Siddall CP, Greizer T, Geoly FJ, Vargas SR, Gao LC, Williams G, Marshall M, Rosado A, Steppan C, Filipski KJ, Zhang BB, Miller RA, Roth Flach RJ. BDK inhibition acts as a catabolic switch to mimic fasting and improve metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101611. [PMID: 36220546 PMCID: PMC9589198 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic defects are implicated to be causal determinates of multiple diseases. This work aimed to better understand how enhancing BCAA catabolism affected metabolic homeostasis as well as the mechanisms underlying these improvements. METHODS The rate limiting step of BCAA catabolism is the irreversible decarboxylation by the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme complex, which is post-translationally controlled through phosphorylation by BCKDH kinase (BDK). This study utilized BT2, a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of BDK, in multiple mouse models of metabolic dysfunction and NAFLD including the high fat diet (HFD) model with acute and chronic treatment paradigms, the choline deficient and methionine minimal high fat diet (CDAHFD) model, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor null mouse model (Ldlr-/-). shRNA was additionally used to knock down BDK in liver to elucidate liver-specific effects of BDK inhibition in HFD-fed mice. RESULTS A rapid improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in HFD-fed and lean mice after BT2 treatment. Resistance to steatosis was assessed in HFD-fed mice, CDAHFD-fed mice, and Ldlr-/- mice. In all cases, BT2 treatment reduced steatosis and/or inflammation. Fasting and refeeding demonstrated a lack of response to feeding-induced changes in plasma metabolites including insulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate and hepatic gene changes in BT2-treated mice. Mechanistically, BT2 treatment acutely altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis in liver, and upstream regulator analysis suggested that BT2 treatment activated PPARα. However, BT2 did not directly activate PPARα in vitro. Conversely, shRNA-AAV-mediated knockdown of BDK specifically in liver in vivo did not demonstrate any effects on glycemia, steatosis, or PPARα-mediated gene expression in mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that BT2 treatment acutely improves metabolism and liver steatosis in multiple mouse models. While many molecular changes occur in liver in BT2-treated mice, these changes were not observed in mice with AAV-mediated shRNA knockdown of BDK. All together, these data suggest that systemic BDK inhibition is required to improve metabolism and steatosis by prolonging a fasting signature in a paracrine manner. Therefore, BCAA may act as a "fed signal" to promote nutrient storage and reduced systemic BCAA levels as shown in this study via BDK inhibition may act as a "fasting signal" to prolong the catabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bollinger
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Jenna Libera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Evanthia Pashos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Arun Shipstone
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela Hadjipanayis
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Sun
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Gang Xing
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - C. Parker Siddall
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Greizer
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Frank J. Geoly
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Sarah R. Vargas
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Lily C. Gao
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - George Williams
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Amy Rosado
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | | | - Bei B. Zhang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A. Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachel J. Roth Flach
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author. Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland St, Cambridge MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Wang J, Wang W, Zhu F, Duan Q. The role of branched chain amino acids metabolic disorders in tumorigenesis and progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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16
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Du C, Liu WJ, Yang J, Zhao SS, Liu HX. The Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase in Metabolic Disorders. Front Nutr 2022; 9:932670. [PMID: 35923208 PMCID: PMC9339795 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.932670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), composed of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are important essential amino acids in human physiology. Decades of studies have revealed their roles in protein synthesis, regulating neurotransmitter synthesis, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). BCAAs are found to be related to many metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, obesity, and heart failure. Also, many diseases are related to the alteration of the BCAA catabolism enzyme branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK), including maple syrup urine disease, human autism with epilepsy, and so on. In this review, diseases and the corresponding therapies are discussed after the introduction of the catabolism and detection methods of BCAAs and BCKDK. Also, the interaction between microbiota and BCAAs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Du
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Jie Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Zhao,
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Hui-Xin Liu,
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17
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Trautman ME, Richardson NE, Lamming DW. Protein restriction and branched-chain amino acid restriction promote geroprotective shifts in metabolism. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13626. [PMID: 35526271 PMCID: PMC9197406 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The proportion of humans suffering from age‐related diseases is increasing around the world, and creative solutions are needed to promote healthy longevity. Recent work has clearly shown that a calorie is not just a calorie—and that low protein diets are associated with reduced mortality in humans and promote metabolic health and extended lifespan in rodents. Many of the benefits of protein restriction on metabolism and aging are the result of decreased consumption of the three branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Here, we discuss the emerging evidence that BCAAs are critical modulators of healthy metabolism and longevity in rodents and humans, as well as the physiological and molecular mechanisms that may drive the benefits of BCAA restriction. Our results illustrate that protein quality—the specific composition of dietary protein—may be a previously unappreciated driver of metabolic dysfunction and that reducing dietary BCAAs may be a promising new approach to delay and prevent diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela E. Trautman
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison Wisconsin USA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Nicole E. Richardson
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison Wisconsin USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - Dudley W. Lamming
- Department of Medicine University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital Madison Wisconsin USA
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Graduate Training Program University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
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18
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Abstract
Background The underlying mechanism of muscle atrophy in sarcopenia is still not fully understood; branched chain aminotransferase 1(BCAT1) isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 encodes an evolutionarily conserved cytoplasmic aminotransferase for glutamate and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), thus constituting a regulatory component of cytoplasmic amino and keto acid metabolism. In human gliomas carrying wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase-1, BCAT1 promotes cell proliferation through amino acid catabolism. Hence, the goals of this study were to unravel the potential role of BCAT1 expression in muscle atrophy and to explore the mechanisms underlying this process. Methods We first measured Bcat1 expression by RT-qPCR and western blotting in murine and cellular models of muscle atrophy. To understand how the Bcat1-driven changes sustained muscle cell growth, we analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and activation of the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway in muscle cells. Furthermore, we performed Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK8) assays and fluorescence staining to evaluate growth rate of cells and ROS levels. Finally, we verified that depletion of Bcat1 impairs the growth rate of muscle cells and increases ROS levels, indicating that muscle atrophy resulted from the downregulation of the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway. Data were analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for two groups to determine statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 and SPSS 16.0 software. Results Bcat1 expression level in skeletal muscles was lower in murine and cellular models of sarcopenia than in the control groups. Bcat1 knockdown not only suppressed the growth of muscle cells but also increased the production of ROS. Impaired cell growth and increased ROS production was rescued by co-introduction of an shRNA-resistant Bcat1 cDNA or addition of the mTORC1 stimulator MYH1485. Muscle cells with Bcat1 knockdown featured lower mTORC1 and S6K1 phosphorylation (pS6K1) than NT muscle cells. Addition of either shRNA-resistant Bcat1 cDNA or MYH1485 rescued the suppression of cell growth, increase in ROS production, and decrease in pS6K1. Conclusions The branched chain amino acids catabolic enzyme BCAT1 is essential for the growth of muscle cells. BCAT1 expression contributes to sustained growth of muscle cells by activating mTOR signaling and reducing ROS production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12891-022-05332-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Department of Neuromedicine, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xuguang Gao
