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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao S, Li M, Ren X, Wang C, Sun X, Sun M, Yu X, Wang X. Enhancement of broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat through key genes involved in systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1355178. [PMID: 38463563 PMCID: PMC10921362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1355178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible disease resistance phenomenon in plant species, providing plants with broad-spectrum resistance to secondary pathogen infections beyond the initial infection site. In Arabidopsis, SAR can be triggered by direct pathogen infection or treatment with the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA), as well as its analogues 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH). The SA receptor non-expressor of pathogenesis-related protein gene 1 (NPR1) protein serves as a key regulator in controlling SAR signaling transduction. Similarly, in common wheat (Triticum aestivum), pathogen infection or treatment with the SA analogue BTH can induce broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, and other diseases. However, unlike SAR in the model plant Arabidopsis or rice, SAR-like responses in wheat exhibit unique features and regulatory pathways. The acquired resistance (AR) induced by the model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 is regulated by NPR1, but its effects are limited to the adjacent region of the same leaf and not systemic. On the other hand, the systemic immunity (SI) triggered by Xanthomonas translucens pv. cerealis (Xtc) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica (Psj) is not controlled by NPR1 or SA, but rather closely associated with jasmonate (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and several transcription factors. Furthermore, the BTH-induced resistance (BIR) partially depends on NPR1 activation, leading to a broader and stronger plant defense response. This paper provides a systematic review of the research progress on SAR in wheat, emphasizes the key regulatory role of NPR1 in wheat SAR, and summarizes the potential of pathogenesis-related protein (PR) genes in genetically modifying wheat to enhance broad-spectrum disease resistance. This review lays an important foundation for further analyzing the molecular mechanism of SAR and genetically improving broad-spectrum disease resistance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Chuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xinbo Sun
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiumei Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Heinen R, Sanchez-Mahecha O, Martijn Bezemer T, Dominoni DM, Knappe C, Kollmann J, Kopatsch A, Pfeiffer ZA, Schloter M, Sturm S, Schnitzler JP, Corina Vlot A, Weisser WW. Part-night exposure to artificial light at night has more detrimental effects on aphid colonies than fully lit nights. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220357. [PMID: 37899021 PMCID: PMC10613545 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) threatens natural ecosystems globally. While ALAN research is increasing, little is known about how ALAN affects plants and interactions with other organisms. We explored the effects of ALAN on plant defence and plant-insect interactions using barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae). Plants were exposed to 'full' or 'part' nights of 15-20 lux ALAN, or no ALAN 'control' nights, to test the effects of ALAN on plant growth and defence. Although plant growth was only minimally affected by ALAN, aphid colony growth and aphid maturation were reduced significantly by ALAN treatments. Importantly, we found strong differences between full-night and part-night ALAN treatments. Contrary to our expectations, part ALAN had stronger negative effects on aphid colony growth than full ALAN. Defence-associated gene expression was affected in some cases by ALAN, but also positively correlated with aphid colony size, suggesting that the effects of ALAN on plant defences are indirect, and regulated via direct disruption of aphid colonies rather than via ALAN-induced upregulation of defences. Mitigating ecological side effects of ALAN is a complex problem, as reducing exposure to ALAN increased its negative impact on insect herbivores. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Heinen
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Oriana Sanchez-Mahecha
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Institute of Biology, Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Davide M. Dominoni
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Chair of Restoration Ecology, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, 8534 Freising, Germany
| | - Anton Kopatsch
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmhotz, Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zoë A. Pfeiffer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Chair of Soil Science, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmhotz, Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Sturm
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmhotz, Munich, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Crop Plant Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, D-95447, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich School of Life Sciences, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Du Y, Amin N, Ahmad N, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Song Y, Fan S, Wang P. Identification of the Function of the Pathogenesis-Related Protein GmPR1L in the Resistance of Soybean to Cercospora sojina Hara. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040920. [PMID: 37107678 PMCID: PMC10137329 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related proteins, often used as molecular markers of disease resistance in plants, can enable plants to obtain systemic resistance. In this study, a gene encoding a pathogenesis-related protein was identified via RNA-seq sequencing analysis performed at different stages of soybean seedling development. Because the gene sequence showed the highest similarity with PR1L sequence in soybean, the gene was named GmPR1-9-like (GmPR1L). GmPR1L was either overexpressed or silenced in soybean seedlings through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to examine the resistance of soybean to infection caused by Cercospora sojina Hara. The results revealed that GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants had a smaller lesion area and improved resistance to C. sojina infection, whereas GmPR1L-silenced plants had low resistance to C. sojina infection. Fluorescent real-time PCR indicated that overexpression of GmPR1L induced the expression of genes such as WRKY, PR9, and PR14, which are more likely to be co-expressed during C. sojina infection. Furthermore, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly increased in GmPR1L-overexpressing soybean plants after seven days of infection. The resistance of the GmPR1L-overexpressing lines OEA1 and OEA2 to C. sojina infection was significantly increased from a neutral level in wild-type plants to a moderate level. These findings predominantly reveal the positive role of GmPR1L in inducing resistance to C. sojina infection in soybean, which may facilitate the production of improved disease-resistant soybean cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyao Du
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Nooral Amin
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hanzhu Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Seed Management Station, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yang Song
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Sujie Fan
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Piwu Wang
- College of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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5
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Platel R, Lucau-Danila A, Baltenweck R, Maia-Grondard A, Trapet P, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Duret M, Halama P, Hilbert JL, Coutte F, Jacques P, Hugueney P, Reignault P, Siah A. Deciphering immune responses primed by a bacterial lipopeptide in wheat towards Zymoseptoria tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1074447. [PMID: 36777540 PMCID: PMC9909289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1074447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity induction with natural biocontrol compounds is a valuable and promising ecofriendly tool that fits with sustainable agriculture and healthy food. Despite the agroeconomic significance of wheat, the mechanisms underlying its induced defense responses remain obscure. We reveal here, using combined transcriptomic, metabolomic and cytologic approach, that the lipopeptide mycosubtilin from the beneficial bacterium Bacillus subtilis, protects wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici through a dual mode of action (direct and indirect) and that the indirect one relies mainly on the priming rather than on the elicitation of plant defense-related mechanisms. Indeed, the molecule primes the expression of 80 genes associated with sixteen functional groups during the early stages of infection, as well as the accumulation of several flavonoids during the period preceding the fungal switch to the necrotrophic phase. Moreover, genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and ABA-associated signaling pathways are regulated, suggesting a role of this phytohormone in the indirect activity of mycosubtilin. The priming-based bioactivity of mycosubtilin against a biotic stress could result from an interaction of the molecule with leaf cell plasma membranes that may mimic an abiotic stress stimulus in wheat leaves. This study provides new insights into induced immunity in wheat and opens new perspectives for the use of mycosubtilin as a biocontrol compound against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Platel
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Anca Lucau-Danila
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Pauline Trapet
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais Cedex, France
| | - Morgane Duret
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Patrice Halama
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - François Coutte
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, MiPI, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais Cedex, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UPJV, Université d’Artois, ULCO, INRAE, Lille, France
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Cloning and Characterization of Two Novel PR4 Genes from Picea asperata. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314906. [PMID: 36499235 PMCID: PMC9737788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are important in plant pathogenic resistance and comprise 17 families, including the PR4 family, with antifungal and anti-pathogenic functions. PR4 proteins contain a C-terminal Barwin domain and are divided into Classes I and II based on the presence of an N-terminal chitin-binding domain (CBD). This study is the first to isolate two PR4 genes, PaPR4-a and PaPR4-b, from Picea asperata, encoding PaPR4-a and PaPR4-b, respectively. Sequence analyses suggested that they were Class II proteins, owing to the presence of an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal Barwin domain, but no CBD. Tertiary structure analyses using the Barwin-like protein of papaya as a template revealed structural similarity, and therefore, functional similarity between the proteins. Predictive results revealed an N-terminal transmembrane domain, and subcellular localization studies confirmed its location on cell membrane and nuclei. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that PaPR4-a and PaPR4-b expression levels were upregulated following infection with Lophodermium piceae. Additionally, PaPR4-a and PaPR4-b were induced in Escherichia coli, where the recombinant proteins existed in inclusion bodies. The renatured purified proteins showed antifungal activity. Furthermore, transgenic tobacco overexpressing PaPR4-a and PaPR4-b exhibited improved resistance to fungal infection. The study can provide a basis for further molecular mechanistic insights into PR4-induced defense responses.
