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Winter C, Tetyczka C, Pham DT, Kolb D, Leitinger G, Schönfelder S, Kunert O, Gerlza T, Kungl A, Bucar F, Roblegg E. Investigation of Hydrocolloid Plant Polysaccharides as Potential Candidates to Mimic the Functions of MUC5B in Saliva. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:682. [PMID: 38794344 PMCID: PMC11124828 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The successful substitution of complex physiological fluids, such as human saliva, remains a major challenge in drug development. Although there are a large number of saliva substitutes on the market, their efficacy is often inadequate due to short residence time in the mouth, unpleasant mouthfeel, or insufficient protection of the teeth. Therefore, systems need to be identified that mimic the functions of saliva, in particular the salivary mucin MUC5B and the unique physiological properties of saliva. To this end, plant extracts known to contain hydrocolloid polysaccharides and to have mucus-forming properties were studied to evaluate their suitability as saliva substitutes. The aqueous plant extracts of Calendula officinalis, Fucus sp. thalli, and lichenan from Lichen islandicus were examined for composition using a range of techniques, including GC-MS, NMR, SEC, assessment of pH, osmolality, buffering capacity, viscoelasticity, viscoelastic interactions with human saliva, hydrocolloid network formation, and in vitro cell adhesion. For this purpose, a physiologically adapted adhesive test was developed using human buccal epithelial cells. The results show that lichenan is the most promising candidate to mimic the properties of MUC5B. By adjusting the pH, osmolality, and buffering capacity with K2HPO4, it was shown that lichenan exhibited high cell adhesion, with a maximum detachment force that was comparable to that of unstimulated whole mouth saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Winter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (C.T.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carolin Tetyczka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (C.T.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam;
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/VI, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6/V, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Sandra Schönfelder
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (O.K.); (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Tanja Gerlza
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (O.K.); (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (O.K.); (T.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Franz Bucar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Beethovenstraße 8, 8010 Graz, Austria; (S.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; (C.W.); (C.T.)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Krings W, Gorb SN. Particle binding capacity of snail saliva. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:185101. [PMID: 37955324 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastropods forage with their radula, a thin chitinous membrane with embedded teeth, which scratch across the substrate to lose food particles. During this interaction, the risk of loosening particles is obvious without having a specialized mechanism holding them on the tooth surface. As mucus secretions are essential in molluscan life cycles and the locomotion and attachment gels are known to have an instant high adhesion, we have hypothesized that the saliva could support particle retention during feeding. As adhesion of snail saliva was not studied before, we present here an experimental setup to test its particle-binding capacity using a large land snail (Lissachatina fulica, Stylommatophora, Heterobranchia). This experiment was also applied to the gels produced by the snail foot for comparison and can be potentially applied to various fluids present at a small volume in the future. We found, that the saliva has high particle retention capacity that is comparable to the foot glue of the snail. To gain some insight into the properties of the saliva, we additionally studied it in the scanning electron microscope, estimated its viscosity in a de-wetting experiment, and investigated its elemental composition using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveling higher contents of Ca, Zn and other potential cross-linkers similar to those found in the glue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencke Krings
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Universität Leipzig, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Mammalogy and Palaeoanthropology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Messana I, Manconi B, Cabras T, Boroumand M, Sanna MT, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Vincenzoni F, Contini C, Guadalupi G, Fiorita A, Faa G, Castagnola M. The Post-Translational Modifications of Human Salivary Peptides and Proteins Evidenced by Top-Down Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12776. [PMID: 37628956 PMCID: PMC10454625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. In the beginning, we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section, the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteomes. Three sections are dedicated to the description of glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and miscellaneous other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed throughout the sections of the manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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Muñoz-González C, Brule M, Martin C, Feron G, Canon F. Molecular mechanisms of aroma persistence: From noncovalent interactions between aroma compounds and the oral mucosa to metabolization of aroma compounds by saliva and oral cells. Food Chem 2021; 373:131467. [PMID: 34753663 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying aroma persistence, as it plays a major role in food appreciation and quality. A multidisciplinary approach including ex vivo experiments using a novel model of oral mucosa and saliva as well as in vivo dynamic instrumental and sensory experiments was applied. Ex vivo results showed a reduction in aroma release between 7 and 86% in the presence of the thin layer of salivary proteins covering the oral mucosa (mucosal pellicle). This reduction was explained by hydrophobic interactions involving the mucosal pellicle and by the ability of oral cells and saliva to metabolize specific aroma compounds. The in vivo evaluation of exhaled air and perception confirmed the ex vivo findings. In conclusion, this work reveals the need to consider physiological reactions occurring during food oral processing to better understand aroma persistence and open new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muñoz-González
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Marine Brule
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Martin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Feron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR1324 INRAE, UMR6265 CNRS Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Siqueira WL, Canales MP, Crosara KTB, Marin LM, Xiao Y. Proteome difference among the salivary proteins adsorbed onto metallic orthodontic brackets and hydroxyapatite discs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254909. [PMID: 34319997 PMCID: PMC8318307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the atomic composition and the proteome of the salivary proteins adsorbed on the surface of orthodontic metallic bracket. For this, the atomic composition of orthodontic metallic brackets was analyzed with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The acquired bracket pellicle was characterized after brackets were immersed in human whole saliva supernatant for 2 hours at 37°C. Hydroxyapatite (HA) discs were used as a control. Acquired pellicle was harvested from the HA discs (n = 12) and from the metallic brackets (n = 12). Proteomics based on mass spectrometry technology was used for salivary protein identification and characterization. Results showed that most of the proteins adsorbed on the surface of orthodontic metallic brackets and on the HA discs were identified specifically to each group, indicating a small overlapping between the salivary proteins on each study group. A total of 311 proteins present on the HA discs were unique to this group while 253 proteins were unique to metallic brackets, and only 45 proteins were common to the two groups. Even though most proteins were unique to each study group, proteins related to antimicrobial activity, lubrication, and remineralization were present in both groups. These findings demonstrate that the salivary proteins adsorbed on the bracket surface are dependent on the material molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Luiz Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Pia Canales
- Schulich Dentistry & Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lina Maria Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yizhi Xiao
- Schulich Dentistry & Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Flemming J, Meyer-Probst CT, Speer K, Kölling-Speer I, Hannig C, Hannig M. Preventive Applications of Polyphenols in Dentistry-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4892. [PMID: 34063086 PMCID: PMC8124254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are natural substances that have been shown to provide various health benefits. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects have been described. At the same time, they inhibit the actions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Thus, studies have also examined their effects within the oral cavity. This review provides an overview on the different polyphenols, and their structure and interactions with the tooth surface and the pellicle. In particular, the effects of various tea polyphenols on bioadhesion and erosion have been reviewed. The current research confirms that polyphenols can reduce the growth of cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, they can decrease the adherence of bacteria to the tooth surface and improve the erosion-protective properties of the acquired enamel pellicle. Tea polyphenols, especially, have the potential to contribute to an oral health-related diet. However, in vitro studies have mainly been conducted. In situ studies and clinical studies need to be extended and supplemented in order to significantly contribute to additive prevention measures in caries prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Flemming
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Clara Theres Meyer-Probst
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Karl Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (I.K.-S.)
| | - Isabelle Kölling-Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (K.S.); (I.K.-S.)
