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Photodynamic Therapy Using 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (Ala) for the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Prospective Case Series. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12063102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of supportive periodontal therapy (i.e., scaling and root planning, SRP) alone versus ALADENT medical device used in association with SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in adult patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis (40 localized chronic periodontitis sites) aged between 35 and 55 were selected. None of these patients previously received any surgical or non-surgical periodontal therapy, and they presented radiographic evidence of moderate bone loss. Two non-adjacent sites in different quadrants were identified and observed in each patient, analyzing treatment effectiveness (split-mouth design). Clinical pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, and bleeding on probing were evaluated at time 0 and after 6 months, while microbial analysis (MA) was conducted at baseline and after 15 days. Significant differences were calculated using SPSS program and paired simple statistic t-test. Results: Total bacteria loadings had a statistically significant reduction before and after treatment with SRP (left site) (total average decrease of 27%). The sites treated with SRP plus ALADENT (right) showed a significantly reduced total bacterial loading compared to the untreated sites (right) (total average decrease of 75%). Mean values of CAL/PD and percentages data of BOP, recorded after SRP + ALADENT therapy, showed a higher reduction (CAL = 2.42, PD = 2.87 mm, 90% of sites with no bleeding) than those obtained after SRP treatment (CAL = 4.08 mm, PD = 4.73 mm, 70% of sites with no bleeding). Conclusion: The treatment of moderate and severe chronic periodontitis should include, beside SRP, the use of ALADENT medical device, which has been proved to be a useful adjuvant therapy.
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Combining Visible Light and Non-Focused Ultrasound Significantly Reduces Propionibacterium acnes Biofilm While Having Limited Effect on Host Cells. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050929. [PMID: 33925936 PMCID: PMC8146519 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics and have been implicated in the etiology of 60%–80% of chronic microbial infections. We tested a novel combination of low intensity ultrasound and blue light against biofilm and planktonic bacteria. A laboratory prototype was built which produced both energies uniformly and coincidently from a single treatment head, impinging upon a 4.45 cm2 target. To demonstrate proof of concept, Propionibacterium acnes biofilms were cultured on Millicell hanging inserts in 6-well plates. Hanging inserts with biofilms were treated in a custom exposure chamber designed to minimize unwanted ultrasound reflections. Coincident delivery of both energies demonstrated synergy over either alone, killing both stationary planktonic and biofilm cultures of P. acnes. Reduction in biofilm bacteria was dose dependent on exposure time (i.e., energy delivered). P. acnes biofilms were significantly reduced by dual energy treatment (p < 0.0001), with a >1 log10 reduction after a 5 min (9 J/cm2) and >3 log10 reduction after a 30 min (54 J/cm2) treatment (p < 0.05). Mammalian cells were found to be unaffected by the treatment. Both the light and the ultrasound energies are at levels previously cleared by the FDA. Therefore, this combination treatment could be used as a safe, efficacious method to treat biofilm related syndromes.
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Du M, Xuan W, Zhen X, He L, Lan L, Yang S, Wu N, Qin J, Zhao R, Qin J, Lan J, Lu H, Liang C, Li Y, R Hamblin M, Huang L. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for oral Candida infection in adult AIDS patients: A pilot clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102310. [PMID: 33901690 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using methylene blue (MB) plus potassium iodide (KI) has been shown to be effective in killing Candida albicans in many in vitro and in vivo studies, however, there are limited reports of clinical investigations. This study aimed to explore the clinical application of aPDT with MB plus KI for the treatment of oral infection caused by C. albicans in adult acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. METHODS A total of 21 adult AIDS patients with C. albicans oral candidiasis were divided into two groups according to MB concentration and received two consecutive aPDT treatments. Immediately before and after the aPDT treatments, C. albicans yeast isolates were recovered to measure the colony-forming units per mL (CFU/mL), biofilm formation, and to analyze the 25S rDNA genotype. Patients were assessed for the clinical recovery of oral lesions and improvement of symptoms. RESULTS The Log10 CFU/mL of C. albicans decreased significantly after the second aPDT but not the first aPDT. There was no significant difference between the two MB concentrations. Both aPDT protocols decreased the oral lesions and clinical symptoms with no significant difference after 2-fraction aPDT. The biofilm formation of C. albicans isolates did not change before and after aPDT. The killing efficiency of 2-fraction-aPDT was not associated with either biofilm formation or 25S rDNA genotype. CONCLUSIONS Two-fraction-aPDT with MB plus KI could reduce the number of viable C. albicans fungal cells and improve the clinical symptoms of oral candidiasis in adult AIDS patients, regardless of the biofilm formation or 25S rDNA genotype of infected C. albicans isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Weijun Xuan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, 530201, China
| | - Xiumei Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Lixia He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Lina Lan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Shanlin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Nianning Wu
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Jinmei Qin
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Jianglong Qin
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Jian Lan
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Cuijin Liang
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Liyi Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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Perni S, Preedy EC, Prokopovich P. Amplify antimicrobial photo dynamic therapy efficacy with poly-beta-amino esters (PBAEs). Sci Rep 2021; 11:7275. [PMID: 33790379 PMCID: PMC8012660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-activated antimicrobial agents (photosensitisers) are promising alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment of skin infections and wounds through antimicrobial photo dynamic therapy (aPDT); utilisation of this technique is still restricted by general low efficacy requiring long exposure time (in the order of tens of minutes) that make the treatment very resource intensive. We report for the first time the possibility of harvesting the cell penetrating properties of poly-beta-amino esters (PBAEs) in combination with toluidine blue O (TBO) to shorten aPDT exposure time. Candidates capable of inactivation rates 30 times quicker than pure TBO were discovered and further improvements through PBAE backbone optimisation could be foreseen. Efficacy of the complexes was PBAE-dependent on a combination of TBO uptake and a newly discovered and unexpected role of PBAEs on reactive species production. Chemometric approach of partial least square regression was employed to assess the critical PBAE properties involved in this newly observed phenomenon in order to elicit a possible mechanism. The superior antimicrobial performance of this new approach benefits from the use of well established, low-cost and safe dye (TBO) coupled with inexpensive, widely tested and biodegradable polymers also known to be safe. Moreover, no adverse cytotoxic effects of the PBAEs adjuvated TBO delivery have been observed on a skin cells in vitro model demonstrating the safety profile of this new technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Emily C Preedy