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Butassi E, Novello MA, Lara MV. Prunus persica apoplastic proteome analysis reveals candidate proteins involved in the resistance and defense against Taphrina deformans. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153780. [PMID: 35930825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Taphrina deformans is the fungus responsible for the peach leaf curl disease. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in plant resistance and response to the fungus, apoplastic differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in a resistant (DR) and/or in a susceptible genotype (FL) were identified after 12 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi) and compared to those at 0 hpi. The Prunus persica apoplastic proteome was assessed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Altogether 332 proteins were identified, and their molecular and biological functions were classified. In both genotypes, major changes occurred at 96 hpi when the fungus had achieved the filamentous form. However, at 96 hpi, DR exhibited a greater number of increased proteins than FL. DAPs were enriched in biotic stress response, with most of the proteins belonging to the pathogenesis related (PR)-type. PRs exhibited the greatest fold changes of induction in DR. While PRs acting on pathogen cell wall (PR2, PR3 and PR4) were increased in both susceptible and resistant genotypes, others were exclusively induced in DR, such as some isoforms of PR5, defensin and PR17. Proteins exclusively induced in DR upon T.deformans inoculation such as four berberine bridge enzymes, two snakins and a GDS-lipase were identified. Moreover, upon inoculation cuticle was thickened to a greater extent in DR than in FL. This work reveals the active role of the apoplast against T. deformans and not only contributes to the elucidation of responses involved in resistance to leaf curl disease but also improves the knowledge on peach defenses against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Butassi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FCByF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Angelina Novello
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FCByF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Valeria Lara
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)). Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas (FCByF), Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
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Morimoto K, Krahn D, Kaschani F, Hopkinson‐Woolley D, Gee A, Buscaill P, Mohammed S, Sieber SA, Cravatt BF, Schofield CJ, van der Hoorn RAL. Broad-range metalloprotease profiling in plants uncovers immunity provided by defence-related metalloenzyme. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1287-1301. [PMID: 35510806 PMCID: PMC9322406 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants encode > 100 metalloproteases representing > 19 different protein families. Tools to study this large and diverse class of proteases have not yet been introduced into plant research. We describe the use of hydroxamate-based photoaffinity probes to explore plant proteomes for metalloproteases. We detected labelling of 23 metalloproteases in leaf extracts of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that belong to nine different metalloprotease families and localize to different subcellular compartments. The probes identified several chloroplastic FtsH proteases, vacuolar aspartyl aminopeptidase DAP1, peroxisomal metalloprotease PMX16, extracellular matrix metalloproteases and many cytosolic metalloproteases. We also identified nonproteolytic metallohydrolases involved in the release of auxin and in the urea cycle. Studies on tobacco plants (Nicotiana benthamiana) infected with the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae uncovered the induced labelling of PRp27, a secreted protein with implicated metalloprotease activity. PRp27 overexpression increases resistance, and PRp27 mutants lacking metal binding site are no longer labelled, but still show increased immunity. Collectively, these studies reveal the power of broad-range metalloprotease profiling in plants using hydroxamate-based probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Morimoto
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Daniel Krahn
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimcrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
| | - Digby Hopkinson‐Woolley
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Anna Gee
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Pierre Buscaill
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA92037USA
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimcrobial ResearchUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryDepartment of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- The Plant Chemetics LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne50829Germany
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A Novel Antiviral Protein Derived from Oenanthe javanica: Type I Interferon-Dependent Antiviral Signaling and Its Pharmacological Potential. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060835. [PMID: 35740960 PMCID: PMC9221151 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins produced in plants play a crucial role in self-defense against microbial attacks. Previously, we have identified a novel PR-1-like protein (OPRP) from Oenanthe javanica and examined its pharmacologic relevance and cell signaling in mammalian cells. Purified full-length OPRP protein significantly increased toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent expression levels of genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and CD80. We also found that small peptides (OPRP2 and OPRP3) designed from OPRP remarkably upregulated myxovirus resistance (Mx1), 2′-5′ oligoadenylate sythetase (OAS), and interferon (IFN) α/β genes in mouse splenocytes as well as human epithelial cells. Notably, OPRP protein distinctively activated STAT1 phosphorylation and ISGF-3γ. Interestingly, OPRP2 and OPRP3 were internalized to the cytoplasm and triggered dimerization of STAT1/STAT2, followed by upregulation of type I IFN-dependent antiviral cytokines. Moreover, OPRP1 successfully inhibited viral (Pseudo SARS-CoV-2) entry into host cells. Taken together, we conclude that OPRP and its small peptides (OPRP1 to 3) present a new therapeutic intervention for modulating innate immune activity through type I IFN-dependent antiviral signaling and a new therapeutic approach that drives an antiviral state in non-immune cells by producing antiviral cytokines.
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Morphological and Molecular Analyses of the Interaction between Rosa multiflora and Podosphaera pannosa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061003. [PMID: 35741765 PMCID: PMC9222267 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew disease caused by Podosphaerapannosa is the most widespread disease in global cut-rose production, as well as a major disease in garden and pot roses. In this study, the powdery mildew resistance of different wild rose varieties was evaluated. Rose varieties with high resistance and high sensitivity were used for cytological observation and transcriptome and expression profile analyses to study changes at the morphological and molecular levels during the interaction between Rosa multiflora and P. pannosa. There were significant differences in powdery mildew resistance among three R. multiflora plants; R. multiflora ‘13’ had high resistance, while R. multiflora ‘4’ and ‘1’ had high susceptibility. Cytological observations showed that in susceptible plants, 96 and 144 h after inoculation, hyphae were observed in infected leaves; hyphae infected the leaf tissue through the stoma of the lower epidermis, while papillae were formed on the upper epidermis of susceptible leaf tissue. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes that were significantly enriched in biological process functions were related to the secondary metabolic process, the most significantly enriched cellular component function was cell wall, and the most significantly enriched molecular function was chitin binding. Changes in the transcript levels of important defense-related genes were analyzed. The results showed that chitinase may have played an important role in the interactions between resistant R. multiflora and P. pannosa. Jasmonic acid and ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathways might be triggered in the interaction between susceptible R. multiflora and P. pannosa. In the resistant R. multiflora, the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway was induced earlier. Between susceptible plants and resistant plants, key phenylpropanoid pathway genes were induced and upregulated after P. pannosa inoculation, demonstrating that the phenylpropanoid pathway and secondary metabolites may play important and active roles in R. multiflora defense against powdery mildew infection.
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Wang F, Shen S, Zhao C, Cui Z, Meng L, Wu W, Liu D, Wang H. TaPR1 Interacts With TaTLP1 via the αIV Helix to Be Involved in Wheat Defense to Puccinia triticina Through the CAPE1 Motif. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874654. [PMID: 35720612 PMCID: PMC9199852 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins play important roles in plant defense response and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). PR1 has antifungal activity against many plant pathogens. In our previous study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted on resistant wheat line TcLr19 and sensitive wheat cultivar Chinese Spring inoculated with Puccinia triticina (Pt) race PHNT. In this study, seven salicylic acid (SA)-induced TaPR1 genes involved in plant disease resistance were found in the RNA-seq library. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) results showed that TaPR1-4 was most induced by Pt among these seven TaPR1 genes in the incompatible interaction. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) results showed that TaPR1-4 interacted with TaTLP1 via the αIV helix. Protein-mediated phenotyping assays in vivo and antifungal activity in vitro demonstrated that wheat leaves infiltrated with pure TaPR1-4 protein developed significantly less disease compared to control leaves. This effect was correlated with a strong increase in defense gene expression, and resistance activity was dependent on the CAPE1 motif located in the C-terminal region of TaPR1-4. These findings increase current knowledge regarding the interaction of TaPR1 and TaTLP1 and provide new insights on the role of TaPR1 protein in the resistance of wheat to Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Songsong Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Cunpeng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Cotton, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhongchi Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Linshuo Meng
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Miao L, Yang X, Jiang G. Genome-wide characterization and expression of the TLP gene family associated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides inoculation in Fragaria × ananassa. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12979. [PMID: 35356470 PMCID: PMC8958966 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a soil-borne fungal pathogen, causes significant yield losses in many plants, including cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa, 2n = 8x = 56). Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are a large and complex family of proteins that play a vital role in plant host defense and other physiological processes. Methods To enhance our understanding of the antifungal activity of F. × ananassa TLPs (FaTLP), we investigated the genome-wide identification of FaTLP gene families and their expression patterns in F. × ananassa plants upon pathogen infection. Moreover, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to detect the differences in the expression patterns of TLP genes between different resistant strawberry cultivars in response to C. gloeosporioides infection. Results In total, 76 TLP genes were identified from the octoploid cultivated strawberry genome with a mean length of 1,439 bp. They were distributed on 24 F. × ananassa chromosomes. The FaTLP family was then divided into ten groups (Group I-X) according to the comparative phylogenetic results. Group VIII contained the highest number of TLP family genes. qRT-PCR analysis results indicated that FaTLP40, FaTLP41, FaTLP43, FaTLP68, and FaTLP75 were upregulated following C. gloeosporioides infection in the resistant octoploid strawberry. Conclusions The data showed some differences in TLP gene expression patterns across different resistant strawberry cultivars, as well as faster TLP defense responses to pathogenic fungi in resistant cultivars. This study will aid in the characterization of TLP gene family members found in octoploid strawberries and their potential biological functions in plants' defenses against pathogenic fungi.
