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Hosseinabadi M, Abdolmaleki Z, Beheshtiha SHS. Cardiac aorta-derived extracellular matrix scaffold enhances critical mediators of angiogenesis in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction mice. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2021; 32:134. [PMID: 34704139 PMCID: PMC8550234 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-021-06611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An incapability to improve lost cardiac muscle caused by acute ischemic injury remains the most important deficiency of current treatments to prevent heart failure. We investigated whether cardiomyocytes culturing on cardiac aorta-derived extracellular matrix scaffold has advantageous effects on cardiomyocytes survival and angiogenesis biomarkers' expression. Ten male NMRI mice were randomly divided into two groups: (1) control (healthy mice) and (2) myocardial infarction (MI)-induced model group (Isoproterenol/subcutaneously injection/single dose of 85 mg/kg). Two days after isoproterenol injection, all animals were sacrificed to isolate cardiomyocytes from myocardium tissues. The fresh thoracic aorta was obtained from male NMRI mice and decellularized using 4% sodium deoxycholate and 2000 kU DNase-I treatments. Control and MI-derived cardiomyocytes were seeded on decellularized cardiac aorta (DCA) considered three-dimensional (3D) cultures. To compare, the isolated cardiomyocytes from control and MI groups were also cultured as a two-dimensional (2D) culture system for 14 days. The cell viability was examined by MTT assay. The expression levels of Hif-1α and VEGF genes and VEGFR1 protein were tested by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Moreover, the amount of VEGF protein was evaluated in the conditional media of the 2D and 3D systems. The oxidative stress was assessed via MDA assay. Hif-1α and VEGF genes were downregulated in MI groups compared to controls. However, the resulting data showed that decellularized cardiac aorta matrices positively affect the expression of Hif-1α and VEGF genes. The expression level of VEGFR1 protein was significantly (p ≤ 0.01) upregulated in both MI and healthy cell groups cultured on decellularized cardiac aorta matrices as a 3D system compared to the MI cell group cultured in the 2D systems. Furthermore, MDA concentration significantly decreased in 3D-cultured cells (MI and healthy cell groups) rather than the 2D-cultured MI group (p ≤ 0.015). The findings suggest that cardiac aorta-derived extracellular scaffold by preserving VEGF, improving the cell viability, and stimulating angiogenesis via upregulating Hif-1α, VEGF, and VEGFR1 in cardiomyocytes could be considered as a potential approach along with another therapeutic method to reduce the complications of myocardial infarction and control the progressive pathological conditions related to MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahara Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Abdolmaleki
- Department of Pharmacology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
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Li C, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Meng H, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Xiao W, Wang Y, Tu P. Dragon's Blood exerts cardio-protection against myocardial injury through PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in acute myocardial infarction mice model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 227:279-289. [PMID: 30195568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dragon's Blood (DB), the red resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. C., has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat acute myocardial infarction (AMI) for centuries. Evidence indicated that DB may exert cardio-protective effect by inhibiting inflammatory response during myocardial infarction. However, its pharmaceutical mechanism is still to be elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY Due to its potential anti-inflammatory effect, Dragon's Blood extract (DBE) was applied on AMI mice model in this study and its mechanism on inflammation via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway was to be validated. MATERIALS AND METHODS AMI mice model was established by ligation of left anterior descending (LAD) arteries. DBE was administered for 7 days before the surgery. Heart function was evaluated by 2D echocardiography. Levels of CK-MB and LDH1 in serum as well as TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α and ET-1 in plasma were detected. Level of IL-6 in cardiac tissues was quantified by ELISA. Expressions of key proteins in PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. RESULTS The result demonstrated that DBE could improve heart function in AMI mice model. Meanwhile, it could also regulate levels of CK-MB and LDH1, and restore balance between TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α. Further study suggested that DBE could inhibit inflammation and regulate expressions of key proteins in IL-6-JAK2/STAT3 pathway in cardiac tissue. Western blot results validated that DBE could activate PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby regulating the expressions of its downstream targets, including VEGF, COX2 and PPARγ. CONCLUSION DBE exerts cardio-protective efficacy by activating JAK2-STAT3 and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways in cardiac tissue. These findings provide insight into the pharmacological mechanism of DBE and validate the beneficial effects of DBE in the clinical application for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical New Technology for Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang 222001, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Dittadi R, Meo S, Fabris F, Gasparini G, Contri D, Medici M, Gion M. Validation of Blood Collection Procedures for the Determination of Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Different Blood Compartments. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080101600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aims of the study. Studies on circulating VEGF have reported mixed results, possibly due to a lack of standardization of the pre-analytical phase. The aim of our investigation was to standardize the sampling procedure for the determination of VEGF in different blood fractions. Basic procedures. We evaluated various clotting times for obtaining serum in 30 subjects, as well as different procedures for the preparation of plasma Edinburgh anticoagulant mixture (EDTA, PGE1, theophylline) and CTAD. VEGF was also assayed in lysed whole blood. In vitro platelet activation was monitored by measuring the levels of PF4. VEGF and PF4 were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays. Main findings. Clotting time increased the release of VEGF, which reached a plateau between 2 and 4 hours. The percent increase of VEGF at 2 hours ranged from 118% to 4515% (median 327%) compared to samples centrifuged within 10 min from withdrawal. VEGF was not different and PF4 was very low or undetectable in Edinburgh plasma and CTAD plasma, while it was significantly higher in sodium citrate plasma. VEGF in CTAD plasma was not correlated with platelet count or leukocytes. Serum VEGF did not correlate with the leukocyte number, but it correlated significantly with the platelet count. Principal conclusions. The procedures for sample collection described above are highly standardized and easy to perform in a routine setting. We therefore suggest systematic evaluation of VEGF in CTAD plasma, in serum (clotting for 2 hours at room temperature) and in whole blood, until prospective controlled clinical studies will have clarified in which blood compartment(s) VEGF provides clinically relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Dittadi
- Center for the Study of Biological Markers of Malignancy, Regional General Hospital ULSS 12, Venice
| | - S. Meo
- Center for the Study of Biological Markers of Malignancy, Regional General Hospital ULSS 12, Venice
| | - F. Fabris
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua
| | - G. Gasparini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Azienda Complesso Ospedaliero S. Filippo Neri, Rome
| | - D. Contri
- Central Laboratory, Regional General Hospital ULSS 12, Venice
| | - M. Medici
- Division of Medical Oncology, Regional General Hospital ULSS 12, Venice - Italy On behalf of the Quality Control Committee in Laboratory Oncology
| | - M. Gion
- Center for the Study of Biological Markers of Malignancy, Regional General Hospital ULSS 12, Venice
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Yang Z, Wan J, Pan W, Zou J. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in cardiac repair: Signaling mechanisms mediating vascular protective effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:179-185. [PMID: 29462681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the vascular endothelial growth factor expression pattern in acute myocardial infarction induced rats. Serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor and its mRNA expression in myocardium were determined. Protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were measured. Serum level of vascular endothelial growth factor was increased 105.3, 260, 378.2 and 271.3% following the onset of acute myocardial infarction at 3, 6, 9 and 12days respectively. The mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was substantially increased following the onset of acute myocardial infarction. Protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase was increased up to 1.02 fold. Taking all these data together, it is concluded that the vascular endothelial growth factor was increased in serum and tissue and attained peak at 9th day following the onset of acute myocardial infarction. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor level in serum and tissue could increase endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase could inhibit apoptosis and protect cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, the increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression could play an essential role in cardiac repair following the onset of acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefu Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528200, China.
| | - Jianping Wan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528200, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528200, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, People's Hospital of Nanhai District, Foshan City, Guangdong Province 528200, China
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A new analytical model for the changes of vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic diseases. Med Hypotheses 2017; 109:73-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Johnson D, Jagan L, Kurji A, Jumaa K, Sharma S. Emergency department visits after intravitreal bevacizumab and ranibizumab injections in diabetic patients. Can J Ophthalmol 2014; 49:e146-8. [PMID: 25433751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Stable phase post-MI patients have elevated VEGF levels correlated with inflammation markers, but not with atherosclerotic burden. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:166. [PMID: 25417001 PMCID: PMC4251840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients in the stable phase after myocardial infarction (MI) has not yet been explored. Therefore, we compared the values of VEGF in post-MI patients with those obtained in healthy controls. Furthermore, we investigated whether the values of VEGF correlate to either inflammation markers or the atherosclerotic burden. METHODS 41 male patients (on average 44 years old) in the stable phase after MI (on average 20.5 months after MI) were recruited, while 25 healthy age-matched males served as controls. Plasma levels of VEGF and several markers of inflammation were measured by standard procedures. The atherosclerotic burden was determined by the angiographic severity of coronary atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction (measured by ultrasound measurement of the flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery), the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery and the ankle-brachial pressure index. RESULTS VEGF values were significantly elevated in post-MI patients compared to the controls (53.8 ± 42.7 pg/ml vs. 36.3 ± 8.9 pg/ml, p = 0.014). The elevated VEGF values significantly correlated to the (increased) values of the inflammatory molecules interleukin 6 and 8 (r = 0.37, p = 0.017; and r = 0.45, p = 0.003; respectively). In contrast, no correlation was found between VEGF and the parameters of the atherosclerotic burden, although FMD and IMT were significantly impaired in patients. CONCLUSIONS We found that plasma levels of VEGF are increased in the stable phase after MI and correlate with inflammation cytokines, but not with the atherosclerotic burden. Thus, this suggests that increased levels of VEGF are a part of ongoing inflammatory activity. Since VEGF in these patients stimulates neovascularization of inflamed plaques and induces their destabilization, the VEGF level can have an important negative prognostic value. Clearly, further studies are needed to clarify the role of VEGF as a prognostic marker.
