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Akhigbe RE, Akhigbe TM, Oyedokun PA, Famurewa AC. Molecular mechanisms underpinning the protection against antiretroviral drug-induced sperm-endocrine aberrations and testicular toxicity: A review. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108629. [PMID: 38825169 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has revolutionized the treatment of HIV/AIDS worldwide. The HAART approach is the combination of two or more antiretroviral drugs of different classes and are responsible for patient's survival and declining death rates from HIV/AIDS and AIDS-related events. However, the severe and persistent reproductive side effect toxicity of HAART regimens is of great concern to patients within the reproductive age. Till date, the underlying pathophysiology of the HAART-induced reproductive toxicity remains unraveled. Nevertheless, preclinical studies show that oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in HAART-induced sperm-endocrine deficit and reproductive aberrations. Studies are emerging demonstrating the efficacy of plant-based and non-plant products against the molecular alterations and testicular toxicity of HAART. The testicular mechanisms of mitigation by these products are associated with enhancement of testicular steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. This review presents the toxic effects of HAART on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormones and testis integrity. It also provides insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the mitigation of HAART testicular toxicity by plant-based and non-plant agents. However, effect of repurposing clinical drugs to combat HAART toxicity is unknown, and more mechanistic studies are evidently needed. Altogether, plant-based and non-plant products are potential agents for prevention of rampant endocrine dysfunction and testicular toxicity of HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Tunmise M Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Breeding and Genetics Unit, Department of Agronomy, Osun State University, Ejigbo Campus, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Precious A Oyedokun
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
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Ye LW, Zhao L, Mei ZS, Zhou YH, Yu T. Association between periodontitis and uric acid levels in blood and oral fluids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:178. [PMID: 36973692 PMCID: PMC10045947 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02900-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uric acid, a formerly-known antioxidant that has recently been linked to numerous inflammatory diseases as a pro-inflammatory and -oxidative mediator in pathological conditions. It is imperative to reassess the association between periodontitis and uric acid locally and systematically. The aim of this systematic review was to systemically evaluate the association between periodontitis and the uric acid (UA) levels in blood, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). METHODS Relevant clinical studies up to January 28, 2023 were identified and retrieved from electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE and Web of Science, with periodontitis, uric acid, hyperuricemia and gout as the keywords. The weighted (WMD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated using fixed- or random-effect models. Methodological heterogeneity was assessed. RESULTS Sixteen eligible observational studies and one RCT were enrolled, which included 1354 patients with periodontitis and 989 controls. Three sample types for UA detection were involved, including blood (n = 8), saliva (n = 9) and GCF (n = 1). Meta-analysis demonstrated an enhanced plasma UA concentration (WMD = 1.00 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.37, P < 0.001) but a decreased salivary UA level (SMD = -0.95, 95% CI -1.23 to -0.68, P < 0.001) in periodontitis versus control. Statistical heterogeneity among the plasma- and saliva-tested studies were moderate (I2 = 58.3%, P = 0.066) and low (I2 = 33.8%, P = 0.196), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of the enrolled studies, it seems that there is an association between periodontitis and increased blood UA and decreased salivary UA. (Registration no. CRD42020172535 in Prospero).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Wen Ye
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, No.195 Dongfeng Road West, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510056, China
| | - Ze-Song Mei
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, No.195 Dongfeng Road West, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Ying-Hong Zhou
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, No.195 Dongfeng Road West, Guangzhou, 510182, China.
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Afolabi OA, Hamed MA, Anyogu DC, Adeyemi DH, Odetayo AF, Akhigbe RE. Atorvastatin-mediated downregulation of VCAM-1 and XO/UA/caspase 3 signaling averts oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Redox Rep 2022; 27:212-220. [PMID: 36200598 PMCID: PMC9553180 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2129192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative damage is critical in the pathogenesis of ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and statins have been reported to exert antioxidant activity. However, the role of VCAM-1 and xanthine oxidase (XO)/uric acid (UA) in ovarian I/R injury is not known. Also, whether or not atorvastatin exerts antioxidant activity like other statins is unclear. Objectives This study investigated the involvement of VCAM-1 and XO/UA in ovarian I/R injury and the likely protective role of atorvastatin. Methods Forty female Wistar rats were randomized into sham-operated, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), ischaemia and atorvastatin, and I/R and atorvastatin. Results In comparison with the sham-operated group, atorvastatin blunted ischaemia and I/R-induced distortion of ovarian histoarchitecture and follicular degeneration. Also, atorvastatin alleviated ischaemia and I/R-induced rise in XO, UA, and malondialdehyde, which was accompanied by inhibition of ischaemia and I/R-induced reductions in reduced glutathione level, enzymatic antioxidant activities and increase in myeloperoxidase activity and TNF-α and IL-6 levels by atorvastatin treatment. Additionally, atorvastatin blocked ischaemia and I/R-induced increase in VCAM-1 expression, caspase 3 activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level and ovarian DNA fragmentation index. Conclusion For the first time, this study revealed that atorvastatin-mediated downregulation of VCAM-1 and XO/UA/caspase 3 signaling averts oxidative injury, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - M A Hamed
- Brainwill Laboratories, Osogbo, Nigeria.,Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - D C Anyogu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - D H Adeyemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - A F Odetayo
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - R E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.,Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Ahn YY, Kim J, Kim K. Frozen Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitrite Solution: The Acceleration of Benzoic Acid Oxidation via the Decreased pH in Ice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2323-2333. [PMID: 34904827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated benzoic acid oxidation via the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitrite (NO2-). The oxidation of benzoic acid by reactive nitrous acid (HONO) was negligible, and the reactivity of the H2O2/NO2- system decreased with a decrease in temperature under aqueous conditions. However, freezing markedly accelerated the chemical reaction. Based on Raman microscope measurements, concentrated species were confirmed in certain regions of the ice. We proposed that the change in nitrite speciation (accordingly, a decrease in the pH below pKa), derived from the freezing concentration effect, was the reason for the accelerated reactions. The oxidation characteristics of the system were monitored under varying conditions, such as initial pH, dosage ratio, benzoic acid concentration, and reaction with various benzene derivatives. The ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI/MS) measurement showed that peroxynitrous acid (HOONO)-mediated oxidation generated hydroxylated and nitrated byproducts. Additionally, decarboxylated products were detected, indicating direct electron transfer from the organic compounds to HOONO. As freezing is a global phenomenon, and H2O2 and NO2- are ubiquitous in the environment, the transformation of aromatic compounds with H2O2/NO2- in cold environments must be considered in environmental chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yoon Ahn
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Science, University of Science of Technology (UST), Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
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5