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He L, Li L, Zhu Y, Pan Y, Zhang X, Han X, Li M, Chen C, Li H, Wang C. BolTLP1, a Thaumatin-like Protein Gene, Confers Tolerance to Salt and Drought Stresses in Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica). Int J Mol Sci 2021. [PMID: 34681789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011132/s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) play pleiotropic roles in defending against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of TLPs in broccoli, which is one of the major vegetables among the B. oleracea varieties, remain largely unknown. In the present study, bolTLP1 was identified in broccoli, and displayed remarkably inducible expression patterns by abiotic stress. The ectopic overexpression of bolTLP1 conferred increased tolerance to high salt and drought conditions in Arabidopsis. Similarly, bolTLP1-overexpressing broccoli transgenic lines significantly improved tolerance to salt and drought stresses. These results demonstrated that bolTLP1 positively regulates drought and salt tolerance. Transcriptome data displayed that bolTLP1 may function by regulating phytohormone (ABA, ethylene and auxin)-mediated signaling pathways, hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity, sulfur compound synthesis, and the differential expression of histone variants. Further studies confirmed that RESPONSE TO DESICCATION 2 (RD2), RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 22 (RD22), VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 2 (VOZ2), SM-LIKE 1B (LSM1B) and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (MDH) physically interacted with bolTLP1, which implied that bolTLP1 could directly interact with these proteins to confer abiotic stress tolerance in broccoli. These findings provide new insights into the function and regulation of bolTLP1, and suggest potential applications for bolTLP1 in breeding broccoli and other crops with increased tolerance to salt and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia He
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yinxia Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Muzi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
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14
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He L, Li L, Zhu Y, Pan Y, Zhang X, Han X, Li M, Chen C, Li H, Wang C. BolTLP1, a Thaumatin-like Protein Gene, Confers Tolerance to Salt and Drought Stresses in Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011132. [PMID: 34681789 PMCID: PMC8537552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) play pleiotropic roles in defending against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the functions of TLPs in broccoli, which is one of the major vegetables among the B. oleracea varieties, remain largely unknown. In the present study, bolTLP1 was identified in broccoli, and displayed remarkably inducible expression patterns by abiotic stress. The ectopic overexpression of bolTLP1 conferred increased tolerance to high salt and drought conditions in Arabidopsis. Similarly, bolTLP1-overexpressing broccoli transgenic lines significantly improved tolerance to salt and drought stresses. These results demonstrated that bolTLP1 positively regulates drought and salt tolerance. Transcriptome data displayed that bolTLP1 may function by regulating phytohormone (ABA, ethylene and auxin)-mediated signaling pathways, hydrolase and oxidoreductase activity, sulfur compound synthesis, and the differential expression of histone variants. Further studies confirmed that RESPONSE TO DESICCATION 2 (RD2), RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 22 (RD22), VASCULAR PLANT ONE-ZINC FINGER 2 (VOZ2), SM-LIKE 1B (LSM1B) and MALATE DEHYDROGENASE (MDH) physically interacted with bolTLP1, which implied that bolTLP1 could directly interact with these proteins to confer abiotic stress tolerance in broccoli. These findings provide new insights into the function and regulation of bolTLP1, and suggest potential applications for bolTLP1 in breeding broccoli and other crops with increased tolerance to salt and drought stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia He
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Lihong Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Yinxia Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Xiuwen Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Muzi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Chengbin Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Hui Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (C.W.)
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; (L.H.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.); (X.H.); (C.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (C.W.)
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15
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Zhang Q, Xu C, Wei H, Fan W, Li T. Two pathogenesis-related proteins interact with leucine-rich repeat proteins to promote Alternaria leaf spot resistance in apple. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:219. [PMID: 34593778 PMCID: PMC8484663 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Alternaria leaf spot in apple (Malus x domestica), caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali (also called A. mali), is a devastating disease resulting in substantial economic losses. We previously established that the resistance (R) protein MdRNL2, containing a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, and leucine-rich repeat (CCR-NB-LRR) domain, interacts with another CCR-NB-LRR protein, MdRNL6, to form a MdRNL2-MdRNL6 complex that confers resistance to A. mali. Here, to investigate the function of the MdRNL2-MdRNL6 complex, we identified two novel pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2, that interact with MdRNL2. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays confirmed that MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 interact with MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 at the leucine-rich repeat domain. Transient expression assays demonstrated that accumulation of MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 enhanced the resistance of apple to four strains of A. mali that we tested: ALT1, GBYB2, BXSB5, and BXSB7. In vitro antifungal activity assays demonstrated that both the proteins contribute to Alternaria leaf spot resistance by inhibiting fungal growth. Our data provide evidence for a novel regulatory mechanism in which MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact with MdPR10-1 and MdPR10-2 to inhibit fungal growth, thereby contributing to Alternaria leaf spot resistance in apple. The identification of these two novel PR proteins will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulei Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenqi Fan
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tianzhong Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Kattupalli D, Srinivasan A, Soniya EV. A Genome-Wide Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related Protein-1 ( PR-1) Genes from Piper nigrum Reveals Its Critical Role during Phytophthora capsici Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1007. [PMID: 34208836 PMCID: PMC8303604 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a prominent spice that is an indispensable ingredient in cuisine and traditional medicine. Phytophthora capsici, the causative agent of footrot disease, causes a drastic constraint in P. nigrum cultivation and productivity. To counterattack various biotic and abiotic stresses, plants employ a broad array of mechanisms that includes the accumulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Through a genome-wide survey, eleven PR-1 genes that belong to a CAP superfamily protein with a caveolin-binding motif (CBM) and a CAP-derived peptide (CAPE) were identified from P. nigrum. Despite the critical functional domains, PnPR-1 homologs differ in their signal peptide motifs and core amino acid composition in the functional protein domains. The conserved motifs of PnPR-1 proteins were identified using MEME. Most of the PnPR-1 proteins were basic in nature. Secondary and 3D structure analyses of the PnPR-1 proteins were also predicted, which may be linked to a functional role in P. nigrum. The GO and KEGG functional annotations predicted their function in the defense responses of plant-pathogen interactions. Furthermore, a transcriptome-assisted FPKM analysis revealed PnPR-1 genes mapped to the P. nigrum-P. capsici interaction pathway. An altered expression pattern was detected for PnPR-1 transcripts among which a significant upregulation was noted for basic PnPR-1 genes such as CL10113.C1 and Unigene17664. The drastic variation in the transcript levels of CL10113.C1 was further validated through qRT-PCR and it showed a significant upregulation in infected leaf samples compared with the control. A subsequent analysis revealed the structural details, phylogenetic relationships, conserved sequence motifs and critical cis-regulatory elements of PnPR-1 genes. This is the first genome-wide study that identified the role of PR-1 genes during P. nigrum-P. capsici interactions. The detailed in silico experimental analysis revealed the vital role of PnPR-1 genes in regulating the first layer of defense towards a P. capsici infection in Panniyur-1 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eppurath Vasudevan Soniya
- Transdisciplinary Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India; (D.K.); (A.S.)
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17
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Jayaprakash A, Roy A, Thanmalagan RR, Arunachalam A, Ptv L. Immune response gene coexpression network analysis of Arachis hypogaea infected with Aspergillus flavus. Genomics 2021; 113:2977-2988. [PMID: 34153499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) infection and aflatoxin contamination is a major bottleneck for peanut cultivation and value chain industry. In this study, a transcriptomic network study was conducted by retrieving publically available RNA-seq datasets of resistant and susceptible peanut varieties infected by A. flavus separately to understand the peanut defense mechanism against A. flavus. The gene expression analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to the different levels of infection and coexpression network of DEGs deciphered hub genes involved in the immune process in resistant and susceptible varieties. The interplay of resistance conferring genes and cell wall related genes was observed through functional enrichment analysis in response to pathogen infection and identified few key genes such as Protein P21, R genes, Pattern Recognition Receptor genes, Pectinesterases, Laccase and Thaumatin-like protein 1b as candidate genes in imparting immune response against A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswarya Jayaprakash
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Abhijeet Roy
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Raja Rajeswary Thanmalagan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India
| | - Annamalai Arunachalam
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Botany, Arignar Anna Government Arts College, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu 605602, India
| | - Lakshmi Ptv
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, R. V. Nagar Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, India.