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Study of molecular mechanism of Prostaglandin E1 in inhibiting coronary heart disease. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6701-8. [PMID: 24146100 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 has been used clinically for improving heart diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of Prostaglandin E1 on blood lipid levels, heart protein and genes expression in coronary heart disease (CHD) rats. Female rats were fed either a control diet or hypercholesterolemic diet for 14 weeks. The feeding of a hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) increased the serum TC, TG, and LDL-c levels, decreased the serum HDL-c, E2, P, FSH, LH and PRL levels in CHD rats. In addition, The feeding of a HCD diet markedly increased the content of serum TXA2, TXB2, and decreased the content of serum PGI2, and PGI2/TXA2, 6-Keto PGF1a. Furthermore, the feeding of a hypercholesterolemic diet markedly increased expression levels of myocardium Fas and Caspase-3 protein and mRNA levels, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA, and decreased RyR2 mRNA in CHD rats. The feeding of Prostaglandin E1 for 14 weeks significantly reversed these abnormal biochemical indexes in rats. These findings suggest that Prostaglandin E1 play a obvious heart protective effect. The mechanisms may be related to restraining the excessive activation of Fas and Caspase-3 protein and modulating some gene expressions associated with CHD.
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Konopka A, Janas J, Piotrowski W, Stępińska J. Concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cytokine 2013; 61:664-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Leychenko A, Konorev E, Jijiwa M, Matter ML. Stretch-induced hypertrophy activates NFkB-mediated VEGF secretion in adult cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29055. [PMID: 22174951 PMCID: PMC3236775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and myocardial infarction are associated with the onset of hypertrophy. Hypertrophy is a compensatory response mechanism to increases in mechanical load due to pressure or volume overload. It is characterized by extracellular matrix remodeling and hypertrophic growth of adult cardiomyocytes. Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), which acts as an angiogenic factor and a modulator of cardiomyocyte function, is regulated by mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch promotes VEGF secretion in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Whether this effect is retained in adult cells and the molecular mechanism mediating stretch-induced VEGF secretion has not been elucidated. Our objective was to investigate whether cyclic mechanical stretch induces VEGF secretion in adult cardiomyocytes and to identify the molecular mechanism mediating VEGF secretion in these cells. Isolated primary adult rat cardiomyocytes (ARCMs) were subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch at an extension level of 10% at 30 cycles/min that induces hypertrophic responses. Cyclic mechanical stretch induced a 3-fold increase in VEGF secretion in ARCMs compared to non-stretch controls. This increase in stretch-induced VEGF secretion correlated with NFkB activation. Cyclic mechanical stretch-mediated VEGF secretion was blocked by an NFkB peptide inhibitor and expression of a dominant negative mutant IkBα, but not by inhibitors of the MAPK/ERK1/2 or PI3K pathways. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated an interaction of NFkB with the VEGF promoter in stretched primary cardiomyocytes. Moreover, VEGF secretion is increased in the stretched myocardium during pressure overload-induced hypertrophy. These findings are the first to demonstrate that NFkB activation plays a role in mediating VEGF secretion upon cyclic mechanical stretch in adult cardiomyocytes. Signaling by NFkB initiated in response to cyclic mechanical stretch may therefore coordinate the hypertrophic response in adult cardiomyocytes. Elucidation of this novel mechanism may provide a target for developing future pharmacotherapy to treat hypertension and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leychenko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Bioscience and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Eugene Konorev
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Hawaii-Hilo College of Pharmacy, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mayumi Jijiwa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Matter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hadi HA, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Mahmeed WA, Suwaidi JMA. Inflammatory cytokines and atrial fibrillation: current and prospective views. J Inflamm Res 2010; 3:75-97. [PMID: 22096359 PMCID: PMC3218735 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and a challenging clinical problem encountered in daily clinical practice. There is an increasing body of evidence linking inflammation to a broad spectrum of cardiovascular conditions including AF. Historical evidence supports an association between AF and inflammation and is consistent with the association of AF with inflammatory conditions of the heart, such as myocarditis and pericarditis. AF has been associated with myocardial oxidative stress, and antioxidant agents have demonstrated antiarrhythmic benefit in humans. Increased plasma interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma viscosity support the existence of an inflammatory state among "typical" populations with chronic AF. These indexes of inflammation are related to the prothrombotic state and may be linked to the clinical characteristics of the patients (underlying vascular disease and comorbidities), rather than simply to the presence of AF itself. It has been suggested that inflammation may have a role in the development of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery, and that a genetic predisposition to develop postoperative complications exists. Cytokines can have a prognostic significance; IL-6 levels, CRP, and other cytokines may have prognostic value in AF. Cytokine lowering therapies, statins, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and other anti-inflammatory agents may have a role in the treatment of AF. The present article provides an overview of the evidence linking inflammatory cytokines to AF and their therapeutic and prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ar Hadi
- Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Kondo T, Shintani S, Maeda K, Hayashi M, Inden Y, Numaguchi Y, Sugiura K, Morita Y, Kitamura T, Kamiya H, Sone T, Ohno M, Murohara T. The number and function of circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) progenitor cells decreased in stable coronary artery disease but not in acute myocardial infarction. HEART ASIA 2010; 2:20-3. [PMID: 27325937 DOI: 10.1136/ha.2009.001644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) cells are one of the main sources of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Age is inversely related to the number and function of CD34(+)CD133(+) progenitor cells in stable coronary artery disease (CAD), but the relationship remains unclear in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The authors aimed to clarify how ageing affects the number and function of mobilised CD34(+)CD133(+) progenitor cells in AMI. DESIGN AND RESULTS Circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) progenitor cells were measured by flow cytometry. Measurements were made at admission for CAD, or on day 7 after the onset of AMI. In stable CAD (n=131), circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) cells decreased with age (r=-0.344, p<0.0001). In AMI, circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) cells did not correlate with age (n=50), and multivariate analysis revealed that the decreased number of circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) cells was associated with male sex and higher peak creatinine kinase. The ability to give rise to functional EPCs, which show good migratory and tube-forming capabilities, deteriorated among stable CAD subjects (n=10) compared with AMI subjects (N=6). CONCLUSIONS In stable CAD, the number and function of circulating CD34(+)CD133(+) progenitor cells decreased with age, whereas those mobilised and circulating in AMI did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shintani
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kengo Maeda
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mutsuharu Hayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuya Inden
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Numaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Sugiura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitamura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruo Kamiya
- Department of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Japan
| | - Takahito Sone
- Department of Cardiology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Ogaki, Japan
| | - Miyoshi Ohno
- Department of Cardiology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Kusumanto YH, Tio RA, Loef BG, Sluiter WJ, Mulder NH, Hospers GAP. Systemic VEGF levels after coronary artery bypass graft surgery reflects the extent of inflammatory response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:41-5. [PMID: 16720427 DOI: 10.1080/14628840500480449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was studied as a substitute endpoint for treatment response after VEGF plasmid therapy. The effect of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on systemic VEGF levels are however largely unknown, therefore, we studied the effect of this procedure to measure VEGF levels after surgery alone. METHODS Fourteen patients requiring CABG were included. VEGF165 levels, ischemic markers, and hematology were measured before, directly after six days after surgery. RESULTS VEGF165 in serum and whole blood levels were increased up to six days after CABG, respectively 249.6+/-50.4 to 451.7+/-56.4 (day 6) and 581.9+/-105.1 to 783.4+/-97.7 (day six). There was a close correlation of circulating VEGF165 with leukocyte counts and platelets and not with ischemic markers. CONCLUSION Following surgery and in case of activated leukocyte and platelet counts care must be taken in the interpretation of systemic VEGF165 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoka H Kusumanto