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; (J.F.); (C.H.)
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D-66421 Homburg, Germany;
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Ramezani J, Khaligh MR, Ansari G, Yazdani Y, Mohammadi S. Association of salivary physicochemical characteristics and peptide levels with dental caries in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2021; 39:189-195. [PMID: 34341240 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_251_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the association of physicochemical properties and antimicrobial peptide levels of saliva with caries activity in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The required volume of unstimulated saliva was collected from 41 children aged 3-12 years with no systemic diseases. Caries activity was calculated using DMFS and dmfs records for each participating child. Collected saliva samples were then examined for their flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity. The concentration of three peptides was assessed including LL-37, human neutrophil peptide (HNP) 1-3, and human beta-defensin (HBD)-3 through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The correlation between caries activity score (CAS) and salivary variables was looked using the linear regression and Spearman's correlation method. The comparison of CAS means between high- and low-value groups of salivary items was performed using independent sample t-test while the association of CAS and salivary parameters in categorical scale was tested by Chi-square test. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the CAS means at low and high categories of each salivary physicochemical parameter and those of antimicrobial peptides. There was a negative correlation between HNP1-3 and CAS and also between HBD-3 and CAS, but these results were not statistically meaningful. High HNP1-3 concentration was noted in 67% of the low caries rate group and 29% of the high caries rate group, with a statistically significant difference between the low and high caries rate groups (P = 0.019). CONCLUSION Salivary inherent factors are not dominant determinants in caries activity. The current results may suggest that α-defensins (HNP1-3) have a protective role against dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Ramezani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Rezaei Khaligh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Golestan University of Medical Sciences; Dental Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ghassem Ansari
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Science Technologies, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Fusconi M, Candelori F, Weiss L, Riccio A, Priori R, Businaro R, Mastromanno L, Musy I, de Vincentiis M, Greco A. Qualitative mucin disorders in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: a literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2021; 26:e71-e77. [PMID: 33247578 PMCID: PMC7806352 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is a common opinion that Primary Sjögren Syndrome (pSS) damages the exocrine glands and determines the reduction of secreted saliva, some studies show that there are qualitative anomalies of the mucins produced in saliva, including MUC7, MUC5B, MUC1. The purpose of this study is to trace all the information useful to establish whether there is a qualitative or quantitative defect of the mucins in the pSS.
Material and Methods We reviewed the literature by looking for publications relevant to the topic in electronic databases. Sixteen articles met the search criteria. The studies were divided into two categories, those that studied the rheological characteristics of the saliva and those that studied the structural and / or metabolism modifications of the muciparous cells in the salivary glands.
Results in Patients with pSS, xerostomia and the reduction of salivary spinnbarkeit are only partially related to the reduction of the unstimulated salivary flow. In pSS, pathological alterations of mucins’ chemical-physical properties prevail as a cause of the clinical characteristics. Moreover, in pSS there are structural and metabolism changes in salivary glands’ muciparous cells.
Conclusions There is much evidence that supports the presence of qualitative alterations in the saliva’s rheological properties in Patients with pSS, and these are the main cause, more than the reduction of the unstimulated salivary flow, of the disease clinical characteristics - dry mouth and complications in the oral cavity. Therefore we propose to add to the classification criteria of pSS also a qualitative test of salivary glycoproteins. Key words:Primary Sjögren's syndrome, mucin, MUC7, MUC5B, MUC1, sulphate oligosaccharides.
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Lyu J, Chen S, Nie Y, Xu Y, Tang K. Aroma release during wine consumption: Factors and analytical approaches. Food Chem 2020; 346:128957. [PMID: 33460960 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During wine consumption, aroma compounds are released from the wine matrix and are transported to the olfactory receptor in vivo, leading to retronasal perception which can affect consumer acceptance. During this process, in addition to the influence of the wine matrix compositions, some physiological factors can significantly influence aroma release leading to altered concentrations of the aroma compounds that reach the receptors. Therefore, this review is focused on the impact of multiple factors, including the physiology and wine matrix, on the aroma released during wine tasting. Moreover, to reflect the pattern of volatiles that reach the olfactory receptors during wine consumption, some analytical approaches have been described for in vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaheng Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yao Nie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ke Tang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Ave, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Fonseca-Santos B, Silva PB, Rigon RB, Sato MR, Chorilli M. Formulating SLN and NLC as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems for Non-Invasive Routes of Drug Administration. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3623-3656. [PMID: 31232233 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190624155938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal carriers diverge depending on their composition, ability to incorporate drugs and applicability, but the common feature is the small average particle size. Among the carriers with the potential nanostructured drug delivery application there are SLN and NLC. These nanostructured systems consist of complex lipids and highly purified mixtures of glycerides having varying particle size. Also, these systems have shown physical stability, protection capacity of unstable drugs, release control ability, excellent tolerability, possibility of vectorization, and no reported production problems related to large-scale. Several production procedures can be applied to achieve high association efficiency between the bioactive and the carrier, depending on the physicochemical properties of both, as well as on the production procedure applied. The whole set of unique advantages such as enhanced drug loading capacity, prevention of drug expulsion, leads to more flexibility for modulation of drug release and makes Lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) versatile delivery system for various routes of administration. The route of administration has a significant impact on the therapeutic outcome of a drug. Thus, the non-invasive routes, which were of minor importance as parts of drug delivery in the past, have assumed added importance drugs, proteins, peptides and biopharmaceuticals drug delivery and these include nasal, buccal, vaginal and transdermal routes. The objective of this paper is to present the state of the art concerning the application of the lipid nanocarriers designated for non-invasive routes of administration. In this manner, this review presents an innovative technological platform to develop nanostructured delivery systems with great versatility of application in non-invasive routes of administration and targeting drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento Silva
- University of Brasilia (UnB), Department of Genetics and Morphology, Brasilia, Federal District 70910-970, Brazil
| | - Roberta Balansin Rigon
- University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rillo Sato
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Sao Paulo State University - UNESP, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, Sao Paulo 14801-903, Brazil
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11
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Cabiddu G, Maes P, Hyvrier F, Olianas A, Manconi B, Brignot H, Canon F, Cabras T, Morzel M. Proteomic characterization of the mucosal pellicle formed in vitro on a cellular model of oral epithelium. J Proteomics 2020; 222:103797. [PMID: 32360370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosal pellicle is a thin lubricating layer generated by the binding of saliva proteins on epithelial oral cells. The protein composition of this biological structure has been to date studied by targeted analyses of specific salivary proteins. In order to perform a more exhaustive proteome characterization of pellicles, we used TR146 cells expressing or not the transmembrane mucin MUC1 and generated pellicles by incubation with human saliva and washing to remove unbound proteins. A suitable method was established for the in vitro isolation of the mucosal pellicle by "shaving" it from the cells using trypsin. The extracts, the washing solutions and the saliva used to constitute the pellicles were analyzed by LC MS/MS (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017268). Comparison of pellicle and saliva compositions evidenced the adsorption of proteins not previously reported as pellicle constituents such as proteins of the PLUNC family. Pellicles formed on TR146 and TR146/MUC1 were also analyzed and compared by protein label-free quantification. The two types of samples appeared as distinct clusters in multivariate analyses, but the discriminant proteins (Welch test p < .05, FDR < 0.1) were cellular rather than salivary proteins. SIGNIFICANCE: The oral mucosal pellicle is made of salivary proteins tightly bound to oral epithelial cells. It is essential to oral health, with biological functions depending largely on its protein constituents. Characterizing its proteome is difficult due to the intimate association of this protein layer to cell membranes. In this work, we report a trypsin "shaving" protocol which enabled to sample the pellicle formed on an in vitro cellular model of oral epithelium. Analyzing such samples by high-resolution mass spectrometry provided novel information on the mucosal pellicle composition. This work is therefore a good starting point for further characterization of this biological structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Cabiddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Pauline Maes