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Akhigbe RE, Oladipo AA, Oyedokun PA, Hamed MA, Okeleji LO, Ajayi AF. Upregulation of Uric Acid Production and Caspase 3 Signalling Mediates Rohypnol-Induced Cardiorenal Damage. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:419-435. [PMID: 35103933 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of illicit drug use is on the increase with attendant complications like cardiorenal collapse. One such substance of abuse is rohypnol. Despite its ban in most countries, it remains a popular substance of abuse. Whether or not rohypnol induces cardiorenal injury and the associated mechanism is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of rohypnol on cardiorenal integrity and functions, and glucolipid metabolism. Forty-eight male Wistar rats randomized into six groups (n = 8/group) received (per os) vehicle, low-dose (2 mg/kg) and high-dose (4 mg/kg) rohypnol once daily for twenty eight days, with or without a cessation period. Data revealed that rohypnol exposure irreversibly caused insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, and dyslipidaemia. This was accompanied by reduced cardiorenal mass and impaired cardiorenal cytoarchitecture and function. Furthermore, rohypnol treatment promoted oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and decreased cardiorenal activities of Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase. These alterations were associated with enhanced uric acid generation and caspase 3 activity in the cardiorenal complex. Thus, this study reveals that rohypnol exposure triggers cardiorenal toxicity with incident insulin resistance, glucolipid and cardiorenal proton pump dysregulation, altered redox state, and inflammation via enhancement of uric acid generation and caspase 3-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Akhigbe
- Reproductive Physiology and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Odeomu, Osun, Nigeria
| | - A A Oladipo
- Reproductive Physiology and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - P A Oyedokun
- Reproductive Physiology and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - M A Hamed
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.,Buntai Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - L O Okeleji
- Cardio-Thoracic Unit, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - A F Ajayi
- Reproductive Physiology and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Mijailovic NR, Vesic K, Borovcanin MM. The Influence of Serum Uric Acid on the Brain and Cognitive Dysfunction. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:828476. [PMID: 35530021 PMCID: PMC9072620 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.828476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid is commonly known for its bad reputation. However, it has been shown that uric acid may be actively involved in neurotoxicity and/or neuroprotection. These effects could be caused by oxidative stress or inflammatory processes localized in the central nervous system, but also by other somatic diseases or systemic conditions. Our interest was to summarize and link the current data on the possible role of uric acid in cognitive functioning. We also focused on the two putative molecular mechanisms related to the pathological effects of uric acid-oxidative stress and inflammatory processes. The hippocampus is a prominent anatomic localization included in expressing uric acid's potential impact on cognitive functioning. In neurodegenerative and mental disorders, uric acid could be involved in a variety of ways in etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation. Hyperuricemia is non-specifically observed more frequently in the general population and after various somatic illnesses. There is increasing evidence to support the hypothesis that hyperuricemia may be beneficial for cognitive functioning because of its antioxidant effects but may also be a potential risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, in part because of increased inflammatory activity. In this context, gender specificities must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa R Mijailovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milica M Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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7
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Wang K, Yin R, Pan X, Ma A. Association between uric acid and the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:3016-3023. [PMID: 34625360 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Meta-analysis was performed to assess the value of serum uric acid in the prognosis of ischemic stroke. DATA SYNTHESIS We searched the databases of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The literature we searched was published from the establishment of the database to January 2021. The references of the included literature were also collected. Two researchers sifted through the literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and extracted the data. Stata 16.0 software was used for meta-analysis, and funnel plots were used to evaluate publication bias. Ten studies fulfilled the research criteria and were eventually included, and the analysis results showed that there was no significant association between serum uric acid and the functional outcome (OR = 0.99, 95% CI; 0.97-1.10), poor outcome (OR = 1.07, 95% CI; 0.99-1.15), vascular events (OR = 0.86, 95% CI; 0.52-1.41), and mortality (OR = 1.08, 95% CI; 0.93-1.24) related to ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant correlation between serum uric acid level and prognosis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Ruihua Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China.
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Akhigbe RE, Hamed MA, Aremu AO. HAART exacerbates testicular damage and impaired spermatogenesis in anti-Koch-treated rats via dysregulation of lactate transport and glutathione content. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 103:96-107. [PMID: 34118364 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) is an effective anti-retroviral cocktail. Similarly, anti-Koch is highly potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, these drugs have been shown to impair male fertility. This study investigated the impact of HAART and anti-Koch, when used alone and co-administered, on testicular and sperm integrity. Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were assigned randomly into four groups (n = 8), namely normal control, HAART-treated, anti-Koch-treated, and HAART + anti-Koch-treated. The doses of drugs were the human equivalent doses for rats. Administration was once daily per os and lasted for eight weeks. HAART aggravated anti-Koch-induced reduction in testicular and penile weights. In addition, anti-Koch also led to a distortion of testicular cytoarchitecture, disturbed spermatogenesis, and caused low sperm quality, including sperm dysmotility. More so, anti-Koch led to a significant elevation of uric acid and dysregulation of testicular lactate transport and glutathione content. These events were accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation and inflammation of the testicular tissue and reduced testicular and sperm DNA integrity. These adverse effects of anti-Koch were aggravated by co-administration of HAART. Thus, our results infer that HAART exacerbates anti-Koch-induced impairment of spermatogenesis and testicular and sperm toxicity through up-regulation of uric acid generation and dysregulation of lactate transport and glutathione system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria; Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Kings University, Odeomu, Osun, Nigeria.
| | - M A Hamed
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Buntai Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - A O Aremu
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria; Department of Morbid Anatomy, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
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Redox Interactions of Vitamin C and Iron: Inhibition of the Pro-Oxidant Activity by Deferiprone. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113967. [PMID: 32486511 PMCID: PMC7312906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AscH2) is one of the most important vitamins found in the human diet, with many biological functions including antioxidant, chelating, and coenzyme activities. Ascorbic acid is also widely used in medical practice especially for increasing iron absorption and as an adjuvant therapeutic in iron chelation therapy, but its mode of action and implications in iron metabolism and toxicity are not yet clear. In this study, we used UV–Vis spectrophotometry, NMR spectroscopy, and EPR spin trapping spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant/pro-oxidant effects of ascorbic acid in reactions involving iron and the iron chelator deferiprone (L1). The experiments were carried out in a weak acidic (pH from 3 to 5) and neutral (pH 7.4) medium. Ascorbic acid exhibits predominantly pro-oxidant activity by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, followed by the formation of dehydroascorbic acid. As a result, ascorbic acid accelerates the redox cycle Fe3+ ↔ Fe2+ in the Fenton reaction, which leads to a significant increase in the yield of toxic hydroxyl radicals. The analysis of the experimental data suggests that despite a much lower stability constant of the iron–ascorbate complex compared to the FeL13 complex, ascorbic acid at high concentrations is able to substitute L1 in the FeL13 chelate complex resulting in the formation of mixed L12AscFe complex. This mixed chelate complex is redox stable at neutral pH = 7.4, but decomposes at pH = 4–5 during several minutes at sub-millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid. The proposed mechanisms play a significant role in understanding the mechanism of action, pharmacological, therapeutic, and toxic effects of the interaction of ascorbic acid, iron, and L1.