- Department of Neuromedicine, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neuromedicine, Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
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19
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Maguolo A, Rodella G, Giorgetti A, Nicolodi M, Ribeiro R, Dianin A, Cantalupo G, Monge I, Carcereri S, De Bernardi ML, Delledonne M, Pasini A, Campostrini N, Ion Popa F, Piacentini G, Teofoli F, Vincenzi M, Camilot M, Bordugo A. A Gain-of-Function Mutation on BCKDK Gene and Its Possible Pathogenic Role in Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:233. [PMID: 35205278 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BCKDK is an important key regulator of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex activity by phosphorylating and so inactivating branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenases, the rate-limiting enzyme of the branched-chain amino acid metabolism. We identified, by whole exome-sequencing analysis, the p.His162Gln variant of the BCKDK gene in a neonate, picked up by newborn screening, with a biochemical phenotype of a mild form of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). The same biochemical and genetic picture was present in the father. Computational analysis of the mutation was performed to better understand its role. Extensive atomistic molecular dynamics simulations showed that the described mutation leads to a conformational change of the BCKDK protein, which reduces the effect of inhibitory binding bound to the protein itself, resulting in its increased activity with subsequent inactivation of BCKDC and increased plasmatic branched-chain amino acid levels. Our study describes the first evidence of the involvement of the BCKDK gene in a mild form of MSUD. Although further data are needed to elucidate the clinical relevance of the phenotype caused by this variant, awareness of this regulatory activation of BCKDK is very important, especially in newborn screening data interpretation.
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20
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Li X, Hui S, Mirek ET, Jonsson WO, Anthony TG, Lee WD, Zeng X, Jang C, Rabinowitz JD. Circulating metabolite homeostasis achieved through mass action. Nat Metab 2022; 4:141-152. [PMID: 35058631 PMCID: PMC9244777 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis maintains serum metabolites within physiological ranges. For glucose, this requires insulin, which suppresses glucose production while accelerating its consumption. For other circulating metabolites, a comparable master regulator has yet to be discovered. Here we show that, in mice, many circulating metabolites are cleared via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle in linear proportionality to their circulating concentration. Abundant circulating metabolites (essential amino acids, serine, alanine, citrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate) were administered intravenously in perturbative amounts and their fluxes were measured using isotope labelling. The increased circulating concentrations induced by the perturbative infusions hardly altered production fluxes while linearly enhancing consumption fluxes and TCA contributions. The same mass action relationship between concentration and consumption flux largely held across feeding, fasting and high- and low-protein diets, with amino acid homeostasis during fasting further supported by enhanced endogenous protein catabolism. Thus, despite the copious regulatory machinery in mammals, circulating metabolite homeostasis is achieved substantially through mass action-driven oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily T Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - William O Jonsson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Won Dong Lee
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xianfeng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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21
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Shida Y, Endo H, Owada S, Inagaki Y, Sumiyoshi H, Kamiya A, Eto T, Tatemichi M. Branched-chain amino acids govern the high learning ability phenotype in Tokai high avoider (THA) rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23104. [PMID: 34845278 PMCID: PMC8630195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To fully understand the mechanisms governing learning and memory, animal models with minor interindividual variability and higher cognitive function are required. THA rats established by crossing those with high learning capacity exhibit excellent learning and memory abilities, but the factors underlying their phenotype are completely unknown. In the current study, we compare the hippocampi of parental strain Wistar rats to those of THA rats via metabolomic analysis in order to identify molecules specific to the THA rat hippocampus. Higher branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels and enhanced activation of BCAA metabolism-associated enzymes were observed in THA rats, suggesting that acetyl-CoA and acetylcholine are synthesized through BCAA catabolism. THA rats maintained high blood BCAA levels via uptake of BCAAs in the small intestine and suppression of BCAA catabolism in the liver. Feeding THA rats with a BCAA-reduced diet decreased acetylcholine levels and learning ability, thus, maintaining high BCAA levels while their proper metabolism in the hippocampus is the mechanisms underlying the high learning ability in THA rats. Identifying appropriate BCAA nutritional supplements and activation methods may thus hold potential for the prevention and amelioration of higher brain dysfunction, including learning disabilities and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Shida
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Owada
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sumiyoshi
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Department of Innovative Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Tomoo Eto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tatemichi
- Center for Molecular Prevention and Environmental Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa, 259-1193, Japan
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22
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Nouri N, Bahreini A, Nasiri J, Salehi M. Clinical and genetic profile of children with unexplained intellectual disability/developmental delay and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2021; 177:106782. [PMID: 34695666 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of performing whole exome sequencing in children with unexplained intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD), and epilepsy. METHODS We enrolled 61 Iranian children with unexplained DD/ID, and epilepsy with no etiologic diagnosis. 64 % of cases were male and 36 % were female, with a mean age of 6.2 years (range, 38 days to 15 years). Approximately 79 % of patients were born to consanguineous parents or had non-related parents from a highly inbred local region. Whole-exome sequencing analysis followed by Sanger sequencing was performed in all patients. RESULTS Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified in 59% (36/61) of patients, consisting of 26 novel and 14 known alterations. Variants of unknown significance were observed in 6.5 % (4/61) of patients. Variants in 28 genes have not been previously reported in Iranian patients with ID. Several additional phenotypes, mostly microcephaly, were common in 57.4 % of cases. Additionally, epilepsy was refractory in 40 % of patients. Three groups of brain anomalies consisting of brain dysgenesis, brain atrophy, and leukodystrophy were identified in our cohort. Mutations in genes implicated in cellular metabolic pathways were the most common, followed by ion channel/ion transporter and transcription pathways. DISCUSSION High-throughput DNA sequencing of the Iranian population with a high rate of parental consanguinity is a valuable strategy for identifying genetic etiology in children with unexplained ID/DD and epilepsy. Determining the genetic basis and most commonly involved pathways may help to identify novel genes and targeted antiepileptic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Nouri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Bahreini