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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Sellera FP, Barbosa BS, Gargano RG, Ríspoli VFP, Sabino CP, Ollhoff RD, Baptista MS, Ribeiro MS, de Sá LRM, Pogliani FC. Methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy can be a novel non-antibiotic platform for bovine digital dermatitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102274. [PMID: 33812078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is one of the most important diseases that effect dairy cows. Methylene blue-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (MB-APDT) emerges as a promising technique to treat superficial infections in bovines. METHODS Twenty BDD lesions located at the skin horn transition of the claw of pelvic limbs of 16 cows were treated by MB-APDT, using a red LED cluster (λ = 660 nm, irradiance =60 mW/cm2, exposure time = 40 s) combined with topical application of MB at 0.01 %; or by topical application of OXY (500 mg in 20 % solution). Each lesion was treated twice with an interval of 14 days. Lesions were weekly evaluated until day 28 by clinical analysis and by histological examination on days 0 and 28. RESULTS Both treatments led to a similar reduction of lesions area. At day 28, three lesions treated by OXY did not present completely recovery, whereas no lesions were observed in MB-APDT group. OXY resulted in a slight increase in type I and III collagen levels, while MB-APDT led to a significant increase in the total area of both collagen types. An abundant number of spirochetes were histologically observed in all lesions before treatments. On the 28th day, five lesions treated by OXY still presented a slight number of spirochetes, whereas in MB-APDT group no spirochetes were evidenced. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that MB-APDT is more effective than OXY and could be used in Veterinary practice to fight BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruna S Barbosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo G Gargano
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Caetano P Sabino
- BioLambda, Scientific and Commercial LTD, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rudiger D Ollhoff
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian R M de Sá
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio C Pogliani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Lan Y, Lu S, Zheng B, Tang Z, Li J, Zhang J. Combinatory Effect of ALA-PDT and Itraconazole Treatment for Trichosporon asahii. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 53:722-730. [PMID: 33164224 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Trichosporiosis is an opportunistic infection that includes superficial infections, white piedra, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and invasive trichosporonosis. The effect of antifungal agents against these infections is largely weakened by drug resistance and biofilms-related virulence. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new therapeutic approach developed not only to combat cancerous lesions but also to treat infectious diseases such as fungal infections. However, there are few studies on the antimicrobial mechanism of 5-aminolevulinic acid PDT (ALA-PDT) in treating Trichosporon. In this work, we explored the possibility of combining ALA-PDT with an antifungal agent to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Trichosporon asahii (T. asahii) in a clinical setting and in vitro. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS The biofilms of T. asahii were constructed by a 96-well plate-based method in vitro. The planktonic and adherent T. asahii were exposed to different concentrations of photosensitizers and different light doses. After PDT treatment, counting colony-forming units and tetrazolium (XTT) reduction assay were used to estimate the antifungal efficacy. The minimal inhibitory concentration of itraconazole before and after PDT treatment was determined by the broth dilution method, and XTT viability assay was used to detect and evaluate the synergistic potential of ALA-PDT and itraconazole combinations in inhibiting biofilms. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to assess the disruption of biofilms. RESULTS Using combination therapy, we have successfully treated a patient who had a T. asahii skin infection. Further in vitro studies showed that the antifungal effect of ALA-PDT on planktonic and adherent T. asahii was dependent on the concentration of ALA and light dosages used. We also found that the sensitivity of both planktonic and biofilm cells to itraconazole were increased after ALA-PDT. Synergistic effect were observed for biofilms in ALA-PDT and itraconazole-combined treatment. The disruption of biofilms was confirmed by SEM, suggesting that ALA-PDT effectively damaged the biofilms and the destruction was further enhanced by ALA-PDT combination of antifungal agents. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these data suggest that ALA-PDT could be an alternative strategy for controlling infections caused by Trichosporon. The combination therapy of ALA-PDT with itraconazole could result in increased elimination of planktonic cells and biofilms compared with single therapy. All these findings indicate that it could be a promising treatment against trichosporonosis. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Dermatology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 3025 Shennan Road Central, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Sha Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zengqi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 107 West Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, 510120, China
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Li C, Jia X, Bian Y, Qi D, Wu J. Different susceptibility of spores and hyphae of Trichophyton rubrum to methylene blue mediated photodynamic treatment in vitro. Mycoses 2020; 64:48-54. [PMID: 32918325 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, methylene blue mediated-photodynamic therapy (MB-PDT) has proved to be an effective inhibitor to a variety of microorganisms, including Trichophyton rubrum, the most common dermatophyte worldwide. However, previous studies mainly focused on the spore form of T rubrum, but rarely on its hyphal form, although the latter is the main pathogenic form of T rubrum in vivo. OBJECTIVE To investigate the inhibitory effect of MB-PDT on T rubrum in different growth phases in vitro. METHODS The suspensions of spores and hyphae obtained from T rubrum (ATCC28188) were prepared, respectively, incubated with MB solution (0.15-40 μg/mL) and irradiated with 635 nm red light. Varied light energy and MB concentration were used. The specimen in the absence of light exposure or/and MB served as controls. MIC determination, colony counts and MTT assay were employed to evaluate the antifungal effect of MB-PDT. RESULTS The MICs of MB-PDT for hyphae and spores of T. rubrum were 6.300 ± 1.072 μg/mL and 1.984 ± 1.072 μg/mL, respectively, at a fixed light dose of 60 J/cm2 . CFU counts gave the minimum critical combinations of MB concentration and light dose to achieve 100% inhibitory rate. For hyphae, they were 5 μg/mL + 100 J/cm2 or 10 μg/mL + 60 J/cm2 . For spores, they were 1.25 μg/mL + 40 J/cm2 or 5 μg/mL + 20 J/cm2 . The outcomes of MTT assay were consistent with those of CFU counts, but less accurate. CONCLUSION MB-PDT is a potent inhibitor to both spores and hyphae of T. rubrum in vitro, and the spores are more sensitive to it. Its antifungal efficacy is positively correlated with the concentration of MB and light dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, wuhan, China
| | - Xinrui Jia
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, wuhan, China
| | - Yawen Bian
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, wuhan, China
| | - Di Qi
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, wuhan, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, wuhan, China