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Kim HJ, Sohn IW, Kim YS, Jun JB. The Different Relationship between Homocysteine and Uric Acid Levels with Respect to the MTHFR C677T Polymorphism According to Gender in Patients with Cognitive Impairment. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041147. [PMID: 32325916 PMCID: PMC7230180 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In an elderly population with cognitive impairment, we investigated the association between serum uric acid (sUA) and serum homocysteine (sHcy), known risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. We also investigated the potential effect of the C677T polymorphism in the gene encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) to the sUA level in different dementia types. Participants underwent a battery of tests including measurements of sUA, sHcy, folic acid, and vitamin B12 as well as genotyping of the MTHFR locus. Data from 861 subjects (597 females to 264 males) were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects with hyperhomocysteinemia had lower serum folic acid and vitamin B12 and higher sUA than those with normal sHcy. sUA was significantly associated with serum creatinine, HbA1c, and sHcy regardless of gender. The TT genotype was found to be associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in both genders (p = 0.001). The levels of hyperlipidemia, sHcy, and sUA differed according to dementia subtypes. High sUA were associated with hyperhomocystenemia in TT genotype only in dementia with vascular lesion. This study reveals that sUA is positively associated with sHcy. We speculate that the two markers synergistically increase cerebrovascular burden and suggested that dietary intervention for sUA and sHcy would be helpful for cognitive decline with vascular lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University, 222, Wansimni-ro, Seondong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (J.-B.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2290-9216 (H.-J.K.); +82-2-2290-8374 (J.-B.J.)
| | - Il Woong Sohn
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 222-1, Wansimni-ro, Seondong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Young Seo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University, 222, Wansimni-ro, Seondong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Jae-Bum Jun
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 222-1, Wansimni-ro, Seondong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-J.K.); (J.-B.J.); Tel.: +82-2-2290-9216 (H.-J.K.); +82-2-2290-8374 (J.-B.J.)
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The Metabolic Concept of Meal Sequence vs. Satiety: Glycemic and Oxidative Responses with Reference to Inflammation Risk, Protective Principles and Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102373. [PMID: 31590352 PMCID: PMC6835480 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing exposure to eating opportunities and postprandial conditions becoming dominant states, acute effects of meals are garnering interest. In this narrative review, meal components, combinations and course sequence were questioned vis-à-vis resultant postprandial responses, including satiety, glycemic, oxidative and inflammatory risks/outcomes vs. protective principles, with reference to the Mediterranean diet. Representative scientific literature was reviewed and explained, and corresponding recommendations discussed and illustrated. Starting meals with foods, courses and/or preloads high in innate/added/incorporated water and/or fibre, followed by protein-based courses, delaying carbohydrates and fatty foods and minimizing highly-processed/sweetened hedonic foods, would increase satiety-per-calorie vs. obesogenic passive overconsumption. Similarly, starting with high-water/fibre dishes, followed by high-protein foods, oils/fats, and delayed/reduced slowly-digested whole/complex carbohydrate sources, optionally closing with simpler carbohydrates/sugars, would reduce glycaemic response. Likewise, starting with foods high in innate/added/incorporated water/fibre/antioxidants, high monounsaturated fatty acid foods/oils, light proteins and whole/complex carbohydrate foods, with foods/oils low in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios, and minimal-to-no red meat and highly/ultra-processed foods/lipids, would reduce oxidative/inflammatory response. Pyramids illustrating representative meal sequences, from most-to-least protective foods, visually communicate similarities between axes, suggesting potential unification for optimal meal sequence, consistent with anti-inflammatory nutrition and Mediterranean diet/meal principles, warranting application and outcome evaluation.
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12
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Impact of serum uric acid on incident hypertension in a worksite population of Japanese men. J Hypertens 2019; 36:1499-1505. [PMID: 29746372 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher levels of serum uric acid are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, which may be confounded by comorbidities. We investigated the effects of serum uric acid on the risk of hypertension in Japanese men at a worksite. METHODS We evaluated a total of 2335 Japanese male workers without hypertension who ranged in age from 18 to 64 years at a worksite in 2009. These men were followed for 6 years from 2009 to 2015. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 380 individuals developed hypertension. The odds ratio for the incident hypertension was estimated according to quartiles of serum uric acid levels of 5.1 or less, 5.2-5.8, 5.9-6.6, and at least 6.7 mg/dl. The multivariable-adjusted risk of incident hypertension was significantly higher in the highest serum uric acid quartile than in the lowest: odds ratio 1.00 (reference) for the lowest quartile, 1.34 (0.91-1.97) for the second quartile, 1.42 (0.97-2.06) for the third quartile, and 1.65 (1.14-2.40) for the highest quartile. In stratified analyses, the association between serum uric acid and incident hypertension was significant in the patients of aged below 45 years and without comorbidities, namely diabetes and low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Serum uric acid levels were associated with the future incidence of hypertension, and the association was observed in the younger individuals, those without diabetes, and those with preserved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in a worksite population of Japanese men.
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13
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Romo AIB, Dibo VS, Abreu DS, Carepo MSP, Neira AC, Castillo I, Lemus L, Nascimento OR, Bernhardt PV, Sousa EHS, Diógenes ICN. Ascorbyl and hydroxyl radical generation mediated by a copper complex adsorbed on gold. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14128-14137. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01726g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry, nuclease assays, and EPR were used to detect ascorbyl and hydroxyl radical generation by a copper complex adsorbed on gold.
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14
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Silva RP, Carvalho LAC, Patricio ES, Bonifacio JPP, Chaves-Filho AB, Miyamoto S, Meotti FC. Identification of urate hydroperoxide in neutrophils: A novel pro-oxidant generated in inflammatory conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:177-186. [PMID: 30118829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the final product of purine metabolism in humans and is considered to be quantitatively the main antioxidant in plasma. In vitro studies showed that the oxidation of uric acid by peroxidases, in presence of superoxide, generates urate free radical and urate hydroperoxide. Urate hydroperoxide is a strong oxidant and might be a relevant intermediate in inflammatory conditions. However, the identification of urate hydroperoxide in cells and biological samples has been a challenge due to its high reactivity. By using mass spectrometry, we undoubtedly demonstrated the formation of urate hydroperoxide and its corresponding alcohol, hydroxyisourate during the respiratory burst in peripheral blood neutrophils and in human leukemic cells differentiated in neutrophils (dHL-60). The respiratory burst was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and greatly increased oxygen consumption and superoxide production. Both oxygen consumption and superoxide production were further augmented by incubation with uric acid. Conversely, uric acid significantly decreased the levels of HOCl, probably because of the competition with chloride by the catalysis of myeloperoxidase. In spite of the decrease in HOCl, the overall oxidative status, measured by GSH/GSSG ratio, was augmented in the presence of uric acid. In summary, the present results support the formation of urate hydroperoxide, a novel oxidant in neutrophils oxidative burst. Urate hydroperoxide is a strong oxidant and alters the redox balance toward a pro-oxidative environment. The production of urate hydroperoxide in inflammatory conditions could explain, at least in part, the harmful effect associated to uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Railmara P Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa A C Carvalho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliziane S Patricio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João P P Bonifacio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Chaves-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia C Meotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química (IQUSP), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Niki E. Oxidant-specific biomarkers of oxidative stress. Association with atherosclerosis and implication for antioxidant effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:425-440. [PMID: 29625172 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unregulated oxidative modification of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids induced by multiple oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Antioxidants with diverse functions exert their roles either directly or indirectly in the physiological defense network to inhibit such deleterious oxidative modification of biological molecules and resulting damage. The efficacy of antioxidants depends on the nature of oxidants. Therefore, it is important to identify the oxidants which are responsible for modification of biological molecules. Some oxidation products produced selectively by specific oxidant enable to identify the responsible oxidants, while other products are produced by several oxidants similarly. In this review article, several oxidant-specific products produced selectively by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorous acid, lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen were summarized and their potential role as biomarker is discussed. It is shown that the levels of specific oxidation products including hydroxylinoleate isomers, nitrated and chlorinated products, and oxysterols produced by the above-mentioned oxidants are elevated in the human atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that all these oxidants may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Further, it was shown that the reactivities of physiological antioxidants toward the above-mentioned oxidants vary extensively, suggesting that multiple antioxidants effective against these different oxidants are required, since no single antioxidant alone can cope with these multiple oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo Niki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan.