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA; KaryoGen, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jafar Nasiri
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Cellular, Molecular and Genetics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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23
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Yamane T, Kitaura Y, Iwatsuki K, Shimomura Y, Oishi Y. Branched-chain amino acids regulate hyaluronan synthesis and PPARα expression in the skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:2292-2294. [PMID: 34529047 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of deletion of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK), a key enzyme in branched-chain amino acid catabolism, on hyaluronan synthesis in mice. The skin levels of hyaluronan and the gene expression levels of hyaluronan synthase (Has)2, Has3, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α were significantly lower in the BDK-knockout group than in the wild-type group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oishi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez O, Alejo R, Fernández-Novoa L, Cacabelos P, Corzo L, Rodríguez S, Alcaraz M, Nebril L, Tellado I, Cacabelos N, Pego R, Naidoo V, Carril JC. Atremorine in Parkinson's disease: From dopaminergic neuroprotection to pharmacogenomics. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2841-2886. [PMID: 34106485 DOI: 10.1002/med.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atremorine is a novel bioproduct obtained by nondenaturing biotechnological processes from a genetic species of Vicia faba. Atremorine is a potent dopamine (DA) enhancer with powerful effects on the neuronal dopaminergic system, acting as a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Over 97% of PD patients respond to a single dose of Atremorine (5 g, p.o.) 1 h after administration. This response is gender-, time-, dose-, and genotype-dependent, with optimal doses ranging from 5 to 20 g/day, depending upon disease severity and concomitant medication. Drug-free patients show an increase in DA levels from 12.14 ± 0.34 pg/ml to 6463.21 ± 1306.90 pg/ml; and patients chronically treated with anti-PD drugs show an increase in DA levels from 1321.53 ± 389.94 pg/ml to 16,028.54 ± 4783.98 pg/ml, indicating that Atremorine potentiates the dopaminergic effects of conventional anti-PD drugs. Atremorine also influences the levels of other neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline) and hormones which are regulated by DA (e.g., prolactin, PRL), with no effect on serotonin or histamine. The variability in Atremorine-induced DA response is highly attributable to pharmacogenetic factors. Polymorphic variants in pathogenic (SNCA, NUCKS1, ITGA8, GPNMB, GCH1, BCKDK, APOE, LRRK2, ACMSD), mechanistic (DRD2), metabolic (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4/5, NAT2), transporter (ABCB1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4) and pleiotropic genes (APOE) influence the DA response to Atremorine and its psychomotor and brain effects. Atremorine enhances DNA methylation and displays epigenetic activity via modulation of the pharmacoepigenetic network. Atremorine is a novel neuroprotective agent for dopaminergic neurons with potential prophylactic and therapeutic activity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- Department of Health Biotechnology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Olaia Martínez
- Department of Medical Epigenetics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Cacabelos
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lola Corzo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Susana Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Margarita Alcaraz
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Laura Nebril
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Tellado
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Natalia Cacabelos
- Department of Medical Documentation, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Rocío Pego
- Department of Neuropsychology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Department of Neuroscience, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Juan C Carril
- Department of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
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25
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle protein synthesis is a highly complex process, influenced by nutritional status, mechanical stimuli, repair programs, hormones, and growth factors. The molecular aspects of protein synthesis are centered around the mTORC1 complex. However, the intricacies of mTORC1 regulation, both up and downstream, have expanded overtime. Moreover, the plastic nature of skeletal muscle makes it a unique tissue, having to coordinate between temporal changes in myofiber metabolism and hypertrophy/atrophy stimuli within a tissue with considerable protein content. Skeletal muscle manages the push and pull between anabolic and catabolic pathways through key regulatory proteins to promote energy production in times of nutrient deprivation or activate anabolic pathways in times of nutrient availability and anabolic stimuli. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) can be used for both energy production and signaling to induce protein synthesis. The metabolism of BCAAs occur in tandem with energetic and anabolic processes, converging at several points along their respective pathways. The fate of intramuscular BCAAs adds another layer of regulation, which has consequences to promote or inhibit muscle fiber protein anabolism. This review will outline the general mechanisms of muscle protein synthesis and describe how metabolic pathways can regulate this process. Lastly, we will discuss how BCAA availability and demand coordinate with synthesis mechanisms and identify key factors involved in intramuscular BCAA trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P White
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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26
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Heinemann-Yerushalmi L, Bentovim L, Felsenthal N, Vinestock RC, Michaeli N, Krief S, Silberman A, Cohen M, Ben-Dor S, Brenner O, Haffner-Krausz R, Itkin M, Malitsky S, Erez A, Zelzer E. BCKDK regulates the TCA cycle through PDC in the absence of PDK family during embryonic development. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1182-1194.e6. [PMID: 33773101 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDK1-4) inhibit the TCA cycle by phosphorylating pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Here, we show that PDK family is dispensable for murine embryonic development and that BCKDK serves as a compensatory mechanism by inactivating PDC. First, we knocked out all four Pdk genes one by one. Surprisingly, Pdk total KO embryos developed and were born in expected ratios but died by postnatal day 4 because of hypoglycemia or ketoacidosis. Moreover, PDC was phosphorylated in these embryos, suggesting that another kinase compensates for PDK family. Bioinformatic analysis implicated branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (Bckdk), a key regulator of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolism. Indeed, knockout of Bckdk and Pdk family led to the loss of PDC phosphorylation, an increase in PDC activity and pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle, and embryonic lethality. These findings reveal a regulatory crosstalk hardwiring BCAA and glucose catabolic pathways, which feed the TCA cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lital Bentovim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ron Carmel Vinestock
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nofar Michaeli
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alon Silberman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Marina Cohen
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Shifra Ben-Dor
- Bioinformatics and Biological Computing Unit, Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rebecca Haffner-Krausz
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maxim Itkin
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sergey Malitsky
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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27
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Blair MC, Neinast MD, Arany Z. Whole-body metabolic fate of branched-chain amino acids. Biochem J 2021; 478:765-76. [PMID: 33626142 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is tightly regulated in mammals. We review here the distribution and regulation of whole-body BCAA oxidation. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the rate-limiting enzyme, branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex directly regulates BCAA oxidation, and various other indirect mechanisms of regulation also exist. Most tissues throughout the body are capable of BCAA oxidation, and the flux of oxidative BCAA disposal in each tissue is influenced by three key factors: 1. tissue-specific preference for BCAA oxidation relative to other fuels, 2. the overall oxidative activity of mitochondria within a tissue, and 3. total tissue mass. Perturbations in BCAA oxidation have been implicated in many disease contexts, underscoring the importance of BCAA homeostasis in overall health.