- CLIPP (Clinical Innovation Proteomic Platform), Pôle de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Franck Hyvrier
- CLIPP (Clinical Innovation Proteomic Platform), Pôle de Recherche Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hélène Brignot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, (CSGA) AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, (CSGA) AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martine Morzel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, (CSGA) AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; Sciences et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Agrocampus Ouest, INRAE, F-35042 Rennes, France
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12
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Mizunuma H, Sonomura M, Shimokasa K. Numerical simulation of pharyngeal bolus flow influenced by bolus viscosity and apparent slip. J Texture Stud 2020; 51:742-754. [PMID: 32329056 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharyngeal bolus flow was simulated numerically using a finite element method. The bolus liquids were X-ray medium, glucose, and thickener solutions. For a low-viscosity bolus, the simulation showed a reasonable agreement of bolus velocity with X-ray measurements. The influence of bolus density on swallowing velocity was investigated numerically. Although a higher density resulted in a higher bolus velocity, the increase in velocity was modest. When the bolus viscosity was high, it was necessary to apply the slip boundary condition to obtain an agreement for bolus velocity between the simulation and X-ray measurements. The simulations also showed that the method of characteristic shear rate proposed by Zhu et al., Journal of Texture Studies, 2014, 45, 430-439 is effective for predicting the bolus velocity for shear-thinning fluids. In order to discuss the effect of saliva lubrication and the physical meaning of the characteristic shear rate, an immiscible two-layer flow of the core and wall layer was analyzed theoretically by analogy with mesopharyngeal bolus flow. The characteristic shear rate enabled us to correlate the macroscopic flow behavior and the viscosity of the core layer fluid. Lubrication due to the wall layer caused the apparent slip and enhanced the transfer of viscous core fluid. For viscous fluid that presented a large apparent slip in the two-layer model, the slip boundary condition was needed in the swallowing simulation. The numerical simulation and model flow analysis revealed the usefulness of characteristic shear rate and the importance of saliva-layer lubrication in swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mizunuma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachiohji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sonomura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachiohji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimokasa
- Department of Industrial Information, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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13
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Ployon S, Brulé M, Andriot I, Morzel M, Canon F. Understanding retention and metabolization of aroma compounds using an in vitro model of oral mucosa. Food Chem 2020; 318:126468. [PMID: 32126464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism leading to aroma persistence during eating is not fully described. This study aims at better understanding the role of the oral mucosa in this phenomenon. Release of 14 volatile compounds from different chemical classes was studied after exposure to in vitro models of oral mucosa, at equilibrium by Gas-Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and in dynamic conditions by Proton Transfer Reaction- Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). Measurements at equilibrium showed that mucosal hydration reduced the release of only two compounds, pentan-2-one and linalool (p < 0.05), and suggested that cells could metabolize aroma compounds from different chemical families (penta-2,3-dione, trans-2-hexen-1-al, ethyl hexanoate, nonan- and decan-2-one). Dynamic analyses for pentan-2-one and octan-2-one evidenced that the constituents of the mucosal pellicle influenced release kinetics differently depending on molecule hydrophobicity. This work suggests that mucosal cells can metabolize aroma compounds and that non-covalent interactions occur between aroma compounds and oral mucosa depending on aroma chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ployon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Marine Brulé
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Isabelle Andriot
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France; ChemoSens Platform, CSGA, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Martine Morzel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon F-21000, France.
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14
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Boroumand M, Olianas A, Manconi B, Serrao S, Iavarone F, Desiderio C, Pieroni L, Faa G, Messana I, Castagnola M, Cabras T. Mapping of Transglutaminase-2 Sites of Human Salivary Small Basic Proline-Rich Proteins by HPLC-High-Resolution ESI-MS/MS. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:300-313. [PMID: 31638822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of the distinctive features of the oral cavity, the determination of the proteins involved in the formation of the "oral protein pellicle" is demanding. The present study investigated the susceptibility of several human basic proline-rich peptides, named P-H, P-D, P-F, P-J, and II-2, as substrates of transglutaminase-2. The reactivity of the P-C peptide and statherin was also investigated. Peptides purified from human whole saliva were incubated with the enzyme in the presence or in the absence of monodansyl-cadaverine. Mass spectrometry analyses of the reaction products highlighted that P-H and P-D (P32 and A32 variants) were active substrates, II-2 was less reactive, and P-F and P-J showed very low reactivity. P-C and statherin were highly reactive. All of the peptides formed cyclo derivatives, and only specific glutamine residues were involved in the cycle formation and reacted with monodansyl-cadaverine: Q29 of P-H, Q37 of P-D, Q21 of II-2, Q41 of P-C, and Q37 of statherin were the principal reactive residues. One or two secondary glutamine residues of only P-H, P-D P32, P-C, and statherin were hierarchically susceptible to the reaction with monodansyl-cadaverine. MS and MS/MS data were deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium ( http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride ) via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD014658.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Boroumand
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Roma 00168 , Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Roma 00143 , Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Laboratorio di Proteomica -Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello- IRCCS , Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma 00142 , Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Department of Pathology, AOU , University of Cagliari , Cagliari 09100 , Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare , Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica -Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello- IRCCS , Fondazione Santa Lucia , Roma 00142 , Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Cagliari, Cittadella Univ. Monserrato , Monserrato, Cagliari 09042 , Italy
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15
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Soares S, Brandão E, Guerreiro C, Mateus N, de Freitas V, Soares S. Development of a New Cell-Based Oral Model To Study the Interaction of Oral Constituents with Food Polyphenols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12833-12843. [PMID: 31657214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Some polyphenols have unpleasant taste properties such as astringency, which could interfere with consumers' choices. The knowledge on astringency mechanisms points that astringency is a complex phenomenon probably related to more than one physical-chemical mechanism. Thus, this work aims to develop a new and more realistic cell-based model containing human saliva, mucosa pellicle, and an oral cell line (HSC-3) to understand the oral molecular events that could contribute to the overall astringency perception. This model was then used to study the interactions with a food procyanidin fraction (PF) by HPLC. In general, the results revealed higher interaction (synergism) for the model with all the referred oral constituents (mucosa pellicle, salivary proteins, and HSC-3 cell line, HSCMuSp) when compared to the interaction with individual constituents, the PF + cells or PF + saliva. Regarding the procyanidins, a significant interaction was observed for the procyanidin monomer EcG, procyanidin dimers B7 and B2G, and trimer C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Soares
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Elsa Brandão
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Carlos Guerreiro
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Victor de Freitas
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Susana Soares
- REQUIMTE, LAQV, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
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16
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Aybeke EN, Ployon S, Brulé M, De Fonseca B, Bourillot E, Morzel M, Lesniewska E, Canon F. Nanoscale Mapping of the Physical Surface Properties of Human Buccal Cells and Changes Induced by Saliva. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12647-12655. [PMID: 31448614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mucosal pellicle, also called salivary pellicle, is a thin biological layer made of salivary and epithelial constituents, lining oral mucosae. It contributes to their protection against microbiological, chemical, or mechanical insults. Pellicle formation depends on the cells' surface properties, and in turn the pellicle deeply modifies such properties. It has been reported that the expression of the transmembrane mucin MUC1 in oral epithelial cells improves the formation of the mucosal pellicle. Here, we describe an approach combining classical and functionalized tip atomic force microscopy and scanning microwave microscopy to characterize how MUC1 induces changes in buccal cells' morphology, hydrophobicity, and electric properties to elucidate the physicochemical mechanisms involved in the enhancement of the anchoring of salivary proteins. We show that MUC1 expression did not modify drastically the morphology of the epithelial cells' surface. MUC1 expression, however, resulted in the presence of more hydrophobic and more charged areas at the cell surface. The presence of salivary proteins decreased the highest attractive and repulsive forces recorded between the cell surface and a functionalized hydrophobic atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip, suggesting that the most hydrophobic and charged areas participate in the binding of salivary proteins. The cells' dielectric properties were altered by both MUC1 expression and the presence of a mucosal pellicle. We finally show that in the absence of MUC1, the pellicle appeared as a distinct layer poorly interacting with the cells' surface. This integrative AFM/scanning microwave microscopy approach may usefully describe the surface properties of various cell types, with relevance to the bioadhesion or biomimetics fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Neslihan Aybeke