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Muoki RC, Paul A, Kaachra A, Kumar S. Membrane localized thaumatin-like protein from tea (CsTLP) enhanced seed yield and the plant survival under drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:36-44. [PMID: 33812225 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are pathogenesis-related (PR5) proteins, which are induced in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The present work was carried out to clone TLP of Camellia sinensis (CsTLP) and to evaluate the response of transgenic lines of Arabidopsis constitutively expressing CsTLP under drought conditions. Data showed that transgenic lines exhibited lower relative electrolyte leakage and higher water retention capacity as compared to the wild-type (WT) plants under drought stress. In addition, results with confocal microscopy showed CsTLP + GFP fusion protein to be localized in the cell membrane which moved to the intercellular spaces under prolonged drought stress. Expression of CsTLP enhanced seed yield and the plant survival in transgenic lines as compared to the WT plants under drought stress. Results suggested the importance of CsTLP in improving drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Chalo Muoki
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Tea Breeding and Genetic Improvement Division - Crop Improvement and Management Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization - Tea Research Institute, P.O. Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya
| | - Asosii Paul
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India; Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Anish Kaachra
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176061, India.
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Liu GT, Wang BB, Lecourieux D, Li MJ, Liu MB, Liu RQ, Shang BX, Yin X, Wang LJ, Lecourieux F, Xu Y. Proteomic analysis of early-stage incompatible and compatible interactions between grapevine and P. viticola. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:100. [PMID: 33931609 PMCID: PMC8087781 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wild grapevines can show strong resistance to the downy mildew pathogen P. viticola, but the associated mechanisms are poorly described, especially at early stages of infection. Here, we performed comparative proteomic analyses of grapevine leaves from the resistant genotype V. davidii "LiuBa-8" (LB) and susceptible V. vinifera "Pinot Noir" (PN) 12 h after inoculation with P. viticola. By employing the iTRAQ technique, a total of 444 and 349 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in LB and PN, respectively. The majority of these DEPs were related to photosynthesis, respiration, cell wall modification, protein metabolism, stress, and redox homeostasis. Compared with PN, LB showed fewer downregulated proteins associated with photosynthesis and more upregulated proteins associated with metabolism. At least a subset of PR proteins (PR10.2 and PR10.3) was upregulated upon inoculation in both genotypes, whereas HSP (HSP70.2 and HSP90.6) and cell wall-related XTH and BXL1 proteins were specifically upregulated in LB and PN, respectively. In the incompatible interaction, ROS signaling was evident by the accumulation of H2O2, and multiple APX and GST proteins were upregulated. These DEPs may play crucial roles in the grapevine response to downy mildew. Our results provide new insights into molecular events associated with downy mildew resistance in grapevine, which may be exploited to develop novel protection strategies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- UMR1287 EGFV, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bian-Bian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - David Lecourieux
- UMR1287 EGFV, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mei-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo-Xing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fatma Lecourieux
- UMR1287 EGFV, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Godson A, van der Hoorn RAL. The front line of defence: a meta-analysis of apoplastic proteases in plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3381-3394. [PMID: 33462613 PMCID: PMC8042752 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteases act at the front line of defence and play pivotal roles in disease resistance. However, the criteria for apoplastic immune proteases are not always defined and followed. Here, we critically reviewed 46 apoplastic proteases that function in plant defence. We found that most apoplastic immune proteases are induced upon infection, and 17 proteases are genetically required for the immune response. Proteolytic activity has been confirmed for most of the proteases but is rarely shown to be required for biological function, and the apoplastic location of proteases can be subjective and dynamic. Pathogen-derived inhibitors have only been described for cysteine and serine proteases, and the selection pressure acting on immune proteases is rarely investigated. We discuss six different mechanisms by which these proteases mediate plant immunity and summarize the challenges for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Godson
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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21
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Thaumatin-Like Protein (Pru av 2) Is a Cherry Allergen That Triggers Percutaneous Sensitization in Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010134. [PMID: 33435204 PMCID: PMC7827459 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous recent studies have suggested that food allergens enter the skin and predispose individuals to food allergies through the production of IgE antibodies in the body. Cherries are a popular fruit eaten worldwide. However, cherries are an allergenic food and percutaneous sensitization with cherry allergens through the perioral region may occur while ingesting cherries. The identity of the cherry protein that triggers percutaneous sensitization in humans or animal models remains unknown. In this study, the backs of BALB/c mice were shaved and crude cherry extracts containing sodium dodecyl sulfate were applied to the skin. Thereafter, the cherry-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies generated and secreted in response to the epidermal application were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting. Skin exposure to cherry extracts elevated cherry-specific IgG1 levels. Application of fractionated and purified cherry proteins (antigen candidates for percutaneous sensitization) that bound to the IgG1 antibodies led to the identification of a thaumatin-like protein (Pru av 2). This molecule is known as the major cherry allergen that affects humans. In conclusion, our study identified Pru av 2 as a cherry allergen that triggers percutaneous sensitization in mice for the first time.
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Montesinos L, Gascón B, Ruz L, Badosa E, Planas M, Feliu L, Montesinos E. A Bifunctional Synthetic Peptide With Antimicrobial and Plant Elicitation Properties That Protect Tomato Plants From Bacterial and Fungal Infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756357. [PMID: 34733307 PMCID: PMC8558481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid peptide BP178 (KKLFKKILKYLAGPAGIGKFLHSAKKDEL-OH), derived from BP100 (KKLFKKILKYL) and magainin (1-10), and engineered for plant expression, had a strong bactericidal activity but not fungicidal. Moreover, the preventive spray of tomato plants with BP178 controlled infections by the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, as well as the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The treatment of tomato plants with BP178 induced the expression of several genes according to microarray and RT-qPCR analysis. Upregulated genes coded for several pathogenesis-related proteins, including PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR6, PR7, PR9, PR10, and PR14, as well as transcription factors like ethylene transcription factors, WRKY, NAC and MYB, involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene-signaling pathways. BP178 induced a similar gene expression pattern to flg15 according to RT-qPCR analysis, whereas the parent peptide BP100 did not trigger such as a strong plant defense response. It was concluded that BP178 was a bifunctional peptide protecting the plant against pathogen infection through a dual mechanism of action consisting of antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens and plant defense elicitation on plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gascón
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruz
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Emilio Montesinos
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Joshi V, Joshi N, Vyas A, Jadhav S. Pathogenesis-related proteins: Role in plant defense. BIOCONTROL AGENTS AND SECONDARY METABOLITES 2021:573-590. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822919-4.00025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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24
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Application of Siderophore in Crop Productivity and Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Sharma A, Sharma H, Rajput R, Pandey A, Upadhyay SK. Molecular Characterization Revealed the Role of Thaumatin-Like Proteins of Bread Wheat in Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:807448. [PMID: 35087559 PMCID: PMC8786798 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.807448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are related to pathogenesis-related-5 (PR-5) family and involved in stress response. Herein, a total of 93 TLP genes were identified in the genome of Triticum aestivum. Further, we identified 26, 27, 39, and 37 TLP genes in the Brachypodium distachyon, Oryza sativa, Sorghum bicolor, and Zea mays genomes for comparative characterization, respectively. They could be grouped into small and long TLPs with conserved thaumatin signature motif. Tightly clustered genes exhibited conserved gene and protein structure. The physicochemical analyses suggested significant differences between small and long TLPs. Evolutionary analyses suggested the role of duplication events and purifying selection in the expansion of the TLP gene family. Expression analyses revealed the possible roles of TLPs in plant development and abiotic and fungal stress response. Recombinant expression of TaTLP2-B in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provided significant tolerance against cold, heat, osmotic, and salt stresses. The results depicted the importance of TLPs in cereal crops that would be highly useful in future crop improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Ruchika Rajput
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
- *Correspondence: Santosh Kumar Upadhyay,
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26
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Zhou Y, Jing M, Levy A, Wang H, Jiang S, Dou D. Molecular mechanism of nanochitin whisker elicits plant resistance against Phytophthora and the receptors in plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2660-2667. [PMID: 33096175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rod-like nanochitin (NC) whisker with cationic nature has a strong synergistic effect with fungicides on inhibition of tobacco root rot disease. This study we explored the activity of NC against Phytophthora and the mechanism for eliciting plant defense response and the receptors in planta. P. capsici isolates, model Nicotiana benthamiana plants and Arabidopsis thaliana were treated with 0.005% of NC suspension and 1 μM of flg22. Infection control efficacy against P. capsici isolates, biosynthetic enzyme activities and the PR genes expression were determined at different hours post treatment in plant. The infection control efficacy, ROS generation, and PTI maker gene expression were re-analyzed in A. thaliana Col-0, bak1 and cerk1 mutants. The results showed that NC did not exhibit inhibitory effect on vegetative growth of P. capsici, but enhanced the resistance against P. capsici by systemically enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and PR gene expression. P. capsici resistance, PTI maker gene promotion, and ROS production in A. thaliana induced by NC depended not only on chitin receptor CERK1, but also BAK1. NC and flg22 induced oomycete immunity through a mechanism of a cross-microbe protection via the BAK1-CERK1 pathway in plant, pointing to the complexity of the plant immunity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Maofeng Jing
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Amit Levy