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28
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Kitaura Y, Shindo D, Ogawa T, Sato A, Shimomura Y. Antihypertensive drug valsartan as a novel BDK inhibitor. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105518. [PMID: 33636353 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) is affected by various physiological conditions and its abnormality is associated with glucose metabolism, heart disease, and neurological dysfunction. The first two steps of the BCAA metabolic pathway are common to the three BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). The second step is an irreversible rate-limited reaction catalyzed by branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is bound to a specific kinase, BCKDH kinase (BDK), and inactivated by phosphorylation. Here, we investigated potential new BDK inhibitors and discovered valsartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, as a new BDK inhibitor. BCKDH phosphorylation and the BCKDH-BDK interaction were inhibited by valsartan in vitro. Valsartan administration in rats resulted in increased BCKDH activity by decreasing the dephosphorylated level of BCKDH complex, bound forms of BDK from BCKDH complex as well as decreased plasma BCAA concentrations. Valsartan is a novel BDK inhibitor that competes with ATP, via a different mechanism from allosteric inhibitors. The BDK inhibitor has been shown to preserve cardiac function in pressure overload-induced heart failure mice and to attenuate insulin resistance in obese mice. Our findings suggest that valsartan is a potent seed compound for developing a powerful BDK inhibitor and useful medication for treating heart failure and metabolic diseases with suppressed BCAA catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Daichi Shindo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayato Sato
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
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29
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Lu MH, Hsueh YP. Protein synthesis as a modifiable target for autism-related dendritic spine pathophysiologies. FEBS J 2021; 289:2282-2300. [PMID: 33511762 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is increasingly recognized as a condition of altered brain connectivity. As synapses are fundamental subcellular structures for neuronal connectivity, synaptic pathophysiology has become one of central themes in autism research. Reports disagree upon whether the density of dendritic spines, namely excitatory synapses, is increased or decreased in ASD and whether the protein synthesis that is critical for dendritic spine formation and function is upregulated or downregulated. Here, we review recent evidence supporting a subgroup of ASD models with decreased dendritic spine density (hereafter ASD-DSD), including Nf1 and Vcp mutant mice. We discuss the relevance of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) insufficiency in relation to unmet protein synthesis demand in ASD-DSD. In contrast to ASD-DSD, ASD models with hyperactive mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) may represent the opposite end of the disease spectrum, often characterized by increases in protein synthesis and dendritic spine density (denoted ASD-ISD). Finally, we propose personalized dietary leucine as a strategy tailored to balancing protein synthesis demand, thereby ameliorating dendritic spine pathophysiologies and autism-related phenotypes in susceptible patients, especially those with ASD-DSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsuan Lu
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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30
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Manshaei R, Merico D, Reuter MS, Engchuan W, Mojarad BA, Chaturvedi R, Heung T, Pellecchia G, Zarrei M, Nalpathamkalam T, Khan R, Okello JBA, Liston E, Curtis M, Yuen RKC, Marshall CR, Jobling RK, Oechslin E, Wald RM, Silversides CK, Scherer SW, Kim RH, Bassett AS. Genes and Pathways Implicated in Tetralogy of Fallot Revealed by Ultra-Rare Variant Burden Analysis in 231 Genome Sequences. Front Genet 2020; 11:957. [PMID: 33110418 PMCID: PMC7522597 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide studies of rare genetic variants have begun to implicate novel mechanisms for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), a severe congenital heart defect (CHD). To provide statistical support for case-only data without parental genomes, we re-analyzed genome sequences of 231 individuals with TOF (n = 175) or related CHD. We adapted a burden test originally developed for de novo variants to assess ultra-rare variant burden in individual genes, and in gene-sets corresponding to functional pathways and mouse phenotypes, accounting for highly correlated gene-sets and for multiple testing. For truncating variants, the gene burden test confirmed significant burden in FLT4 (Bonferroni corrected p-value < 0.01). For missense variants, burden in NOTCH1 achieved genome-wide significance only when restricted to constrained genes (i.e., under negative selection, Bonferroni corrected p-value = 0.004), and showed enrichment for variants affecting the extracellular domain, especially those disrupting cysteine residues forming disulfide bonds (OR = 39.8 vs. gnomAD). Individuals with NOTCH1 ultra-rare missense variants, all with TOF, were enriched for positive family history of CHD. Other genes not previously implicated in CHD had more modest statistical support in gene burden tests. Gene-set burden tests for truncating variants identified a cluster of pathways corresponding to VEGF signaling (FDR = 0%), and of mouse phenotypes corresponding to abnormal vasculature (FDR = 0.8%); these suggested additional candidate genes not previously identified (e.g., WNT5A and ZFAND5). Results for the most promising genes were driven by the TOF subset of the cohort. The findings support the importance of ultra-rare variants disrupting genes involved in VEGF and NOTCH signaling in the genetic architecture of TOF, accounting for 11–14% of individuals in the TOF cohort. These proof-of-principle data indicate that this statistical methodology could assist in analyzing case-only sequencing data in which ultra-rare variants, whether de novo or inherited, contribute to the genetic etiopathogenesis of a complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roozbeh Manshaei
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- Deep Genomics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miriam S Reuter
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Worrawat Engchuan
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bahareh A Mojarad
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Chaturvedi
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Labatt Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy Heung
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanna Pellecchia
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mehdi Zarrei
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Nalpathamkalam
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reem Khan
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John B A Okello
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eriskay Liston
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meredith Curtis
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan K C Yuen
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Genetic Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rebekah K Jobling
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Genome Diagnostics, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Erwin Oechslin
- Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel M Wald
- Labatt Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Candice K Silversides
- Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Genetic Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond H Kim
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Cardiac Genome Clinic, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Fred A. Litwin Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Cardiology, Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Mizusawa A, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Kamei R, Shimomura Y, Kitaura Y. BDK Deficiency in Cerebral Cortex Neurons Causes Neurological Abnormalities and Affects Endurance Capacity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082267. [PMID: 32751134 PMCID: PMC7469005 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism is regulated by its rate-limiting enzyme, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is negatively regulated by BCKDH kinase (BDK). Loss of BDK function in mice and humans leads to dysregulated BCAA catabolism accompanied by neurological symptoms such as autism; however, which tissues or cell types are responsible for the phenotype has not been determined. Since BDK is highly expressed in neurons compared to astrocytes, we hypothesized that neurons are the cell type responsible for determining the neurological features of BDK deficiency. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice in which BDK deletion is restricted to neurons of the cerebral cortex (BDKEmx1-KO mice). Although BDKEmx1-KO mice were born and grew up normally, they showed clasped hind limbs when held by the tail and lower brain BCAA concentrations compared to control mice. Furthermore, these mice showed a marked increase in endurance capacity after training compared to control mice. We conclude that BDK in neurons of the cerebral cortex is essential for maintaining normal neurological functions in mice, and that accelerated BCAA catabolism in that region may enhance performance in running endurance following training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mizusawa