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21000 , France
| | - Sarah Ployon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21000 , France
| | - Marine Brulé
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21000 , France
| | - Brice De Fonseca
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21078 , France
| | - Eric Bourillot
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21078 , France
| | - Martine Morzel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21000 , France
| | - Eric Lesniewska
- ICB UMR CNRS 6303, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21078 , France
| | - Francis Canon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon F-21000 , France
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17
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Roblegg E, Coughran A, Sirjani D. Saliva: An all-rounder of our body. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:133-141. [PMID: 31220573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a multifaceted bodily fluid that is often taken for granted but is indispensable for oral health and overall well-being in humans. Although mainly comprised of water (99.5%), proteins, ions and enzymes turn saliva into a viscoelastic solution that performs a variety of vital tasks. This review article gives a brief overview of the salivary gland system, as well as the composition, output and functions of saliva. It also addresses the current applications of saliva for diagnostic purposes, the clinical relevance of saliva in oral diseases as well as current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Roblegg
- University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alanna Coughran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, 801 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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18
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The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota. J Dent 2019; 80 Suppl 1:S3-S12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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19
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Zimmermann R, Delius J, Friedrichs J, Stehl S, Hofmann T, Hannig C, Rehage M, Werner C, Hannig M. Impact of oral astringent stimuli on surface charge and morphology of the protein-rich pellicle at the tooth-saliva interphase. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 174:451-458. [PMID: 30497006 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The proteinaceous pellicle layer, which develops upon contact with saliva on the surface of teeth, is important for the formation of oral biofilms and for the protection of teeth from abrasion and chemically induced erosion. Astringent food ingredients comprising polyphenols, cationic macromolecules, and multivalent metal salts are known to interact with the pellicle. However, astringent-induced changes in the physicochemical properties of the tooth-saliva interphase are not yet completely understood. Here we provide comprehensive insights into interfacial charging, ultrastructure, thickness, and surface roughness of the pellicles formed on the model substrates silicon oxide (SiO2), Teflon® AF, and hydroxyapatite, as well as on bovine enamel before and after incubation with the astringents epigallocatechin gallate, tannic acid, iron(III) salt, lysozyme, and chitosan. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring demonstrated viscous behavior of untreated pellicles formed in vitro on the different materials. Electrokinetic (streaming current) measurements revealed that cationic astringents reverse the charge of native pellicles, whereas polyphenols did not change the charge under physiological pH condition. In addition, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed a concentration-dependent increase in average film thickness and pellicle surface roughness as induced by astringents. These multifaceted alterations of the salivary pellicle may come along with an increase in roughness perceived on the teeth, which is part of the complex sensations of oral astringency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Zimmermann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Judith Delius
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Jens Friedrichs
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Stehl
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany; Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Rehage
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Tatzberg 47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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20
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Neyraud E, Morzel M. Biological films adhering to the oral soft tissues: Structure, composition, and potential impact on taste perception. J Texture Stud 2018; 50:19-26. [PMID: 30226267 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of free-flowing saliva in taste perception is increasingly recognized, but saliva is also present in the mouth as films intimately associated to soft or hard tissues. On mucosal surfaces, particularly on the tongue, the structure and composition of such films (including its microbial constitutive part) may play a particular role in the sense of taste due to their proximity with the taste anatomical structures. This review compiles the current knowledge on the structure of biological films adhering to oral mucosae and on their biochemical and microbiological composition, before presenting possible implications for taste perception. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The understanding of the role of oral biological films on taste perception may provide new avenues of research and development for the industry or academia interested broadly in chemosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Neyraud
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Martine Morzel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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21
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Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M. An overview of polymeric dosage forms in buccal drug delivery: State of art, design of formulations and their in vivo performance evaluation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 29525088 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the ease of the administration, the oral cavity is an attractive site for the delivery of drugs. The main difficulty for administration via the buccal route is an effective physiological removal mechanism of the oral cavity that takes way the formulation from the buccal site and decreases the bioavailability of drugs. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery shows assessing buccal drug permeation and absorption, however some studies bring an in vivo performance. This review points to the use of polymers in the manufacture of drug delivery systems (hydrogels, films and tablets) and shows the results of their in vivo performance tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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23
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The mucosal pellicle – An underestimated factor in oral physiology. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 80:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Briscoe WH. Aqueous boundary lubrication: Molecular mechanisms, design strategy, and terra incognita. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The proteome of whole saliva, in contrast to that of serum, is highly susceptible to a variety of physiological and biochemical processes. First, salivary protein secretion is under neurologic control, with protein output being dependent on the stimulus. Second, extensive salivary protein modifications occur in the oral environment, where a plethora of host- and bacteria-derived enzymes act on proteins emanating from the glandular ducts. Salivary protein biosynthesis starts with the transcription and translation of salivary protein genes in the glands, followed by post-translational processing involving protein glycosylation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis. This gives rise to salivary proteins occurring in families, consisting of structurally closely related family members. Once glandular secretions enter the non-sterile oral environment, proteins are subjected to additional and continuous protein modifications, leading to extensive proteolytic cleavage, partial deglycosylation, and protein-protein complex formation. All these protein modifications occur in a dynamic environment dictated by the continuous supply of newly synthesized proteins and removal by swallowing. Understanding the proteome of whole saliva in an environment of continuous turnover will be a prerequisite to gain insight into the physiological and pathological processes relevant to oral health, and be crucial for the identification of meaningful biomarkers for oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street CABR W-201, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Biopolymeric Mucin and Synthetic Polymer Analogs: Their Structure, Function and Role in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8030071. [PMID: 30979166 PMCID: PMC6432556 DOI: 10.3390/polym8030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin networks are viscoelastic fibrillar aggregates formed through the complex self-association of biopolymeric glycoprotein chains. The networks form a lubricious, hydrated protective shield along epithelial regions within the human body. The critical role played by mucin networks in impacting the transport properties of biofunctional molecules (e.g., biogenic molecules, probes, nanoparticles), and its effect on bioavailability are well described in the literature. An alternate perspective is provided in this paper, presenting mucin’s complex network structure, and its interdependent functional characteristics in human physiology. We highlight the recent advances that were achieved through the use of mucin in diverse areas of bioengineering applications (e.g., drug delivery, biomedical devices and tissue engineering). Mucin network formation is a highly complex process, driven by wide variety of molecular interactions, and the network possess structural and chemical variations, posing a great challenge to understand mucin’s bulk behavior. Through this review, the prospective potential of polymer based analogs to serve as mucin mimic is suggested. These analog systems, apart from functioning as an artificial model, reducing the current dependency on animal models, can aid in furthering our fundamental understanding of such complex structures.