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Hezhong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Shijun Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; NanoAgro Center, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Farvardin A, González-Hernández AI, Llorens E, García-Agustín P, Scalschi L, Vicedo B. The Apoplast: A Key Player in Plant Survival. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E604. [PMID: 32664231 PMCID: PMC7402137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the synthesis of molecules involved in plant defense against both biotic and abiotic stresses, take place in it. The most important molecules are ROS, antioxidants, proteins, and hormones. Even though only a small quantity of ROS is localized within the apoplast, apoplastic ROS have an important role in plant development and plant responses to various stress conditions. In the apoplast, like in the intracellular cell compartments, a specific set of antioxidants can be found that can detoxify the different types of ROS produced in it. These scavenging ROS components confer stress tolerance and avoid cellular damage. Moreover, the production and accumulation of proteins and peptides in the apoplast take place in response to various stresses. Hormones are also present in the apoplast where they perform important functions. In addition, the apoplast is also the space where microbe-associated molecular Patterns (MAMPs) are secreted by pathogens. In summary, the diversity of molecules found in the apoplast highlights its importance in the survival of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Farvardin
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel González-Hernández
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Eugenio Llorens
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grupo de Bioquímica y Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I de Castellón, Avenida de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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28
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Choudhary S, Naika MBN, Meena RD. Identification and expression analysis of candidate genes associated with stem gall disease in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) cultivars. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5403-5409. [PMID: 32617958 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a well-known spice and aromatic crop cultivated globally. Stem gall disease is one of the major constraints for its leaf and seed quality used for consumption and also affecting the yield. The identification of resistance genes and further characterization of such genes could help to understand the molecular basis of resistance and lay a solid ground for cloning of stem gall resistance genes in coriander. To evaluate the genetic expression of disease resistance-relevant genes in popularly grown coriander cultivars in India such as Pant Haritma, Hisar Sugandh, Hisar Surabhi, Hisar Anand, Rajendra Swathi, ACr-1, ACr-2, AgCr-1, CO-2 and CS-6 were used for LRR, GDSL, USP, ANK and PDR gene expression using Real Time PCR along with 18S housekeeping gene as internal control for the normalization. Result revealed the different expression pattern of genes among the cultivars tested. Highest expression was shown in cultivar AgCr-1 followed by Pant Haritma, Hisar Sugandh and ACr-1, and least expression in Hisar Anand, ACr-2, CO-2, Rajendra Swathi and CS-6. Domain analysis revealed the conserved domain relevance of the genes. This is the first report on stem gall resistance gene expression in coriander. The identified genes have a potential role in coriander and further utilize in crop improvement program. We hypothesize that contrasting cultivars can be a good source for candidate gene evaluation and further to use them as potential markers and used in hybridization program focus on incorporating and develop durable disease-resistance into the adapted cultivars of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharda Choudhary
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305 206, India.
| | - Mahantesha B N Naika
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, K. R. C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkote, Karnataka, 591 218, India
| | - R D Meena
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Seed Spices, Tabiji, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305 206, India
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29
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Stratilová B, Řehulka P, Garajová S, Řehulková H, Stratilová E, Hrmova M, Kozmon S. Structural characterization of the Pet c 1.0201 PR-10 protein isolated from roots of Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 175:112368. [PMID: 32334148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The native dimeric Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss protein Pet c 1.0201 and a monomeric xyloglucan endotransglycosylase enzyme (Garajova et al., 2008) isolated from the root cells co-purify and share similar molecular masses and acidic isoelectric points. In this work, we determined the complete primary structure of the parsley Pet c 1.0201 protein, based on tryptic and chymotryptic peptides followed by the manual micro-gradient chromatographic separation coupled with offline MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The bioinformatics approach enabled us to include the parsley protein into the PR-10 family, as it exhibited the highest protein sequence identity with the Apium graveolens Api g 1.0201 allergen and the major Daucus carota allergen Dau c 1.0201. Hence, we designated the Petroselinum crispum protein as Pet c 1.0201 and deposited it in the UniProt Knowledgebase under the accession C0HKF5. 3D protein homology modelling and molecular dynamics simulations of the Pet c 1.0201 dimer confirmed the typical structure of the Bet v 1 family allergens, and the potential of the Pet c 1.0201 protein to dimerize in water. However, the behavioural properties of Pet c 1.0201 and the celery allergen Api g 1.0101 differed in the presence of salts due to transiently and stably formed dimeric forms of Pet c 1.0201 and Api g 1.0101, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, SK-84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Řehulka
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, CZ-50001, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Garajová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Řehulková
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Třebešská 1575, CZ-50001, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Stratilová
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, China; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and Waite Research Institute, Waite Research Precinct, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Centre for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84538 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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30
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Liu Y, Cui J, Zhou X, Luan Y, Luan F. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of the TLP gene family in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Genomics 2020; 112:2499-2509. [PMID: 32044327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), which belong to pathogenesis-related (PR) protein family 5 (PR5), are involved in plant host defense and various developmental processes. The functions of the TLP family have been extensively discussed in multiple organisms, whereas the detailed information of this family in melon has not been reported yet. In this study, we identified 28 TLP genes in the melon genome and a N-terminal signal peptide was found highly conserved within each member of this family. Phylogeny analysis indicated that TLPs from melon and other plant species were clustered into ten groups. Twelve segmental and seven tandem duplication gene pairs that underwent purifying selection were identified. TLP genes expressed differentially in different tissues/organs, and were significantly induced after Podosphaera xanthii infection. TLPs in breeding line MR-1 tend to express early after pathogen infection compared with cultivar Top Mark. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the melon TLP family and demonstrates their potential roles in disease resistance, therefore provides more reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarong Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Jun Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhou
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116033, China
| | - Yushi Luan
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116033, China.
| | - Feishi Luan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin 150030, China; College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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31
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Sharma A, Tyagi S, Alok A, Singh K, Upadhyay SK. Thaumatin-like protein kinases: Molecular characterization and transcriptional profiling in five cereal crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 290:110317. [PMID: 31779910 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like protein kinases (TLPKs) are defense related proteins having antimicrobial property. Herein, we identified two TLPKs in the genome of Brachypodium distachyon and Oryza sativa, four in Hordeum vulgare and Sorghum bicolor, and 16 in Triticum aestivum. All the TLPKs were located at only one chromosome in each plant except T. aestivum, where they were located on chromosome 2 and chromosome 3. Paralogous analysis suggested the occurrence of one duplication event (DE) in each B. distachyon and O. sativa, two in H. vulgare while four DEs in T. aestivum genome during the evolution of TLPKs. The majority of TLPKs were intron less, while a few contains one or two introns. The introns were found in each 0, 1 and 2 phase. Protein structure analysis suggested the occurrence of a thaumatin and a kinase domain with a transmembrane (TM) helix in each TLPK. Further, a thaumatin family signature motif "GX[GF]XCXT[GA]DCX(1,2)GX(2,3)C", a "REDDD" motif and 16 cysteine residues were found conserved in the majority of TLPKs. Expression analysis indicated variable expression of TLPKs in various tissues of different cereal crops. They were high expressing in reproductive tissues in B. distachyon, while in leaves in T. aestivum. Modulated expression of TaTLPKs in the presence of fungal pathogen, and heat, drought and salt stress in T. aestivum suggested their roles in stress response. Co-expression analysis showed interaction of TLPKs with various development and stress related genes. The results indicated diverse roles of TLPKs, which can be utilized for the development of eco-friendly pest resistant crops in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Sharma
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shivi Tyagi
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anshu Alok
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Thery T, Lynch KM, Arendt EK. Natural Antifungal Peptides/Proteins as Model for Novel Food Preservatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1327-1360. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Thery
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Ireland
| | - Kieran M. Lynch
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Ireland
| | - Elke K. Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional SciencesUniv. College Cork Ireland
- Microbiome IrelandUniv. College Cork Ireland
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33
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Li Y, Duan T, Nan Z, Li Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alleviates alfalfa leaf spots caused by Phoma medicaginis revealed by RNA-seq analysis. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 130:547-560. [PMID: 31310670 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS One of the major limitations to the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the fungus Phoma medicaginis, which infects alfalfa and causes leaf spots. This study aims to understand alfalfa's response to P. medicaginis infection, the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and the effect of AMF on plant-pathogen interactions. METHODS AND RESULTS Transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in alfalfa infected by P. medicaginis and colonized by AMF Rhizophagus intraradices. AMF ameliorated the effects of P. medicaginis infection on alfalfa by reducing leaf spot incidence and disease index by 39·48 and 56·18% respectively. Inoculation with pathogen and AMF induced the activity of defence pathways, including peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase activities and jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid concentration. Plants showed differential expression of P. medicaginis resistance-related genes, including genes belonging to pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, chitinase activity, flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism and photosynthesis. Inoculation with AMF led to changes in the expression of genes involved in PR proteins, chitinase activity, phenylalanine metabolism and photosynthesis. CONCLUSION The physiological and transcriptional changes caused by P. medicaginis infection in non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal alfalfa provides crucial information for understanding AMF's association with pathogenic systems. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed that AMF alleviated alfalfa leaf spots demonstrating that AMF can serve as a biocontrol strategy for alfalfa disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - T Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Z Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems Lanzhou Unviersity, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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Wei S, Wang X, Jiang D, Dong S. Physiological and proteome studies of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to leaf removal under high plant density. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:378. [PMID: 30594144 PMCID: PMC6310946 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under high plant density, intensifying competition among individual plants led to overconsumption of energy and nutrients and resulted in an almost dark condition in the lower strata of the canopy, which suppressed the photosynthetic potential of the shaded leaves. Leaf removal could help to ameliorate this problem and increase crop yields. To reveal the mechanism of leaf removal in maize, tandem mass tags label-based quantitative analysis coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were used to capture the differential protein expression profiles of maize subjected to the removal of the two uppermost leaves (S2), the four uppermost leaves (S4), and with no leaf removal as control (S0). RESULTS Excising leaves strengthened the light transmission rate of the canopy and increased the content of malondialdehyde, whereas decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Two leaves removal increased the photosynthetic capacity of ear leaves and the grain yield significantly, whereas S4 decreased the yield markedly. Besides, 239 up-accumulated proteins and 99 down-accumulated proteins were identified between S2 and S0, which were strongly enriched into 30 and 23 functional groups; 71 increased proteins and 42 decreased proteins were identified between S4 and S0, which were strongly enriched into 22 and 23 functional groups, for increased and decreased proteins, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Different defoliation levels had contrastive effects on maize. The canopy light transmission rate was strengthened and proteins related to photosynthetic electron-transfer reaction were up-regulated significantly for treatment S2, which improved the leaf photosynthetic capacity, and obtained a higher grain yield consequently. In contrast, S4 decreased the grain yield and increased the expressions of proteins and genes associated with fatty acid metabolism. Besides, both S2 and S4 exaggerated the defensive response of maize in physiological and proteomic level. Although further studies are required, the results in our study provide new insights to the further improvement in maize grain yield by leaf removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture/Hi-Tech Key Laboratory of Information Agriculture of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Jiang
- College of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Management, Ministry of Agriculture/Hi-Tech Key Laboratory of Information Agriculture of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
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Transcriptome Sequence Analysis Elaborates a Complex Defensive Mechanism of Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L.) in Response to Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124019. [PMID: 30545146 PMCID: PMC6321183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is ubiquitous abiotic stress factor limiting viticulture productivity worldwide. However, the grapevine is vulnerable to salt stress, which severely affects growth and development of the vine. Hence, it is crucial to delve into the salt resistance mechanism and screen out salt-resistance prediction marker genes; we implicated RNA-sequence (RNA-seq) technology to compare the grapevine transcriptome profile to salt stress. Results showed 2472 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in total in salt-responsive grapevine leaves, including 1067 up-regulated and 1405 down-regulated DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations suggested that many DEGs were involved in various defense-related biological pathways, including ROS scavenging, ion transportation, heat shock proteins (HSPs), pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) and hormone signaling. Furthermore, many DEGs were encoded transcription factors (TFs) and essential regulatory proteins involved in signal transduction by regulating the salt resistance-related genes in grapevine. The antioxidant enzyme analysis showed that salt stress significantly affected the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in grapevine leaves. Moreover, the uptake and distribution of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chlorine (Cl−) in source and sink tissues of grapevine was significantly affected by salt stress. Finally, the qRT-PCR analysis of DE validated the data and findings were significantly consistent with RNA-seq data, which further assisted in the selection of salt stress-responsive candidate genes in grapevine. This study contributes in new perspicacity into the underlying molecular mechanism of grapevine salt stress-tolerance at the transcriptome level and explore new approaches to applying the gene information in genetic engineering and breeding purposes.
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Su H, Jiao YT, Wang FF, Liu YE, Niu WL, Liu GT, Xu Y. Overexpression of VpPR10.1 by an efficient transformation method enhances downy mildew resistance in V. vinifera. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:819-832. [PMID: 29511799 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Putrescine and spermidine increase the transformation efficiency of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson seedless. Accumulation of VpPR10.1 in transgenic V. vinifera Thompson seedless, likely increases its resistance to downy mildew. A more efficient method is described for facilitating Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless somatic embryogenesis using polyamines (PAs). The efficacies of putrescine, spermidine and spermine are identified at a range of concentrations (10 µM, 100 µM and 1 mM) added to the culture medium during somatic embryo growth. Putrescine (PUT) and spermidine (SPD) promote the recovery of proembryonic masses (PEM) and the development of somatic embryos (SE) after co-cultivation. Judging from the importance of the time-frame in genetic transformation, PAs added at the co-cultivation stage have a stronger effect than delayed selection treatments, which are superior to antibiotic treatments in the selection stage. Best embryogenic responses are with 1 mM PUT and 100 µM SPD added to the co-culture medium. Using the above method, a pathogenesis-related gene (VpPR10.1) from Chinese wild Vitis pseudoreticulata was transferred into Thompson Seedless for functional evaluation. The transgenic line, confirmed by western blot analysis, was inoculated with Plasmopara viticola to test for downy mildew resistance. Based on observed restrictions of hyphal growth and increases in H2O2 accumulation in the transgenic plants, the accumulation of VpPR10.1 likely enhanced the transgenic plants resistance to downy mildew.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Tong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-E Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Li Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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Wang T, Wang G, Jia ZH, Pan DL, Zhang JY, Guo ZR. Transcriptome Analysis of Kiwifruit in Response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E373. [PMID: 29373527 PMCID: PMC5855595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiwifruit bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) has brought about a severe threat to the kiwifruit industry worldwide since its first outbreak in 2008. Studies on other pathovars of P. syringae are revealing the pathogenesis of these pathogens, but little about the mechanism of kiwifruit bacterial canker is known. In order to explore the species-specific interaction between Psa and kiwifruit, we analyzed the transcriptomic profile of kiwifruit infected by Psa. After 48 h, 8255 differentially expressed genes were identified, including those involved in metabolic process, secondary metabolites metabolism and plant response to stress. Genes related to biosynthesis of terpens were obviously regulated, indicating terpens may play roles in suppressing the growth of Psa. We identified 283 differentially expressed resistant genes, of which most U-box domain containing genes were obviously up regulated. Expression of genes involved in plant immunity was detected and some key genes showed differential expression. Our results suggest that Psa induced defense response of kiwifruit, including PAMP (pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns)-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity and hypersensitive response. Metabolic process was adjusted to adapt to these responses and production of secondary metabolites may be altered to suppress the growth of Psa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhan-Hui Jia
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - De-Lin Pan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Zhong-Ren Guo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Kaur A, Pati PK, Pati AM, Nagpal AK. In-silico analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements of pathogenesis-related proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184523. [PMID: 28910327 PMCID: PMC5598985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are low molecular weight family of proteins induced in plants under various biotic and abiotic stresses. They play an important role in plant-defense mechanism. PRs have wide range of functions, acting as hydrolases, peroxidases, chitinases, anti-fungal, protease inhibitors etc. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze promoter regions of PR1, PR2, PR5, PR9, PR10 and PR12 of Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Analysis of cis-element distribution revealed the functional multiplicity of PRs and provides insight into the gene regulation. CpG islands are observed only in rice PRs, which indicates that monocot genome contains more GC rich motifs than dicots. Tandem repeats were also observed in 5' UTR of PR genes. Thus, the present study provides an understanding of regulation of PR genes and their versatile roles in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritpreet Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Aparna Maitra Pati
- Planning Project Monitoring and Evaluation Cell, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Avinash Kaur Nagpal
- Department of Botanical and Environmental sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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He R, Wu J, Zhang Y, Agüero CB, Li X, Liu S, Wang C, Walker MA, Lu J. Overexpression of a thaumatin-like protein gene from Vitis amurensis improves downy mildew resistance in Vitis vinifera grapevine. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1579-1589. [PMID: 27900595 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is a highly destructive disease in grapevine production. A gene encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) thaumatin-like protein was isolated from the downy mildew-resistant grapevine "Zuoshan-1," a clonal selection from wild Vitis amurensis Rupr. The predicted thaumatin-like protein (VaTLP) has 225 amino acids and it is acidic, with a calculated isoelectric point of 4.8. The full length of the VaTLP gene was transformed into somatic embryogenic calli of V. vinifera 'Thompson Seedless' via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed that the VaTLP gene was expressed at a high level in the transgenic grapevines. Improved resistance of the transgenic lines against downy mildew was evaluated using leaf disks and whole plants inoculated with Plasmopara viticola, the pathogen causing grapevine downy mildew disease. Bioassay of the pathogen showed that both hyphae growth and asexual reproduction were inhibited significantly among the transgenic plants. Histological analysis also confirmed this disease resistance by demonstrating the inhibition and malformation of hyphae development in leaf tissue of the transgenic plants. These results indicated that the accumulation of VaTLP could enhance resistance to P. viticola in transgenic 'Thompson Seedless' grapevines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jiao Wu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cecilia B Agüero
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xinlong Li
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shaoli Liu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chaoxia Wang
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - M Andrew Walker
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jiang Lu
- The Viticulture and Enology Program, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Center for Viticulture and Enology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200024, China.