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Greco G, Di Piazza S, Chan J, Zotti M, Hanna R, Gheno E, Zekiy AO, Pasquale C, De Angelis N, Amaroli A. Newly formulated 5% 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101575. [PMID: 31614222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of systemic diseases can be linked to oral candida pathogenicity. The global trend of invasive candidiasis has increased progressively and is often accentuated by increasing Candida albicans resistance to the most common antifungal medications. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising therapeutic approach for oral microbial infections. A new formulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5%ALA) in a thermosetting gel (t) (5%ALA-PTt) was patented and recently has become available on the market. However, its antimicrobial properties, whether mediated or not by PDT, are not yet known. In this work we characterised them. METHODS We isolated a strain of C. albicans from plaques on the oral mucus membrane of an infected patient. Colonies of this strain were exposed for 1 24 h, to 5%ALA-PTt, 5%ALA-PTt buffered to pH 6.5 (the pH of the oral mucosa) (5%ALA-PTtb) or not exposed (control). The 1 h-exposed samples were also irradiated at a wavelength of 630 nm with 0.14 watts (W) and 0.37 W/cm2 for 7 min at a distance of <1 mm. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The 5% ALA-PTt preparation was shown to be effective in reducing the growth of biofilm and inoculum of C. albicans. This effect seems to be linked to the intrinsic characteristics of 5%ALA-TPt, such acidic pH and the induction of free radical production. This outcome was significantly enhanced by the effect of PDT at relatively short incubation and irradiation times, which resulted in growth inhibition of both treated biofilm and inoculum by ∼80% and ∼95%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Greco
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Simone Di Piazza
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jiemei Chan
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mirca Zotti
- Laboratory of Mycology, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Reem Hanna
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ezio Gheno
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Dental Clinical Research Center, Dentistry School, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo, 28, Campus do Valonguinho Centro, Niterói, RJ, 24020 150, Brazil
| | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Claudio Pasquale
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Angelis
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Technologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Plenagl N, Seitz BS, Duse L, Pinnapireddy SR, Jedelska J, Brüßler J, Bakowsky U. Hypericin inclusion complexes encapsulated in liposomes for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118666. [PMID: 31494239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring anthraquinone derivative hypericin is a highly potent photosensitiser. Several in vitro studies show high phototoxicity of the pigment towards gram-positive bacteria. Nevertheless, the highly lipophilic nature and poor bioavailability prevent its application in daily clinical practice thus leading to a limited therapeutic value of hypericin. Liposomal encapsulation could help overcome these limitations and would make hypericin available for daily clinical practice. The use of liposomes as carriers for hypericin in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is quite new. The aim of this work was to improve the photodynamic efficiency of the previously mentioned carriers by entrapping hypericin in the aqueous compartment of the liposomes. Therefore, a water-soluble inclusion complex of hypericin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (Hyp-HPβCD) was prepared. After encapsulation of the inclusion complex into DSPC and DSPC/DPPC/DSPE-PEG liposomes with the dehydration-rehydration vesicle (DRV) method, the formulations were physicochemical characterised. The photodynamic efficiency towards the gram-positive model strain Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis. was tested on planktonic cells as well as on biofilms. DSPC liposomes achieved a 4.1log reduction and the DSPC/DPPC/DSPE-PEG liposomes a 2.6log reduction in growth of planktonic bacteria, while Hyp-HPβCD showed total eradication. Even bacterial cells growing in a biofilm could be treated effectively in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Plenagl
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Sebastian Seitz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lili Duse
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarmila Jedelska
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana Brüßler
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Porphyrinoid photosensitizers mediated photodynamic inactivation against bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 175:72-106. [PMID: 31096157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The multi-drug resistant bacteria have become a serious problem complicating therapies to such a degree that often the term "post-antibiotic era" is applied to describe the situation. The infections with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, third generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, third generation cephalosporin-resistant K. pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa have become commonplace. Thus, the new strategies of infection treatment have been searched for, and one of the approaches is based on photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Photodynamic protocols require the interaction of photosensitizer, molecular oxygen and light. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy by porphyrinoid photosensitizers. In the first part of the review information on the mechanism of photodynamic action and the mechanism of the bacteria resistance to the photodynamic technique were described. In the second one, it was described porphyrinoids photosensitizers like: porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines useable in photodynamic bacteria inactivation.
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Morales-de-Echegaray AV, Maltais TR, Lin L, Younis W, Kadasala NR, Seleem MN, Wei A. Rapid Uptake and Photodynamic Inactivation of Staphylococci by Ga(III)-Protoporphyrin IX. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1564-1573. [PMID: 30175917 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising method for the topical treatment of drug-resistant staphylococcal infections and can be further improved by identifying mechanisms that increase the specificity of photosensitizer uptake by bacteria. Here we show that Ga(III)-protoporphyrin IX chloride (Ga-PpIX), a fluorescent hemin analog with previously undisclosed photosensitizing properties, can be taken up within seconds by Staphylococcus aureus including multidrug-resistant strains such as MRSA. The uptake of Ga-PpIX by staphylococci is likely diffusion-limited and is attributed to the expression of high-affinity cell-surface hemin receptors (CSHRs), namely iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) proteins. A structure-activity study reveals the ionic character of both the heme center and propionyl groups to be important for uptake specificity. Ga-PpIX was evaluated as a photosensitizer against S. aureus and several clinical isolates of MRSA using a visible light source, with antimicrobial activity at 0.03 μM with 10 s of irradiation by a 405 nm diode array (1.4 J/cm2); antimicrobial activity could also be achieved within minutes using a compact fluorescent lightbulb. GaPpIX was not only many times more potent than PpIX, a standard photosensitizer featured in clinical aPDI, but also demonstrated low cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells and human keratinocytes. Ga-PpIX uptake was screened against a diverse panel of bacterial pathogens using a fluorescence-based imaging assay, which revealed rapid uptake by several Gram-positive species known to express CSHRs, suggesting future candidates for targeted aPDT.