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27
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Ployon S, Belloir C, Bonnotte A, Lherminier J, Canon F, Morzel M. The membrane-associated MUC1 improves adhesion of salivary MUC5B on buccal cells. Application to development of an in vitro cellular model of oral epithelium. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 61:149-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Authimoolam SP, Lakes AL, Puleo DA, Dziubla TD. Layer-by-Layers of Polymeric Micelles as a Biomimetic Drug-Releasing Network. Macromol Biosci 2015; 16:242-54. [PMID: 26418812 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucin networks are lubricous biofunctional coats formed through the continuous deposition of mucin glycoproteins. Previously, we demonstrated the synthesis of a mucin mimic using biotinylated-filomicelles crosslinked via streptavidin using a layer-by-layer approach. These networks recreate the fibrous nature of mucin and can serve as a drug-releasing network. In this work, the ability to vary the network properties by blending filomicelles with spherical micelles is demonstrated. In addition, the deposition of a dense polymer coating on the mucin network was shown to act as a barrier to control diffusion and improved the structural stability under simulated oral chemical conditions. These biomimetic coatings can be utilized as a delivery system, providing a tunable drug release for oral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundar P Authimoolam
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Andrew L Lakes
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - David A Puleo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, 522 Robotics Building, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Thomas D Dziubla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, 177 F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA.
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29
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Cvikl B, Lussi A, Moritz A, Sawada K, Gruber R. Differential inflammatory response of dental pulp explants and fibroblasts to saliva. Int Endod J 2015; 49:655-62. [PMID: 26114806 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the inflammatory response of dental pulp fibroblasts and the respective explants to whole saliva. METHODOLOGY Explants from human and porcine dental pulp tissue and isolated dental pulp fibroblasts were used to investigate the inflammatory response to sterile saliva. Cytokine and chemokine expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Western blot analysis and pharmacologic inhibitors were used to determine the involvement of signalling pathways. RESULTS Dental pulp explants of human and porcine origin exposed to human saliva exhibited no major changes of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression (P > 0.05). In contrast, isolated porcine and human dental pulp fibroblasts, when stimulated with human saliva, exhibited a vastly increased expression of IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA (P < 0.05). In pulp fibroblasts, saliva also increased the expression of other cytokines and chemokines via activation of NFkappaB, ERK and p38 signalling. Notably, a significantly reduced inflammatory response was elicited when pulp fibroblasts were transiently exposed to saliva. CONCLUSIONS Saliva has a potential impact on inflammation of dental pulp fibroblasts in vitro but not when cells are embedded in the intrinsic extracellular matrix of the explant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cvikl
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Conservative Dentistry & Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Lussi
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Sawada
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Gruber
- Department of Preventive, Restorative and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Dawes C, Pedersen A, Villa A, Ekström J, Proctor G, Vissink A, Aframian D, McGowan R, Aliko A, Narayana N, Sia Y, Joshi R, Jensen S, Kerr A, Wolff A. The functions of human saliva: A review sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:863-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Dynamics of the Streptococcus gordonii Transcriptome in Response to Medium, Salivary α-Amylase, and Starch. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5363-74. [PMID: 26025889 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01221-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a primary colonizer of the tooth surface, interacts with salivary α-amylase via amylase-binding protein A (AbpA). This enzyme hydrolyzes starch to glucose, maltose, and maltodextrins that can be utilized by various oral bacteria for nutrition. Microarray studies demonstrated that AbpA modulates gene expression in response to amylase, suggesting that the amylase-streptococcal interaction may function in ways other than nutrition. The goal of this study was to explore the role of AbpA in gene regulation through comparative transcriptional profiling of wild-type KS1 and AbpA(-) mutant KS1ΩabpA under various environmental conditions. A portion of the total RNA isolated from mid-log-phase cells grown in 5% CO2 in (i) complex medium with or without amylase, (ii) defined medium (DM) containing 0.8% glucose with/without amylase, and (iii) DM containing 0.2% glucose and amylase with or without starch was reverse transcribed to cDNA and the rest used for RNA sequencing. Changes in the expression of selected genes were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Maltodextrin-associated genes, fatty acid synthesis genes and competence genes were differentially expressed in a medium-dependent manner. Genes in another cluster containing a putative histidine kinase/response regulator, peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase, thioredoxin protein, lipoprotein, and cytochrome c-type protein were downregulated in KS1ΩabpA under all of the environmental conditions tested. Thus, AbpA appears to modulate genes associated with maltodextrin utilization/transport and fatty acid synthesis. Importantly, in all growth conditions AbpA was associated with increased expression of a potential two-component signaling system associated with genes involved in reducing oxidative stress, suggesting a role in signal transduction and stress tolerance.
