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Oliva B, Velasco J, Leila Berto G, Polikarpov I, Cristante de Oliveira L, Segato F. Recombinant cellobiose dehydrogenase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus: Its functional characterization and applicability in cellobionic acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130763. [PMID: 38692377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus is a thermotolerant microorganism that has been explored as a reservoir for enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes and oxidoreductases). The functional analysis of a recombinant cellobiose dehydrogenase (MtCDHB) from T. thermophilus demonstrated a thermophilic behavior, an optimal pH in alkaline conditions for inter-domain electron transfer, and catalytic activity on cellooligosaccharides with different degree of polymerization. Its applicability was evaluated to the sustainable production of cellobionic acid (CBA), a potential pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredient rarely commercialized. Dissolving pulp was used as a disaccharide source for MtCDHB. Initially, recombinant exoglucanases (MtCBHI and MtCBHII) from T. thermophilus hydrolyzed the dissolving pulp, resulting in 87% cellobiose yield, which was subsequently converted into CBA by MtCDHB, achieving a 66% CBA yield after 24 h. These findings highlight the potential of MtCDHB as a novel approach to obtaining CBA through the bioconversion of a plant-based source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Oliva
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Josman Velasco
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Leila Berto
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cristante de Oliveira
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE) São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp - São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
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Siriatcharanon AK, Sutheeworapong S, Baramee S, Waeonukul R, Pason P, Kosugi A, Uke A, Ratanakhanokchai K, Tachaapaikoon C. Discovery of a Novel Cellobiose Dehydrogenase from Cellulomonas palmilytica EW123 and Its Sugar Acids Production. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:457-466. [PMID: 38044713 PMCID: PMC10940743 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2307.07004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) are a group of enzymes belonging to the hemoflavoenzyme group, which are mostly found in fungi. They play an important role in the production of acid sugar. In this research, CDH annotated from the actinobacterium Cellulomonas palmilytica EW123 (CpCDH) was cloned and characterized. The CpCDH exhibited a domain architecture resembling class-I CDH found in Basidiomycota. The cytochrome c and flavin-containing dehydrogenase domains in CpCDH showed an extra-long evolutionary distance compared to fungal CDH. The amino acid sequence of CpCDH revealed conservative catalytic amino acids and a distinct flavin adenine dinucleotide region specific to CDH, setting it apart from closely related sequences. The physicochemical properties of CpCDH displayed optimal pH conditions similar to those of CDHs but differed in terms of optimal temperature. The CpCDH displayed excellent enzymatic activity at low temperatures (below 30°C), unlike other CDHs. Moreover, CpCDH showed the highest substrate specificity for disaccharides such as cellobiose and lactose, which contain a glucose molecule at the non-reducing end. The catalytic efficiency of CpCDH for cellobiose and lactose were 2.05 x 105 and 9.06 x 104 (M-1 s-1), respectively. The result from the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra confirmed the presence of cellobionic and lactobionic acids as the oxidative products of CpCDH. This study establishes CpCDH as a novel and attractive bacterial CDH, representing the first report of its kind in the Cellulomonas genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ake-kavitch Siriatcharanon
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Sawannee Sutheeworapong
- Division of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Sirilak Baramee
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Rattiya Waeonukul
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Patthra Pason
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Akihiko Kosugi
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Ayaka Uke
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Chakrit Tachaapaikoon
- Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10150, Thailand
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Zhao H, Karppi J, Nguyen TTM, Bellemare A, Tsang A, Master E, Tenkanen M. Characterization of a novel AA3_1 xylooligosaccharide dehydrogenase from Thermothelomyces myriococcoides CBS 398.93. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:135. [PMID: 36476312 PMCID: PMC9730589 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) auxiliary activity family 3 (AA3) comprises flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent (FAD) oxidoreductases from the glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) family, which play auxiliary roles in lignocellulose conversion. The AA3 subfamily 1 predominantly consists of cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) that typically comprise a dehydrogenase domain, a cytochrome domain, and a carbohydrate-binding module from family 1 (CBM1). RESULTS In this work, an AA3_1 gene from T. myriococcoides CBS 398.93 encoding only a GMC dehydrogenase domain was expressed in Aspergillus niger. Like previously characterized CDHs, this enzyme (TmXdhA) predominantly accepts linear saccharides with β-(1 → 4) linkage and targets the hydroxyl on the reducing anomeric carbon. TmXdhA was distinguished, however, by its preferential activity towards xylooligosaccharides over cellooligosaccharides. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that TmXdhA possesses a glutamine at the substrate-binding site rather than a threonine or serine that occupies this position in previously characterized CDHs, and structural models suggest the glutamine in TmXdhA could facilitate binding to pentose sugars. CONCLUSIONS The biochemical analysis of TmXdhA revealed a catalytic preference for xylooligosaccharide substrates. The modeled structure of TmXdhA provides a reference for the screening of oxidoreductases targeting xylooligosaccharides. We anticipate TmXdhA to be a good candidate for the conversion of xylooligosaccharides to added-value chemicals by its exceptional catalytic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Karppi
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thi Truc Minh Nguyen
- grid.410319.e0000 0004 1936 8630Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Annie Bellemare
- grid.410319.e0000 0004 1936 8630Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- grid.410319.e0000 0004 1936 8630Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Emma Master
- grid.5373.20000000108389418Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Maija Tenkanen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Gao Y, Shah K, Kwok I, Wang M, Rome LH, Mahendra S. Immobilized fungal enzymes: Innovations and potential applications in biodegradation and biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 57:107936. [PMID: 35276253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial enzymes catalyze various reactions inside and outside living cells. Among the widely studied enzymes, fungal enzymes have been used for some of the most diverse purposes, especially in bioremediation, biosynthesis, and many nature-inspired commercial applications. To improve their stability and catalytic ability, fungal enzymes are often immobilized on assorted materials, conventional as well as nanoscale. Recent advances in fungal enzyme immobilization provide effective and sustainable approaches to achieve improved environmental and commercial outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of commonly studied fungal enzymes and immobilization technologies. It also summarizes recent advances involving immobilized fungal enzymes for the degradation or assembly of compounds used in the manufacture of products, such as detergents, food additives, and fossil fuel alternatives. Furthermore, challenges and future directions are highlighted to offer new perspectives on improving existing technologies and addressing unexplored fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Kshitjia Shah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Ivy Kwok
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Leonard H Rome
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Shaily Mahendra
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Cellobiose dehydrogenase. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 47:457-489. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Jensen UB, Mohammad‐Beigi H, Shipovskov S, Sutherland DS, Ferapontova EE. Activation of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Bioelectrocatalysis by Carbon Nanoparticles. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uffe Bjørnholt Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Hossein Mohammad‐Beigi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Stepan Shipovskov
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Duncan S. Sutherland