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Siddaiah CN, Satyanarayana NR, Mudili V, Kumar Gupta V, Gurunathan S, Rangappa S, Huntrike SS, Srivastava RK. Elicitation of resistance and associated defense responses in Trichoderma hamatum induced protection against pearl millet downy mildew pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43991. [PMID: 28322224 PMCID: PMC5359564 DOI: 10.1038/srep43991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic Trichoderma hamatum UoM 13 isolated from pearl millet roots was evaluated for its efficiency to suppress downy mildew disease. Under laboratory conditions, T. hamatum seed treatment significantly enhanced pearl millet seed germination and seedling vigor. T. hamatum seed treatment resulted in systemic and durable immunity against pearl millet downy mildew disease under greenhouse and field conditions. T. hamatum treated seedlings responded to downy mildew infection with high lignification and callose deposition. Analysis of defense enzymes showed that T. hamatum treatment significantly enhanced the activities of glucanase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and polyphenol oxidase in comparison to untreated control. RT-PCR analysis revealed differentially expressed transcripts of the defense enzymes and PR-proteins in treated, untreated, and checks, wherein PR-1, PR-5, and cell wall defense HRGPs were significantly over expressed in treated seedlings as against their lower expression in controls. T. hamatum treatment significantly stimulated endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and significantly upregulated important SA biosynthesis gene isochorismate synthase. The results indicated that T. hamatum UoM13 treatment induces resistance corresponding to significant over expression of endogenous SA, important defense enzymes, PR-proteins, and HRGPs, suggesting that SA biosynthetic pathway is involved in pearl millet for mounting systemic immunity against downy mildew pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Nayaka Siddaiah
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Niranjan Raj Satyanarayana
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, Karnataka State Open University, Mukthagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataramana Mudili
- Microbiology Division, DRDO-BU-Centre for Life sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Selvakumar Gurunathan
- Microbiology Division, DRDO-BU-Centre for Life sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Shekar Shetty Huntrike
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Srivastava
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India
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Aoun M. Host Defense Mechanisms During Fungal Pathogenesis and how these are Overcome in Susceptible Plants: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijb.2017.82.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Souza TP, Dias RO, Silva-Filho MC. Defense-related proteins involved in sugarcane responses to biotic stress. Genet Mol Biol 2017; 40:360-372. [PMID: 28222203 PMCID: PMC5452140 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2016-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane is one of the most important agricultural crops in the world. However, pathogen infection and herbivore attack cause constant losses in yield. Plants respond to pathogen infection by inducing the expression of several protein types, such as glucanases, chitinases, thaumatins, peptidase inhibitors, defensins, catalases and glycoproteins. Proteins induced by pathogenesis are directly or indirectly involved in plant defense, leading to pathogen death or inducing other plant defense responses. Several of these proteins are induced in sugarcane by different pathogens or insects and have antifungal or insecticidal activity. In this review, defense-related proteins in sugarcane are described, with their putative mechanisms of action, pathogen targets and biotechnological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais P Souza
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata O Dias
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcio C Silva-Filho
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Multiple Patterns of Regulation and Overexpression of a Ribonuclease-Like Pathogenesis-Related Protein Gene, OsPR10a, Conferring Disease Resistance in Rice and Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156414. [PMID: 27258121 PMCID: PMC4892481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An abundant 17 kDa RNase, encoded by OsPR10a (also known as PBZ1), was purified from Pi-starved rice suspension-cultured cells. Biochemical analysis showed that the range of optimal temperature for its RNase activity was 40–70°C and the optimum pH was 5.0. Disulfide bond formation and divalent metal ion Mg2+ were required for the RNase activity. The expression of OsPR10a::GUS in transgenic rice was induced upon phosphate (Pi) starvation, wounding, infection by the pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), leaf senescence, anther, style, the style-ovary junction, germinating embryo and shoot. We also provide first evidence in whole-plant system, demonstrated that OsPR10a-overexpressing in rice and Arabidopsis conferred significant level of enhanced resistance to infection by the pathogen Xoo and Xanthomona campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), respectively. Transgenic rice and Arabidopsis overexpressing OsPR10a significantly increased the length of primary root under phosphate deficiency (-Pi) condition. These results showed that OsPR10a might play multiple roles in phosphate recycling in phosphate-starved cells and senescing leaves, and could improve resistance to pathogen infection and/or against chewing insect pests. It is possible that Pi acquisition or homeostasis is associated with plant disease resistance. Our findings suggest that gene regulation of OsPR10a could act as a good model system to unravel the mechanisms behind the correlation between Pi starvation and plant-pathogen interactions, and also provides a potential application in crops disease resistance.
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Fister AS, Mejia LC, Zhang Y, Herre EA, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ. Theobroma cacao L. pathogenesis-related gene tandem array members show diverse expression dynamics in response to pathogen colonization. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:363. [PMID: 27189060 PMCID: PMC4869279 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis-related (PR) group of proteins are operationally defined as polypeptides that increase in concentration in plant tissues upon contact with a pathogen. To date, 17 classes of highly divergent proteins have been described that act through multiple mechanisms of pathogen resistance. Characterizing these families in cacao, an economically important tree crop, and comparing the families to those in other species, is an important step in understanding cacao’s immune response. Results Using publically available resources, all members of the 17 recognized pathogenesis-related gene families in the genome of Theobroma cacao were identified and annotated resulting in a set of ~350 members in both published cacao genomes. Approximately 50 % of these genes are organized in tandem arrays scattered throughout the genome. This feature was observed in five additional plant taxa (three dicots and two monocots), suggesting that tandem duplication has played an important role in the evolution of the PR genes in higher plants. Expression profiling captured the dynamics and complexity of PR genes expression at basal levels and after induction by two cacao pathogens (the oomycete, Phytophthora palmivora, and the fungus, Colletotrichum theobromicola), identifying specific genes within families that are more responsive to pathogen challenge. Subsequent qRT-PCR validated the induction of several PR-1, PR-3, PR-4, and PR-10 family members, with greater than 1000 fold induction detected for specific genes. Conclusions We describe candidate genes that are likely to be involved in cacao’s defense against Phytophthora and Colletotrichum infection and could be potentially useful for marker-assisted selection for breeding of disease resistant cacao varieties. The data presented here, along with existing cacao—omics resources, will enable targeted functional genetic screening of defense genes likely to play critical functions in cacao’s defense against its pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2693-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Fister
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Luis C Mejia
- Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Unit 9100, Box 0948, Balboa, Ancon, DPO AA 34002-9998, Panama
| | - Yufan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Edward Allen Herre
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), Unit 9100, Box 0948, Balboa, Ancon, DPO AA 34002-9998, Panama
| | - Siela N Maximova
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.,The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA. .,The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 422 Life Sciences Building, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
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45
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Jimenez-Lopez JC, Robles-Bolivar P, Lopez-Valverde FJ, Lima-Cabello E, Kotchoni SO, Alché JD. Ole e 13 is the unique food allergen in olive: Structure-functional, substrates docking, and molecular allergenicity comparative analysis. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 66:26-40. [PMID: 27017426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) are enzymes with important functions in pathogens defense and in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Last identified olive allergen (Ole e 13) is a TLP, which may also importantly contribute to food allergy and cross-allergenicity to pollen allergen proteins. The goals of this study are the characterization of the structural-functionality of Ole e 13 with a focus in its catalytic mechanism, and its molecular allergenicity by extensive analysis using different molecular computer-aided approaches covering a) functional-regulatory motifs, b) comparative study of linear sequence, 2-D and 3D structural homology modeling, c) molecular docking with two different β-D-glucans, d) conservational and evolutionary analysis, e) catalytic mechanism modeling, and f) IgE-binding, B- and T-cell epitopes identification and comparison to other allergenic TLPs. Sequence comparison, structure-based features, and phylogenetic analysis identified Ole e 13 as a thaumatin-like protein. 3D structural characterization revealed a conserved overall folding among plants TLPs, with mayor differences in the acidic (catalytic) cleft. Molecular docking analysis using two β-(1,3)-glucans allowed to identify fundamental residues involved in the endo-1,3-β-glucanase activity, and defining E84 as one of the conserved residues of the TLPs responsible of the nucleophilic attack to initiate the enzymatic reaction and D107 as proton donor, thus proposing a catalytic mechanism for Ole e 13. Identification of IgE-binding, B- and T-cell epitopes may help designing strategies to improve diagnosis and immunotherapy to food allergy and cross-allergenic pollen TLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jimenez-Lopez
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - P Robles-Bolivar
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - F J Lopez-Valverde
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - E Lima-Cabello
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - S O Kotchoni