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12
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Lin CH, Chien HF, Lin MH, Chen CP, Shen M, Chen CT. Chitosan Inhibits the Rehabilitation of Damaged Microbes Induced by Photodynamic Inactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092598. [PMID: 30200473 PMCID: PMC6164787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that chitosan could augment the biocidal efficacy mediated by photodynamic treatment against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. In this study, we showed that the antimicrobial action of chitosan in augmenting photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is related to the increase in cell surface destruction. The microbial cell surfaces exhibit severe irregular shapes after PDI in the presence of chitosan as demonstrated by transmitted electron microscopy. Furthermore, increases in the concentration or incubation time of chitosan significantly reduced the amounts of photosensitizer toluidine blue O required, indicating that chitosan could be an augmenting agent used in conjunction with PDI against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. A prolonged lag phase was found in microbial cells that survived to PDI, in which chitosan acted to completely eradicate the cells. Once the exponential log stage and cell rebuild began, their cellular functions from PDI-induced damage returned and the increased cytotoxic effect of chitosan disappeared. Together, our results suggest that chitosan can prevent the rehabilitation of PDI-surviving microbial cells, leading to increased biocidal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chueh-Pin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Mandy Shen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Tin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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13
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Megna M, Fabbrocini G, Marasca C, Monfrecola G. Photodynamic Therapy and Skin Appendage Disorders: A Review. Skin Appendage Disord 2016; 2:166-176. [PMID: 28232927 DOI: 10.1159/000453273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive treatment that utilizes light treatment along with application of a photosensitizing agent. In dermatology, PDT is commonly used and approved for the treatment of oncological conditions such as actinic keratosis, Bowen disease and superficial basal cell carcinoma. In the last 2 decades however, PDT has also been used for the treatment of several nonneoplastic dermatological diseases. The present review summarizes published data on PDT application in skin appendage disorders. Our literature review shows that: (a) PDT may be a suitable treatment for acne, folliculitis decalvans, hidradenitis suppurativa, nail diseases, and sebaceous hyperplasia; (b) there is a lack of agreement on PDT features (type, concentrations and incubation period of used substances, number and frequency of PDT sessions, optimal parameters of light sources, and patient characteristics [e.g., failure to previous treatments, disease severity, body surface area involved, etc.] which should guide PDT use in these diseases);
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Megna
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Marasca
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Perni S, Drexler S, Ruppel S, Prokopovich P. Lethal photosensitisation of bacteria using silica-TBO nanoconjugates. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans biofilms: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 15:40-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Misba L, Kulshrestha S, Khan AU. Antibiofilm action of a toluidine blue O-silver nanoparticle conjugate on Streptococcus mutans: a mechanism of type I photodynamic therapy. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:313-328. [PMID: 26905507 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1141899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm efficacy of photodynamic therapy by conjugating a photosensitizer (TBO) with silver nanoparticles (AgNP). Streptococcus mutans was exposed to laser light (630 nm) for 70 s (9.1 J cm(-2)) in the presence of a toluidine blue O-silver nanoparticle conjugate (TBO-AgNP). The results showed a reduction in the viability of bacterial cells by 4 log10. The crystal violet assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the TBO-AgNP conjugates inhibited biofilm formation, increased the uptake of propidium iodide and leakage of the cellular constituents, respectively. Fluorescence spectroscopic studies confirmed the generation of OH(•) as a major reactive oxygen species, indicating type I phototoxicity. Both the conjugates down-regulated the expression of biofilm related genes compared to TBO alone. Hence TBO-AgNP conjugates were found to be more phototoxic against S. mutans biofilm than TBO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Misba
- a Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Shatavari Kulshrestha
- a Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
| | - Asad U Khan
- a Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , India
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17
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Taraszkiewicz A, Szewczyk G, Sarna T, Bielawski KP, Nakonieczna J. Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida albicans with Imidazoacridinones: Influence of Irradiance, Photosensitizer Uptake and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129301. [PMID: 26053272 PMCID: PMC4459871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing applicability of antifungal treatments, the limited range of available drug classes and the emergence of drug resistance in Candida spp. suggest the need for new treatment options. To explore the applicability of C. albicans photoinactivation, we examined nine structurally different imidazoacridinone derivatives as photosensitizing agents. The most effective derivatives showed a >10(4)-fold reduction of viable cell numbers. The fungicidal action of the three most active compounds was compared at different radiant powers (3.5 to 63 mW/cm2), and this analysis indicated that 7 mW/cm2 was the most efficient. The intracellular accumulation of these compounds in fungal cells correlated with the fungicidal activity of all 9 derivatives. The lack of effect of verapamil, an inhibitor targeting Candida ABC efflux pumps, suggests that these imidazoacridinones are not substrates for ABC transporters. Thus, unlike azoles, a major class of antifungals used against Candida, ABC transporter-mediated resistance is unlikely. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-spin trapping data suggested that the fungicidal light-induced action of these derivatives might depend on the production of superoxide anion. The highest generation rate of superoxide anion was observed for 1330H, 1610H, and 1611. Singlet oxygen production was also detected upon the irradiation of imidazoacridinone derivatives with UV laser light, with a low to moderate yield, depending on the type of compound. Thus, imidazoacridinone derivatives examined in the present study might act via mixed type I/type II photodynamic mechanism. The presented data indicate lack of direct correlation between the structures of studied imidazoacridinones, cell killing ability, and ROS production. However, we showed for the first time that for imidazoacridinones not only intracellular accumulation is necessary prerequisite of lethal photosensitization of C. albicans, but also localization within particular cellular structures. Our findings present IA derivatives as efficient antifungal photosensitizers with a potential to be used in local treatment of Candida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Taraszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P. Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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18
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Beech SJ, Noimark S, Page K, Noor N, Allan E, Parkin IP. Incorporation of crystal violet, methylene blue and safranin O into a copolymer emulsion; the development of a novel antimicrobial paint. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01673h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal violet, methylene blue and safranin O were successfully incorporated into a co-polymer emulsion to make a potent antimicrobial paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J. Beech
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Sacha Noimark
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Kristopher Page
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Nuruzzaman Noor
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Elaine Allan
- Division of Microbial Diseases
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute
- University College London
- London
- UK
| | - Ivan P. Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London
- London
- UK
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19
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Mechanistic Aspects of the Photodynamic Inactivation of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Mediated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Methyl Ester. Curr Microbiol 2014; 70:528-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Application of benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of Candida albicans biofilms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 141:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Souza LWF, Souza SVT, Botelho ACDC. Distal and lateral toenail onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum: treatment with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:184-6. [PMID: 24626676 PMCID: PMC3938382 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The study showed the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue to
treat severe distal and lateral subungual toenail onychomycosis. 22 patients were
divided into two groups: group A consisting of 11 patients with severe toenail
onychomycosis and group B consisting of 11 patients with mild-to-moderate toenail
onychomycosis. All patients had onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum. The
patients were treated with sessions of 2% methylene blue aqueous solution irradiated
with light emission diode device with 630 nm and 36 J/cm2 biweekly for six months.