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Cellobiose dehydrogenase: Bioelectrochemical insights and applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 131:107345. [PMID: 31494387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a flavocytochrome with a history of bioelectrochemical research dating back to 1992. During the years, it has been shown to be capable of mediated electron transfer (MET) and direct electron transfer (DET) to a variety of electrodes. This versatility of CDH originates from the separation of the catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and the electron transferring cytochrome domain. This uncoupling of the catalytic reaction from the electron transfer process allows the application of CDH on many different electrode materials and surfaces, where it shows robust DET. Recent X-ray diffraction and small angle scattering studies provided insights into the structure of CDH and its domain mobility, which can change between a closed-state and an open-state conformation. This structural information verifies the electron transfer mechanism of CDH that was initially established by bioelectrochemical methods. A combination of DET and MET experiments has been used to investigate the catalytic mechanism and the electron transfer process of CDH and to deduce a protein structure comprising of mobile domains. Even more, electrochemical methods have been used to study the redox potentials of the FAD and the haem b cofactors of CDH or the electron transfer rates. These electrochemical experiments, their results and the application of the characterised CDHs in biosensors, biofuel cells and biosupercapacitors are combined with biochemical and structural data to provide a thorough overview on CDH as versatile bioelectrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Chen K, Liu X, Long L, Ding S. Cellobiose dehydrogenase from Volvariella volvacea and its effect on the saccharification of cellulose. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ma S, Preims M, Piumi F, Kappel L, Seiboth B, Record E, Kracher D, Ludwig R. Molecular and catalytic properties of fungal extracellular cellobiose dehydrogenase produced in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:37. [PMID: 28245812 PMCID: PMC5331742 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular enzyme produced by lignocellulolytic fungi. cdh gene expression is high in cellulose containing media, but relatively low CDH concentrations are found in the supernatant of fungal cultures due to strong binding to cellulose. Therefore, heterologous expression of CDH in Pichia pastoris was employed in the last 15 years, but the obtained enzymes were over glycosylated and had a reduced specific activity. RESULTS We compare the well-established CDH expression host P. pastoris with the less frequently used hosts Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma reesei. The study evaluates the produced quantity and protein homogeneity of Corynascus thermophilus CDH in the culture supernatants, the purification, and finally compares the enzymes in regard to cofactor loading, glycosylation, catalytic constants and thermostability. CONCLUSIONS Whereas E. coli could only express the catalytic dehydrogenase domain of CDH, all eukaryotic hosts could express full length CDH including the cytochrome domain. The CDH produced by T. reesei was most similar to the CDH originally isolated from the fungus C. thermophilus in regard to glycosylation, cofactor loading and catalytic constants. Under the tested experimental conditions the fungal expression hosts produce CDH of superior quality and uniformity compared to P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ma
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marita Preims
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - François Piumi
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eric Record
- Aix Marseille Université, INRA, BBF (Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques), Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Ortiz R, Rahman M, Zangrilli B, Sygmund C, Micheelsen PO, Silow M, Toscano MD, Ludwig R, Gorton L. Engineering of Cellobiose Dehydrogenases for Improved Glucose Sensitivity and Reduced Maltose Affinity. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ortiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; Kemitorvet, DTU 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Beatrice Zangrilli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Department of Food Science and Technology; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | | | - Maria Silow
- Novozymes A/S; Krogshøgvej 36, DTU 2880 Bagsvœrd Denmark
| | | | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology; BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Muthgasse 18 A-1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology; Lund University; P. O. Box 124 SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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11
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Loose JSM, Forsberg Z, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R, Eijsink VGH, Vaaje‐Kolstad G. Activation of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with cellobiose dehydrogenase. Protein Sci 2016; 25:2175-2186. [PMID: 27643617 PMCID: PMC5119556 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) represent a recent addition to the carbohydrate-active enzymes and are classified as auxiliary activity (AA) families 9, 10, 11, and 13. LPMOs are crucial for effective degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose or chitin. These enzymes are copper-dependent and utilize a redox mechanism to cleave glycosidic bonds that is dependent on molecular oxygen and an external electron donor. The electrons can be provided by various sources, such as chemical compounds (e.g., ascorbate) or by enzymes (e.g., cellobiose dehydrogenases, CDHs, from fungi). Here, we demonstrate that a fungal CDH from Myriococcum thermophilum (MtCDH), can act as an electron donor for bacterial family AA10 LPMOs. We show that employing an enzyme as electron donor is advantageous since this enables a kinetically controlled supply of electrons to the LPMO. The rate of chitin oxidation by CBP21 was equal to that of cosubstrate (lactose) oxidation by MtCDH, verifying the usage of two electrons in the LPMO catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, since lactose oxidation correlates directly with the rate of LPMO catalysis, a method for indirect determination of LPMO activity is implicated. Finally, the one electron reduction of the CBP21 active site copper by MtCDH was determined to be substantially faster than chitin oxidation by the LPMO. Overall, MtCDH seems to be a universal electron donor for both bacterial and fungal LPMOs, indicating that their electron transfer mechanisms are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. M. Loose
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Biotechnology LaboratoryUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
| | - Gustav Vaaje‐Kolstad
- Department of ChemistryBiotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesNO‐1430 ÅsNorway
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12
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Ferrari AR, Rozeboom HJ, Dobruchowska JM, van Leeuwen SS, Vugts ASC, Koetsier MJ, Visser J, Fraaije MW. Discovery of a Xylooligosaccharide Oxidase from Myceliophthora thermophila C1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23709-23718. [PMID: 27629413 PMCID: PMC5095424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.741173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By inspection of the predicted proteome of the fungus Myceliophthora thermophila C1 for vanillyl-alcohol oxidase (VAO)-type flavoprotein oxidases, a putative oligosaccharide oxidase was identified. By homologous expression and subsequent purification, the respective protein could be obtained. The protein was found to contain a bicovalently bound FAD cofactor. By screening a large number of carbohydrates, several mono- and oligosaccharides could be identified as substrates. The enzyme exhibits a strong substrate preference toward xylooligosaccharides; hence it is named xylooligosaccharide oxidase (XylO). Chemical analyses of the product formed upon oxidation of xylobiose revealed that the oxidation occurs at C1, yielding xylobionate as product. By elucidation of several XylO crystal structures (in complex with a substrate mimic, xylose, and xylobiose), the residues that tune the unique substrate specificity and regioselectivity could be identified. The discovery of this novel oligosaccharide oxidase reveals that the VAO-type flavoprotein family harbors oxidases tuned for specific oligosaccharides. The unique substrate profile of XylO hints at a role in the degradation of xylan-derived oligosaccharides by the fungus M. thermophila C1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justyna M Dobruchowska
- Microbial Physiology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen
| | | | | | - Jaap Visser
- the Fungal Genetics and Technology Consultancy, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kiryu T, Kiso T, Koma D, Tanaka S, Nakano H, Murakami H. Biological Production of Lactobionic Acid for Food. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.63.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taro Kiso
- Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute
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Characterization of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase from a Biotechnologically Important Cerrena unicolor Strain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:1638-58. [PMID: 26003328 PMCID: PMC4515248 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), a secreted flavocytochrome produced by a number of wood-degrading fungi, was detected in the culture supernatant of a biotechnologically important strain of Cerrena unicolor grown in a modified cellulose-based liquid medium. The enzyme was purified as two active fractions: CuCDH-FAD (flavin domain) (1.51-fold) with recovery of 8.35 % and CuCDH (flavo-heme enzyme) (21.21-fold) with recovery of 73.41 %. As CDH from other wood-rotting fungi, the intact form of cellobiose dehydrogenase of C. unicolor is a monomeric protein containing one flavin and one heme b with molecular mass 97 kDa and pI = 4.55. The enzyme is glycosylated (8.2 %) mainly with mannose and glucosamine residues. Moreover, the cellobiose dehydrogenase gene cdh1 and its corresponding cDNA from the fungus C. unicolor were isolated, cloned, and characterized. The 2316-bp full-length cDNA of cdh1 encoded a mature CDH protein containing 771 amino acids preceded by a signal peptide consisting of 18 amino acids. Moreover, both active fractions were characterized in terms of kinetics, temperature and pH optima, and antioxidant properties.