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Ayako Watanabe
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Minori Yamada
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Rina Kamei
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; (A.M.); (A.W.); (M.Y.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Izu H, Shibata S, Fujii T, Matsubara K. Sake cake (sake-kasu) ingestion increases branched-chain amino acids in the plasma, muscles, and brains of senescence-accelerated mice prone 8. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1490-1497. [PMID: 31119979 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1621155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To examine metabolic effects of sake cake ingestion, plasma and tissues were analyzed in senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) fed a sake cake diet. As a result, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) were found to be significantly higher in the plasma, gastrocnemius muscles and brains of the sake cake group than in the control group. Mice in the sake cake group showed stronger grip strength than the control group. High levels of circulating BCAA have been reported to be associated with pathological states, such as metabolic diseases, but the parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism were not affected between the two groups. Otherwise, pyridoxal was significantly higher and nicotinamide as well as 1-methylnicotinamide showed a tendency to be higher in the plasma of the sake cake group than in the control group. These findings indicate that intake of sake cake increases the levels of BCAA, vitamin B6, and vitamin B3. Abbreviation: CE-TOFMS: capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Izu
- a Safety and Quality Research Division , National Research Institute of Brewing , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Sachi Shibata
- b Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology , Fukuyama University , Fukuyama , Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- a Safety and Quality Research Division , National Research Institute of Brewing , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan.,c School of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Kiminori Matsubara
- d Department of Human Life Science Education , Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
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33
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Biswas D, Duffley L, Pulinilkunnil T. Role of branched‐chain amino acid–catabolizing enzymes in intertissue signaling, metabolic remodeling, and energy homeostasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:8711-8731. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802842rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipsikha Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Luke Duffley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick Dalhousie University Saint John New Brunswick Canada
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34
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Wang L, Li NN, Lu ZJ, Li JY, Peng JX, Duan LR, Peng R. Association of three candidate genetic variants in ACMSD/TMEM163, GPNMB and BCKDK /STX1B with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Han Chinese. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:45-48. [PMID: 30880162 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies have identified that polymorphisms ACMSD/TMEM163 rs6430538, GPNMB rs199347 and BCKDK /STX1B rs14235 to be the risk loci for Parkinson's disease (PD) in a Caucasian population. However, the role of these three polymorphisms in a Han Chinese population from mainland China still remains to be clarified. We conducted a large sample study to examine genetic associations of rs6430538, rs199347 and rs14235 with PD in a Han Chinese population of 989 sporadic PD patients and 1058 healthy controls. All subjects were genotyped for these loci using the Sequenom iPLEX Assay. In addition, we conducted further stratified analysis according to age at onset and compared the clinical characteristics between minor allele carriers and non-carriers for each locus. However, no significant differences were found in genotype and allele frequency distribution between PD patients and controls for the three loci, even after being stratified by age at onset. Moreover, we demonstrated that minor allele carriers cannot be distinguished from non-carriers based on their clinical features. Our study is the first to demonstrate that ACMSD/TMEM163 rs6430538, GPNMB rs199347 and BCKDK /STX1B rs14235 do not confer a significant risk for sporadic PD in mainland China. Therefore, more replication studies in additional Chinese population and other cohorts and functional studies are warranted to further clarify the role of the three loci in PD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong-Jiao Lu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Xin Peng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Li-Ren Duan
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Peng
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
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35
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Neinast MD, Jang C, Hui S, Murashige DS, Chu Q, Morscher RJ, Li X, Zhan L, White E, Anthony TG, Rabinowitz JD, Arany Z. Quantitative Analysis of the Whole-Body Metabolic Fate of Branched-Chain Amino Acids. Cell Metab 2019; 29:417-429.e4. [PMID: 30449684 PMCID: PMC6365191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevations in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) associate with numerous systemic diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and heart failure. However, an integrated understanding of whole-body BCAA metabolism remains lacking. Here, we employ in vivo isotopic tracing to systemically quantify BCAA oxidation in healthy and insulin-resistant mice. We find that most tissues rapidly oxidize BCAAs into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, with the greatest quantity occurring in muscle, brown fat, liver, kidneys, and heart. Notably, pancreas supplies 20% of its TCA carbons from BCAAs. Genetic and pharmacologic suppression of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase, a clinically targeted regulatory kinase, induces BCAA oxidation primarily in skeletal muscle of healthy mice. While insulin acutely increases BCAA oxidation in cardiac and skeletal muscle, chronically insulin-resistant mice show blunted BCAA oxidation in adipose tissues and liver, shifting BCAA oxidation toward muscle. Together, this work provides a quantitative framework for understanding systemic BCAA oxidation in health and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Neinast
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sheng Hui
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Danielle S Murashige
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raphael J Morscher
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Le Zhan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Eileen White
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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36
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Dolatabad MR, Guo LL, Xiao P, Zhu Z, He QT, Yang DX, Qu CX, Guo SC, Fu XL, Li RR, Ge L, Hu KJ, Liu HD, Shen YM, Yu X, Sun JP, Zhang PJ. Crystal structure and catalytic activity of the PPM1K N94K mutant. J Neurochem 2019; 148:550-560. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Rostaminasab Dolatabad
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Lu-lu Guo
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Science; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui China
| | - Qing-tao He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Du-xiao Yang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Chang-xiu Qu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Sheng-chao Guo
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Xiao-lei Fu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Rui-rui Li
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Lin Ge
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Ke-jia Hu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Hong-da Liu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology; School of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Yue-mao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Shandong University School of Pharmaceutical Science; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology; Shandong University; School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