The clinical response was significantly better in patients with mild-to-moderate
(100%) onychomycosis compared with patients with severe onychomycosis (63.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linton Wallis Figueiredo Souza
- Montes Claros State University, Clemente Faria University Hospital, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil, Master in Health Sciences - Professor of Dermatology and Research Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research - Clemente Faria University Hospital - Montes Claros State University (HUCF - UNIMONTES) - Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
| | - Simone Vilas Trancoso Souza
- Montes Claros State University, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil, Specialist, student in the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences and Designated Professor - Montes Claros State University (UNIMONTES) - Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina de Carvalho Botelho
- Montes Claros State University, Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil, Post-Doctorate in Parasitology - Professor in the Health Sciences Postgraduate Program of the Montes Claros State University (UNIMONTES) - Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
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22
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Souza LWF, Souza SVT, Botelho ACDC. Endonyx toenail onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum: treatment with photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 88:1019-21. [PMID: 24474123 PMCID: PMC3900365 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye for the treatment of endonyx toenail onychomycosis. Four patients with endonyx onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum were treated with 2% methylene blue aqueous solution irradiated with light emission diode at 630 nm and an energy density of 36 J/cm2 for 6 months at 2-week intervals. The preliminary study showed the effectiveness of this therapy in the treatment of endonyx onychomycosis, and also indicated that the disease can be caused by T. rubrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linton Wallis Figueiredo Souza
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Clemente Faria University Hospital, Montes Claros State University, Department of Clinical Medicine, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil, Master in Health Sciences - Professor of Dermatology and Research Professor, Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases Research -Clemente Faria University Hospital - Montes Claros State University (HUCF - UNIMONTES) - Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
| | - Simone Vilas Trancoso Souza
- Program in Health Sciences, Montes Claros State University, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil, Specialist, student in the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences and Designated Professor - Montes Claros State University (UNIMONTES) - Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina de Carvalho Botelho
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Montes Claros State University, Montes ClarosMG, Brazil, Post-Doctorate in Parasitology - Professor in the Health Sciences Postgraduate Program of the Montes Claros State University (UNIMONTES) - Montes Claros (MG), Brazil
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23
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Nakonieczna J, Rapacka-Zdonczyk A, Kawiak A, Bielawski KP, Grinholc M. Sub-lethal photodynamic inactivation renders Staphylococcus aureus susceptible to silver nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:1622-7. [PMID: 23715073 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common etiological factor in infections of burns and other chronic wounds. The development of an effective and fast-acting treatment would be enormously beneficial and is highly desired. We focused on testing the bactericidal efficacy of photoinactivation using a known photosensitizer (protoporphyrin IX, PPIX) in sequential combination with silver nanoparticles against S. aureus. Using PPIX-based photoinactivation followed by silver nanoparticles we obtained a high bactericidal effect (7 log10 units reduction) with limited harmful effects on human epidermal keratinocytes. Moreover, we observed that the use of silver nanoparticles prevents bacterial re-growth 24 h post-PDI treatment. A sequential combination of photoinactivation and silver nanoparticles represents a potentially effective antibacterial approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nakonieczna
- Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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24
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Chien HF, Chen CP, Chen YC, Chang PH, Tsai T, Chen CT. The use of Chitosan to enhance photodynamic inactivation against Candida albicans and its drug-resistant clinical isolates. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:7445-56. [PMID: 23552829 PMCID: PMC3645695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14047445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Candida infection is a major health concern among immunocompromised patients. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) was introduced as an alternative treatment for local infections. Although Candida (C.) has demonstrated susceptibility to PDI, high doses of photosensitizer (PS) and light energy are required, which may be harmful to eukaryotic human cells. This study explores the capacity of chitosan, a polycationic biopolymer, to increase the efficacy of PDI against C. albicans, as well as fluconazole-resistant clinical isolates in planktonic or biofilm states. Chitosan was shown to effectively augment the effect of PDI mediated by toluidine blue O (TBO) against C. albicans that were incubated with chitosan for 30 min following PDI. Chitosan at concentrations as low as 0.25% eradicated C. albicans; however, without PDI treatment, chitosan alone did not demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity within the 30 min of incubation. These results suggest that chitosan only augmented the fungicidal effect after the cells had been damaged by PDI. Increasing the dosage of chitosan or prolonging the incubation time allowed a reduction in the PDI condition required to completely eradicate C. albicans. These results clearly indicate that combining chitosan with PDI is a promising antimicrobial approach to treat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chueh-Pin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-P.C.); (P.-H.C.)
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Po-Han Chang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-P.C.); (P.-H.C.)
| | - Tsuimin Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chin-Tin Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-P.C.); (P.-H.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-336-694-87; Fax: +886-2-336-622-71
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25
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Shining light on materials--a self-sterilising revolution. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:570-80. [PMID: 22819684 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the development of light activated antimicrobial surfaces. These surfaces kill microbes by the action of light and have potential applications in domestic and healthcare settings. The inspiration for the new self-cleaning surfaces originates from photodynamic therapy where light is used to locate and destroy tumours. The first generation photosensitiser molecules, based on a porphyrin ring structure, could be considered as bioinspired and chemically related to chlorophyll. The review looks at developments of both soft polymeric surfaces with either surface bound or impregnated photosensitiser molecules; and hard inorganic surfaces such as modified titanium dioxide. The bacterial kill mechanisms are looked into with both surface types showing primary microbial kill through a radical induced pathway. The hard inorganic surfaces also show low bacterial adherence by means of a light activated photo-wetting of the surfaces meaning that they are "Easy Clean" and wash off microbes uniformly.