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32
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Gibbins HL, Yakubov GE, Proctor GB, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. What interactions drive the salivary mucosal pellicle formation? Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:184-92. [PMID: 24921197 PMCID: PMC4097378 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bound salivary pellicle is essential for protection of both the enamel and mucosa in the oral cavity. The enamel pellicle formation is well characterised, however the mucosal pellicle proteins have only recently been clarified and what drives their formation is still unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the salivary pellicle on particles with different surface properties (hydrophobic or hydrophilic with a positive or negative charge), to determine a suitable model to mimic the mucosal pellicle. A secondary aim was to use the model to test how transglutaminase may alter pellicle formation. Particles were incubated with resting whole mouth saliva, parotid saliva and submandibular/sublingual saliva. Following incubation and two PBS and water washes bound salivary proteins were eluted with two concentrations of SDS, which were later analysed using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Experiments were repeated with purified transglutaminase to determine how this epithelial-derived enzyme may alter the bound pellicle. Protein pellicles varied according to the starting salivary composition and the particle chemistry. Amylase, the single most abundant protein in saliva, did not bind to any particle indicating specific protein binding. Most proteins bound through hydrophobic interactions and a few according to their charges. The hydrophobic surface most closely matched the known salivary mucosal pellicle by containing mucins, cystatin and statherin but an absence of amylase and proline-rich proteins. This surface was further used to examine the effect of added transglutaminase. At the concentrations used only statherin showed any evidence of crosslinking with itself or another saliva protein. In conclusion, the formation of the salivary mucosal pellicle is probably mediated, at least in part, by hydrophobic interactions to the epithelial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Gordon B Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Stephen Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ, UK.
| | - Guy H Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Morzel M, Siying T, Brignot H, Lherminier J. Immunocytological detection of salivary mucins (MUC5B) on the mucosal pellicle lining human epithelial buccal cells. Microsc Res Tech 2014; 77:453-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Morzel
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
| | - Tai Siying
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
| | - Hélène Brignot
- CNRS; UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- INRA; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
- Université de Bourgogne; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation; F-21000 Dijon France
| | - Jeannine Lherminier
- INRA; UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS 6300, Plateforme DImaCell, Centre de Microscopie INRA/Université de Bourgogne; F-21000 Dijon France
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34
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Gibbins HL, Proctor GB, Yakubov GE, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. Concentration of salivary protective proteins within the bound oral mucosal pellicle. Oral Dis 2013; 20:707-13. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- HL Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GB Proctor
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
| | - GE Yakubov
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Chemical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane Qld. Australia
| | - S Wilson
- Unilever R&D Discover Colworth Science Park Sharnbrook UK
| | - GH Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London UK
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35
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Cabras T, Iavarone F, Pirolli D, De Rosa MC, Vitali A, Faa G, Cordaro M, Messana I, Ekström J, Castagnola M. Top-down HPLC-ESI-MS characterization of rat gliadoralin A, a new member of the family of rat submandibular gland glutamine-rich proteins and potential substrate of transglutaminase. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2848-61. [PMID: 23637100 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of rat submandibular saliva secreted under isoprenaline stimulation, a protein with an experimental [M+H](1+) = 10,544.24 m/z was detected (17.5 ± 0.7 min). The MS/MS fragmentation pattern, manually investigated, allowed establishing an internal sequence in agreement with a DNA-derived sequence of an unknown rat protein coded D3Z9M3 (Swiss-Prot). To match the experimental MS/MS fragmentation pattern and protein mass with theoretical data, the removal from the N terminus of the signal peptide and from the C terminus of three amino acid (a.a.) residues (Arg-Ala-Val) and the cyclization of the N-terminal glutamine in pyroglutamic had to be supposed, resulting in a mature protein of 90 a.a. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of the trypsin digest ensured 100% sequence coverage. For the high glutamine content (34/90 = 37.8%) we propose to name this protein rat gliadoralin A 1-90. Low amounts of five different isoforms were sporadically detected, which did not significantly change their relative amounts after stimulation. Gliadoralin A is substrate for transglutaminase-2, having Lys 60 and different Gln residues as major determinants for enzyme recognition. In silico investigation of superior structures evidenced that a small part of the protein adopts an α-helical fold, whereas large segments are unfolded, suggesting an unordered conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Univ. di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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36
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Gibbins H, Carpenter G. Alternative Mechanisms of Astringency – What is the Role of Saliva? J Texture Stud 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.L. Gibbins
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
| | - G.H. Carpenter
- Salivary Research Unit King's College London Dental Institute London SE1 9RT U.K
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37
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Canon F, Paté F, Cheynier V, Sarni-Manchado P, Giuliani A, Pérez J, Durand D, Li J, Cabane B. Aggregation of the salivary proline-rich protein IB5 in the presence of the tannin EgCG. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1926-1937. [PMID: 23297743 DOI: 10.1021/la3041715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the mouth, proline-rich proteins (PRP), which are major components of stimulated saliva, interact with tannins contained in food. We report in vitro interactions of the tannin epigallocatechin gallate (EgCG), with a basic salivary PRP, IB5, studied through electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In dilute protein (IB5) solutions of low ionic strength (1 mM), the proteins repel each other, and the tannins bind to nonaggregated proteins. ESI-MS experiments determine the populations of nonaggregated proteins that have bound various numbers of tannin molecules. These populations match approximately the Poisson distribution for binding to n = 8 sites on the protein. MS/MS experiments confirm that complexes containing n = 1 to 8 EgCG molecules are dissociated with the same energy. Assuming that the 8 sites are equivalent, we calculate a binding isotherm, with a binding free energy Δμ = 7.26RT(a) (K(d) = 706 μM). In protein solutions that are more concentrated (0.21 mM) and at higher ionic strength (50 mM, pH 5.5), the tannins can bridge the proteins together. DLS experiments measure the number of proteins per aggregate. This number rises rapidly when the EgCG concentration exceeds a threshold (0.2 mM EgCG for 0.21 mM of IB5). SAXS experiments indicate that the aggregates have a core-corona structure. The core contains proteins that have bound at least 3 tannins and the corona has proteins with fewer bound tannins. These aggregates coexist with nonaggregated proteins. Increasing the tannin concentration beyond the threshold causes the transfer of proteins to the aggregates and a fast rise of the number of proteins per aggregate. A poisoned growth model explains this fast rise. Very large cationic aggregates, containing up to 10,000 proteins, are formed at tannin concentrations (2 mM) slightly above the aggregation threshold (0.2 mM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Canon
- DISCO beamline, Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Nikitkova AE, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA. Effect of starch and amylase on the expression of amylase-binding protein A in Streptococcus gordonii. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:284-94. [PMID: 22759313 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii is a common oral commensal bacterial species in tooth biofilm (dental plaque) and specifically binds to salivary amylase through the surface exposed amylase-binding protein A (AbpA). When S. gordonii cells are pretreated with amylase, amylase bound to AbpA facilitates growth with starch as a primary nutrition source. The goal of this study was to explore possible regulatory effects of starch, starch metabolites and amylase on the expression of S. gordonii AbpA. An amylase ligand-binding assay was used to assess the expression of AbpA in culture supernatants and on bacterial cells from S. gordonii grown in defined medium supplemented with 1% starch, 0.5 mg ml(-1) amylase, with starch and amylase together, or with various linear malto-oligosaccharides. Transcription of abpA was determined by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. AbpA was not detectable in culture supernatants containing either starch alone or amylase alone. In contrast, the amount of AbpA was notably increased when starch and amylase were both present in the medium. The expression of abpA was significantly increased (P < 0.05) following 40 min of incubation in defined medium supplemented with starch and amylase. Similar results were obtained in the presence of maltose and other short-chain malto-oligosacchrides. These results suggest that the products of starch hydrolysis produced from the action of salivary α-amylase, particularly maltose and maltotriose, up-regulate AbpA expression in S. gordonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Nikitkova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Response of fatty acid synthesis genes to the binding of human salivary amylase by Streptococcus gordonii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1865-75. [PMID: 22247133 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07071-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, an important primary colonizer of dental plaque biofilm, specifically binds to salivary amylase via the surface-associated amylase-binding protein A (AbpA). We hypothesized that a function of amylase binding to S. gordonii may be to modulate the expression of chromosomal genes, which could influence bacterial survival and persistence in the oral cavity. Gene expression profiling by microarray analysis was performed to detect genes in S. gordonii strain CH1 that were differentially expressed in response to the binding of purified human salivary amylase versus exposure to purified heat-denatured amylase. Selected genes found to be differentially expressed were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Five genes from the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) cluster were highly (10- to 35-fold) upregulated in S. gordonii CH1 cells treated with native amylase relative to those treated with denatured amylase. An abpA-deficient strain of S. gordonii exposed to amylase failed to show a response in FAS gene expression similar to that observed in the parental strain. Predicted phenotypic effects of amylase binding to S. gordonii strain CH1 (associated with increased expression of FAS genes, leading to changes in fatty acid synthesis) were noted; these included increased bacterial growth, survival at low pH, and resistance to triclosan. These changes were not observed in the amylase-exposed abpA-deficient strain, suggesting a role for AbpA in the amylase-induced phenotype. These results provide evidence that the binding of salivary amylase elicits a differential gene response in S. gordonii, resulting in a phenotypic adjustment that is potentially advantageous for bacterial survival in the oral environment.