| | - Jin-peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science; Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Peng-ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan Shandong China
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37
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Zhang W, Wu Y, Fan W, Chen H, Du H, Rao J. The pattern of plasma BCAA concentration and liver Bckdha gene expression in GK rats during T2D progression. Animal Model Exp Med 2018; 1:305-313. [PMID: 30891580 PMCID: PMC6388062 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to measure the concentration of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) in different species and detect the expression pattern of the liver Bckdha gene in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats during type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression. METHODS We measured the concentration of BCAA in GK rats, induced T2D cynomolgus monkeys and T2D humans by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and used real-time quantitative PCR to analyze the gene expression of Bckdha and Bckdk, which encode the rate-limiting enzymes in catabolism of, respectively, branched chain amino acids and branched chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase. RESULTS In this study, we showed that GK rat BCAA concentrations were significantly reduced at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), while the expression of Bckdha in GK rat liver was increased at 4 and 8 weeks (1.62-fold and 1.93-fold, respectively). The BCAA concentrations were significantly reduced in diet-induced T2D cynomolgus monkeys (P < 0.01), but significantly increased in T2D humans (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that BCAA concentrations changed at different times and by different amounts in different species and during different periods of T2D progress, and the significant changes of BCAA concentration in the three species indicated that BCAA might participate in the progress of T2D. The results suggested that the increased expression of Bckdha in GK rat liver might partially explain the reduced plasma BCAA concentration at 4 and 8 weeks. Further studies are required to investigate the exact mechanism of BCAA changes in non-obese T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Zhang
- School of Biological and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Yu'e Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory AnimalsGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Biological and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Hongli Du
- School of Biological and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouChina
| | - Junhua Rao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource UtilizationGuangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and UtilizationGuangdong Institute of Applied Biological ResourcesGuangzhouChina
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Zhang
- From the KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Z.-Y.Z., J.A.S.), University of Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (Z.-Y.Z.)
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Metabolomic and Molecular Image Laboratory, Fundación Investigatión Clínico de Valencia, Spain (D.M.)
| | - Peter Verhamme
- KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (P.V.), University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan A. Staessen
- From the KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology (Z.-Y.Z., J.A.S.), University of Leuven, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, the Netherlands (J.A.S.)
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39
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White PJ, McGarrah RW, Grimsrud PA, Tso SC, Yang WH, Haldeman JM, Grenier-Larouche T, An J, Lapworth AL, Astapova I, Hannou SA, George T, Arlotto M, Olson LB, Lai M, Zhang GF, Ilkayeva O, Herman MA, Wynn RM, Chuang DT, Newgard CB. The BCKDH Kinase and Phosphatase Integrate BCAA and Lipid Metabolism via Regulation of ATP-Citrate Lyase. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1281-1293.e7. [PMID: 29779826 PMCID: PMC5990471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are strongly associated with dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report that inhibition of the kinase (BDK) or overexpression of the phosphatase (PPM1K) that regulates branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), the committed step of BCAA catabolism, lowers circulating BCAA, reduces hepatic steatosis, and improves glucose tolerance in the absence of weight loss in Zucker fatty rats. Phosphoproteomics analysis identified ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) as an alternate substrate of BDK and PPM1K. Hepatic overexpression of BDK increased ACL phosphorylation and activated de novo lipogenesis. BDK and PPM1K transcript levels were increased and repressed, respectively, in response to fructose feeding or expression of the ChREBP-β transcription factor. These studies identify BDK and PPM1K as a ChREBP-regulated node that integrates BCAA and lipid metabolism. Moreover, manipulation of the BDK:PPM1K ratio relieves key metabolic disease phenotypes in a genetic model of severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J White
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Paul A Grimsrud
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Shih-Chia Tso
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan Yang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Jonathan M Haldeman
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Jie An
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Amanda L Lapworth
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Inna Astapova
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Sarah A Hannou
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Tabitha George
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Michelle Arlotto
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Lyra B Olson
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Michelle Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - R Max Wynn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David T Chuang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center & Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC 27701, USA; Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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Shimomura Y, Kitaura Y. Physiological and pathological roles of branched-chain amino acids in the regulation of protein and energy metabolism and neurological functions. Pharmacol Res 2018; 133:215-217. [PMID: 29803540 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) are essential amino acids for humans and play an important role as the building blocks of proteins. Recent studies have disclosed that free BCAAs in the tissue amino acid pool function not only as substrates for protein synthesis, but also as regulators of protein and energy metabolism. Furthermore, BCAAs are actively used as an amino group donor to synthesize glutamate in the brain. These functions of BCAAs are closely related to human health. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning physiological and pathological roles of free BCAAs in the metabolism and neurological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Lab. of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Lab. of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Yamane T, Morioka Y, Kitaura Y, Iwatsuki K, Shimomura Y, Oishi Y. Branched-chain amino acids regulate type I tropocollagen and type III tropocollagen syntheses via modulation of mTOR in the skin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:611-615. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1386084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) exhibit many physiological functions. However, the potential link and mechanism between BCAA and skin function are unknown. We examined the effects of deletion of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (BDK), a key enzyme in BCAA catabolism, on type I and III tropocollagen syntheses in mice. Leucine and isoleucine levels were significantly lower in the skin of BDK-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. No changes in valine concentrations were observed. The levels of type I and III tropocollagen proteins and mRNAs (COL1A1 and COL3A1) were significantly lower in the skin of BDK-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. The phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase, which indicates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, was reduced in the skin of BDK-KO mice compared with wild-type mice. These findings suggest that deficiencies of leucine and isoleucine reduce type I and III tropocollagen syntheses in skin by suppressing the action of mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamane
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Morioka
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oishi