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26
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Figueiredo Souza LW, Souza SVT, Botelho ACC. Randomized controlled trial comparing photodynamic therapy based on methylene blue dye and fluconazole for toenail onychomycosis. Dermatol Ther 2013; 27:43-7. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. W. Figueiredo Souza
- Infectious Diseases Research Center; University Hospital Clemente Faria; Montes Claros Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - S. V. T. Souza
- Campus Darcy Ribeiro; State University of Montes Claros; Montes Claros Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - A. C. C. Botelho
- Post-graduation Program in Health Sciences; State University of Montes Claros; Montes Claros Minas Gerais Brazil
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27
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Noimark S, Bovis M, MacRobert AJ, Correia A, Allan E, Wilson M, Parkin IP. Photobactericidal polymers; the incorporation of crystal violet and nanogold into medical grade silicone. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42629g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Photodynamic therapy in dentistry: a literature review. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:1113-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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Lyon JP, Moreira LM, de Carvalho VSD, dos Santos FV, de Lima CJ, de Resende MA. In vitro photodynamic therapy against Foncecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii. Mycoses 2012; 56:157-61. [PMID: 22816425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been originally developed for cancer treatment, but recently, it has been successfully employed against microorganisms, including fungi. Chromoblastomycosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection that is recalcitrant to conventional antifungal drug therapy. The most frequent species involved are Foncecaea pedrosoi and Cladophialophora carrionii. The present study aimed to verify the efficacy in vitro of PDT employing methylene blue (MB) as a photosensitiser and Light emmiting diode (LED) (InGaAl) as the light source. Methylene blue at the concentrations of 16, 32 and 64 μg/mL and LED (InGalP) were employed for 15 min against spores of two isolates of F. pedrosoi and two isolates of C. carrionii. The spores were plated on Sabouraud Dextrose agar and the number of colony forming units was counted after 7-10 days of incubation at 37 °C. The PDT with MB and LED was efficient in reducing the growth of all samples tested. Better results were obtained for the concentration of 32 μg/mL of MB. The treatment proved to be highly effective in killing the samples of F. pedrosoi and Cladophialophora pedrosoi tested in vitro. PDT arises as a promising alternative for the treatment of this subcutaneous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pereira Lyon
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil.
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30
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Gilaberte Y, Paz-Cristobal MP, Rezusta A, Aspiroz C. Terapia fotodinámica antimicrobiana en dermatología. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.piel.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The growing resistance against antifungal drugs has renewed the search for alternative treatment modalities, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT) seems to be a potential candidate. Preliminary findings have demonstrated that dermatophytes and yeasts can be effectively sensitized in vitro and in vivo by administering photosensitizers (PSs) belonging to four chemical groups: phenothiazine dyes, porphyrins and phthalocyanines, as well as aminolevulinic acid, which, while not a PS in itself, is effectively metabolized into protoporphyrin IX. Besides efficacy, PDT has shown other benefits. First, the sensitizers used are highly selective, i.e., fungi can be killed at combinations of drug and light doses much lower than that needed for a similar effect on keratinocytes. Second, all investigated PSs lack genotoxic and mutagenic activity. Finally, the hazard of selection of drug resistant fungal strains has been rarely reported. We review the studies published to date on antifungal applications of PDT, with special focus on yeast, and aim to raise awareness of this area of research, which has the potential to make a significant impact in future treatment of fungal infections.
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Noimark S, Dunnill CW, Kay CWM, Perni S, Prokopovich P, Ismail S, Wilson M, Parkin IP. Incorporation of methylene blue and nanogold into polyvinyl chloride catheters; a new approach for light-activated disinfection of surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yang K, Gitter B, Rüger R, Albrecht V, Wieland GD, Fahr A. Wheat Germ Agglutinin Modified Liposomes for the Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacteria†. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:548-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang K, Gitter B, Rüger R, Wieland GD, Chen M, Liu X, Albrecht V, Fahr A. Antimicrobial peptide-modified liposomes for bacteria targeted delivery of temoporfin in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1593-601. [PMID: 21773628 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05100h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are two promising strategies to combat the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To take advantage of these two strategies, we integrated a novel antimicrobial peptide (WLBU2) and a potent generation II photosensitizer (temoporfin) into liposomes by preparing WLBU2-modified liposomes, aiming at bacteria targeted delivery of temoporfin for PACT. WLBU2 was successfully coupled to temoporfin-loaded liposomes using a functional phospholipid. The delivery of temoporfin to bacteria was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, thus demonstrating that more temoporfin was delivered to bacteria by WLBU2-modified liposomes than by unmodified liposomes. Consequently, the WLBU2-modified liposomes eradicated all methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and induced a 3.3 log(10) reduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the in vitro photodynamic inactivation test. These findings demonstrate that the use of AMP-modified liposomes is promising for bacteria-targeted delivery of photosensitizers and for improving the PACT efficiency against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in the local infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Lessingstrasse 8, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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Umeda M, Tsuno A, Okagami Y, Tsuchiya F, Izumi Y, Ishikawa I. Bactericidal effects of a high-power, red light-emitting diode on two periodontopathic bacteria in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 2:268-74. [PMID: 25426898 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2011.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Light-emitting diodes have been investigated as new light activators for photodynamic therapy. We investigated the bactericidal effects of high-power, red light-emitting diodes on two periodontopathic bacteria in vitro. METHODS A light-emitting diode (intensity: 1100 mW/cm(2) , peak wavelength: 650 nm) was used to irradiate a bacterial solution for either 10 or 20 s. Bacterial solutions (Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) at a concentration of 2.5 × 10(6) c.f.u./mL were mixed with an equal volume of either methylene blue or toluidine blue O (0-20 μg/mL) and added to titer plate wells. The plate wells were irradiated with red light-emitting diode light from a distance of 22 or 40 mm. The contents were diluted, and 50 μL was smeared onto blood agar plates. After 1 week of culturing, bacterial c.f.u. were counted. RESULTS The light-emitting diode energy density was estimated to be approximately 4 and 8 J/cm(2) after 10 and 20 s of irradiation, respectively. Red light-emitting diode irradiation for 10 s from a distance of 22 mm, combined with methylene blue at concentrations >10 μg/mL, completely killed Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. CONCLUSION High-power, red light-emitting diode irradiation with a low concentration of dye showed effective bactericidal effects against two periodontopathic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Umeda
- Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Division of Oral and Maxillo Facial Surgery, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Department of Research and Development, J. Morita Manufacturing Corporation, Kyoto, Japan Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Lyon JP, Moreira LM, de Moraes PCG, dos Santos FV, de Resende MA. Photodynamic therapy for pathogenic fungi. Mycoses 2011; 54:e265-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lyon JP, de Maria Pedroso e Silva Azevedo C, Moreira LM, de Lima CJ, de Resende MA. Photodynamic Antifungal Therapy Against Chromoblastomycosis. Mycopathologia 2011; 172:293-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Grinholc M, Zawacka-Pankau J, Gwizdek-Wiśniewska A, Bielawski KP. Evaluation of the role of the pharmacological inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus multidrug resistance pumps and the variable levels of the uptake of the sensitizer in the strain-dependent response of Staphylococcus aureus to PPArg(2)-based photodynamic inactivation. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 86:1118-26. [PMID: 20630028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic bacteria has caused an urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutics. One possibility is a combination of nontoxic photosensitizers (PS) and visible light, recognized as photodynamic therapy. Although it is known that Staphylococcus aureus is susceptible to photodynamic inactivation (PDI), the factors that determine the emerging variation among strains in the response to the treatment remain unclear. Some data indicate that cationic photosensitizing dyes such as phenothiaziniums which vary a lot in the chemical structure might target multidrug resistance pumps. In this study, we analyzed whether the uptake and activity of the multidrug resistance pumps might influence the previously observed variations among the clinical strains to protoporphyrin-derived, amphipilic protoporphyrin diarginate-mediated photodynamic treatment (12 J cm(-2) ). Using a new set of four additionally selected methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clinical as well as ATCC S. aureus strains we confirmed that the bactericidal effect of the PDI is strain-dependent as it ranged from 0 to 5 log(10) -unit reduction in viable counts. However, neither the variable levels of the uptaken PS nor the pharmacological inhibition of NorA efflux pump explained such a phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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Perni S, Prokopovich P, Pratten J, Parkin IP, Wilson M. Nanoparticles: their potential use in antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:712-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rai P, Mallidi S, Zheng X, Rahmanzadeh R, Mir Y, Elrington S, Khurshid A, Hasan T. Development and applications of photo-triggered theranostic agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1094-124. [PMID: 20858520 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Theranostics, the fusion of therapy and diagnostics for optimizing efficacy and safety of therapeutic regimes, is a growing field that is paving the way towards the goal of personalized medicine for the benefit of patients. The use of light as a remote-activation mechanism for drug delivery has received increased attention due to its advantages in highly specific spatial and temporal control of compound release. Photo-triggered theranostic constructs could facilitate an entirely new category of clinical solutions which permit early recognition of the disease by enhancing contrast in various imaging modalities followed by the tailored guidance of therapy. Finally, such theranostic agents could aid imaging modalities in monitoring response to therapy. This article reviews recent developments in the use of light-triggered theranostic agents for simultaneous imaging and photoactivation of therapeutic agents. Specifically, we discuss recent developments in the use of theranostic agents for photodynamic-, photothermal- or photo-triggered chemotherapy for several diseases.
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Photodynamic therapy associating Photogem® and blue LED on L929 and MDPC-23 cell culture. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:343-51. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mima EGDO, Pavarina AC, Dovigo LN, Vergani CE, Costa CADS, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS. Susceptibility of Candida albicans to photodynamic therapy in a murine model of oral candidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 109:392-401. [PMID: 20060338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 10/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In vivo studies of antimicrobial PDT in animal models of oral candidosis are scarce and the association of porphyrin and LED light has not been evaluated for in vivo photoinactivation of Candida. In this study the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the inactivation of Candida albicans in vivo was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-one 6-week-old female Swiss mice were immunosuppressed, provided tetracycline to their drinking water, then orally swabbed with a suspension of C. albicans (10(7) CFU/mL). Four days after oral inoculation, PDT was performed on the dorsum of the tongue after topical administration of Photogem at 400, 500, or 1000 mg/L and followed 30 minutes later by illumination with LED light (305 J/cm(2)) at 455 or 630 nm (n = 5 each). After swabbing to recover yeast from the tongue, the number of surviving yeast cells was determined (CFU/mL) and analyzed by ANOVA and Holm-Sidak tests (P < .05). Animals were humanely killed, and the tongues surgically removed and processed for histological evaluation of presence of yeast and inflammatory reaction. RESULTS PDT resulted in a significant reduction in C. albicans recovered from the tongue (P < .001) when compared with mice from the positive control group. There was no difference between the concentrations of Photogem and LED light wavelengths used. Histological evaluation of the tongue revealed that PDT causes no significant adverse effects to the local mucosa. CONCLUSION PDT promoted significant reduction in the viability of C. albicans biofilm without harming the tongue tissue.
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Abstract
Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide variety of microbial infections in the body, by one estimate 80% of all infections. Infectious processes in which biofilms have been implicated include common problems such as urinary tract infections, catheter infections, middle-ear infections, sinusitis, formation of dental plaque, gingivitis, coating contact lenses, endocarditis, infections in cystic fibrosis, and infections of permanent indwelling devices such as joint prostheses and heart valves. Bacteria living in a biofilm usually have significantly different properties from free-floating bacteria of the same species, as the dense and protected environment of the film allows them to cooperate and interact in various ways. One benefit of this environment is increased resistance to detergents and antibiotics, as the dense extracellular matrix and the outer layer of cells protect the interior of the community. In some cases antibiotic resistance can be increased 1000-fold. Also, the biofilm bacteria excrete toxins that reversibly block important processes such as translation and protecting the cell from bactericidal antibiotics that are ineffective against inactive targets. In the head and neck area, biofilms are a major etiologic factor in periodontitis, wound infections, oral candidiasis, and sinus and ear infections. For the past several decades, photodynamic treatment has been reported in the literature to be effective in eradicating various microorganisms using different photosensitizers, different wavelengths of light, and different light sources. PDT has been further studied to demonstrate its effectiveness for the eradication of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This chapter will focus on the use of PDT in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant biofilms, antibiotic-resistant wound infections, and azole-resistant oral candidiasis using methylene blue-based photodynamic therapy.