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16
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Ferrer-Sueta G, Campolo N, Trujillo M, Bartesaghi S, Carballal S, Romero N, Alvarez B, Radi R. Biochemistry of Peroxynitrite and Protein Tyrosine Nitration. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1338-1408. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ferrer-Sueta
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Campolo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Carballal
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Romero
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de
Ciencias, ‡Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, §Departamento de Bioquímica,
Facultad de Medicina, ∥Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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17
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Chen SC, Lee MY, Huang JC, Mai HC, Kuo PL, Chang JM, Chen HC, Yang YH. Association of diabetes mellitus with decline in ankle-brachial index among patients on hemodialysis: A 6-year follow-up study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175363. [PMID: 28406941 PMCID: PMC5391078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery occlusive disease is common among diabetes mellitus (DM) and end-stage renal disease patients, and tends to progress faster and lead to worse outcomes. This study compared the association of DM with the decline in ankle-brachial index (ABI) among patients on hemodialysis (HD). This was a longitudinal analysis of ABI in HD patients from 2009 to 2015. Medical records and yearly ABI values were obtained. A longitudinal mixed-model analysis was used to evaluate ABI changing trends while accounting for within-patients correlation. There were 296 patients on HD in the period of 2009-2015. In a 6-year follow-up, those with DM had a more rapid ABI decline compared to non-DM patients (slopes: -0.014 vs. 0.010 per year, interaction p < 0.001). In DM patients, female sex, high pulse pressure, high triglyceride, low creatinine, and high uric acid were associated with a decrease in ABI. In non-DM patients, old age, high pulse pressure, high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high uric acid were associated with a decreased in ABI. There were 49.6% of patients with a normal ABI experienced a decrease at least 0.1 of ABI from baseline, and 35.3% had a final ABI < 0.9 in patients with a baseline ABI ≥ 0.9 (n = 232). In this study, DM patients on HD tend to develop a more rapid decline in ABI than non-DM patients on HD. Age, sex, pulse pressure, lipid profile, creatinine, and uric acid are associated with a decreased in ABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chin Mai
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital (Operated by Kaohsiung Medical University), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- Division of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Kim H, Kim SH, Choi AR, Kim S, Choi HY, Kim HJ, Park HC. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia is independently associated with coronary artery calcification in the absence of overt coronary artery disease: A single-center cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6565. [PMID: 28383435 PMCID: PMC5411219 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the pathogenic role of uric acid (UA) in both systemic metabolic and atherosclerotic diseases has been investigated. We sought to determine the independent correlation between serum UA levels and coronary artery calcification, as a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. A total of 4188 individuals without prior coronary artery disease or urate-deposition disease were included. All of the participants underwent multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for the evaluation of coronary artery calcification (CAC) during their health check-ups. The subjects were divided into thre groups according to CAC scores (group 1: 0; group 2: 1-299; group 3: ≥300). After controlling for other confounders, serum UA levels were found to be positively associated with increasing CAC scores (P = 0.001). Adjusted mean serum UA levels in each CAC group were estimated to be 5.2 ± 0.1 mg/dL, 5.3 ± 0.1 mg/dL, and 5.6 ± 0.2 mg/dL from groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Subsequent subgroup analyses revealed that this positive association was only significant in participants who were male, relatively older, less overweight, and did not have diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, smoking history, or renal dysfunction. In conclusion, serum uric acid levels were independently associated with CAC score severity and this finding is particularly relevant to the subjects who were male, relatively older, less overweight (body mass index < 25 kg/m), and without a history of DM, hypertension, smoking, or renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul Department of Internal Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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19
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Maarman GJ, Andrew BM, Blackhurst DM, Ojuka EO. Melatonin protects against uric acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and triglyceride accumulation in C2C12myotubes. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1003-1010. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00873.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess uric acid has been shown to induce oxidative stress, triglyceride accumulation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in the liver and is an independent predictor of type-2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle plays a dominant role in type 2 diabetes and presents a large surface area to plasma uric acid. However, the effects of uric acid on skeletal muscle are underinvestigated. Our aim was therefore to characterize the effects of excessive uric acid on oxidative stress, triglyceride content, and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle C2C12myotubes and assess how these are modulated by the antioxidant molecule melatonin. Differentiated C2C12myotubes were exposed to 750 µM uric acid or uric acid + 10 nM melatonin for 72 h. Compared with control, uric acid increased triglyceride content by ~237%, oxidative stress by 32%, and antioxidant capacity by 135%. Uric acid also reduced endogenous ROUTINE respiration, complex II-linked oxidative phosphorylation, and electron transfer system capacities. Melatonin counteracted the effects of uric acid without further altering antioxidant capacity. Our data demonstrate that excess uric acid has adverse effects on skeletal muscle similar to those previously reported in hepatocytes and suggest that melatonin at a low physiological concentration of 10 nM may be a possible therapy against some adverse effects of excess uric acid.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Few studies have investigated the effects of uric acid on skeletal muscle. This study shows that hyperuricemia induces mitochondrial dysfunction and triglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle. The findings may explain why hyperuricemia is an independent predictor of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J. Maarman
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa; and
| | - Brittany M. Andrew
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa; and
| | - Dee M. Blackhurst
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward O. Ojuka
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Newlands, South Africa; and
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20
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Silvester JA, Wei XD, Davies MJ, Timmins GS. A study of photochemically-generated protein radical spin adducts on bovine serum albumin: the detection of genuine spin-trapping and artefactual, non-radical addition in the same molecule. Redox Rep 2016; 3:225-31. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1997.11747114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Aloia E, Sciaccaluga C. Low acid uric in primary prophylaxis: worthy? Int J Cardiol 2016; 215:223-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Ando K, Takahashi H, Watanabe T, Daidoji H, Otaki Y, Nishiyama S, Arimoto T, Shishido T, Miyashita T, Miyamoto T, Kubota I. Impact of Serum Uric Acid Levels on Coronary Plaque Stability Evaluated Using Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 23:932-9. [PMID: 26947600 DOI: 10.5551/jat.33951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Because the prevalence of hyperuricemia is lower in females than in males, the association between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease has been frequently reported in females. Increased serum uric acid levels are associated with the presence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, renal dysfunction, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. However, it is controversial whether hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease in both the genders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and coronary plaque components assessed using integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound (IB-IVUS) in males and females. METHODS In total, 385 patients (298 males and 87 females) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention using IB-IVUS were divided into three groups in each gender according to their serum uric acid levels. We characterized tissue from coronary plaques in culprit lesions. RESULTS Serum uric acid levels significantly correlated with percent lipid volume (r=0.37) and inversely correlated with percent fibrous volume (r=-0.35). Multivariate analysis showed that the uric acid level was independently associated with lipid-rich plaques (odds ratio 2.43, 95%, confidence interval 1.75-3.47). The prevalence of lipid-rich plaques increased with increasing uric acid levels in both genders. CONCLUSION Increased serum uric acid levels were associated with larger lipid content plaques in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Ando
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine