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Liu Y, Dong W, Shao J, Wang Y, Zhou M, Sun H. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Negatively Regulates KLF15 Expression via PI3K-AKT Pathway. Front Physiol 2017; 8:853. [PMID: 29118722 PMCID: PMC5661165 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) with numerous metabolic diseases. However, the molecular basis of BCAA's roles in metabolic regulation remains to be established. KLF15 (Krüppel-like factor 15) is a transcription factor and master regulator of glycemic, lipid, and amino acids metabolism. In the present study, we found high concentrations of BCAA suppressed KLF15 expression while BCAA starvation induced KLF15 expression, suggesting KLF15 expression is negatively controlled by BCAA.Interestingly, BCAA starvation induced PI3K-AKT signaling. KLF15 induction by BCAA starvation was blocked by PI3K and AKT inhibitors, indicating the activation of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway mediated the KLF15 induction. BCAA regulated KLF15 expression at transcriptional level but not post-transcriptional level. However, BCAA starvation failed to increase the KLF15-promoter-driven luciferase expression, suggesting KLF15 promoter activity was not directly controlled by BCAA. Finally, fasting reduced BCAA abundance in mice and KLF15 expression was dramatically induced in muscle and white adipose tissue, but not in liver. Together, these data demonstrated BCAA negatively regulated KLF15 expression, suggesting a novel molecular mechanism underlying BCAA's multiple functions in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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43
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Garibotto G, Verzola D, Vettore M, Tessari P. The contribution of muscle, kidney, and splanchnic tissues to leucine transamination in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 96:382-387. [PMID: 28892650 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The first steps of leucine utilization are reversible deamination to α-ketoisocaproic acid (α-KIC) and irreversible oxidation. Recently, the regulatory role of leucine deamination over oxidation was underlined in rodents. Our aim was to measure leucine deamination and reamination in the whole body, in respect to previously determined rates across individual organs, in humans. By leucine and KIC isotope kinetics, we determined whole-body leucine deamination and reamination, and we compared these rates with those already reported across the sampled organs. As an in vivo counterpart of the "metabolon" concept, we analysed ratios between oxidation and either deamination or reamination. Leucine deamination to KIC was greater than KIC reamination to leucine in the whole body (p = 0.005), muscles (p = 0.005), and the splanchnic area (p = 0.025). These rates were not significantly different in the kidneys. Muscle accounted for ≈60% and ≈78%, the splanchnic bed for ≈15% and ≈15%, and the kidney for ≈12% and ≈18%, of whole-body leucine deamination and reamination rates, respectively. In the kidney, percent leucine oxidation over either deamination or reamination was >3-fold greater than muscle and the splanchnic bed. Skeletal muscle contributes by the largest fraction of leucine deamination, reamination, and oxidation. However, in relative terms, the kidney plays a key role in leucine oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Garibotto
- a Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,b IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Verzola
- a Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,b IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Vettore
- c Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Tessari
- c Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Blackburn PR, Gass JM, Vairo FPE, Farnham KM, Atwal HK, Macklin S, Klee EW, Atwal PS. Maple syrup urine disease: mechanisms and management. Appl Clin Genet 2017; 10:57-66. [PMID: 28919799 PMCID: PMC5593394 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s125962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by defects in the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex, which results in elevations of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) in plasma, α-ketoacids in urine, and production of the pathognomonic disease marker, alloisoleucine. The disorder varies in severity and the clinical spectrum is quite broad with five recognized clinical variants that have no known association with genotype. The classic presentation occurs in the neonatal period with developmental delay, failure to thrive, feeding difficulties, and maple syrup odor in the cerumen and urine, and can lead to irreversible neurological complications, including stereotypical movements, metabolic decompensation, and death if left untreated. Treatment consists of dietary restriction of BCAAs and close metabolic monitoring. Clinical outcomes are generally good in patients where treatment is initiated early. Newborn screening for MSUD is now commonplace in the United States and is included on the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP). We review this disorder including its presentation, screening and clinical diagnosis, treatment, and other relevant aspects pertaining to the care of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Blackburn
- Center for Individualized Medicine.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | | | - Filippo Pinto E Vairo
- Center for Individualized Medicine.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Sarah Macklin
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine.,Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paldeep S Atwal
- Center for Individualized Medicine.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
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45
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Sperringer JE, Addington A, Hutson SM. Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Brain Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1697-1709. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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46
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Duan YH, Li FN, Wen CY, Wang WL, Guo QP, Li YH, Yin YL. Branched-chain amino acid ratios in low-protein diets regulate the free amino acid profile and the expression of hepatic fatty acid metabolism-related genes in growing pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e43-e51. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. H. Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha Hunan China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central; Ministry of Agriculture; Changsha Hunan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - F. N. Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha Hunan China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central; Ministry of Agriculture; Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety; CICAPS; Changsha Hunan China. Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients; Changsha Hunan China
| | - C. Y. Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health; School of Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - W. L. Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health; School of Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha Hunan China
| | - Q. P. Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha Hunan China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central; Ministry of Agriculture; Changsha Hunan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Y. H. Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha Hunan China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central; Ministry of Agriculture; Changsha Hunan China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Y. L. Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region; Institute of Subtropical Agriculture; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changsha Hunan China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Changsha Hunan China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central; Ministry of Agriculture; Changsha Hunan China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health; School of Biology; Hunan Normal University; Changsha Hunan China. College of Animal Science; South China Agricultural University; Guangzhou China
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47
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Ishikawa T, Kitaura Y, Kadota Y, Morishita Y, Ota M, Yamanaka F, Xu M, Ikawa M, Inoue N, Kawano F, Nakai N, Murakami T, Miura S, Hatazawa Y, Kamei Y, Shimomura Y. Muscle-specific deletion of BDK amplifies loss of myofibrillar protein during protein undernutrition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39825. [PMID: 28051178 PMCID: PMC5209746 DOI: 10.1038/srep39825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids for mammals and play key roles in the regulation of protein metabolism. However, the effect of BCAA deficiency on protein metabolism in skeletal muscle in vivo remains unclear. Here we generated mice with lower BCAA concentrations by specifically accelerating BCAA catabolism in skeletal muscle and heart (BDK-mKO mice). The mice appeared to be healthy without any obvious defects when fed a protein-rich diet; however, bolus ingestion of BCAAs showed that mTORC1 sensitivity in skeletal muscle was enhanced in BDK-mKO mice compared to the corresponding control mice. When these mice were fed a low protein diet, the concentration of myofibrillar protein was significantly decreased (but not soluble protein) and mTORC1 activity was reduced without significant change in autophagy. BCAA supplementation in drinking water attenuated the decreases in myofibrillar protein levels and mTORC1 activity. These results suggest that BCAAs are essential for maintaining myofibrillar proteins during protein undernutrition by keeping mTORC1 activity rather than by inhibiting autophagy and translation. This is the first report to reveal the importance of BCAAs for protein metabolism of skeletal muscle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kitaura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kadota