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Sulej J, Janusz G, Mazur A, Żuber K, Żebracka A, Rogalski J. Cellobiose dehydrogenase from the ligninolytic basidiomycete Phlebia lindtneri. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Sulej J, Janusz G, Osińska-Jaroszuk M, Małek P, Mazur A, Komaniecka I, Choma A, Rogalski J. Characterization of cellobiose dehydrogenase and its FAD-domain from the ligninolytic basidiomycete Pycnoporus sanguineus. Enzyme Microb Technol 2013; 53:427-37. [PMID: 24315647 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), an extracellular flavocytochrome produced by several wood-degrading fungi, was detected in the culture supernatant of the selective delignifier Pycnoporus sanguineus maintained on a cellulose-based liquid medium. Cellobiose dehydrogenase was purified as two active fractions: CDH1-FAD (flavin domain) (40.4 fold) with recovery of 10.9% and CDH1 (flavo-heme enzyme) (54.7 fold) with recovery of 9.8%. As determined by SDS-PAGE, the molecular mass of the purified enzyme was found to be 113.4kDa and its isoelectric point was 4.2, whereas these values for the FAD-domain were 82.7kDa and pI=6.7. The carbohydrate content of the purified enzymes was 9.2%. In this work, the cellobiose dehydrogenase gene cdh1 and its corresponding cDNA from fungus P. sanguineus were isolated, cloned, and characterized. The 2310bp full-length cDNA of cdh1 encoded a mature CDH protein containing 769 amino acids, which was preceded by a signal peptide of 19 amino acids. Moreover, both active fractions were characterized in terms of kinetics, temperature and pH optima, and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sulej
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Harreither W, Felice AKG, Paukner R, Gorton L, Ludwig R, Sygmund C. Recombinantly produced cellobiose dehydrogenase fromCorynascus thermophilusfor glucose biosensors and biofuel cells. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:1359-66. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Gasser CA, Hommes G, Schäffer A, Corvini PFX. Multi-catalysis reactions: new prospects and challenges of biotechnology to valorize lignin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1115-34. [PMID: 22782247 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been dedicated to the chemical depolymerization of lignin, a biopolymer constituting a possible renewable source for aromatic value-added chemicals. However, these efforts yielded limited success up until now. Efficient lignin conversion might necessitate novel catalysts enabling new types of reactions. The use of multiple catalysts, including a combination of biocatalysts, might be necessary. New perspectives for the combination of bio- and inorganic catalysts in one-pot reactions are emerging, thanks to green chemistry-driven advances in enzyme engineering and immobilization and new chemical catalyst design. Such combinations could offer several advantages, especially by reducing time and yield losses associated with the isolation and purification of the reaction products, but also represent a big challenge since the optimal reaction conditions of bio- and chemical catalysis reactions are often different. This mini-review gives an overview of bio- and inorganic catalysts having the potential to be used in combination for lignin depolymerization. We also discuss key aspects to consider when combining these catalysts in one-pot reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A Gasser
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, Muttenz, 4132, Switzerland
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Zafar MN, Safina G, Ludwig R, Gorton L. Characteristics of third-generation glucose biosensors based on Corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase immobilized on commercially available screen-printed electrodes working under physiological conditions. Anal Biochem 2012; 425:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Harreither W, Nicholls P, Sygmund C, Gorton L, Ludwig R. Investigation of the pH-dependent electron transfer mechanism of ascomycetous class II cellobiose dehydrogenases on electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6714-23. [PMID: 22471986 DOI: 10.1021/la3005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is capable of direct electron transfer (DET) on various carbon and thiol-modified gold electrodes. As a result, these systems have been utilized as biocatalyst in biosensors and biofuel cell anodes. Class I CDHs, from basidiomycetous fungi, are highly specific to cellulose or lactose, and DET is only observed at pH values below 5.5. To extend the applicability of CDH-based electrodes, the catalytic properties and the behavior on electrode surfaces of ascomycetous class II CDHs from Chaetomium attrobrunneum, Corynascus thermophilus, Dichomera saubinetii, Hypoxylon haematostroma, Neurospora crassa, and Stachybotrys bisbyi were investigated. We found that class II CDHs have diverse properties but generally show a lower substrate specificity than class I CDHs by converting also glucose and maltose. Intramolecular electron transfer (IET) and DET at neutral and alkaline pH were observed and elucidated by steady-state kinetics, pre-steady-state kinetics, and electrochemical measurements. The CDHs ability to interact with the electron acceptor cytochrome c and to communicate with electrode surfaces through DET at various pH conditions was used to classify the investigated enzymes. In combination with stopped-flow measurements, a model for the kinetics of the pH-dependent IET is developed. The efficient glucose turnover at neutral/alkaline pH makes some of these new CDHs potential candidates for glucose biosensors and biofuel cell anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Harreither
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Langston JA, Brown K, Xu F, Borch K, Garner A, Sweeney MD. Cloning, expression, and characterization of a cellobiose dehydrogenase from Thielavia terrestris induced under cellulose growth conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:802-12. [PMID: 22484439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is of considerable interest, not only for its biotechnological applications, but also its potential biological role in lignocellulosic biomass breakdown. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of cellobiose and other cellodextrins, utilizing a variety of one- and two-electron acceptors, although the electron acceptor employed in nature is still unknown. In this study we show that a CDH is present in the secretome of the thermophilic ascomycete Thielavia terrestris when grown with cellulose, along with a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases capable of breaking down lignocellulosic biomass. We report the cloning of this T. terrestris CDH gene (cbdA), its recombinant expression in Aspergillus oryzae, and purification and characterization of the T. terrestris CDH protein (TtCDH). The TtCDH shows spectral properties and enzyme activity similar to other characterized CDH enzymes. Substrate specificity was determined for a number of carbohydrate electron donors in the presence of the two-electron acceptor 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol. The TtCDH also shows dramatic synergy with Thermoascus aurantiacus glycoside hydrolase family 61A protein in the presence of a β-glucosidase for the cleavage of cellulose.