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Chen SC, Lee MY, Huang JC, Kuo IC, Mai HC, Kuo PL, Chang JM, Hwang SJ, Chen HC. Association of Far-Infrared Radiation Therapy and Ankle-Brachial Index of Patients on Hemodialysis with Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:970-976. [PMID: 27994503 PMCID: PMC5165691 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.17329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is recognized to be a good marker for atherosclerosis, and is useful in the diagnosis of peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) which is prevalent among patients on hemodialysis (HD). Methods: This randomized trial aimed to evaluate the effect of far-infrared radiation (FIR) therapy on ABI in HD patients with PAOD. PAOD was defined as patients with ABI < 0.95. One hundred and eight HD patients were enrolled, including 50 in the control group and 58 in the FIR group. A WS TY101 FIR emitter was applied for 40 minutes during each HD session, three times per week for six months. The ABI was measured before and after the FIR therapy. Results: Regardless of FIR therapy, the bilateral ABI decreased (in the FIR group, left: 0.88±0.22 to 0.85±0.24, p = 0.188; right: 0.92±0.20 to 0.90±0.23, p = 0.372; in control group, left: 0.91±0.23 to 0.88±0.21, p = 0144; right: 0.93±0.17 to 0.89±0.21, p = 0.082). Multivariate logistic analysis of the FIR group revealed that high uric acid (odds ratio [OR]: 2.335; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.117-4.882; p=0.024) and aspirin use (OR: 16.463; 95% CI: 1.787-151.638; p=0.013) were independently associated with increased bilateral ABI after FIR therapy. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that ABI is not increased after FIR therapy in HD patients with PAOD. However, in the FIR group, patients with higher uric acid level or those who used aspirin have increased bilateral ABI after FIR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chia Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Division of Nephrology,; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Chi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Division of Nephrology,; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ching Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Division of Nephrology
| | - Hsiu-Chin Mai
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan;; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Division of Nephrology,; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital (Operated by Kaohsiung Medical University), Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jyh Hwang
- Division of Nephrology,; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology,; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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24
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Prasad K. Pathophysiology and Medical Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis. Int J Angiol 2015; 24:158-72. [PMID: 26417183 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1554911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of mortality. Approximately 80 to 85% strokes are ischemic due to carotid artery stenosis (CAS). The prevalence of significant CAS is 7% in women and 9% in men. Severe asymptomatic CAS varies from 0 to 3.1%. Prevalence of symptomatic CAS is high in patients with peripheral arterial disease. CAS is due to atherosclerosis, the major risk factors for which include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cigarette smoking, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its receptors (RAGE, soluble RAGE [sRAGE]), lack of exercise and C-reactive protein (CRP). This article discusses the basic mechanism of atherosclerosis and the mechanisms by which these risk factors induce atherosclerosis. The role of AGEs and its receptors in the development and progression of CAS has been discussed in detail. Lifestyle changes and medical treatment of CAS such as lifestyle changes, lipid-lowering agents, antihypertensive agents, antidiabetic drugs, anti-AGE therapy, measures to elevate soluble receptors of AGE (sRAGE, esRAGE). CRP-lowering agents have been discussed in detail. The drugs especially lipid-lowering agents, and antihypertensive and antidiabetic drugs suppress, regress, and slow the progression of CAS. The possible role of lowering the levels of AGEs and raising the levels of sRAGE in the treatment of CAS has been proposed. Lifestyle changes besides medical treatment have been stressed. Lifestyle changes and medical treatment not only would slow the progression of CAS but would also regress the CAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Huang CC, Lou BS, Hsu FL, Hou CC. Use of urinary metabolomics to evaluate the effect of hyperuricemia on the kidney. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Prasad K, Dhar I. Oxidative stress as a mechanism of added sugar-induced cardiovascular disease. Int J Angiol 2014; 23:217-26. [PMID: 25484552 PMCID: PMC4244242 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1387169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Added sugars comprising of table sugar, brown sugar, corn syrup, maple syrup, honey, molasses, and other sweeteners in the prepared processed foods and beverages have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. This article deals with the reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a mechanism of sugar-induced cardiovascular diseases. There is an association between the consumption of high levels of serum glucose with cardiovascular diseases. Various sources of sugar-induced generation of ROS, including mitochondria, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase, advanced glycation end products, insulin, and uric acid have been discussed. The mechanism by which ROS induce the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias have been discussed in detail. In conclusion, the data suggest that added sugars induce atherosclerosis, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias and that these effects of added sugars are mediated through ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Prasad
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Indu Dhar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Nagahama K, Inoue T, Kohagura K, Kinjo K, Ohya Y. Associations between serum uric acid levels and the incidence of hypertension and metabolic syndrome: a 4-year follow-up study of a large screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:213-8. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Peteu SF, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Nitro-oxidative species in vivo biosensing: Challenges and advances with focus on peroxynitrite quantification. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 58:359-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tang W, Fu Q, Zhang Q, Sun M, Gao Y, Liu X, Qian L, Shan S, Yang T. The association between serum uric acid and residual β -cell function in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2014; 2014:709691. [PMID: 24971368 PMCID: PMC4058242 DOI: 10.1155/2014/709691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of serum uric acid (sUA) with residual β -cell function in type 2 diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed on 1021 type 2 diabetes patients. The ratio of area under curve of insulin to glucose during 0 to 30 min and 0 to 120 min of the OGTT was calculated as indices of insulin secretion function. The products of insulin secretion indices multiplied by Matsuda insulin sensitivity index were used as disposition indices. After correlation and multiple linear regression analysis, sUA was significantly associated with insulin secretion and disposition indices in male, female, and total groups adjusted for confounding factors (including metabolic indicators like sex, age, course of the disease, blood glucose, blood pressure, serum lipids, and so on). Superficially steeper time-dependent decline of insulin secretion function was found in patients with sUA above the median than those below it. In conclusion, our results suggest an independent positive association between sUA and residual β -cell function in type 2 diabetes. Patients with higher sUA have greater insulin secretion ability than those with lower sUA at the early stage of disease, but their residual β -cell function seems to decay more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, China
- *Wei Tang: and
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
- *Tao Yang:
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Duran M, Murat SN, Ornek E. Does Serum Uric Acid Level Affect Coronary Collaterals in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Angiology 2013; 64:325-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319712463421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Duran
- Department of Cardiology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sani N. Murat
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ender Ornek
- Department of Cardiology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Linares E, Seixas LV, dos Prazeres JN, Ladd FVL, Ladd AABL, Coppi AA, Augusto O. Tempol moderately extends survival in a hSOD1(G93A) ALS rat model by inhibiting neuronal cell loss, oxidative damage and levels of non-native hSOD1(G93A) forms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55868. [PMID: 23405225 PMCID: PMC3566093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive dysfunction and death of motor neurons by mechanisms that remain unclear. Evidence indicates that oxidative mechanisms contribute to ALS pathology, but classical antioxidants have not performed well in clinical trials. Cyclic nitroxides are an alternative worth exploring because they are multifunctional antioxidants that display low toxicity in vivo. Here, we examine the effects of the cyclic nitroxide tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl) on ALS onset and progression in transgenic female rats over-expressing the mutant hSOD1(G93A) . Starting at 7 weeks of age, a high dose of tempol (155 mg/day/rat) in the rat´s drinking water had marginal effects on the disease onset but decelerated disease progression and extended survival by 9 days. In addition, tempol protected spinal cord tissues as monitored by the number of neuronal cells, and the reducing capability and levels of carbonylated proteins and non-native hSOD1 forms in spinal cord homogenates. Intraperitoneal tempol (26 mg/rat, 3 times/week) extended survival by 17 days. This group of rats, however, diverted to a decelerated disease progression. Therefore, it was inconclusive whether the higher protective effect of the lower i.p. dose was due to higher tempol bioavailability, decelerated disease development or both. Collectively, the results show that tempol moderately extends the survival of ALS rats while protecting their cellular and molecular structures against damage. Thus, the results provide proof that cyclic nitroxides are alternatives worth to be further tested in animal models of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edlaine Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana V. Seixas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janaina N. dos Prazeres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando V. L. Ladd