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukako Morishita
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Ota
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumiya Yamanaka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Minjun Xu
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Animal Resource Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naokazu Inoue
- Department of Experimental Genome Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kawano
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Matsumoto University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naoya Nakai
- School of Human Cultures, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Taro Murakami
- Department of Nutrition, Shigakkan University, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yukino Hatazawa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasutomi Kamei
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Shimomura
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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48
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Hill-Yardin EL, McKeown SJ, Novarino G, Grabrucker AM. Extracerebral Dysfunction in Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2017; 224:159-87. [PMID: 28551756 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52498-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors might be largely responsible for the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that alone or in combination with specific environmental risk factors trigger the pathology. Multiple mutations identified in ASD patients that impair synaptic function in the central nervous system are well studied in animal models. How these mutations might interact with other risk factors is not fully understood though. Additionally, how systems outside of the brain are altered in the context of ASD is an emerging area of research. Extracerebral influences on the physiology could begin in utero and contribute to changes in the brain and in the development of other body systems and further lead to epigenetic changes. Therefore, multiple recent studies have aimed at elucidating the role of gene-environment interactions in ASD. Here we provide an overview on the extracerebral systems that might play an important associative role in ASD and review evidence regarding the potential roles of inflammation, trace metals, metabolism, genetic susceptibility, enteric nervous system function and the microbiota of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract on the development of endophenotypes in animal models of ASD. By influencing environmental conditions, it might be possible to reduce or limit the severity of ASD pathology.
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Guo X, Huang C, Lian K, Wang S, Zhao H, Yan F, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xie H, An R, Tao L. BCKA down-regulates mTORC2-Akt signal and enhances apoptosis susceptibility in cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:106-113. [PMID: 27697526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic mellitus (DM) portends poor prognosis concerning pressure overloaded heart disease. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), elements of essential amino acids, have been found altered in its catabolism in diabetes decades ago. However, the relationship between BCAAs and DM induced deterioration of pressure overloaded heart disease remains controversial. This study is aimed to investigate the particular effect of BCKA, a metabolite of BCAA, on myocardial injury induced by pressure overloaded. Primary cardiomyocytes were incubated with or without BCKA and followed by treatment with isoproterenol (ISO); then cell viability was detected by CCK8 and apoptosis was examined by TUNNEL stain and caspase-3 activity analysis. Compared to non-BCKA incubated group, BCKA incubation decreased cell survival and increased apoptosis concentration dependently. Furthermore, Western blot assay showed that mTORC2-Akt pathway was significantly inactivated by BCKA incubation. Moreover, overexpression of rictor, a vital component of mTORC2, significantly abolished the adverse effects of BCKA on apoptosis susceptibility of cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that BCKA contribute to vulnerability of cardiomyocytes in stimulated stress via inactivation of mTORC2-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kun Lian
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huishou Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jinglong Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huaning Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rui An
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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50
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Zigler JS, Hodgkinson CA, Wright M, Klise A, Sundin O, Broman KW, Hejtmancik F, Huang H, Patek B, Sergeev Y, Hose S, Brayton C, Xaiodong J, Vasquez D, Maragakis N, Mori S, Goldman D, Hoke A, Sinha D. A Spontaneous Missense Mutation in Branched Chain Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Kinase in the Rat Affects Both the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160447. [PMID: 27472223 PMCID: PMC4966912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mutation, causing a phenotype we named frogleg because its most obvious characteristic is a severe splaying of the hind limbs, arose spontaneously in a colony of Sprague-Dawley rats. Frogleg is a complex phenotype that includes abnormalities in hind limb function, reduced brain weight with dilated ventricles and infertility. Using micro-satellite markers spanning the entire rat genome, the mutation was mapped to a region of rat chromosome 1 between D1Rat131 and D1Rat287. Analysis of whole genome sequencing data within the linkage interval, identified a missense mutation in the branched-chain alpha-keto dehydrogenase kinase (Bckdk) gene. The protein encoded by Bckdk is an integral part of an enzyme complex located in the mitochondrial matrix of many tissues which regulates the levels of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), leucine, isoleucine and valine. BCAAs are essential amino acids (not synthesized by the body), and circulating levels must be tightly regulated; levels that are too high or too low are both deleterious. BCKDK phosphorylates Ser293 of the E1α subunit of the BCKDH protein, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the catabolism of the BCAAs, inhibiting BCKDH and thereby, limiting breakdown of the BCAAs. In contrast, when Ser293 is not phosphorylated, BCKDH activity is unchecked and the levels of the BCAAs will decrease dramatically. The mutation is located within the kinase domain of Bckdk and is predicted to be damaging. Consistent with this, we show that in rats homozygous for the mutation, phosphorylation of BCKDH in the brain is markedly decreased relative to wild type or heterozygous littermates. Further, circulating levels of the BCAAs are reduced by 70-80% in animals homozygous for the mutation. The frogleg phenotype shares important characteristics with a previously described Bckdk knockout mouse and with human subjects with Bckdk mutations. In addition, we report novel data regarding peripheral neuropathy of the hind limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Colin A. Hodgkinson
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Megan Wright
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew Klise
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Olof Sundin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, United States of America
| | - Karl W. Broman
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Fielding Hejtmancik
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Patek
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yuri Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Cory Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jiao Xaiodong
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - David Vasquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Maragakis
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Susumu Mori
- Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - David Goldman
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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