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Lin TH, Yen HW, Voon WC, Su HM, Lu YH, Lai WT, Sheu SH. Vascular endothelial growth factor in coronary sinus: Evidence for its association with coronary collaterals. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2009; 39:353-7. [PMID: 16352488 DOI: 10.1080/14017430500234258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether local growth factors concentration, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta one (TGF-beta(1)), influence the formation of coronary collaterals. DESIGN Thirty-six patients scheduled for coronary angiography received a 6F Goodale-Lubin catheterization to collect blood from the coronary sinus (CS) and right atrium (RA). RESULTS Patients with coronary collaterals had a higher number of diseased vessels (2.6+/-0.2 vs. 1.4+/-0.3, p = 0.005), higher percentage of severity of stenosis (93+/-2 vs. 48+/-8, P < 0.001) and higher VEGF concentrations in CS (38.9+/-3.9 pg/ml vs. 20.8+/-1.4 pg/ml, P < 0.001) and in RA (31.7+/-3.1 pg/ml vs. 22.0+/-2.3 pg/ml, p = 0.004). There was no significant relationship between coronary collateral formation and TGF-beta(1) concentration. By binary logistic regression analysis, VEGF concentrations in CS (p = 0.030) and stenosis severity (p = 0.042) are correlated positively with collateral formation. CONCLUSIONS The association between local, endogenous secretion of VEGF and coronary collateral formation is compatible with a paracrine role for this growth factor in pathophysiologic collateral formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Sundset R, Cooper M, Mikalsen SO, Ytrehus K. Ischemic Preconditioning Protects Against Gap Junctional Uncoupling in Cardiac Myofibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:51-66. [PMID: 16247851 DOI: 10.1080/15419060490951772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning increases the heart's tolerance to a subsequent longer ischemic period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of gap junction communication in simulated preconditioning in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myofibroblasts. Gap junctional intercellular communication was assessed by Lucifer yellow dye transfer. Preconditioning preserved intercellular coupling after prolonged ischemia. An initial reduction in coupling in response to the preconditioning stimulus was also observed. This may protect neighboring cells from damaging substances produced during subsequent regional ischemia in vivo, and may preserve gap junctional communication required for enhanced functional recovery during subsequent reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Sundset
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Testa U, Pannitteri G, Condorelli GL. Vascular endothelial growth factors in cardiovascular medicine. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2009; 9:1190-221. [PMID: 19001927 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283117d37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors has considerably improved the understanding of the development and function of endothelial cells. Each member of the VEGF family appears to have a specific function: VEGF-A induces angiogenesis (i.e. growth of new blood vessels from preexisting ones), placental growth factor mediates both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis (i.e. the formation of collateral arteries from preexisting arterioles), VEGF-C and VEGF-D act mainly as lymphangiogenic factors. The study of the biology of these endothelial growth factors has allowed a major progress in the comprehension of the genesis of the vascular system and its abnormalities observed in various pathologic conditions (atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease). The role of VEGF in the atherogenic process is still unclear, but actual evidence suggests both detrimental (development of a neoangiogenetic process within the atherosclerotic plaque) and beneficial (promotion of collateral vessel formation) effects. VEGF and other angiogenic growth factors (fibroblast growth factor), although initially promising in experimental studies and in initial phase I/II clinical trials in patients with ischemic heart disease or peripheral arterial occlusive disease, have subsequently failed to show significant therapeutic improvements in controlled clinical studies. Challenges still remain about the type or the combination of angiogenic factors to be administered, the form (protein vs. gene), the route, and the duration of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy.
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Minimally invasive colon resection is associated with a transient increase in plasma sVEGFR1 levels and a decrease in sVEGFR2 levels during the early postoperative period. Surg Endosc 2009; 23:694-9. [PMID: 19184203 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are elevated for 2-4 weeks after minimally invasive colorectal resection (MICR). VEGF induces wound and tumor angiogenesis by binding to endothelial cell (EC)-bound VEGF-receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and VEGFR2. Soluble receptors (sVEGFR1, sVEGFR2) sequester VEGF in the blood and decrease VEGF's proangiogenic effect. The importance of the MICR-related VEGF changes depends on the effect of surgical procedures on sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2; this study assessed levels of these proteins after MICR for benign indications. METHODS Blood samples were taken (n=39) preoperatively (preop) and on postoperative days (POD) 1 and 3; in most cases a fourth sample was drawn between POD 7 and 30. sVEGFR1 and sVEGFR2 levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which detects free and VEGF bound soluble receptor. Late samples were bundled into POD 7-13 and POD 14-30 time points. Results are reported as mean and standard deviation. The data was assessed with paired-samples t-test. RESULTS Preop, mean plasma sVEGFR2 level (9,203.7+/-1,934.3 pg/ml) was significantly higher than the sVEGFR1 value (132.5+/-126.2 pg/ml). sVEGFR2 levels were significantly lower on POD 1 (6,957.8+/-1,947.7 pg/ml,) and POD 3 (7,085.6+/-2,000.2 pg/ml), whereas sVEGFR1 levels were significantly higher on POD 1 (220.0+/-132.8 pg/ml) and POD 3 (182.7+/-102.1 pg/ml) versus preop results. No differences were found on POD 7-13 or 14-30. CONCLUSIONS sVEGFR2 values decreased and sVEGFR1 levels increased early after MICR; due to its much higher baseline, the sVEGFR2 changes dominate. The net result is less VEGF bound to soluble receptor and more free plasma VEGF.
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The relationship between severity of coronary artery disease and plasma level of vascular endothelial growth factor. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2008; 9:66-70. [PMID: 18486079 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been known that ischemia or occlusion of coronary arteries in animal models increases the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); however, little is known about the relationship between coronary artery disease and VEGF in humans. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the relationships between the degree of coronary occlusion and plasma VEGF level as well as other risk factors, including age, weight, arterial blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, blood glucose, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with established coronary artery disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study group consisted of 77 patients. Of these, 38 patients had normal coronary angiography (control group; group C) and 39 had abnormal angiography (17 critical lesion; group CL, 22 noncritical lesion; non-CL group). RESULTS Plasma VEGF level was 116.95+/-30.12 pg/ml in the control group, 212.47+/-75.28 pg/ml in group CL, and 138.89+/-45.18 pg/ml in the non-CL group. Plasma VEGF level of group C was found to be lower than that of group CL (P<.05), but the difference between groups C and non-CL was insignificant (P>.05). However, logistic regression analysis showed that VEGF level of group CL was significantly higher (P<.001). There was a negative correlation between VEGF and haemoglobin (r=-0.58, P<.01), and positive correlation between VEGF and age (r=0.29, P<.04). There was no relationship between plasma VEGF level and other cardiac risk parameters. Group CL had a higher level of total and LDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION Increased plasma VEGF levels in patients with coronary artery disease may point that the coronary lesion is critical, and VEGF increase in patients with established coronary artery disease may be used as an indicator of the need for revascularization.
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Eaton CB, Gramling R, Parker DR, Roberts MB, Lu B, Ridker PM. Prospective association of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) with coronary heart disease mortality in southeastern New England. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:221-7. [PMID: 18261732 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autopsy data suggest that plaque neovascularization may be associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) death. Since vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is upregulated in angiogenesis and therefore neovascularization, we hypothesized that individuals with elevated levels of VEGF-A at baseline would be a greater risk of dying of CHD compared to those with lower levels over time. METHODS We measured VEGF-A levels in 46 CHD death cases and a 14% random sample of 2321 community participants who were free of self-reported CHD at baseline. Traditional CHD risk factors such as age, gender, family history of CHD, cigarette smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, diabetes mellitus, were also evaluated at baseline. Mortality follow-up was determined through linkage of baseline data with the National Death Index. RESULTS During a median of 13 years of follow-up, 46 subjects died of coronary heart disease. Mean VEGF-A levels were significantly higher in the CHD death cases than among the random population sample (400 pg/ml vs. 303 pg/ml, p=0.0004). In proportional hazards models adjusting for traditional risk factors, the hazard ratios (95%CI) for CHD death associated with increasing tertiles of VEGF-A were 1.0 (referent), 2.12 (0.74, 6.10), and 3.85 (1.37, 10.78), respectively (P(test for trend)=0.008). CONCLUSION In this population-based prospective, case-cohort study, baseline levels of VEGF-A showed a significant independent association with the risk of CHD death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Eaton
- Center for Primary Care and Prevention, Memorial Hospital of RI, Pawtucket, RI 02860, USA.