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aliny A. B. L. Ladd
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio A. Coppi
- Laboratory of Stochastic Stereology and Chemical Anatomy, Department of Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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A longitudinal cohort based association study between uric acid level and metabolic syndrome in Chinese Han urban male population. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:419. [PMID: 22682157 PMCID: PMC3416673 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been recently demonstrated that serum uric acid (UA) is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its related clinical indications based on cross-sectional or prospective cohort studies. Nonetheless, due to the fact that UA level constantly fluctuates from time to time even for the person, using a single measure of UA level at baseline of those studies may not be sufficient for estimating the UA-Mets association. METHODS To further estimate this time-dependent association, we fitted a generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression model with data from a large-scale 6-year longitudinal study, which included 2222 participants aged > =25 years with an average of 3.5 repeated measures of UA per person in the Health Management Center of Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong, China. RESULTS After adjusting for other potential confounding factors (i.e., total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein), it was verified that time-dependent UA level was an independent risk factor for MetS (OR = 1.6920, p < 0.0001). It was found that UA level was positively associated with obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, but was inversely associated with hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Serum UA level may serve as an important risk factor of MetS. Additionally, our study suggested that UA level be an independent risk factor to obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia, but a protective factor to hyperglycemia. These findings are concordant with results from other studies on Asian populations, and jointly provide a basis to further develop a risk assessment model for predicting MetS using UA levels and other factors in China.
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Domazou AS, Zhu H, Koppenol WH. Fast repair of protein radicals by urate. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1929-36. [PMID: 22406318 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The repair of tryptophan and tyrosine radicals in proteins by urate was studied by pulse radiolysis. In chymotrypsin, urate repairs tryptophan radicals efficiently with a rate constant of 2.7 × 10(8)M(-1)s(-1), ca. 14 times higher than the rate constant derived for N-acetyltryptophan amide, 1.9 × 10(7)M(-1)s(-1). In contrast, no repair of tryptophan radicals was observed in pepsin, which indicates a rate constant smaller than 6 × 10(7)M(-1)s(-1). Urate repairs tyrosine radicals in pepsin with a rate constant of 3 × 10(8)M(-1)s(-1)-ca. 12 times smaller than the rate constant reported for free tyrosine-but not in chymotrypsin, which implies an upper limit of 1 × 10(6)M(-1)s(-1) for the corresponding rate constant. Intra- and intermolecular electron transfer from tyrosine residues to tryptophan radicals is observed in both proteins, however, to different extents and with different rate constants. Urate inhibits electron transfer in chymotrypsin but not in pepsin. Our results suggest that urate repairs the first step on the long path to protein modification and prevents damage in vivo. It may prove to be a very important repair agent in tissue compartments where its concentration is higher than that of ascorbate. The product of such repair, the urate radical, can be reduced by ascorbate. Loss of ascorbate is then expected to be the net result, whereas urate is conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Domazou
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland.
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Relationships among hyperuricemia, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cardiol 2012; 59:235-42. [PMID: 22398104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. Its immediate precursor, xanthine, is converted to uric acid by an enzymatic reaction involving xanthine oxidoreductase. Uric acid has been formerly considered a major antioxidant in human plasma with possible beneficial anti-atherosclerotic effects. In contrast, studies in the past two decades have reported associations between elevated serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular events, suggesting a potential role for uric acid as a risk factor for atherosclerosis and related diseases. In this paper, the molecular pattern of uric acid formation, its possible deleterious effects, as well as the involvement of xanthine oxidoreductase in reactive oxygen species generation are critically discussed. Reactive oxygen species contribute to vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which are associated with the risk of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have renewed attention to the xanthine oxidoreductase system, since xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors, such as allopurinol and oxypurinol, would be capable of preventing atherosclerosis progression by reducing endothelial dysfunction. Also, beneficial effects could be obtained in patients with congestive heart failure. The simultaneous reduction in uric acid levels might contribute to these effects, or be a mere epiphenomenon of the drug action. The molecular mechanisms involved are discussed.
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Duran M, Kalay N, Akpek M, Orscelik O, Elcik D, Ocak A, Inanc MT, Kasapkara HA, Oguzhan A, Eryol NK, Ergin A, Kaya MG. High Levels of Serum Uric Acid Predict Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Angiology 2011; 63:448-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319711426868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to elucidate the relation between serum uric acid (SUA) level and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in nondiabetic, nonhypertensive patients (n = 246) with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Severity of CAD was assessed by the Gensini score. One, 2, and 3 or more diseased vessels were identified in 87 (35.4%), 55 (22.4%), and 104 (42.2%) patients, respectively. Patients with hyperuricemia had higher Gensini score, high number of diseased vessels, critical lesions, and total occlusion. Serum uric acid level was significantly associated with number of diseased vessels. Serum uric acid was an independent risk factor for multivessel disease by univariate analysis. High levels of SUA associated with the severity of CAD in nondiabetic, nonhypertensive patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Duran
- Department of Cardiology, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nihat Kalay
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Akpek
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Orscelik
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Deniz Elcik
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ocak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Namik K. Eryol
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Ergin
- Department of Cardiology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Rana S, Chawla R, Kumar R, Singh S, Zheleva A, Dimitrova Y, Gadjeva V, Arora R, Sultana S, Sharma RK. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in radiation research: Current status and perspectives. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 2:80-7. [PMID: 21814437 PMCID: PMC3147108 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.67006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to radiation leads to a number of health-related malfunctions. Ionizing radiation is more harmful than non-ionizing radiation, as it causes both direct and indirect effects. Irradiation with ionizing radiation results in free radical-induced oxidative stress. Free radical-mediated oxidative stress has been implicated in a plethora of diseased states, including cancer, arthritis, aging, Parkinson's disease, and so on. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has various applications to measure free radicals, in radiation research. Free radicals disintegrate immediately in aqueous environment. Free radicals can be detected indirectly by the EPR spin trapping technique in which these forms stabilize the radical adduct and produce characteristic EPR spectra for specific radicals. Ionizing radiation-induced free radicals in calcified tissues, for example, teeth, bone, and fingernail, can be detected directly by EPR spectroscopy, due to their extended stability. Various applications of EPR in radiation research studies are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Rana
- Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur Delhi - 110054, India
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Fukui M, Tanaka M, Toda H, Senmaru T, Sakabe K, Ushigome E, Asano M, Yamazaki M, Hasegawa G, Imai S, Nakamura N. Risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94:e15-8. [PMID: 21802759 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia simultaneously in a community-based observational cohort study (n=4304). When hypertension or dyslipidemia was present at baseline, hazard ratio (95% CI) of developing diabetes mellitus at year 5 is 3.014 (2.131-4.264) or 2.112 (1.520-2.936), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.