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40
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Siqueira WL, Dawes C. The salivary proteome: Challenges and perspectives. Proteomics Clin Appl 2011; 5:575-9. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Dsamou M, Palicki O, Septier C, Chabanet C, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Chagnon MC, Morzel M. Salivary protein profiles and sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine. Chem Senses 2011; 37:87-95. [PMID: 21873273 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interindividual variation in the sensitivity to bitterness is attributed in part to genetic polymorphism at the taste receptor level, but other factors, such as saliva composition, might be involved. In order to investigate this, 2 groups of subjects (hyposensitive, hypersensitive) were selected from 29 healthy male volunteers based on their detection thresholds for caffeine, and their salivary proteome composition was compared. Abundance of 26 of the 255 spots detected on saliva electrophoretic patterns was significantly different between hypo- and hypersensitive subjects. Saliva of hypersensitive subjects contained higher levels of amylase fragments, immunoglobulins, and serum albumin and/or serum albumin fragments. It also contained lower levels of cystatin SN, an inhibitor of protease. The results suggest that proteolysis occurring within the oral cavity is an important perireceptor factor associated to the sensitivity to the bitter taste of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Dsamou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR6265 CNRS, UMR1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Agrosup Dijon, 17 rue Sully, F-21000 Dijon, France
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Phattarataratip E, Olson B, Broffitt B, Qian F, Brogden KA, Drake DR, Levy SM, Banas JA. Streptococcus mutans strains recovered from caries-active or caries-free individuals differ in sensitivity to host antimicrobial peptides. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:187-99. [PMID: 21545696 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the repertoire of host innate immune defenses. In the oral cavity, several AMPs are present in saliva and have antimicrobial activities against oral bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans, a primary etiological agent of dental caries. In this study, we hypothesized that unique S. mutans strains, as determined by DNA fingerprinting from sixty 13-year-old subjects with or without experience of caries, would have different susceptibilities to α-defensins-1-3 (HNP-1-3), β-defensins-2-3 (HBD-2-3) and LL-37. The salivary levels of these peptides in subjects were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We found that S. mutans strains from children with active caries showed greater resistance to salivary HNP-1-2, HBD-2-3 and LL-37 at varying concentrations than those from caries-free subjects. In addition, combinations of these peptides increased their antimicrobial activity against S. mutans either additively or synergistically. The salivary levels of these peptides were highly variable among subjects with no correlation to host caries experience. However, the levels of a number of these peptides in saliva appeared to be positively correlated within an individual. Our findings suggest that the relative ability of S. mutans to resist host salivary AMPs may be considered a potential virulence factor for this species such that S. mutans strains that are more resistant to these peptides may have an ecological advantage to preferentially colonize within dental plaque and increase the risk of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Phattarataratip
- Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Hannig C, Spitzmüller B, Hoth-Hannig W, Hannig M. Targeted immobilisation of lysozyme in the enamel pellicle from different solutions. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 15:65-73. [PMID: 19967422 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mouthwashes containing protective enzymes are required especially for patients suffering from xerostomia. The present study aimed to investigate the possibilities of modulating the immobilisation of lysozyme in the in situ pellicle layer. In situ formed pellicles were incubated in vitro for 10 min with various enzymatic buffer solutions containing lysozyme and additive enzymes such as transglutaminase or trypsin as well as polyphenolic compounds (cistus tea). After the rinses, the pellicle samples were incubated in collected whole saliva or in desorption solutions for 0, 20 and 40 min and the enzyme activities were measured. Furthermore, accumulation of lysozyme in the pellicle was visualised in ultrathin sections of the pellicle using the gold immunolabelling technique and transmission electron microscopy. Hen egg white lysozyme was accumulated in the in situ pellicle tenaciously. Up to 2.8-fold higher activities than in controls were observed. The addition of transglutaminase did not enhance the immobilisation of lysozyme activity, whereas the polyphenolic compound had no adverse effect. Accumulation of lysozyme in the acquired pellicle was confirmed by gold immunolabelling. Targeted and tenacious immobilisation of lysozyme in the acquired pellicle is possible. Poylphenolic compounds might be a relevant additive for mouthwashes containing lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hannig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Hannig C, Spitzmüller B, Hannig M. Transaminases in the acquired pellicle. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:445-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Concentration and fate of histatins and acidic proline-rich proteins in the oral environment. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:345-53. [PMID: 19159863 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a critical role in the protection of oral hard and soft tissues and contains a multitude of constituents with well-characterized biological activities in vitro. Among these are histatins and acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Nevertheless, few functional studies have recognized the structural instability of these proteins in the proteolytic environment of whole saliva. The aim of this investigation was to determine histatin and acidic PRP levels in parotid secretion (PS) and in whole saliva (WS) as well as to establish their susceptibility to proteolysis in these salivary fluids. Using cationic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and densitometric analysis the average total histatin concentration (histatin 1+3+5) in WS was determined to be 33.3+/-16.7 microg/ml (n=22) and the average total acidic PRP concentration (PRP1/PIF-s+PRP3/PIF-f) was 427.9+/-123.3 microg/ml (n=22). Histatin and acidic PRP concentrations in PS were 6 and 1.5 times higher than in WS (n=7), respectively. WS histatin and acidic PRP levels each correlated significantly with WS total protein concentrations (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively), as well as with each other (P<0.01). Stability studies of histatin 3 and PRP1/Pif-s in PS revealed t(1/2) times of 7.2+/-5.5 and 50.3+/-24.8h, respectively (n=7). Histatin 3 (40 microg/ml) and PRP1 (400 microg/ml), added to WS in concentrations equivalent to their concentrations in PS, disappeared at a much faster rate, with t(1/2) values of 1.7+/-1.6 min and 29.3+/-15.3 min, respectively (n=7). The data indicate that proteolysis in WS is an important factor in explaining the substantially lower concentrations of histatins and acidic PRPs in WS as compared to in glandular secretions.