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Bey M, Berrin JG, Poidevin L, Sigoillot JC. Heterologous expression of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus cellobiose dehydrogenase in Pichia pastoris and involvement in saccharification processes. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10:113. [PMID: 22204630 PMCID: PMC3268779 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular hemoflavoenzyme produced by lignocellulose-degrading fungi including Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. We investigated the cellulolytic system of P. cinnabarinus, focusing on the involvement of CDH in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. Results First, P. cinnabarinus growth conditions were optimized for CDH production. Following growth under cellulolytic conditions, the main components secreted were cellulases, xylanases and CDH. To investigate the contribution of P. cinnabarinus secretome in saccharification processes, the Trichoderma reesei enzymatic cocktail was supplemented with the P. cinnabarinus secretome. A significant enhancement of the degradation of wheat straw was observed with (i) the production of a large amount of gluconic acid, (ii) increased hemicellulose degradation, and (iii) increased overall degradation of the lignocellulosic material. P. cinnabarinus CDH was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris to obtain large amounts of pure enzyme. In a bioreactor, the recombinant CDH (rCDH) expression level reached 7800 U/L. rCDH exhibited values of biochemical parameters similar to those of the natural enzyme, and was able to bind cellulose despite the absence of a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). Following supplementation of purified rCDH to T. reesei enzymatic cocktail, formation of gluconic acid and increased hemicellulose degradation were observed, thus confirming the previous results observed with P. cinnabarinus secretome. Conclusions We demonstrate that CDH offers an attractive tool for saccharification process enhancement due to gluconic acid production from raw lignocellulosic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bey
- INRA, UMR1163 BCF, 163 avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France.
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Vasilchenko LG, Karapetyan KN, Yershevich OP, Ludwig R, Zamocky M, Peterbauer CK, Haltrich D, Rabinovich ML. Cellobiose dehydrogenase of Chaetomium sp. INBI 2-26(-): Structural basis of enhanced activity toward glucose at neutral pH. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:538-53. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Harreither W, Sygmund C, Augustin M, Narciso M, Rabinovich ML, Gorton L, Haltrich D, Ludwig R. Catalytic properties and classification of cellobiose dehydrogenases from ascomycetes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1804-15. [PMID: 21216904 PMCID: PMC3067291 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02052-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Putative cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) genes are frequently discovered in various fungi by genome sequencing projects. The expression of CDH, an extracellular flavocytochrome, is well studied in white rot basidiomycetes and is attributed to extracellular lignocellulose degradation. CDH has also been reported for plant-pathogenic or saprotrophic ascomycetes, but the molecular and catalytic properties of these enzymes are currently less investigated. This study links various ascomycetous cdh genes with the molecular and catalytic characteristics of the mature proteins and suggests a differentiation of ascomycete class II CDHs into two subclasses, namely, class IIA and class IIB, in addition to the recently introduced class III of hypothetical ascomycete CDHs. This new classification is based on sequence and biochemical data obtained from sequenced fungal genomes and a screening of 40 ascomycetes. Thirteen strains showed CDH activity when they were grown on cellulose-based media, and Chaetomium atrobrunneum, Corynascus thermophilus, Dichomera saubinetii, Hypoxylon haematostroma, Neurospora crassa, and Stachybotrys bisbyi were selected for detailed studies. In these strains, one or two cdh-encoding genes were found that stem either from class IIA and contain a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module or from class IIB without such a module. In several strains, both genes were found. Regarding substrate specificity, class IIB CDHs show a less pronounced substrate specificity for cellobiose than class IIA enzymes. A pH-dependent pattern of the intramolecular electron transfer was also observed, and the CDHs were classified into three groups featuring acidic, intermediate, or alkaline pH optima. The pH optimum, however, does not correlate with the CDH subclasses and is most likely a species-dependent adaptation to different habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Harreither
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoph Sygmund
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Manfred Augustin
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Melanie Narciso
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikhail L. Rabinovich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Food Biotechnology Laboratory, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria, A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia, Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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25
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Zhang R, Fan Z, Kasuga T. Expression of cellobiose dehydrogenase from Neurospora crassa in Pichia pastoris and its purification and characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 75:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Ludwig R, Harreither W, Tasca F, Gorton L. Cellobiose Dehydrogenase: A Versatile Catalyst for Electrochemical Applications. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2674-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Substrate specificity of Myriococcum thermophilum cellobiose dehydrogenase on mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides related to in situ production of H2O2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:75-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Kawabe M, Yoshida T, Teraoka T, Arie T. FCD1 encoding protein homologous to cellobiose: Quinone oxidoreductase in Fusarium oxysporum. Gene 2006; 382:100-10. [PMID: 16919403 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We had cloned and characterized a gene from Fusarium oxysporum designated FCD1, encoding a putative cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase (CBQ) which is a member of the extracellular redox enzyme family and also a member of glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases. CBQ is known to be a free flavin domain of a cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) generated by proteolysis, but FCD1 gene encodes CBQ directly. In a phylogenetic tree of amino acid sequences of FCD1, GMC oxidoreductases and hypothetical GMC oxidoreductases, FCD1 clustered together with flavin domains (CBQs) of CDHs and putative proteins with unknown function of ascomycetes. FCD1-disruptants showed no reduction in virulence toward tomato and no obvious morphological effects such as production of conidia and mycelial growth as compared to the wild type strain, suggesting that FCD1 is not essential for virulence and vigor in F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kawabe