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Ciccarelli M, Santulli G, Campanile A, Galasso G, Cervèro P, Altobelli GG, Cimini V, Pastore L, Piscione F, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G. Endothelial alpha1-adrenoceptors regulate neo-angiogenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:936-46. [PMID: 18084315 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intact endothelium plays a pivotal role in post-ischaemic angiogenesis. It is a phenomenon finely tuned by activation and inhibition of several endothelial receptors. The presence of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors on the endothelium suggests that these receptors may participate in regenerative phenomena by regulating the responses of endothelial cells involved in neo-angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the expression of the subtypes of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor in isolated endothelial cells harvested from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We explored the possibility these alpha(1)-adrenoceptors may influence the pro-angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells in vitro. In vivo, we used a model of hindlimb ischaemia in WKY rats, to assess the effects of alpha(1) adrenoceptor agonist or antagonist on angiogenesis in the ischaemic hindlimb by laser Doppler blood flow measurements, digital angiographies, hindlimb perfusion with dyed beads and histological evaluation. KEY RESULTS In vitro, pharmacological antagonism of alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in endothelial cells from WKY rats by doxazosin enhanced, while stimulation of these adrenoceptors with phenylephrine, inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and DNA synthesis, ERK and retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation, cell migration and tubule formation. In vivo, we found increased alpha(1)-adrenoceptor density in the ischaemic hindlimb, compared to non-ischaemic hindlimb, suggesting an enhanced alpha(1)-adrenoceptor tone in the ischaemic tissue. Treatment with doxazosin (0.06 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 14 days) did not alter systemic blood pressure but enhanced neo-angiogenesis in the ischaemic hindlimb, as measured by all our assays. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in endothelial cells provide a negative regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ciccarelli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine & Cardiovascular Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Bougioukas I, Didilis V, Ypsilantis P, Giatromanolaki A, Sivridis E, Lialiaris T, Mikroulis D, Simopoulos C, Bougioukas G. Intramyocardial injection of low-dose basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor induces angiogenesis in the infarcted rabbit myocardium. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 16:63-8. [PMID: 17317537 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2005] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial angiogenesis after the systemic administration of basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor at high therapeutic doses has been implicated in the occurrence of side effects that may undermine their safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the angiogenic effects of the intramyocardial administration of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor protein, at low doses, in the infarcted rabbit myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-five New Zealand White rabbits were divided into five groups (n=5) and subjected to coronary artery ligation after lateral thoracotomy, inducing acute myocardial infarction. Five minutes later, the following substances were injected intramyocardially into the infarcted area: (a) normal saline (controls); (b) 6.25 or 12.5 mug of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor protein (basic fibroblast growth factor-1 group or basic fibroblast growth factor-2 group); or (c) 5 or 10 microg of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor 165 protein (vascular endothelial growth factor-1 group or vascular endothelial growth factor-2 group). On the 21st postoperative day, the animals were euthanized, and their hearts were subjected to histopathological examination and immunohistochemical assessment of vascular density in the infarcted area. The alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase procedure and the primary monoclonal antibody JC70 were used. Histopathological examination confirmed the induction of myocardial infarction. Vascular density was significantly increased (P<.004) in all treatment groups (in mean+/-S.E. vessels/x 200 optical field: basic fibroblast growth factor-1: 85.8+/-10.9; basic fibroblast growth factor-2: 76.6+/-3.7; vascular endothelial growth factor-1: 73.4+/-3.2; vascular endothelial growth factor-2: 89.5+/-5.2) compared to that in controls (58.9+/-4.9 vessels/x 200 optical field). Vascular density in the vascular endothelial growth factor-2 group was significantly higher than that in the vascular endothelial growth factor-1 group (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Low doses of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor protein, when administered intramyocardially, stimulate angiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Bougioukas
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Dragana, 68 100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Leosco D, Rengo G, Iaccarino G, Sanzari E, Golino L, De Lisa G, Zincarelli C, Fortunato F, Ciccarelli M, Cimini V, Altobelli GG, Piscione F, Galasso G, Trimarco B, Koch WJ, Rengo F. Prior Exercise Improves Age-Dependent Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Downregulation and Angiogenesis Responses to Hind-Limb Ischemia in Old Rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:471-80. [PMID: 17522350 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.5.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are shown to be involved in age-dependent impairment of angiogenesis. In this study, we explore whether prior exercise is able to affect these molecular patterns favorably and to enhance neoangiogenesis in old Wistar rats with hind-limb ischemia. At day 7 after surgery, HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression increased in the ischemic muscle of trained animals. Exercise increased capillary density and limb perfusion as revealed by histologic, angiographic, and dyed bead techniques. Furthermore, exercise capacity and limb trophism have significantly improved in trained aged rats. In these animals, the reduction of VEGF serum levels has reflected the comprehensive improvement in local ischemia evoked by exercise. In conclusion, prior exercise represents a valid tool to counteract age-related molecular alterations resulting in impaired angiogenesis in response to ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Leosco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, Edificio 2, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Lee HS, Yun SW, Jung YS, Chae SA, Lim IS, Lee DK, Choi ES, Yoo BH, Lee MK. Clinical significance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor in Kawasaki disease. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2007. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2007.50.10.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Seok Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Weon Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Soo Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Ahn Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Seok Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Keun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Sang Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Pannitteri G, Petrucci E, Testa U. Coordinate release of angiogenic growth factors after acute myocardial infarction: evidence of a two-wave production. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2006; 7:872-9. [PMID: 17122673 DOI: 10.2459/01.jcm.0000253831.61974.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that angiopoietic growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 are released after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It was suggested that the release of these factors, triggered by ischemia, may be related to a reparative neoangiogenetic process. METHODS Plasma VEGF, Ang-2, HGF and TGF-beta levels were measured on admission (baseline) and at various times during the acute (0-48 h) and the subacute (48-240 h) phase in 44 patients with AMI. RESULTS In the present study, we have explored in detail the kinetics of release of these growth factors after AMI with the precise aim of evaluating the existence of a double wave of release of these factors: (i) a first wave in the acute and (ii) a second one in the subacute period. The results of these analyses provided evidence for an early (peak at 24-28 h) and late (peak at approximately 170 h) increase of VEGF, Ang-2 and TGF-beta. CONCLUSIONS According to these data, we suggest that two waves of release of angiogenic factors occur after AMI. The early release makes part of an acute phase response, whereas the late release may underlie the induction of angiogenetic mechanisms involved in tissue reparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Pannitteri
- Institute of Heart and Great Vessels Attilio Reale, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Gao X, Chen T, Xing D, Wang F, Pei Y, Wei X. Single cell analysis of PKC activation during proliferation and apoptosis induced by laser irradiation. J Cell Physiol 2006; 206:441-8. [PMID: 16155941 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Laser irradiation has been shown to trigger cellular proliferation and apoptosis in various cell types. Studying the signaling pathways involved in the laser irradiation is important for understanding these processes. In present study, to monitor the protein kinase Cs (PKCs) activity in living cells in real time, we transfected and screened human lung adenocarcinoma cells (ASTC-a-1) stably expressing C kinase activity reporter (CKAR) constructed based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. The CKAR is a specific, reversible reporter of phosphorylation by PKCs and it can monitor the ongoing balance between PKCs and phosphatases. The increasing dynamics of PKCs activity is monitored during cell proliferation induced by low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) (0.8 J/cm2) in serum-starved ASTC-a-1 cells stably expressing CKAR reporter using FRET imaging on laser scanning confocal microscope and using spectrofluorometric analysis on a luminescence spectrometer, respectively. However, the decreasing dynamics of PKCs activity has been monitored in real time using FRET imaging for the cells treated with high fluence LPLI (60 J/cm2), which was previously found to induce cell apoptosis. Taken together, LPLI induces the ASTC-a-1 cell proliferation by specifically activating PKCs. However, PKCs activity decreases during cell apoptosis induced by high fluence LPLI. Our results indicate that PKCs play an important role in the laser irradiation-induced biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Gao
- Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China, and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Iaccarino G, Ciccarelli M, Sorriento D, Galasso G, Campanile A, Santulli G, Cipolletta E, Cerullo V, Cimini V, Altobelli GG, Piscione F, Priante O, Pastore L, Chiariello M, Salvatore F, Koch WJ, Trimarco B. Ischemic neoangiogenesis enhanced by beta2-adrenergic receptor overexpression: a novel role for the endothelial adrenergic system. Circ Res 2005; 97:1182-9. [PMID: 16239589 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000191541.06788.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta2-adrenergic receptors (beta2ARs) are widely expressed, although their physiological relevance in many tissues is not yet fully understood. In vascular endothelial cells, they regulate NO release and vessel tone. Here we provide novel evidence that beta2ARs can regulate neoangiogenesis in response to chronic ischemia. We used in vivo adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of the human beta2AR to the endothelium of the rat femoral artery and increased beta2AR signaling resulting in ameliorated angiographic blood flow and hindlimb perfusion after chronic ischemia. Histological analysis confirmed that beta2AR overexpression also produced benefits on capillary density. The same maneuver partially rescued impaired angiogenesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), whereas gene delivery of the G-protein-coupling defective mutant Ile164 beta2AR failed to provide ameliorations. Stimulation of endogenous and overexpressed beta2AR on endothelial cells in vitro was found to regulate cell number by inducing proliferation and [3H]-thymidine incorporation through means of extracellular receptor-activated kinase and vascular endothelial growth factor. The beta2AR also has novel effects on endothelial cell number through stimulation of proapoptosis and antiapoptosis pathways involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and PI3-kinase/Akt activation. Therefore, beta2ARs play a critical role in endothelial cell proliferation and function including revascularization, suggesting a novel and physiologically relevant role in neoangiogenesis in response to ischemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/physiology