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Duran M, Ornek E, Murat SN, Turfan M, Vatankulu MA, Ocak A, Doger C, Yalcin AA, Demircelik MB. High Levels of Serum Uric Acid Impair Development of Coronary Collaterals in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Angiology 2011; 63:472-5. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319711422433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the association of serum uric acid (SUA) level and development of coronary collateral vessels (CCVs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients (n = 224) with ACS were included in the study. Coronary collateral vessels were graded according to the Rentrop scoring system. Rentrop grade 0 was accepted as absence of CCV (group 1; n = 117) and Rentrop grade ≥1 was accepted as presence of CCV (group 2; n = 107). Rentrop 0-1 (poor CCV) were determined in 167 patients and Rentrop 2-3 (good CCV) were determined in 57 patients. Both presence of CCV ( P < .001) and development of good CCV ( P = .003) were significantly associated with low levels of SUA. We suggest that high levels of SUA affect the CCV development negatively in nondiabetic and nonhypertensive patients with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Duran
- Department of Cardiology, Etlik Ihtisas Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ender Ornek
- Department of Cardiology, Etlik Ihtisas Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sani N. Murat
- Department of Cardiology, Etlik Ihtisas Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Turfan
- Department of Cardiology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ayse Ocak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cihan Doger
- Department of Anesthesia, Etlik Ihtisas Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Yang DG, Liu L, Zhou SH, Ma MF, Wen T. Remnant-Like Lipoproteins May Accelerate Endothelial Progenitor Cells Senescence Through Inhibiting Telomerase Activity via the Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent Pathway. Can J Cardiol 2011; 27:628-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2010.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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40
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Spasojević I. Free radicals and antioxidants at a glance using EPR spectroscopy. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2011; 48:114-42. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2011.591772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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de Lima DD, Delwing F, da Cruz JGP, Wyse ATS, Delwing-Dal Magro D. Protective effect of antioxidants on blood oxidative stress caused by arginine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:250-8. [PMID: 21210846 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated in vivo and in vitro effect of arginine on parameters of oxidative stress namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS) and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) in plasma and on the antioxidant enzymes activities catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in erythrocytes of rats. Results showed that acute administration reduced TRAP and CAT activity and increased TBA-RS. Furthermore, in vitro studies did not alter oxidative parameters studied. The influence of N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and antioxidants (α-tocopherol plus ascorbic acid) on the effects elicited by arginine was also studied. In addition, simultaneous injection of L-NAME or treatment with antioxidants prevented the alteration on TRAP, TBA-RS, and CAT activity caused by arginine. Data indicate that oxidative stress induction is probably mediated by the generation of NO and/or ONOO(-) and other free radicals, because L-NAME and these antioxidants prevented these effects caused by arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Delwing de Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade da Região de Joinville- UNIVILLE, Campus Universitário, Bairro Bom Retiro, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil
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42
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Takahama U, Hirota S. Nitrogen dioxide-dependent oxidation of uric acid in the human oral cavity under acidic conditions: implications for its occurrence in acidic dental plaque. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1067-75. [PMID: 20446708 DOI: 10.1021/tx1000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pH in dental plaque falls to below 5 after the ingestion of foods, and it may remain low if acid-tolerant bacteria grow in the plaque. Certain nitrate-reducing bacteria in the oral cavity can proliferate in dental plaque at low pH, and nitrite is detected in such plaque. In acidic dental plaque, NO(2) can be produced by self-decomposition of nitrous acid and also by peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of nitrite, and it may oxidize uric acid, a major antioxidant in the oral cavity. Under experimental conditions that simulate oral cavity, the oxidation of uric acid by nitrite and by nitrite/peroxidase systems was much more rapid at pH 5 than at pH 7, suggesting the more rapid production of NO(2) in dental plaque at lower pH. We propose that if the pH of plaque developed in a dental crevice decreased, NO(2) and other nitrogen oxides produced in the plaque would diffuse into the adjoining gingival tissues. The results of this study seem to contribute to the understanding of the induction of periodontal diseases in the context of nitrite-dependent production of nitrogen oxides in acidic dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umeo Takahama
- Department of Bioscience, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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43
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Imaram W, Gersch C, Kim KM, Johnson RJ, Henderson GN, Angerhofer A. Radicals in the reaction between peroxynitrite and uric acid identified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:275-81. [PMID: 20406679 PMCID: PMC2916040 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a reactive oxidant produced in vivo in response to oxidative and other stress by the diffusion-limited reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide. This article is focused on the identification of free radical intermediates of uric acid formed during its reaction with peroxynitrite. The experimental approach included the ESR spin trapping of the radical generated from the reaction between uric acid and peroxynitrite at pH 7.4 and mass spectrometry studies of the trapped radicals. Using PBN (N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone) as the spin trapping agent, a six-line ESR spectrum was obtained and its hyperfine coupling constants, a(N)=15.6 G and a(H)=4.4 G, revealed the presence of carbon-based radicals. Further structural identification of the PBN-radical adducts was carried out using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. After comparison with the control reactions, two species were identified that correspond to the protonated molecules (M+1) at m/z 352 and 223, respectively. The ions of m/z 352 were characterized as the PBN-triuretcarbonyl radical adduct and the m/z 223 ion was identified as the PBN-aminocarbonyl radical adduct. Their mechanism of formation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witcha Imaram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Electron Paramagnetic Resonance - A Powerful Tool of Medical Biochemistry in Discovering Mechanisms of Disease and Treatment Prospects. J Med Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-010-0020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance - A Powerful Tool of Medical Biochemistry in Discovering Mechanisms of Disease and Treatment ProspectsIn pathophysiological conditions related to oxidative stress, the application of selected antioxidants could have beneficial effects on human health. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a technique that provides unique insight into the redox biochemistry, due to its ability to: (i) distinguish and quantify different reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical, superoxide, carbon centered radicals, hydrogen atom, nitric oxide, ascorbyl radical, melanin, and others; (ii) evaluate the antioxidative capacity of various compounds, extracts and foods; (iii) provide information on other important parameters of biological systems. A combination of EPR spectroscopy and traditional biochemical methods represents an efficient tool in the studies of disease mechanisms and antioxidative therapy prospects, providing a more complete view into the redox processes in the human organism.