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Thermophilic microorganisms which can colonize at extreme ecological niches are known as extremophiles. Because of their capacity to withstand high temperatures, enzymes from these organisms are relatively heat stable. The versatile enzyme properties of these organisms make them excellent candidates in biotechnology. In general, fungi have been widely used for the production of proteins and enzymes, since they can grow rapidly in a low cost media and they secrete proteins into the extra-cellular medium. Recently, these organisms have also been used in large scale fermentation as host for the expression of heterologous proteins in industrial applications. However, little is known about the regulation and genetic manipulations of these fungi. We have previously shown the regulation of gene expression in a thermophilic fungus, Thermyces lanuginosus, using an inducible invertase system. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent advances of thermophilic fungi, and their implications in industrial applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.B. Shaik
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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31
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Purification and characterization of a novel cellooligosaccharide oxidase from rice pathogen Sarocladium oryzae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Karapetyan KN, Fedorova TV, Vasil'chenko LG, Ludwig R, Haltrich D, Rabinovich ML. Properties of neutral cellobiose dehydrogenase from the ascomycete Chaetomium sp. INBI 2-26(–) and comparison with basidiomycetous cellobiose dehydrogenases. J Biotechnol 2006; 121:34-48. [PMID: 16112765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) obtained from Chaetomium sp. INBI 2-26(-) has a molecular mass of 95 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5. This novel CDH is highly specific for the oxidation of cellobiose (K(m,app) 4.5 microM) and lactose (K(m,app) 56 microM). With 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) and cytochrome c(3+) (cyt c(3+)) as electron acceptors, CDH was most active at pH 6. The turnover number of the enzyme for cellobiose, lactose, DCIP and cyt c(3+) was in the range of 9-14s(-1) at 20 degrees C and pH 6. The UV-visible spectrum revealed the flavohemoprotein nature of the enzyme. The cytochrome b domain of the enzyme was reduced by ascorbate, dithionite, as well as specifically by cellobiose in a wide range of pH. The apparent first order rate constants of the spontaneous re-oxidation of the reduced heme domain were estimated as 0.01 and 0.00039 s(-1) at pH 4.5 and 6.5, respectively. The half-inactivation time of CDH at pH 6 and 55 degrees C was ca. 100 min; the stability at pH 8 and, particularly, pH 4 was remarkably lower. Cellobiose stabilized the enzyme against thermal inactivation, whereas DCIP in turn sensitized the enzyme. The new enzyme revealed low affinity for crystalline cellulose, but was capable of binding onto H(3)PO(4)-swollen filter paper. The results show significant differences to already known CDHs and perspectives for several biotechnological applications, where CDH with maximal activity at neutral pH and high affinity for cellobiose and lactose night have some advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Karapetyan
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistiy, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Vasil'chenko LG, Khromonygina VV, Karapetyan KN, Vasilenko OV, Rabinovich ML. Cellobiose dehydrogenase formation by filamentous fungus Chaetomium sp. INBI 2-26(−). J Biotechnol 2005; 119:44-59. [PMID: 15996782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laccase-negative filamentous fungus INBI 2-26(-) isolated from non-sporulating laccase-forming fungal association INBI 2-26 by means of protoplast technique was identified as Chaetomium sp. based on partial sequence of its rRNA genes. In the presence of natural cellulose sources, the strain secreted neutral cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) activity both in pure culture and in co-culture with laccase-positive filamentous fungus INBI 2-26(+) isolated from the same association. INBI 2-26(-) also secreted CDH during submerged cultivation in minimal medium with glucose as the sole carbon source. Maximal CDH activity of 1IU/ml at pH 6 with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) as an acceptor was obtained on 12th day of submerged cultivation with filter paper as major cellulose source. Cellulase system of Chaetomium sp. INBI 2-26(-) capable of adsorption onto H(3)PO(4)-swollen filter paper consisted of four major proteins (Mr 200, 95, 65 and 55K) based on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was capable of DCPIP reduction without exogenous cellobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Vasil'chenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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Saha T, Chakraborty TK, Saha R, Das N, Mukherjee M. Interference of laccase in determination of cellobiose dehydrogenase activity ofPleurotus ostreatus (Florida) using dichlorophenol indophenol as the electron acceptor. J Basic Microbiol 2005; 45:142-6. [PMID: 15812859 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200410472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus (Florida), ITCC 3308 produces approximately 9.0 U/ml extracellular cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) in cellulose medium after 7 days of growth. However, no activity could be detected if the assay was done with cellobiose as the substrate and 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DPIP) as the electron acceptor in absence of any laccase inhibitor. Kinetic study showed that V(max)/K(m) value was very high for rDPIP (reduced 2,6-dichlrophenol indophenol) oxidation by laccase. Oxygen consumption rate of rDPIP oxidation by the enzyme was found to be highest among all the tested substrates. The present study indicated that rDPIP was a good substrate for laccase. Therefore, caution is needed to measure CDH activity by monitoring DPIP reduction in a system where laccase is likely to be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Saha
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja SC Mullick Road, Calcutta 700 032, India
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35
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Wingate KG, Stuthridge T, Mansfield SD. Colour remediation of pulp mill effluent using purified fungal cellobiose dehydrogenase: Reaction optimisation and mechanism of degradation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:95-106. [PMID: 15726583 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase purified from two different fungal sources was assessed for its ability to remove and/or reduce colour from pulp mill bleach plant effluent. Cellobiose dehydrogenase purified from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was shown to prefer acidic conditions and was consequently used to treat the acid effluent stream discharged from a pulp mill bleach plant, while an analogous enzyme originating from Humicola insolens preferred alkaline conditions, and was applied to the effluent discharged from the caustic sewer of the bleach plant. Both enzyme preparations were able to remove colour from their respective effluent sources to a comparable extent. Up to 50% of the effluent colour was removed within 4 days when treated under optimised conditions. Furthermore, it was also shown that this enzymatic approach was effective at removing colour generated by both softwood and hardwood resources. Mechanistically, it was shown that colour was removed from all molecular weight fractions, and the higher molecular weight material (>300 kDa) was concurrently preferentially degraded. Cellobiose dehydrogenase treatment of effluent did not target phenolic, stilbene, or alpha-carbonyl structures, but did affect the quinone content. Further investigations using model compounds confirmed these results, and subsequently showed that only the para-quinones with low substitution were reduced with cellobiose dehydrogenase.