- Genetic Therapy
- Humans
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/analysis
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Iaccarino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Scienze Cardiovascolari ed Immunologiche, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Lin TH, Yen HW, Su HM, Chien WT, Lu YH, Voon WC, Lai WT, Sheu SH. Effects of Total Coronary Artery Occlusion on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor β. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2005; 21:460-5. [PMID: 16302449 DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) play an important role in angiogenesis. We wanted to determine if concentrations of growth factors in the coronary sinus (CS) and right atrium (RA) are higher in coronary artery disease patients with total occlusions than in those with partial occlusions. Fifty-one patients scheduled for coronary artery angiography were evaluated for possible recruitment. A 6F Goodale-Lubin catheter was used to collect blood from the CS and RA. Data for all but four patients were gathered successfully, leaving 47 study patients. The reviewer was blinded to growth factor data when interpreting coronary angiographic findings. Of the 47 enrolled patients, 32 had at least one diseased vessel, seven of whom had at least one major total epicardial coronary occlusion. In all 32 patients, the concentrations of VEGF in the CS were higher than those in the RA (31.5 +/- 2.7 vs 27.1 +/- 1.8 pg/mL; p = 0.005). Patients with total occlusions had higher VEGF concentrations in the CS than those with non-total occlusions (38.9 +/- 8.0 vs 29.5 +/- 2.6 pg/mL; p = 0.037). The differences in TGF-beta1 in the two groups were not statistically significant. The higher CS VEGF concentrations in patients with total occlusion indicate that VEGF may play a part in the development of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chun-Ho Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
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Müller-Ehmsen J, Scheid C, Grundmann F, Hirsch I, Turan G, Tossios P, Mehlhorn U, Schwinger RHG. The mobilization of CD34 positive mononuclear cells after myocardial infarction is abolished by revascularization of the culprit vessel. Int J Cardiol 2005; 103:7-11. [PMID: 16061116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow has been proposed to play a role in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction (MI). Accordingly, an increase in CD34 positive cells (CD34+) has been observed in the peripheral blood of patients after acute myocardial infarction. Here, we evaluated the influence of an acute percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of the occluded artery on the mobilization of CD34+ in acute MI. METHODS CD34 positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry (FACS analysis) and expressed as number per million white blood cells. Peripheral blood was obtained and analyzed at day 5 after the onset of symptoms from patients with acute MI without early PCI (n=11, age 63+/-5 years), acute MI with rapid PCI (n=7, age 63+/-3), patients with pneumonia (n=5, age 51+/-6), patients without angiographical signs of coronary artery disease (control, n=5, age 66+/-8) and young healthy volunteers (n=11, age 28+/-1). RESULTS Patients with MI but without PCI had a higher CD34+ count at day 5 (312+/-48 per 10(6) leukocytes) than control (156+/-40, P=0.03) and MI with PCI (173+/-31, P=0.03). No increase in CD34+ was observed in patients who underwent PCI vs. control. Patients with pneumonia had higher CD34+ (350+/-44) than patients with MI with PCI (P=0.01) and control (P=0.01). Healthy individuals who were much younger than all other groups (28+/-1 years, P<0.0001 vs. all groups) had the highest CD34+ (526+/-51, P=0.006 vs. MI without PCI, P=0.00003 vs. MI with PCI, P=0.02 vs. pneumonia, P=0.00006 vs. control). CONCLUSIONS Shorter time of ischemia and reduced cell death may be the reasons for reduced CD34+ cell count after acute MI with early percutaneous intervention vs. acute MI without intervention. Besides ischemia, also inflammation as present in pneumonia may cause a mobilization of CD34+ cells. Age may be a major factor that influences the mobilization of CD34+ cells and the regenerative capacity of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Müller-Ehmsen
- Laboratory of Muscle Research and Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 24, 50924 Köln, Germany.
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Tsai WC, Li YH, Huang YY, Lin CC, Chao TH, Chen JH. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor as a marker for early vascular damage in hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:39-43. [PMID: 15740459 DOI: 10.1042/cs20040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of plasma VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) has been noted in patients with hypertension or atherosclerosis. VEGF has been regarded as a marker for endothelial dysfunction. However, the role of VEGF in hypertension-induced vascular injury and its relationship with endothelial function have not been studied. This study included 20 untreated hypertensive men with grade 1 or 2 hypertensive retinopathy, 10 untreated hypertensive men without hypertensive retinopathy and 10 healthy controls. None of the hypertensive patients had diabetes, renal impairment or overt vascular diseases. Plasma VEGF and adhesion molecules were measured using ELISAs. Endothelial function was measured by FMD (flow-mediated vasodilation) of the brachial artery. Plasma levels of VEGF, excluding adhesion molecules, were significantly higher in hypertensive patients with retinopathy when compared with patients without retinopathy (152.4+/-80.8 pg/ml versus 104.7+/-27.2 pg/ml, P = 0.035) or controls (152.4+/-80.8 pg/ml versus 98.9+/-23.7 pg/ml, P = 0.025). Levels of FMD were significantly lower in hypertensive patients than controls, but there were no significant differences between patients with or without retinopathy. Degrees of FMD were inversely correlated with VEGF levels (r = -0.351, P = 0.031). Elevation of plasma VEGF was associated with hypertensive retinopathy. Plasma VEGF could be used as a marker of early vascular damage induced by hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical Centre, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Gerrah R, Fogel M, Gilon D. Aspirin decreases vascular endothelial growth factor release during myocardial ischemia. Int J Cardiol 2004; 94:25-9. [PMID: 14996470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenesis factor involved in pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Controlling this factor's level in the serum might have significant prognostic outcomes. METHODS Twenty-four patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively categorized into two groups according to aspirin administration before surgery. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor levels were compared and correlated and adjusted with platelets count between two groups in the serum, before and after the surgery. Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were determined before and after the operation in parallel to other clinical data. RESULTS Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor levels were significantly lower in patients of the aspirin group compared to those of the non-aspirin group; 94+/-61 vs. 241+/-118 pg/ml, p=0.0003, respectively, this-despite an absence of difference in the platelet count between the groups. These titers decreased postoperatively in both groups, 94+/-61 to 10+/-9 pg/ml, p=0.001 in aspirin group and from 241+/-118 to 84+/-54 pg/ml, p=0.001 in control group. Serum creatine kinase levels were higher in the non-aspirin group, 214+/-83 u/l compared to 70+/-32 u/l in the aspirin group. Creatine kinase levels increased significantly postoperatively in both groups; however, the aspirin group had a significantly lower creatine kinase levels compared to non-aspirin group, 107+/-51 vs. 401+/-127 u/l, respectively, p=<0.0001. A significant correlation was seen between VEGF levels and platelets count in both groups, r=0.5. CONCLUSIONS Aspirin treated patients have lower Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor titer levels in the perioperative course. This difference between the aspirin and the non-aspirin group is not accounted for by the platelets count.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Gerrah
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Hadassah University Hospital, P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Takahashi K, Ito Y, Morikawa M, Kobune M, Huang J, Tsukamoto M, Sasaki K, Nakamura K, Dehari H, Ikeda K, Uchida H, Hirai S, Abe T, Hamada H. Adenoviral-delivered angiopoietin-1 reduces the infarction and attenuates the progression of cardiac dysfunction in the rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Mol Ther 2003; 8:584-92. [PMID: 14529831 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myocardial infarction (AMI), prognosis and mortality rate are closely related to the infarct size and the progression of postinfarction cardiac failure. Angiogenic gene therapy has presented a new approach for the treatment of AMI. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is a critical angiogenic factor for vascular maturation and enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in a complementary manner. We hypothesized that gene therapy using Ang1 for AMI might promote angiogenesis cooperatively with intrinsic VEGF, since high concentrations of circulating VEGF have been reported in AMI. To evaluate our hypothesis, we employed a rat AMI model and adenoviral Ang1 (HGMW-approved gene symbol ANGPT1) gene transfer to the heart. A significant increase in capillary density and reduction in infarct sizes were noted in the infarcted hearts with adenoviral Ang1 gene treatment compared with control infarcted hearts treated with saline or adenoviral vector containing the beta-galactosidase gene. Furthermore, the Ang1 group showed significantly higher cardiac performance in echocardiography (55.0% of ejection fraction, P < 0.05 vs control) than the saline or adenoviral controls (36.0 or 40.5%, respectively) 4 weeks after myocardial infarction. The adenoviral delivery of Ang1 during the acute phase of myocardial infarction would be feasible to attenuate the progression of cardiac dysfunction in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Suzuki H, Murakami M, Shoji M, Iso Y, Kondo T, Shibata M, Ezumi H, Hamazaki Y, Koba S, Katagiri T. Coron Artery Dis 2003; 14:301-307. [DOI: 10.1097/00019501-200306000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Suzuki H, Murakami M, Shoji M, Iso Y, Kondo T, Shibata M, Ezumi H, Hamazaki Y, Koba S, Katagiri T. Hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in ischaemic heart disease. Coron Artery Dis 2003; 14:301-7. [PMID: 12826929 DOI: 10.1097/01.mca.0000073431.02845.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are endothelial cell-specific growth factors, but the production of these growth factors in cardiomyocytes has also been demonstrated. However, there have been no reports focusing their attention on the changes in these growth factors after coronary intervention. We investigated the time-course changes of the serum VEGF and HGF levels in angina pectoris (AP) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS The serum HGF and VEGF levels were measured in 60 patients with AP, in 62 patients with AMI (AP, before heparin administration, and at 24 and 48 hours, and one week after intervention; AMI, before heparin, and at 48 and 72 hours, and one, two, three and four weeks) and in 56 patients with neurocirculatory asthenia as controls. We defined the patients with remodelling who showed an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI) in the sub-acute phase of AMI. RESULTS Hepatocyte growth factor levels in the AP and AMI were significantly higher than that in the control (p<0.0001). The AMI level was also significantly higher than AP (p<0.001). In the AMI and AP, HGF peaked at 48 hours. Vascular endothelial growth factor level in the AMI was significantly higher than that in the control and AP (p<0.0001). In the AMI, VEGF peaked at two weeks. There was a significant positive correlation between the peak VEGF and LVEDVI in the sub-acute phase of AMI (p=0.0089, r=0.436). Peak VEGF in the remodelling (+) group was significantly higher than that in the remodelling (-) group (p<0.001). In the AP, VEGF was unchanged. CONCLUSION While both myocardial and vascular damage contribute to an increase in HGF level, vascular damage is not associated with the increase in VEGF. Vascular endothelial growth factor might be related to left ventricular remodelling in the sub-acute phase of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Suzuki
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University, School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan.