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Christensen E, Warloe T, Kroon S, Funk J, Helsing P, Soler AM, Stang HJ, Vatne O, Mørk C. Guidelines for practical use of MAL-PDT in non-melanoma skin cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 24:505-12. [PMID: 19807828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy is increasingly practiced in the treatment of actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinomas. This method is particularly suitable for treating multiple lesions, field cancerization and lesions in areas where a good cosmetic outcome is of importance. Good treatment routines will contribute to a favourable result. The Norwegian photodynamic therapy (PDT) group consists of medical specialists with long and extensive PDT experience. With support in the literature, this group presents guidelines for the practical use of topical PDT in non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Christensen
- Department of Dermatology, St Olav's University Hospital HF, Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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Endodontic antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: safety assessment in mammalian cell cultures. J Endod 2009; 35:1567-72. [PMID: 19840649 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro synergistic effect of methylene blue (MB) and red light on human gingival fibroblasts and osteoblasts with parameters similar to those that may be applied in a clinical setting for endodontic disinfection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both cell types were sensitized with 50 microg/mL MB followed by exposure to red light at 665 nm for 5 minutes with an irradiance of 10, 20, and 40 mW/cm(2). After photodynamic therapy (PDT), cell viability and mitochondrial activity were evaluated by the neutral red and MTT assay, respectively. The assessment of PDT-induced apoptosis was investigated by western blot analysis using cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-specific antibodies. RESULTS Light at 20 and 40 mW/cm(2) with MB had modest effects at 24 hours on osteoblasts in both assays, whereas sodium hypochlorite completely eliminated cells. Western blot analysis revealed no signs of apoptosis in either cell type. CONCLUSION The data suggest that there is a safe therapeutic window whereby PDT can inactivate endodontic pathogens without affecting host cell viability.
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Designing photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: strategies, challenges and promising developments. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:667-91. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) are techniques that combine the effects of visible light irradiation with subsequent biochemical events that arise from the presence of a photosensitizing drug (possessing no dark toxicity) to cause destruction of selected cells. Despite its still widespread clinical use, Photofrin® has several drawbacks that limit its general clinical use. Consequently, there has been extensive research into the design of improved alternative photosensitizers aimed at overcoming these drawbacks. While there are many review articles on the subject of PDT and PACT, these have focused on the photosensitizers that have been used clinically, with little emphasis placed on how the chemical aspects of the molecule can affect their efficacy as PDT agents. Indeed, many of the PDT/PACT agents used clinically may not even be the most appropriate within a given class. As such, this review aims to provide a better understanding of the factors that have been investigated, while aiming at improving the efficacy of a molecule intended to be used as a photosensitizer. Recent publications, spanning the last 5 years, concerning the design, synthesis and clinical usage of photosensitizers for application in PDT and PACT are reviewed, including 5-aminolevulinic acid, porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, texaphyrins, phthalocyanines and porphycenes. It has been shown that there are many important considerations when designing a potential PDT/PACT agent, including the influence of added groups on the lipophilicity of the molecule, the positioning and nature of these added groups within the molecule, the presence of a central metal ion and the number of charges that the molecule possesses. The extensive ongoing research within the field has led to the identification of a number of potential lead molecules for application in PDT/PACT. The development of the second-generation photosensitizers, possessing shorter periods of photosensitization, longer activation wavelengths and greater selectivity for diseased tissue provides hope for attaining the ideal photosensitizer that may help PDT and PACT move from laboratory investigation to clinical practice.
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Cassidy CM, Tunney MM, McCarron PA, Donnelly RF. Drug delivery strategies for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy: From benchtop to clinical practice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 95:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Donnelly RF, McCarron PA, Tunney MM. Antifungal photodynamic therapy. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McCullagh C, Robertson PKJ. Photosensitized destruction of Chlorella vulgaris by Methylene Blue or Nuclear Fast Red combined with hydrogen peroxide under visible light irradiation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:2421-5. [PMID: 16646484 DOI: 10.1021/es052542s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A considerable number of investigations have started to elucidate the essential roles biological agents play in the biodeterioration of stone. Chemical biocides are becoming increasingly banned because of the environmental and health hazards associated with these toxic substances. The present study reports the photodynamic effect of Methylene Blue (MB) and Nuclear Fast Red (NFR) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the destruction of the algae Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) under irradiation with visible light. Illumination of C. vulgaris in the presence of MB or NFR combined with H2O2 results in the decomposition of both the algal species and the photosensitizer. The photodynamic effect was investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Differences in mechanism type are reported and are dependent on both the presence and the absence of oxygen. The behavior of each photosensitizer leads to a Type II mechanism and a Type I/Type II combination for MB and NFR, respectively, being concluded. This novel combination could be effective for the remediation of biofilm-colonized stone surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy McCullagh
- Centre for Research in Energy and the Environment, The Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen AB10 1FR, UK
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de Lima Santos H, Fortes Rigos C, Cláudio Tedesco A, Ciancaglini P. Rose Bengal located within liposome do not affect the activity of inside-out oriented Na,K-ATPase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1715:96-103. [PMID: 16126158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
DPPC:DPPE-proteoliposomes (in which the enzyme is inside-out oriented) and DLOPC:DLOPE-proteoliposomes (in which the enzyme is only 40% inside-out oriented) is an excellent model for studying the selective effect of the reactive oxygen species, produced by the photo-activation of Rose Bengal. Both proteoliposomes used, when submitted to photo-irradiation with laser using 1200 mJ/cm2 energy dose, in the absence of the Rose Bengal, did not shown any effect in the ATPase activity and in the integrity of its systems. Also, no effect was observed using 50 microM of Rose Bengal encapsulated in the interior of the DPPC:DPPE-proteoliposome system. But, when we use 50 microM of Rose Bengal, present only in the extravesicular environment, and photo-irradiation with a laser dose of 200 mJ/cm2, it results in the loss of 40-50% of the ATPase activity, with damage of the DPPC:DPPE-proteoliposome integrity. Using a dose of 400 mJ/cm2 the ATPase activity was totality lost. Consequently, these effects could be correlated with direct damage in the peptide structure. The photo-irradiation of the system constituted by DLOPC:DLOPE-proteoliposome in the presence of Rose Bengal, encapsulated only in the interior compartment or in the extra-liposomal environments, revealed a gradual decrease of the ATPase activity, maintaining it at 30% after a dose of 1200 mJ/cm2 and losing total ATPase activity at 800 mJ/cm2, respectively, with the loss of integrity of this vesicular system in both conditions studied. The generated singlet oxygen could attack the double linkage present in the fatty acid structure of the lipid instead of the amino acid in the protein structure and, in a second step, result in an indirect inactivation of the enzyme activity. In summary, these results indicated that singlet oxygen species produced by photo-oxidation of Rose Bengal using laser light could act in protein and lipid structure depending on its proportion or distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hérica de Lima Santos
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo-USP, 14040-901-Ribeirão Preto, SP. Brasil
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