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Rotsaert FAJ, Renganathan V, Gold MH. Role of the flavin domain residues, His689 and Asn732, in the catalytic mechanism of cellobiose dehydrogenase from phanerochaete chrysosporium. Biochemistry 2003; 42:4049-56. [PMID: 12680758 DOI: 10.1021/bi027092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase is an extracellular flavocytochrome, which catalyzes the oxidation of cellobiose and other soluble oligosaccharides to their respective lactones, while reducing various one- and two-electron acceptors. Two residues at the active site of the flavin domain, His689 and Asn732, have been proposed to play critical roles in the oxidation of the substrate. To test these proposals, each residue was substituted with either a Gln, Asn, Glu, Asp, Val, Ala, and/or a His residue by site-directed mutagenesis, using a homologous expression system previously developed in our laboratory. This enabled an examination of the functional, stereochemical, and electrostatic constraints for binding and oxidation of the substrate. The steady-state kinetic parameters for the variant proteins were compared using cellobiose and its epimer, lactose, as the substrates. The H689 variants all exhibit >1000-fold lower k(cat) values, while the K(m) values for both substrates in these variants are similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. This supports the proposed role of this His residue as a general base in catalysis. The N732 variants exhibit a range of kinetic parameters: the k(cat) values for oxidation are 5-4000-fold lower than that for the wild-type enzyme, while the K(m) values vary between similar to and 60-fold higher than that for the wild-type. The difference in binding energy between cellobiose and lactose was calculated using the relationship delta(delta G) = -RT ln[(k(cat)/K(m))(lactose)/(k(cat)/K(m))(cellobiose)]. This calculation for the wild-type enzyme suggests that lactose binds considerably more weakly than cellobiose (7.2 kJ/mol difference), which corresponds to one extra (cumulative) hydrogen bond for cellobiose over lactose. Mutations at Asn732 result in a further weakening of lactose binding over cellobiose (2-4 kJ/mol difference). The results support a role for Asn732 in the binding of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik A J Rotsaert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA
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Sigoillot C, Lomascolo A, Record E, Robert J, Asther M, Sigoillot J. Lignocellulolytic and hemicellulolytic system of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus: isolation and characterization of a cellobiose dehydrogenase and a new xylanase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu F, Golightly EJ, Duke KR, Lassen SF, Knusen B, Christensen S, Brown KM, Brown SH, Schülein M. Humicola insolens cellobiose dehydrogenase: cloning, redox chemistry, and "logic gate"-like dual functionality. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:744-753. [PMID: 11397454 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(01)00319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1Cellobiose dehydrogenase is a hemoflavoenzyme that catalyzes the sequential electron-transfer from an electron-donating substrate (e.g. cellobiose) to a flavin center, then to an electron-accepting substrate (e.g. quinone) either directly or via a heme center after an internal electron-transfer from the flavin to heme. We cloned the dehydrogenase from Humicola insolens, which encodes a protein of 761 amino acid residues containing an N-terminal heme domain and a C-terminal flavin domain, and studied how the catalyzed electron transfers are regulated. Based on the correlation between the rate and redox potential, we demonstrated that with a reduced flavin center, the enzyme, as a reductase, could export electron from its heme center by a "outer-sphere" mechanism. With the "resting" flavin center, however, the enzyme could have a peroxidase-like function and import electron to its heme center after a peroxidative activation. The dual functionality of its heme center makes the enzyme a molecular "logic gate", in which the electron flow through the heme center can be switched in direction by the redox state of the coupled flavin center.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xu
- Novozymes Biotech, Inc., 1445 Drew Avenue, 95616, Davis, CA, USA
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39
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Fort S, Varrot A, Schülein M, Cottaz S, Driguez H, Davies GJ. Mixed-linkage cellooligosaccharides: a new class of glycoside hydrolase inhibitors. Chembiochem 2001; 2:319-25. [PMID: 11828460 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010504)2:5<319::aid-cbic319>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new class of inhibitors for beta-D-glycoside hydrolases, in which a single alpha-(1-->4)-glycosidic bond is incorporated into an otherwise all-beta-(1-->4)-linked oligosaccharide, is described. Such mixed beta/alpha-linkage cellooligosaccharides are not transition-state mimics, but instead are capable of utilising binding energy from numerous subsites, spanning either side of the catalytic centre, without the need for substrate distortion. This binding is significant; a mixed alpha/beta-D-tetrasaccharide acts competitively on a number of cellulases, displaying inhibition constants in the range of 40-300 microM. Using the Bacillus agaradhaerens enzyme Cel5A as a model system, one such mixed beta/alpha-cellooligosaccharide, methyl 4(II),4(III)-dithio-alpha-cellobiosyl-(1-->4)-beta-cellobioside, displays a K(i) value of 100 microM, an inhibition at least 150 times better than is observed with an equivalent all-beta-linked compound. The three-dimensional structure of B. agaradhaerens Cel5A in complex with methyl 4(II),4(III)-dithio-alpha-cellobiosyl-(1-->4)-beta-cellobioside has been determined at 1.8 A resolution. This confirms the expected mode of binding in which the ligand, with all four pyranosides in the (4)C(1) chair conformation, occupies the -3, -2 and +1 subsites whilst evading the catalytic (-1) subsite. Such "by-pass" compounds offer great scope for the development of a new class of beta-D-glycoside hydrolase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fort
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), Affiliated with Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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40
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Baminger U, Subramaniam SS, Renganathan V, Haltrich D. Purification and characterization of cellobiose dehydrogenase from the plant pathogen Sclerotium (Athelia) rolfsii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1766-74. [PMID: 11282631 PMCID: PMC92795 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1766-1774.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2000] [Accepted: 01/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular hemoflavoenzyme produced by several wood-degrading fungi. In the presence of a suitable electron acceptor, e.g., 2,6-dichloro-indophenol (DCIP), cytochrome c, or metal ions, CDH oxidizes cellobiose to cellobionolactone. The phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii (teleomorph: Athelia rolfsii) strain CBS 191.62 produces remarkably high levels of CDH activity when grown on a cellulose-containing medium. Of the 7,500 U of extracellular enzyme activity formed per liter, less than 10% can be attributed to the proteolytic product cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase. As with CDH from wood-rotting fungi, the intact, monomeric enzyme from S. rolfsii contains one heme b and one flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor per molecule. It has a molecular size of 101 kDa, of which 15% is glycosylation, and a pI value of 4.2. The preferred substrates are cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides; additionally, beta-lactose, thiocellobiose, and xylobiose are efficiently oxidized. Cytochrome c (equine) and the azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical were the best electron acceptors, while DCIP, 1,4-benzoquinone, phenothiazine dyes such as methylene blue, phenoxazine dyes such as Meldola's blue, and ferricyanide were also excellent acceptors. In addition, electrons can be transferred to oxygen. Limited in vitro proteolysis with papain resulted in the formation of several protein fragments that are active with DCIP but not with cytochrome c. Such a flavin-containing fragment, with a mass of 75 kDa and a pI of 5.1 and lacking the heme domain, was isolated and partially characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Baminger