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Soeki T, Tamura Y, Shinohara H, Sakabe K, Onose Y, Fukuda N. Serum hepatocyte growth factor predicts ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction. Circ J 2002; 66:1003-7. [PMID: 12419930 DOI: 10.1253/circj.66.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulate endothelial cell proliferation and induce angiogenesis, but the timing and significance of their release in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are unknown in relation to future left ventricular remodeling. Venous blood samples were obtained at admission and up to 3 weeks later in 40 patients with AMI and in 40 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Blood samples were also taken from the coronary sinus (CS) in 20 patients on day 7 following AMI. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume in the subacute (1 week) and chronic (3 months) phases was assessed by left ventriculography to identify the remodeling group (n=15), which was defined as an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume index > or =5 ml/m(2) relative to the baseline value. Serum HGF and VEGF concentrations were higher in newly admitted patients with AMI than in the controls (HGF, 0.33 +/-0.09 vs 0.24+/-0.08 ng/ml, p<0.01; VEGF, 92.2+/-43.1 vs 67.2+/-29.8 pg/ml, p<0.01), peaking on day 7 (HGF, 0.41+/-0.12; VEGF, 161.7+/-76.9), and gradually decreasing between days 14 and 21. The HGF concentration in the CS did not differ from the concentration in the periphery, but the VEGF concentration was significantly more abundant in the CS than in the peripheral sample on day 7 (p<0.05). The serum HGF concentration on day 7 was higher in the remodeling group than in the nonremodeling group (0.47 +/-0.13 vs 0.36+/-0.09 ng/ml, p<0.01), but there was no difference between the groups on admission, day 14 and day 21. The serum VEGF concentration did not differ between the remodeling and nonremodeling groups at any time. Thus, the serum HGF concentration on day 7 after AMI is mostly from noncardiac sources and predicts left ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Soeki
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Research, National Zentsuji Hospital, Japan.
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Matsuno H, Kozawa O, Yoshimi N, Akamatsu S, Hara A, Mori H, Okada K, Ueshima S, Matsuo O, Uematsu T. Lack of alpha2-antiplasmin promotes pulmonary heart failure via overrelease of VEGF after acute myocardial infarction. Blood 2002; 100:2487-93. [PMID: 12239160 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2001-12-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of a novel therapy for prevention of sudden death by ischemic cardiac infarction is an area of intensive investigation. We here report that the mortality due to an experimental acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was markedly increased in mice deficient in alpha2-antiplasmin (alpha2-AP(-/-) mice) but not in mice deficient in other components acting in fibrinolysis (tissue-type PA, urokinase type PA, or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) even if the infarct area in alpha2-AP(-/-) mice was not different from those in the other mice. Echocardiography showed in alpha2-AP(-/-) mice after AMI an overload of the right ventricle and that pulmonary permeability was increased. According to the experiments using explanted myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, it was found that the amount of secreted vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) in alpha2-AP(-/-) mice was markedly increased compared with that in wild-type mice. Finally, an injection of an anti-VEGF antibody decreased the mortality after AMI in alpha2-AP(-/-) mice. Plasmin cleaves extracellular matrix-bound VEGF to release a diffusible proteolytic fragment and is inactivated mainly by alpha2-AP. Therefore, lack of alpha2-AP could markedly result in overrelease of VEGF by the continuous activation of plasmin because of AMI and could result in an acute cor pulmonale. Our results provide new aspects on the role of alpha2-AP and VEGF in the pathogenesis of cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Matsuno
- Departments of Pharmacology and Critical Care Medicine and the First Department of Pathology, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Vermeulen PB, Gasparini G, Fox SB, Colpaert C, Marson LP, Gion M, Beliën JAM, de Waal RMW, Van Marck E, Magnani E, Weidner N, Harris AL, Dirix LY. Second international consensus on the methodology and criteria of evaluation of angiogenesis quantification in solid human tumours. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38:1564-79. [PMID: 12142044 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P B Vermeulen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Lavie L, Kraiczi H, Hefetz A, Ghandour H, Perelman A, Hedner J, Lavie P. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in sleep apnea syndrome: effects of nasal continuous positive air pressure treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1624-8. [PMID: 12070063 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.20110-040oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep apnea syndrome is associated with recurrent episodic hypoxia during sleep, which has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular morbidity. Hypoxia is the major stimulus of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is a potent angiogenic cytokine. In the present article we describe the results of three experiments in which plasma concentrations of VEGF were measured in patients with sleep apnea. In Experiment 1, apnea-hypopnea index was found to be a significant independent predictor of morning VEGF concentrations in 85 male subjects investigated in the sleep laboratory, of whom 47 had an apnea-hypopnea index greater than 20. In Experiment 2, VEGF concentrations measured hourly during the sleep period were found to be significantly higher in a group of five sleep apnea patients compared with six age-similar snorers and six normal young adults (129.1 +/- 43.4 versus 74.6 +/- 11.5 and 32.5 +/- 12.8 pg/ml, respectively [p < 0.007]). In Experiment 3, VEGF concentrations were compared in patients with sleep apnea before and 1 year after nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment. A significant decrease in VEGF concentrations was found only in patients in whom nocturnal hypoxia improved after treatment (57.1 +/- 62.5 versus 39.6 +/- 46.9 pg/ml, p < 0.01). There was no comparable improvement in patients who did not accept treatment (53.9 +/- 23.6 versus 54.0 +/- 21.5 pg/ml, ns). These results raise the possibility that VEGF may contribute to the long-term adaptation of sleep apnea syndrome to recurrent nocturnal hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Lavie
- Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Abstract
Cardiac myocytes can rapidly adjust their expression of gap junction channel proteins in response to changes in load. Previously, we showed that after only 1 hour of linear pulsatile stretch (110% of resting cell length; 3 Hz), expression of connexin43 (Cx43) by cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes is increased by approximately 2-fold and impulse propagation is significantly more rapid. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), acting downstream of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), mediates stretch-induced upregulation of Cx43 expression by cardiac myocytes. Incubation of nonstretched cells with exogenous VEGF (100 ng/mL) or TGF-beta (10 ng/mL) for 1 hour increased Cx43 expression by approximately 1.8-fold, comparable to that observed in cells subjected to pulsatile stretch for 1 hour. Stretch-induced upregulation of Cx43 expression was blocked by either anti-VEGF antibody or anti-TGF-beta antibody. Stretch-induced enhancement of conduction was also blocked by anti-VEGF antibody. ELISA assay showed that VEGF was secreted into the culture medium during stretch. Furthermore, stretch-conditioned medium stimulated Cx43 expression in nonstretched cells. This effect was also blocked by anti-VEGF antibody. Upregulation of Cx43 expression stimulated by exogenous TGF-beta was blocked by anti-VEGF antibody, but VEGF-stimulation of Cx43 expression was not blocked by anti-TGF-beta antibody. Thus, stretch-induced upregulation of Cx43 expression is mediated, at least in part, by VEGF, which acts downstream of TGF-beta. Because the cultures contained only approximately 5% nonmyocytic cells, these results indicate that myocyte-derived VEGF, secreted in response to stretch, acts in an autocrine fashion to enhance intercellular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea C Pimentel
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Porcu P, Emanueli C, Kapatsoris M, Chao J, Chao L, Madeddu P. Reversal of angiogenic growth factor upregulation by revascularization of lower limb ischemia. Circulation 2002; 105:67-72. [PMID: 11772878 DOI: 10.1161/hc0102.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue kallikrein (tK) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are potent angiogenic agents. Upregulation of tK or VEGF was documented in animal models of acute ischemia, yet it remains unknown whether these endothelial cell mitogens are overexpressed in chronic peripheral vascular insufficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS Circulating tK and VEGF were measured in 36 patients with symptomatic peripheral vascular disease before and after surgical revascularization. In 6 patients without symptoms at rest, tK was assayed after exercise stress test. VEGF levels fell within the normal range in all patients (96+/-11 versus 109+/-13 pg/mL in healthy control subjects, P=NS) and remained unchanged after revascularization. In contrast, tK expression was upregulated in 34 of 36 patients (1107+/-203 versus 85+/-10 pg/mL in control subjects, P<0.05), with no further increase after exercise. Tissue kallikrein levels in the venous effluent of ischemic limbs were found to be positively correlated with the number of angiographically recognizable collateral vessels (P<0.001). Follow-up studies documented reversal of tK upregulation after revascularization (P<0.01), whereas no change was observed in venous samples from untouched legs. CONCLUSIONS Induction of tK could represent a compensatory response to chronic arterial insufficiency, attempting to maintain an adequate tissue perfusion. Heterogeneous statement of growth factors may have important implications in reparative and therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Porcu
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Becker PM, Verin AD, Booth MA, Liu F, Birukova A, Garcia JG. Differential regulation of diverse physiological responses to VEGF in pulmonary endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L1500-11. [PMID: 11704547 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.6.l1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the divergent physiological responses of endothelial cells to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that VEGF elicits increased endothelial permeability and cell migration via differential activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways. To test this hypothesis, we established a model of VEGF-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and chemotaxis with bovine pulmonary endothelial cells. We compared the effects of VEGF on transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), actin cytoskeletal remodeling, and chemotaxis of lung endothelial cells and then evaluated the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in VEGF-mediated endothelial responses. The dose response of pulmonary arterial and lung microvascular endothelial cells to VEGF differed when barrier regulation and chemotaxis were evaluated. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase, phosphoinositol 3-kinase, or p38 MAPK significantly attenuated VEGF-mediated TER, F-actin remodeling, and chemotaxis. VEGF-mediated decreased TER was also significantly attenuated by inhibition of ERK1/2 MAPK but not by inhibition of fetal liver kinase-1 (flk-1) or Src kinase. In contrast, VEGF-mediated endothelial migration was not attenuated by ERK1/2 inhibition but was abolished by inhibition of either flk-1 or Src kinase. These data suggest potential mechanisms by which VEGF may differentially mediate physiological responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Becker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6801, USA.