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Zhang L, Chen CL, Kang PT, Garg V, Hu K, Green-Church KB, Chen YR. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative modifications of complex II: relevance in myocardial infarction. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2529-39. [PMID: 20143804 DOI: 10.1021/bi9018237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increased O(2)(*-) and NO production is a key mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. In complex II, oxidative impairment and enhanced tyrosine nitration of the 70 kDa FAD-binding protein occur in the post-ischemic myocardium and are thought to be mediated by peroxynitrite (OONO(-)) in vivo [Chen, Y.-R., et al. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 27991-28003]. To gain deeper insights into the redox protein thiols involved in OONO(-)-mediated oxidative post-translational modifications relevant in myocardial infarction, we subjected isolated myocardial complex II to in vitro protein nitration with OONO(-). This resulted in site-specific nitration at the 70 kDa polypeptide and impairment of complex II-derived electron transfer activity. Under reducing conditions, the gel band of the 70 kDa polypeptide was subjected to in-gel trypsin/chymotrypsin digestion and then LC-MS/MS analysis. Nitration of Y(56) and Y(142) was previously reported. Further analysis revealed that C(267), C(476), and C(537) are involved in OONO(-)-mediated S-sulfonation. To identify the disulfide formation mediated by OONO(-), nitrated complex II was alkylated with iodoacetamide. In-gel proteolytic digestion and LC-MS/MS analysis were conducted under nonreducing conditions. The MS/MS data were examined with MassMatrix, indicating that three cysteine pairs, C(306)-C(312), C(439)-C(444), and C(288)-C(575), were involved in OONO(-)-mediated disulfide formation. Immuno-spin trapping with an anti-DMPO antibody and subsequent MS was used to define oxidative modification with protein radical formation. An OONO(-)-dependent DMPO adduct was detected, and further LC-MS/MS analysis indicated C(288) and C(655) were involved in DMPO binding. These results offered a complete profile of OONO(-)-mediated oxidative modifications that may be relevant in the disease model of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Lim HE, Kim SH, Kim EJ, Kim JW, Rha SW, Seo HS, Park CG. Clinical value of serum uric Acid in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Korean J Intern Med 2010; 25:21-6. [PMID: 20195399 PMCID: PMC2829412 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2010.25.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although increased serum uric acid (SUA) concentrations are commonly encountered in patients with risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), the clinical value of SUA has not been established. METHODS The study group comprised 687 consecutive patients with suspected CAD who had undergone coronary angiography. CAD was defined as stenosis > or = 50% of the luminal diameter. CAD severity was expressed as 1-, 2-, or 3-vessel disease. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria, and aortofemoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was obtained by arterial catheterization invasively. RESULTS In total, 395 patients had CAD. SUA was higher in patients with CAD as compared to those without CAD (5.5 +/- 1.0 vs. 5.2 +/- 1.0 mg/dL, p = 0.004). In addition, SUA was significantly associated with the severity of CAD (p = 0.002). However, after adjusting for significant confounding factors including age, diabetes, smoking, cholesterol, MS, and PWV, SUA was not an independent risk factor for CAD (p = 0.151). Based on a subgroup analysis, SUA was more closely associated with CAD in women than in men, and in the highest quartile (> or = 6.4 mg/dL) than in the first quartile (< 4.8 mg/dL); however, these results were not significant (p = 0.062, p = 0.075, respectively). In a multivariate regression analysis, the most important determinant of SUA was MS (i.e., insulin resistance syndrome), which is strongly associated with CAD. CONCLUSIONS In patients with suspected CAD, SUA was not an independent risk factor for CAD and may be merely a marker of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Euy Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Ju Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woon Rha
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Gyu Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Oxidative risk for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1673-706. [PMID: 19751821 PMCID: PMC2797369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the vasculature, reactive oxidant species, including reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or halogenating species, and thiyl, tyrosyl, or protein radicals may oxidatively modify lipids and proteins with deleterious consequences for vascular function. These biologically active free radical and nonradical species may be produced by increased activation of oxidant-generating sources and/or decreased cellular antioxidant capacity. Once formed, these species may engage in reactions to yield more potent oxidants that promote transition of the homeostatic vascular phenotype to a pathobiological state that is permissive for atherothrombogenesis. This dysfunctional vasculature is characterized by lipid peroxidation and aberrant lipid deposition, inflammation, immune cell activation, platelet activation, thrombus formation, and disturbed hemodynamic flow. Each of these pathobiological states is associated with an increase in the vascular burden of free radical species-derived oxidation products and, thereby, implicates increased oxidant stress in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Leopold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Sautin YY, Johnson RJ. Uric acid: the oxidant-antioxidant paradox. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2008; 27:608-19. [PMID: 18600514 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802138558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid, despite being a major antioxidant in the human plasma, both correlates and predicts development of obesity, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, conditions associated with oxidative stress. While one explanation for this paradox could be that a rise in uric acid represents an attempted protective response by the host, we review the evidence that uric acid may function either as an antioxidant (primarily in plasma) or pro-oxidant (primarily within the cell). We suggest that it is the pro-oxidative effects of uric acid that occur in cardiovascular disease and may have a contributory role in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Y Sautin
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0224, USA
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Armutcu F, Ataymen M, Atmaca H, Gurel A. Oxidative stress markers, C-reactive protein and heat shock protein 70 levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:785-90. [PMID: 18601599 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors and essential components of metabolic syndrome are hyperglycemia, hypertension, visceral obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome components and insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress, C-reactive protein and heat shock protein 70 levels in the pathogenesis of this disease. METHODS A total of 36 patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 33 controls were included in the study. Malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein, C-reactive protein and heat shock protein 70 levels and xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were measured in the serum of the subjects. RESULTS Mean serum malondialdehyde, carbonyl protein, C-reactive protein (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively) and xanthine oxidase activity were significantly higher (p<0.01) in serum of the patients than the control group. Superoxide dismutase activity and heat shock protein 70 levels were significantly lower (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively) in serum of the patients. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that oxidative stress parameters and components of metabolic syndrome are closely related; therefore, significant alterations may occur in the antioxidant and inflammatory status. However, further studies are required to evaluate the possible molecular mechanisms of heat shock protein 70 levels in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferah Armutcu
- Department of Biochemistry, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University Medical Faculty, Canakkale, Turkey.
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Baker JF, Schumacher HR, Krishnan E. Serum uric acid level and risk for peripheral arterial disease: analysis of data from the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Angiology 2007; 58:450-7. [PMID: 17875958 DOI: 10.1177/0003319707303444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies report an association between hyperuricemia and coronary artery disease, little is known about the effect of hyperuricemia and gout on the risk of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Data on 283 incident clinical cases of PAD during a randomized controlled trial of multiple cardiovascular risk factor intervention are evaluated. The serum uric acid levels among these individuals are compared with those of individuals who did not develop PAD during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression analyses measure the risk of developing PAD associated with higher levels of serum uric acid after adjusting for the effect of traditional vascular risk factors. Age and smoking are independently associated with development of PAD, with odds ratios of 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.09) and 3.83 (95% CI, 2.49-5.91) per year, respectively. Hyperuricemia (serum uric acid level, >7.0 mg/dL) is an independent risk factor, with an odds ratio of 1.23, but the confidence interval of the estimate is wide (95% CI, 0.98-1.54). In this multivariate model, a history of gout was associated with an odds ratio of 1.33 (95% CI, 1.07-1.66). Serum uric acid level is independently associated with a higher (but statistically nonsignificant) risk of PAD. A history of gouty arthritis is an independent and statistically significant predictor of incidence of PAD even after adjustment for the effect of underlying hyperuricemia.
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