- Division of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Food Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna (Universität für Bodenkultur Wien), A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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41
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Cameron MD, Aust SD. Cellobiose dehydrogenase-an extracellular fungal flavocytochrome. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:129-138. [PMID: 11166803 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wood-degrading fungi, including white-rot and soft-rot fungi as well as at least one brown-rot fungus, produce cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH). CDH has generated recent interest because of its ability to facilitate the formation of free radicals and because it makes a nice model to study intraprotein electron transfer. While the physiological function of CDH is not known, a considerable portion of this review discusses the strength of the data dealing with individual hypotheses. New evidence dealing with proteolysis of CDH in relationship to the interaction of CDH with lignin and manganese peroxidases are discussed. Additionally, recent information dealing with the catalytic mechanism and reactivity of the individual domains of CDH is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D. Cameron
- Biotechnology Center, Utah State University, 84322-4705, Logan, UT, USA
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42
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Lindgren A, Gorton L, Ruzgas T, Baminger U, Haltrich D, Schülein M. Direct electron transfer of cellobiose dehydrogenase from various biological origins at gold and graphite electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(00)00251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Thermophilic fungi are a small assemblage in mycota that have a minimum temperature of growth at or above 20 degrees C and a maximum temperature of growth extending up to 60 to 62 degrees C. As the only representatives of eukaryotic organisms that can grow at temperatures above 45 degrees C, the thermophilic fungi are valuable experimental systems for investigations of mechanisms that allow growth at moderately high temperature yet limit their growth beyond 60 to 62 degrees C. Although widespread in terrestrial habitats, they have remained underexplored compared to thermophilic species of eubacteria and archaea. However, thermophilic fungi are potential sources of enzymes with scientific and commercial interests. This review, for the first time, compiles information on the physiology and enzymes of thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic fungi can be grown in minimal media with metabolic rates and growth yields comparable to those of mesophilic fungi. Studies of their growth kinetics, respiration, mixed-substrate utilization, nutrient uptake, and protein breakdown rate have provided some basic information not only on thermophilic fungi but also on filamentous fungi in general. Some species have the ability to grow at ambient temperatures if cultures are initiated with germinated spores or mycelial inoculum or if a nutritionally rich medium is used. Thermophilic fungi have a powerful ability to degrade polysaccharide constituents of biomass. The properties of their enzymes show differences not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Their extracellular enzymes display temperature optima for activity that are close to or above the optimum temperature for the growth of organism and, in general, are more heat stable than those of the mesophilic fungi. Some extracellular enzymes from thermophilic fungi are being produced commercially, and a few others have commercial prospects. Genes of thermophilic fungi encoding lipase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase have been cloned and overexpressed in heterologous fungi, and pure crystalline proteins have been obtained for elucidation of the mechanisms of their intrinsic thermostability and catalysis. By contrast, the thermal stability of the few intracellular enzymes that have been purified is comparable to or, in some cases, lower than that of enzymes from the mesophilic fungi. Although rigorous data are lacking, it appears that eukaryotic thermophily involves several mechanisms of stabilization of enzymes or optimization of their activity, with different mechanisms operating for different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maheshwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.
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Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular enzyme produced by various wood-degrading fungi. It oxidizes soluble cellodextrins, mannodextrins and lactose efficiently to their corresponding lactones by a ping-pong mechanism using a wide spectrum of electron acceptors including quinones, phenoxyradicals, Fe(3+), Cu(2+) and triiodide ion. Monosaccharides, maltose and molecular oxygen are poor substrates. CDH that adsorbs strongly and specifically to cellulose carries two prosthetic groups; namely, an FAD and a heme in two different domains that can be separated after limited proteolysis. The FAD-containing fragment carries all known catalytic and cellulose binding properties. One-electron acceptors, like ferricyanide, cytochrome c and phenoxy radicals, are, however, reduced more slowly by the FAD-fragment than by the intact enzyme, suggesting that the function of the heme group is to facilitate one-electron transfer. Non-heme forms of CDH have been found in the culture filtrate of some fungi (probably due to the action of fungal proteases) and were for a long time believed to represent a separate enzyme (cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase, CBQ). The amino acid sequence of CDH has been determined and no significant homology with other proteins was detected for the heme domain. The FAD-domain sequence belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family that includes, among others, Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase. The homology is most distinct in regions that correspond to the FAD-binding domain in glucose oxidase. A cellulose-binding domain of the fungal type is present in CDH from Myceliophtore thermophila (Sporotrichum thermophile), but in others an internal sequence rich in aromatic amino acid residues has been suggested to be responsible for the cellulose binding. The biological function of CDH is not fully understood, but recent results support a hydroxyl radical-generating mechanism whereby the radical can degrade and modify cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. CDH has found technical use in highly selective amperometric biosensors and several other applications have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Henriksson