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Thickett DR, Armstrong L, Christie SJ, Millar AB. Vascular endothelial growth factor may contribute to increased vascular permeability in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1601-5. [PMID: 11719296 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2011071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is a characteristic feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) would play an important role in this process. Plasma VEGF was measured in 40 patients with ARDS, 28 at-risk patients, 14 normal control subjects, and 9 ventilated control subjects. Cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) supernatant VEGF was measured in 21 patients with ARDS and 12 at-risk patients, respectively. The functional importance of VEGF as a mediator of endothelial permeability was assessed by measuring albumin flux across human pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers. Plasma VEGF was significantly elevated in patients with ARDS compared with at-risk patients, normal control subjects, and ventilated control subjects (p = 0.01, p = 0.0001, and p = 0.002, respectively). PBM from patients with ARDS produced significantly more VEGF in vitro than at-risk patients (p = 0.05). Albumin flux across human pulmonary endothelial cell monolayers was significantly increased following the addition of plasma from patients with ARDS compared with plasma from normal control subjects (p = 0.008). When VEGF activity in plasma was neutralized by the addition of a soluble VEGF inhibitor, the albumin flux induced by ARDS plasma was reduced by 48%. We conclude that VEGF makes a significant contribution to the endothelial cell permeability-inducing activity in plasma from patients with ARDS, and may play an important role in the development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Thickett
- Lung Research Group, University of Bristol, Medical School Unit, Southmead Hospital, Westbury on Trym, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Abstract
AbstractBackground: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a protein with antiapoptotic, mitogenic, and permeability-increasing activities specific for vascular endothelium. VEGF mRNA, which has five isoforms, is produced by nonmalignant cells in response to hypoxia and inflammation and by tumor cells in constitutively high concentrations. Because VEGF plays a crucial role in physiological and pathophysiological angiogenesis, measurements of circulating VEGF are of diagnostic and prognostic value, e.g., in cardiovascular failures, inflammatory diseases, and malignancies. However, there are major quantitative differences in the published results. This review attempts to identify reasons for these disparities.Approach: The literature was reviewed through a Medline search covering 1995 to 2000. A selection of exemplary references had to be made for this perspective overview.Content: Data are included from studies on healthy humans, gynecological patients, and persons suffering from inflammatory or malignant diseases. The results indicate that competitive immunoassays detect the total amount of circulating VEGF, which enables observations regarding the increase in VEGF in pregnancy and preeclampsia to be made. In these cases, capture immunoassays utilizing neutralizing antibodies are insufficient because of an accompanying increase in VEGF-binding soluble receptors (sFlt-1). Measurements of circulating free VEGF are useful for study of malignant diseases, which are associated with both genetically and hypoxia-induced overproduction of VEGF. The VEGF isoform specificity of the antibodies is also critical because both VEGF121 and VEGF165 are secreted. It is important to consider that platelets and leukocytes release VEGF during blood clotting.Conclusions: Future efforts should concentrate on the balance between free VEGF, total VEGF, and sFlt-1. Plasma, rather than serum, should be used for analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jelkmann
- Institut für Physiologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany. Fax 49-451-500-4151; e-mail >
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Torry RJ, Bai L, Miller SJ, Labarrere CA, Nelson D, Torry DS. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human hearts with microvascular fibrin. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:175-84. [PMID: 11133233 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2000.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that microvascular changes that promote fibrin deposition in human cardiac allografts adversely affect clinical outcome. However, some allografts exhibit phenotypic changes in capillaries following the deposition of fibrin, which subsequently provide a significant survival advantage. The mechanism(s) involved in these capillary changes is(are) unknown. Similarly, although we have shown a significant temporal relationship between microvascular fibrin deposition and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoreactivity in cardiac allografts, the cellular source and relative changes in VEGF gene expression under these conditions are not known. Using immunocytochemical techniques, biopsies devoid of fibrin deposition lacked detectable VEGF immunoreactivity, whereas biopsies with fibrin deposition showed VEGF immunoreactivity in cardiocytes, interstitium, and some microvessels. By in situ hybridization, biopsies without microvascular fibrin deposition showed faint VEGF hybridization signals confined primarily to cardiocytes. In biopsies with fibrin deposition, strong VEGF hybridization signals were detected in cardiocytes, arteriolar smooth muscle cells were occasionally labeled, and endothelial cells were rarely labeled. By quantitative RT-PCR, biopsies with fibrin deposition (n=5) relatively expressed approximately three-fold more VEGF mRNA than biopsies without fibrin deposition (n=5 P=0.02). Serum VEGF titers also were greater (P=0.01) in recipients with fibrin deposition (372.9+/-66.7 pg/ml n=18) compared to recipients without fibrin deposition (172.1+/-25.0 pg/ml n=16). Collectively, these results support the hypothesis that increased myocyte-derived VEGF production following microvascular fibrin deposition in transplanted human hearts may act in a paracrine manner to promote activational and phenotypic changes in capillaries that provide a survival advantage for the allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Torry
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA 50311, USA.