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Nayak A, Carpenter GH. A physiological model of tea-induced astringency. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:290-4. [PMID: 18590751 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which solutions containing polyphenols are perceived as astringent is not clearly understood. Salivary proline-rich proteins and histatins are products of salivary glands and rapidly bind polyphenols - thought to be the main astringent compound in such as tea and wine. However it is unclear how this interaction leads to the altered oral mouthfeel known as astringency which is characterised by a dry, puckered feeling all around the mouth. To determine the role of saliva in the perception of astringency a protocol was used to decrease the volume of saliva from the mouth (by washing with water) and then by chewing to increase the volume of saliva above resting levels. Following each of these conditions subjects tasted the same solution of black tea and were asked to rate the relative astringency. Compared to the astringency rating of black tea at rest the majority of subjects (10 out of 15) perceived an increase in astringency following washing the mouth with water. Most subjects then perceived a decrease in astringency following chewing compared to the previous state. In all subjects a reduction in salivary proteins was detected following water washout and an increase above resting levels detected following chewing although there was no change in oral mucosal wetness. A separate experiment revealed several of the proteins interacting following the water washout were salivary in origin. We conclude that salivary proteins in solution inhibit the mouthfeeling of astringency which is mediated, at least in part, by salivary proteins adhered to buccal mucosal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nayak
- Salivary Research Unit, King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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Hannig C, Spitzmüller B, Miller M, Hellwig E, Hannig M. Intrinsic enzymatic crosslinking and maturation of the in situ pellicle. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:416-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ponniah G, Rollenhagen C, Bahn YS, Staab JF, Sundstrom P. State of differentiation defines buccal epithelial cell affinity for cross-linking to Candida albicans Hwp1. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:456-67. [PMID: 17686003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans utilizes mammalian cell-associated transglutaminase (TGase) activity to adhere covalently to human buccal epithelial cells (BECs) through Hyphal Wall Protein 1. Little is known about the factors leading to the identity and appearance of Hwp1 binding partners on cells lining the oral cavity. The observation that BECs vary in their ability to attach to C. albicans germ tubes and to bind recombinant Hwp1 (rHwp1) suggested that differentiation may play a role in affinity for germ tube attachment. Individual BECs were characterized for differentiation status and rHwp1 binding. rHwp1 bound to the more terminally differentiated cells displaying SPR3 and keratin 13 but not to less differentiated cells with abundant involucrin. Sequential expression of involucrin followed by SPR3 in oral keratinocytes was demonstrated using stratified organotypic cultures and a feeder layer system with the OKF6/TERT-2 cell line. Increased cross-linking of the lysine analogue 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine to cultured OKF6/TERT-2 cell proteins accompanied this increased expression of SPR3. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of rHwp1 cross-links to proteins from BECs or from OKF6/TERT-2 cells that had been mechanically dislodged from culture dishes. Therefore, the differentiation of SPR3 positive from involucrin positive cells is correlated with the acquisition of affinity for cross-linking to rHwp1 and covalent adhesion of germ tubes to BECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Olympio KPK, Bardal PAP, Cardoso VEDS, Oliveira RC, Bastos JRDM, Buzalaf MAR. Low-Fluoride Dentifrices with Reduced pH: Fluoride Concentration in Whole Saliva and Bioavailability. Caries Res 2007; 41:365-70. [PMID: 17713336 DOI: 10.1159/000104794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This double-blind study assessed the fluoride (F) concentration in whole saliva and F bioavailability after the use of low-F dentifrices with reduced pH. Whole saliva was collected from 10 volunteers after brushing with: experimental dentifrices (pH 5.5) 275, 550 and 1,100 ppm F; commercial 500 ppm F, pH 6.9 and a 'gold standard' 1,100 ppm F, pH 6.5. To analyze F bioavailability, 9 volunteers ingested weights of four dentifrices equivalent to 2 mg F: 1,500 ppm F/MFP/CaCO3, pH 9.5; 1,100 ppm F/NaF/silica, pH 5.5; 1,100 ppm F/NaF/silica, pH 7.0 and 1,100 ppm F/NaF/silica, pH 6.5 ('gold standard'). Ductal saliva and urine were collected. F was analyzed by electrode. Data were tested using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p < 0.05). The 550 ppm F/pH 5.5 dentifrice was similar to the 'gold standard' in its effect on whole saliva F concentration. The area under the curve of ductal saliva F concentration x time and urinary F excretion rates did not differ among the dentifrices. The results show that acidic low-F dentifrices are effective in increasing salivary F concentration and pH reduction does not seem to affect their F bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P K Olympio
- Department of Public Health, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Cabras T, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Scarano E, Patamia M, Sanna MT, Pisano E, Giardina B, Castagnola M, Messana I. HPLC–MS characterization of cyclo-statherin Q-37, a specific cyclization product of human salivary statherin generated by transglutaminase 2. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2600-8. [PMID: 17313100 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the analytical potential of HPLC-MS/MS was utilized for the structural characterization of a post-translational modification of statherin. Human salivary statherin (M(av)5380.0 +/- 0.3 Da) is transformed by the action of transglutaminase 2 into a cyclic derivative with an average molecular mass of 5363.0 +/- 0.3 Da. The intra-molecular bridge is generated by the loss of an ammonia molecule between the unique Ione-pair donating nucleophile Lys-6 and one acceptor among the seven glutamine residues of statherin. Digestion of the cyclic derivative with chymotrypsin, proteinase K, and carboxypeptidase Y, monitored by HPLC-electrospray ionization-ion trap-mass spectrometric analysis, demonstrated that cyclization involved almost specifically Gln-37 (> 95%), with the percentage of Gln-39 implicated in the cross-linkiing being less than 5%. The main derivative was named cyclostatherin Q37. Guineapig transglutaminase 2 showed high affinity for statherin in vitro (Km = 0.65 +/- 0.06 microM). Cyclo-statherin was detected in vivo by HPLC-electrospray ionization ion trap-mass spectrometry analysis of whole human saliva and it accounted for about 1% of total statherin. Detection of cyclo-statherin in whole saliva is suggestive of a putative role of this molecule in the formation of the "oral protein pellicle".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Sciences Applied to Biosystems, Cagliari University, Monserrato Campus, Monserrato, CA, Italy
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