- Department of Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Vanhanen S, West M, Kroon JT, Lindner N, Casey J, Cheng Q, Elborough KM, Slabas AR. A consensus sequence for long-chain fatty-acid alcohol oxidases from Candida identifies a family of genes involved in lipid omega-oxidation in yeast with homologues in plants and bacteria. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:4445-52. [PMID: 10660617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.6.4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida cloacae is capable of growing on alkanes and fatty acids as sole carbon sources. Transfer of cultures from a glucose medium to one containing oleic acid induced seven proteins of M(r) 102,000, 73,000, 61,000, 54,000, and 46,000 and two in the region of M(r) 45,000 and repressed a protein of M(r) 64,000. The induction of the M(r) 73,000 protein reached a 7-fold maximum 24 h after induction. The protein was confirmed by its enzyme activity to be a long-chain fatty-acid alcohol oxidase (LC-FAO) and purified to homogeneity from microsomes by a rapid procedure involving hydrophobic chromatography. An internal peptide of 30 amino acids was sequenced. A 1100-base pair cDNA fragment containing the LC-FAO peptide coding sequence was used to isolate a single exon genomic clone containing the full-length coding sequence of an LC-FAO (fao1). The fao1 gene product was expressed in Escherichia coli and was translated as a functional long-chain alcohol oxidase, which was present in the membrane fraction. In addition, full-length coding sequences for a Candida tropicalis LC-FAO (faoT) and a second C. cloacae LC-FAO (fao2) were isolated. The DNA sequences obtained had open reading frames of 2094 (fao1), 2091 (fao2), and 2112 (faoT) base pairs. The derived amino acid sequences of fao2 and faoT showed 89.4 and 76.2% similarities to fao1. The fao1 gene is much more highly induced on alkane than is fao2. Although this study describes the first known DNA sequences encoding LC-FAOs from any source, there are unassigned Arabidopsis sequences and an unassigned Mycobacterium sequence in the GenBank(TM) Data Bank that show strong homology to the described LC-FAO sequences. The conservation of sequence between yeast, plants, and bacteria suggests that an as yet undescribed family of long-chain fatty-acid oxidases exists in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vanhanen
- Lipid Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Larsson T, Lindgren A, Ruzgas T, Lindquist SE, Gorton L. Bioelectrochemical characterisation of cellobiose dehydrogenase modified graphite electrodes: ionic strength and pH dependences. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Subramaniam SS, Nagalla SR, Renganathan V. Cloning and characterization of a thermostable cellobiose dehydrogenase from Sporotrichum thermophile. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 365:223-30. [PMID: 10328816 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular hemoflavoenzyme produced by several wood-degrading fungi. CDH contains one heme b and one FAD per molecule and oxidizes cellobiose to cellobionolactone in the presence of cytochrome c. In this report, a thermostable CDH from the thermophilic ascomycete Sporotrichum thermophile has been purified, cloned, and characterized. The temperature optimum for this CDH reaction was 60 degrees C, and the activation energy for the reaction was 26.3 kJ/mol. The Km and kcat were temperature-dependent and increased as reaction temperature increased. These kinetic properties prove that this CDH is truly thermophilic. A 2.8-kb cDNA was isolated by screening an expression library of S. thermophile with a polyclonal antisera raised against Phanerochaete chrysosporium CDH. The cDNA encoded an 807-amino-acid protein with a predicted mass of 86,332 Da. S. thermophile CDH is organized into three domains, an N-terminal flavin domain, a middle heme domain, and a C-terminal cellulose-binding domain, which shows sequence similarity with the cellulose-binding domains of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases from Trichoderma reesei. Comparison with the CDH sequences of P. chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor identified Met 95 and His 143 as potential heme coordinations. EFIG, LGGPM, and VNSTH motifs in the heme domain and the XRXPXTDXPSXDGXRY motif in the flavin domain were identified as CDH-specific motifs. With regard to the amino acid composition, S. thermophile CDH has more disulfide linkages and acidic and basic amino acids compared to CDHs from P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Portland, Oregon, 97291-1000, USA
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Igarashi K, Verhagen MF, Samejima M, Schülein M, Eriksson KE, Nishino T. Cellobiose dehydrogenase from the fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Humicola insolens. A flavohemoprotein from Humicola insolens contains 6-hydroxy-FAD as the dominant active cofactor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:3338-44. [PMID: 9920875 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.6.3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDH) were purified from cellulose-grown cultures of the fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Humicola insolens. The pH optimum of the cellobiose-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity of P. chrysosporium CDH was acidic, whereas that of H. insolens CDH was neutral. The absorption spectra of the two CDHs showed them to be typical hemoproteins, but there was a small difference in the visible region. Limited proteolysis between the heme and flavin domains was performed to investigate the cofactors. There was no difference in absorption spectrum between the heme domains of P. chrysosporium and H. insolens CDHs. The midpoint potentials of heme at pH 7.0 were almost identical, and no difference in pH dependence was observed over the range of pH 3-9. The pH dependence of cellobiose oxidation by the flavin domains was similar to that of the native CDHs, indicating that the difference in the pH dependence of the catalytic activity between the two CDHs is because of the flavin domains. The absorption spectrum of the flavin domain from H. insolens CDH has absorbance maxima at 343 and 426 and a broad absorption peak at 660 nm, whereas that of P. chrysosporium CDH showed a normal flavoprotein spectrum. Flavin cofactors were extracted from the flavin domains and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The flavin cofactor from H. insolens was found to be a mixture of 60% 6-hydroxy-FAD and 40% FAD, whereas that from P. chrysosporium CDH was normal FAD. After reconstitution of the deflavo-proteins it was found that flavin domains containing 6-hydroxy-FAD were clearly active but their cellobiose oxidation rates were lower than those of flavin domains containing normal FAD. Reconstitution of flavin cofactor had no effect on the optimum pH. From these results, it is concluded that the pH dependence is not because of the flavin cofactor but is because of the protein molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterials Sciences, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Temp U, Eggert C. Novel interaction between laccase and cellobiose dehydrogenase during pigment synthesis in the white rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:389-95. [PMID: 9925558 PMCID: PMC91037 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.2.389-395.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When glucose is the carbon source, the white rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus produces a characteristic red pigment, cinnabarinic acid, which is formed by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of the precursor 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. When P. cinnabarinus was grown on media containing cellobiose or cellulose as the carbon source, the amount of cinnabarinic acid that accumulated was reduced or, in the case of cellulose, no cinnabarinic acid accumulated. Cellobiose-dependent quinone reducing enzymes, the cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs), inhibited the redox interaction between laccase and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Two distinct proteins were purified from cellulose-grown cultures of P. cinnabarinus; these proteins were designated CDH I and CDH II. CDH I and CDH II were both monomeric proteins and had apparent molecular weights of about 81,000 and 101,000, respectively, as determined by both gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The pI values were approximately 5.9 for CDH I and 3.8 for CDH II. Both CDHs used several known CDH substrates as electron acceptors and specifically adsorbed to cellulose. Only CDH II could reduce cytochrome c. The optimum pH values for CDH I and CDH II were 5.5 and 4.5, respectively. In in vitro experiments, both enzymes inhibited laccase-mediated formation of cinnabarinic acid. Oxidation intermediates of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid served as endogenous electron acceptors for the two CDHs from P. cinnabarinus. These results demonstrated that in the presence of a suitable cellulose-derived electron donor, CDHs can regenerate fungal metabolites oxidized by laccase, and they also supported the hypothesis that CDHs act as links between cellulolytic and ligninolytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Temp
- Institute of General Microbiology and Microbial Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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