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Hojo Y, Ikeda U, Zhu Y, Okada M, Ueno S, Arakawa H, Fujikawa H, Katsuki T, Shimada K. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:968-73. [PMID: 10732896 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We also examined the involvement of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which are a possible source of VEGF in AMI. BACKGROUND VEGF is a potent endothelial cell-specific mitogen and could affect the outcome of AMI. METHODS Thirty patients with AMI were used for this study. Serum and PBMCs were isolated from peripheral blood on days 1, 7, 14 and 21 after the onset of AMI. PBMCs were cultured at a density of 5 x 10(6) cells/ml for 24 h. VEGF levels in serum and the culture media were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a specific anti-human VEGF antibody. RESULTS Serum VEGF levels elevated gradually after the onset of AMI and reached a peak on day 14. VEGF levels in the culture medium of PBMCs after incubation for 24 h (PBMC-VEGF) were maximally elevated 7 days after the onset. Maximum serum VEGF levels showed significant positive correlations with maximum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels (r = +0.70, p < 0.001), but maximum PBMC-VEGF levels did not correlate with maximum CPK levels. Patients showing improvement in left ventricular systolic function during the course of AMI showed significantly higher PBMC-VEGF levels than patients without improvement. CONCLUSIONS The extent of myocardial damage contributes to the elevation of serum VEGF levels in AMI. VEGF produced by PBMCs may play an important role in the improvement of left ventricular function by promoting angiogenesis and reendothelialization after AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hojo
- Department of Cardiology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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45
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Becker PM, Alcasabas A, Yu AY, Semenza GL, Bunton TE. Oxygen-independent upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular barrier dysfunction during ventilated pulmonary ischemia in isolated ferret lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:272-9. [PMID: 10696063 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.3.3814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mediator of endothelial barrier dysfunction, and is upregulated during ischemia in many organs. Because ventilated pulmonary ischemia causes a marked increase in pulmonary vascular permeability, we hypothesized that VEGF would increase during ischemic lung injury. To test this hypothesis, we measured VEGF expression by Northern and Western blot analysis in isolated ferret lungs after 45 (n = 12) or 180 (n = 12) min of ventilated (95% or 0% O(2)) ischemia. Pulmonary vascular permeability, assessed by measurement of osmotic reflection coefficient for albumin (sigma(alb)), was evaluated in the same lungs, as was expression of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. Distribution of VEGF as a function of ischemic time and oxygen tension was also evaluated by immunohistochemical staining in separate groups of lungs (n = 3). VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) increased 3-fold by 180 min of ventilated ischemia, independent of oxygen tension. VEGF protein increased in parallel to mRNA. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the appearance of VEGF protein along alveolar septae after 180 min of hyperoxic ischemia, and after 45 or 180 min of hypoxic ischemia. sigma(alb) was not altered by 45 min of hyperoxic ischemia (0.69+/-0.09 versus 0.50+/-0.12, respectively), but decreased significantly after 180 min of hyperoxic ischemia and after 45 and 180 min of hypoxic ischemia (0.20+/-0.03, 0.26+/-0.08, and 0.23+/-0.03, respectively; P<0.05). HIF-1alpha mRNA increased during both hyperoxic and hypoxic ischemia, but HIF-1alpha protein increased only during hypoxic ischemia. These results implicate VEGF as a potential mediator of increased pulmonary vascular permeability in this model of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Becker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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46
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Starnes SL, Duncan BW, Kneebone JM, Rosenthal GL, Jones TK, Grifka RG, Cecchin F, Owens DJ, Fearneyhough C, Lupinetti FM. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 119:534-9. [PMID: 10694614 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(00)70133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor are potent stimulators of angiogenesis. Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease often experience the development of widespread formation of collateral blood vessels, which may represent a form of abnormal angiogenesis. We undertook the present study to determine whether children with cyanotic congenital heart disease have elevated serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. METHODS Serum was obtained from 22 children with cyanotic congenital heart disease and 19 children with acyanotic heart disease during cardiac catheterization. Samples were taken from the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and a systemic artery. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor levels were measured in the serum from each of these sites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly elevated in the superior vena cava (P =.04) and systemic artery (P =.02) but not in the inferior vena cava (P =.2) of children with cyanotic congenital heart disease compared to children with acyanotic heart disease. The mean vascular endothelial growth factor level, determined by averaging the means of all 3 sites, was also significantly elevated (P =.03). Basic fibroblast growth factor was only significantly elevated in the systemic artery (P =.02). CONCLUSION Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease have elevated systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings suggest that the widespread formation of collateral vessels in these children may be mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Starnes
- Divisions of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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47
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Kranz A, Rau C, Kochs M, Waltenberger J. Elevation of vascular endothelial growth factor-A serum levels following acute myocardial infarction. Evidence for its origin and functional significance. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2000; 32:65-72. [PMID: 10652191 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.1999.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Following the onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a number of serum parameters show well-defined changes reflecting myocardial injury. During the consecutive repair phase, compensatory processes are initiated including the formation of a collateral circulation on the basis of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. An important angiogenic factor is vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), shown to be upregulated in the ischemic myocardium. It is unclear, however, whether acute myocardial ischemia leads to a detectable elevation of VEGF-A serum concentrations. With the use of an immunoradiometric assay, we measured the levels of VEGF-A in the serum of patients after AMI at defined time intervals, of patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) and of healthy individuals. In addition, in a small group of patients with subacute myocardial infarction VEGF-A concentrations were measured in coronary sinus blood. The data are given as median followed by the 25th and 75th percentiles. In the group with AMI serum VEGF-A measured 105 [78; 176] pg/ml on day 1 and 114 pg/ml [72; 163] pg/ml on day 3 after onset of AMI. Serum levels of VEGF-A significantly increased on day 7 after AMI to 189 [119; 373] pg/ml (P=0.0103) and on day 10 to 255 [162; 371] pg/ml (P=0.0007). The VEGF-A serum level in healthy controls and in patients with UAP measured 98 [75; 137] pg/ml and 116 [57; 140] pg/ml, respectively. Serum at day 10 after AMI contained VEGF-A at a biologically relevant concentration capable of stimulating proliferation of endothelial cells. Surprisingly, VEGF-A serum levels were similar in samples taken from the coronary sinus with 61 [43; 83] pg/ml. Therefore the main source for VEGF-A in the blood stream is not the infarcted myocardium. However, the number of platelets, a rich source of VEGF-A, is significantly increased after myocardial infarction, i.e. 284 [252; 363] x 10(9)/litre v 220 [177; 250] x 10(9)/litre. In conclusion, the time course of VEGF-A elevation following AMI strongly suggests that VEGF-A plays a role as an endogenous activator of coronary collateral formation in the human heart. The most likely source of the elevated VEGF-A are platelets, rather than the infarcted myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kranz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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48
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Seko Y, Nishimura H, Takahashi N, Ashida T, Nagai R. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta1 in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing defibrillation therapy. JAPANESE HEART JOURNAL 2000; 41:27-32. [PMID: 10807526 DOI: 10.1536/jhj.41.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that pulsatile mechanical stretch in vitro induced rapid secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by cultured cardiac myocytes and that the stretch-induced secretion of VEGF was mainly mediated by secretion of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 by cardiac myocytes in an autocrine fashion. To investigate whether tachycardia-induced mechanical overload increases serum levels of VEGF and TGF-beta1, we investigated the serum levels of VEGF and TGF-beta1 in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing defibrillation therapy. The serum VEGF level before defibrillation was significantly increased in 13 out of 20 patients (89.48 +/- 16.09 pg/ml [mean +/- SE]). After defibrillation, the serum VEGF level in these 13 patients significantly (p = 0.019) decreased (65.04 +/- 16.61 pg/ml [mean +/- SE]), although it increased slightly in one patient. The serum TGF-beta1 level before defibrillation therapy (13.01 +/- 1.97 pg/ml [mean +/- SE]) in these 12 patients also decreased after defibrillation therapy (11.47 +/- 2.06 pg/ml [mean +/- SE]). The changes in serum VEGF level significantly correlated with those in the serum TGF-beta1 level in these 12 patients (r = 0.73, p < 0.05, n = 12). Our data suggest that tachyarrhythmia-induced mechanical overload can increase the serum VEGF level, which can be a useful clinical marker for relative myocardial oxygen shortage in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Seko
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Sato T, Yoshinouchi T, Sugimoto T, Sakamoto T, Fujieda H, Murao S, Sato H, Ohe T. Prognostic value of serum hepatocyte growth factor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAPANESE CIRCULATION JOURNAL 1999; 63:583-8. [PMID: 10478806 DOI: 10.1253/jcj.63.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether or not hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an endothelium-specific growth factor that stimulates regeneration of the endothelium, is increased or has a prognostic significance in patients with acute coronary syndromes. HGF was measured in 106 patients with coronary artery disease (20 stable effort angina, 12 unstable angina without adverse events, 24 unstable angina with adverse events and 50 acute myocardial infarction) on admission and 21 normal volunteers. The measurements in all patients were recorded before administration of heparin, and in acute myocardial infarction patients they were recorded from days 2 to 6 after heparin discontinuation on day 1. HGF levels (ng/ml) were 0.30+/-0.06 for the controls, 0.31+/-0.08 for stable effort angina patients, 0.31+/-0.08 for unstable angina patients without adverse events, 0.40+/-0.20 for unstable angina patients with adverse events and in acute myocardial infarction patients they were 0.45+/-0.18 on day 0, 0.57+/-0.45 on day 2, 0.50+/-0.35 on day 3, 0.48+/-0.32 on day 4, 0.44+/-0.20 on day 5, and 0.38+/-0.14 on day 6. HGF plays a crucial role in the restoration of injured endothelial cells and is a predictor of adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Matsuyama City, Ehime Pref., Japan.
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50
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Khanna A, Shankar LR, Keelan MH, Kornowski R, Leon M, Moses J, Kipshidze N. Augmentation of the expression of proangiogenic genes in cardiomyocytes with low dose laser irradiation in vitro. CARDIOVASCULAR RADIATION MEDICINE 1999; 1:265-9. [PMID: 11272371 DOI: 10.1016/s1522-1865(99)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Several reports suggest that low power red laser light (LPRLL) is capable of affecting cellular processes in the absence of significant thermal effect. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of LPRLL on proliferation of fetal cardiomyocytes in vitro and on the expression of proangiogenic genes, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS All cell cultures were irradiated with single-dose LPRLL using a He-Ne continuous wave laser (632 nm) with different doses. The effect of LPRLL on new DNA synthesis was studied by 3H thymidine-incorporation assay. VEGF and TGF-beta expression by cardiomyocytes was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS We observed that a dose-dependent increase in cardiomyocytes proliferation can be obtained with LPRLL and that there is a significant increase in VEGF and TGF-beta mRNA expression by cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data may have significant importance leading to the establishment of new methods for myocardial photoangiogenesis and photoregeneration as well as in vitro proliferation of cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khanna
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
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