- Department of Biology; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - J D Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology Laboratory; Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology of Plants; Estación Experimental del Zaidín; Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
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46
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Zeilinger S, Gupta VK, Dahms TES, Silva RN, Singh HB, Upadhyay RS, Gomes EV, Tsui CKM, Nayak S C. Friends or foes? Emerging insights from fungal interactions with plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:182-207. [PMID: 26591004 PMCID: PMC4778271 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi interact with plants in various ways, with each interaction giving rise to different alterations in both partners. While fungal pathogens have detrimental effects on plant physiology, mutualistic fungi augment host defence responses to pathogens and/or improve plant nutrient uptake. Tropic growth towards plant roots or stomata, mediated by chemical and topographical signals, has been described for several fungi, with evidence of species-specific signals and sensing mechanisms. Fungal partners secrete bioactive molecules such as small peptide effectors, enzymes and secondary metabolites which facilitate colonization and contribute to both symbiotic and pathogenic relationships. There has been tremendous advancement in fungal molecular biology, omics sciences and microscopy in recent years, opening up new possibilities for the identification of key molecular mechanisms in plant-fungal interactions, the power of which is often borne out in their combination. Our fragmentary knowledge on the interactions between plants and fungi must be made whole to understand the potential of fungi in preventing plant diseases, improving plant productivity and understanding ecosystem stability. Here, we review innovative methods and the associated new insights into plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zeilinger
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tanya E S Dahms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Harikesh B Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Eriston Vieira Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Clement Kin-Ming Tsui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Chandra Nayak S
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore-570001, Karnataka, India
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47
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Fan S, Jiang L, Wu J, Dong L, Cheng Q, Xu P, Zhang S. A Novel Pathogenesis-Related Class 10 Protein Gly m 4l, Increases Resistance upon Phytophthora sojae Infection in Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140364. [PMID: 26474489 PMCID: PMC4608668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean, caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae), is a destructive disease in many soybean planting regions worldwide. In a previous study, an expressed sequence tag (EST) homolog of the major allergen Pru ar 1 in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) was identified up-regulated in the highly resistant soybean 'Suinong 10' infected with P. sojae. Here, the full length of the EST was isolated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). It showed the highest homology of 53.46% with Gly m 4 after comparison with the eight soybean allergen families reported and was named Gly m 4-like (Gly m 4l, GenBank accession no. HQ913577.1). The cDNA full length of Gly m 4l was 707 bp containing a 474 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 157 amino acids. Sequence analysis suggests that Gly m 4l contains a conserved 'P-loop' (phosphate-binding loop) motif at residues 47-55 aa and a Bet v 1 domain at residues 87-120 aa. The transcript abundance of Gly m 4l was significantly induced by P. sojae, salicylic acid (SA), NaCl, and also responded to methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and ethylene (ET). The recombinant Gly m 4l protein showed RNase activity and displayed directly antimicrobial activity that inhibited hyphal growth and reduced zoospore release in P. sojae. Further analyses showed that the RNase activity of the recombinant protein to degrading tRNA was significantly affected in the presence of zeatin. Over-expression of Gly m 4l in susceptible 'Dongnong 50' soybean showed enhanced resistance to P. sojae. These results indicated that Gly m 4l protein played an important role in the defense of soybean against P. sojae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Fan
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain Production Capacity Improvement in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
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48
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Digital Gene Expression Analysis to Screen Disease Resistance-Relevant Genes from Leaves of Herbaceous Peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) Infected by Botrytis cinerea. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208357 PMCID: PMC4514867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a well-known traditional flower in China and is widely used for landscaping and garden greening due to its high ornamental value. However, disease spots usually appear after the flowering of the plant and may result in the withering of the plant in severe cases. This study examined the disease incidence in an herbaceous peony field in the Yangzhou region, Jiangsu Province. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular data, the disease in this area was identified as a gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Based on previously obtained transcriptome data, eight libraries generated from two herbaceous peony cultivars ‘Zifengyu’ and ‘Dafugui’ with different susceptibilities to the disease were then analyzed using digital gene expression profiling (DGE). Thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by comparing the eight samples, and these genes were annotated using the Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database. The pathways related to plant-pathogen interaction, secondary metabolism synthesis and antioxidant system were concentrated, and 51, 76, and 13 disease resistance-relevant candidate genes were identified, respectively. The expression patterns of these candidate genes differed between the two cultivars: their expression of the disease-resistant cultivar ‘Zifengyu’ sharply increased during the early stages of infection, while it was relatively subdued in the disease-sensitive cultivar ‘Dafugui’. A selection of ten candidate genes was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the DGE data. These results revealed the transcriptional changes that took place during the interaction of herbaceous peony with B. cinerea, providing insight into the molecular mechanisms of host resistance to gray mold.
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49
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Jiang L, Wu J, Fan S, Li W, Dong L, Cheng Q, Xu P, Zhang S. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Pathogenesis-Related Protein Gene (GmPRP) with Induced Expression in Soybean (Glycine max) during Infection with Phytophthora sojae. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129932. [PMID: 26114301 PMCID: PMC4482714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) play crucial roles in the plant defense system. A novel PRP gene was isolated from highly resistant soybean infected with Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) and was named GmPRP (GenBank accession number: KM506762). The amino acid sequences of GmPRP showed identities of 74%, 73%, 72% and 69% with PRP proteins from Vitis vinifera, Populus trichocarpa, Citrus sinensis and Theobroma cacao, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) data showed that the expression of GmPRP was highest in roots, followed by the stems and leaves. GmPRP expression was upregulated in soybean leaves infected with P. sojae. Similarly, GmPRP expression also responded to defense/stress signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA). GmPRP was localized in the cell plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Recombinant GmPRP protein exhibited ribonuclease activity and significant inhibition of hyphal growth of P. sojae 1 in vitro. Overexpression of the GmPRP gene in T2 transgenic tobacco and T2 soybean plants resulted in enhanced resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae (P. nicotianae) and P. sojae race 1, respectively. These results indicated that the GmPRP protein played an important role in the defense of soybean against P. sojae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Jiang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain Production Capacity Improvement in Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujie Fan
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lidong Dong
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Cheng
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Xie YR, Raruang Y, Chen ZY, Brown RL, Cleveland TE. ZmGns, a maize class I β-1,3-glucanase, is induced by biotic stresses and possesses strong antimicrobial activity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:271-83. [PMID: 25251325 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-1,3-glucanases are members of the pathogenesis-related protein 2 (PR-2) family, which is one of the 17 PR protein families and plays important roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. One of the differentially expressed proteins (spot 842) identified in a recent proteomic comparison between five pairs of closely related maize (Zea mays L.) lines differing in aflatoxin resistance was further investigated in the present study. Here, the corresponding cDNA was cloned from maize and designated as ZmGns. ZmGns encodes a protein of 338 amino acids containing a potential signal peptide. The expression of ZmGns was detectible in all tissues studied with the highest level in silks. ZmGns was significantly induced by biotic stresses including three bacteria and the fungus Aspergillus flavus. ZmGns was also induced by most abiotic stresses tested and growth hormones including salicylic acid. In vivo, ZmGns showed a significant inhibitory activity against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea when it overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Its high level of expression in the silk tissue and its induced expression by phytohormone treatment, as well as by bacterial and fungal infections, suggest it plays a complex role in maize growth, development, and defense.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology
- Antifungal Agents/pharmacology
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/microbiology
- Aspergillus/drug effects
- Botrytis/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase/chemistry
- Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase/genetics
- Endo-1,3(4)-beta-Glucanase/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/drug effects
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Plant Diseases/genetics
- Plant Diseases/microbiology
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plant Leaves/drug effects
- Plant Leaves/enzymology
- Plant Leaves/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Salicylic Acid/pharmacology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Substrate Specificity/drug effects
- Temperature
- Zea mays/drug effects
- Zea mays/enzymology
- Zea mays/genetics
- Zea mays/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rong Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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