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Li Y, Wang W, Li L, Khalil RA. MMPs and ADAMs/ADAMTS inhibition therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Life Sci 2020; 253:117659. [PMID: 32283055 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic vascular degenerative disease featured by progressive dilation and remodeling of the vascular wall, which may lead to aortic rupture and high mortality. The occurrence and development of AAA involve multiple mechanisms, including extracellular matrix degradation, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells and innate immunity. Extracellular matrix degradation is considered as the most important mechanism causing AAA. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key factors in this process, contributing greatly to the occurrence and development of AAA. But whether the zinc-dependent endopeptidases (ADAM/ADAMTS) are involved in this process is very little known. This study is a review about the role of MMPs and ADAM/ADAMT as well as the existing MMP inhibitors in abdominal aortic aneurysm, with the purpose of providing reference for the clinical treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Weicheng Wang
- Emergency Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Abstract
Mutations in extracellular matrix and smooth muscle cell contractile proteins predispose to thoracic aortic aneurysms in Marfan syndrome (MFS) and related disorders. These genetic alterations lead to a compromised extracellular matrix-smooth muscle cell contractile unit. The abnormal aortic tissue responds with defective mechanosensing under hemodynamic stress. Aberrant mechanosensing is associated with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) hyperactivity, enhanced angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling, and perturbation of other cellular signaling pathways. The downstream consequences include enhanced proteolytic activity, expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, infiltration of inflammatory cells in the aortic wall, vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis, and medial degeneration. Mouse models highlight aortic inflammation as a contributing factor in the development of aortic aneurysms. Anti-inflammatory drugs and antioxidants can reduce aortic oxidative stress that prevents aggravation of aortic disease in MFS mice. Targeting TGF-β and Ang-II downstream signaling pathways such as ERK1/2, mTOR, PI3/Akt, P38/MAPK, and Rho kinase signaling attenuates disease pathogenesis. Aortic extracellular matrix degradation and medial degeneration were reduced upon inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, but the latter lack specificity. Treating inflammation associated with aortic aneurysms in MFS and related disorders could prove to be beneficial in limiting disease pathogenesis.
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Kumra H, Dinesh NEH, Reinhardt DP. Lessons from tracheal tube development for understanding congenital tracheal malformations. Eur Respir J 2019; 53:53/3/1900127. [PMID: 30846450 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00127-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heena Kumra
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Neha E H Dinesh
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Dieter P Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Liapis CD, Paraskevas KI. The pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinases in the development of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasc Med 2016; 8:267-71. [PMID: 15125488 DOI: 10.1191/1358863x03vm504ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) represent a chronic degenerative condition and impart the risk of a life-threatening episode of rupture. Chronic inflammation and destructive remodeling of the extracellular matrix of the aortic wall constitute trademarks of this entity. Multiple studies have implicated a group of locally produced matrix endopeptidases-the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-as the main culprits of this process. For this reason, extensive research on the Identification of the role of these enzymes, as well as possible alternative pharmacological treatments of AAAs, has taken place during the last few years. The exact role of the several members of the group of metalloproteinases has already been discovered, and conservative therapeutic strategies oriented towards these agents have been suggested, but a Definite treatment plan is still a controversial topic. The possible role of a genetic predisposition to AAAs is another crucial topic that remains to be determined, as it would render the confrontation of this condition much more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos D Liapis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Swaminathan G, Sivaraman B, Moore L, Zborowski M, Ramamurthi A. Magnetically Responsive Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells Maintain Their Benefits to Augmenting Elastic Matrix Neoassembly. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:301-11. [PMID: 26830683 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) represent abnormal aortal expansions that result from chronic proteolytic breakdown of elastin and collagen fibers by matrix metalloproteases. Poor elastogenesis by adult vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) limits regenerative repair of elastic fibers, critical for AAA growth arrest. Toward overcoming these limitations, we recently demonstrated significant elastogenesis by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived SMCs (BM-SMCs) and their proelastogenesis and antiproteolytic effects on rat aneurysmal SMCs (EaRASMCs). We currently investigate the effects of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) labeling of BM-SMCs, necessary to magnetically guide them to the AAA wall, on their functional benefits. Our results indicate that SPION-labeling is noncytotoxic and does not adversely impact the phenotype and elastogenesis by BM-SMCs. In addition, SPION-BM-SMCs showed no changes in the ability of the BM-SMCs to stimulate elastin regeneration and attenuate proteolytic activity by EaRASMCs. Together, our results are promising toward the utility of SPIONs for magnetic targeting of BM-SMCs for in situ AAA regenerative repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Swaminathan
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio.,2 Department of Biology, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio
| | | | - Lee Moore
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maciej Zborowski
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
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Swaminathan G, Gadepalli VS, Stoilov I, Mecham RP, Rao RR, Ramamurthi A. Pro-elastogenic effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived smooth muscle cells on cultured aneurysmal smooth muscle cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:679-693. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Swaminathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Biology; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
| | - Venkat S. Gadepalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Ivan Stoilov
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology; Washington University; St. Louis MO USA
| | - Raj R. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Anand Ramamurthi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Biology; University of Akron; Akron OH USA
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Ennis T, Jin J, Bartlett S, Arif B, Grapperhaus K, Curci JA. Effect of novel limited-spectrum MMP inhibitor XL784 in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2012; 17:417-26. [PMID: 22894883 DOI: 10.1177/1074248412455695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting the growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is a clinically valuable goal and fills an important therapeutic void. Based on studies in animals and humans, inhibition of the activity of elastolytic matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has the potential to slow AAA expansion and limit morbidity and the need for surgery. Previous attempts to make use of the synthetic MMP inhibitors in the treatment of chronic conditions have been limited by intolerable side effects. The limited-spectrum synthetic MMP inhibitor, XL784, was well tolerated and devoid of side-effects associated with other nonspecific MMP inhibitors in phase I studies. We hypothesized that clinically relevant doses of XL784 would be effective at inhibiting aneurysm development in a mouse model. METHODS The 14-day elastase-perfusion model of AAA in mice was used. An initial screening study of XL784 (50 [n = 17], 125 [n = 17], and 250 mg/kg [n = 18]) administered via gavage daily until harvest. Controls received diluent alone (n = 18) or doxycycline in drinking water (n = 19). Aortic diameter was measured pre-perfusion (AD(pre)) and at harvest (AD(har)). A second study used XL784 (250 [n = 9]; 375 [n = 9], and 500 mg/kg [n = 14]) and diluent alone (n = 9) administered via gavage. The percentage dilatation [%ΔAD = [(AD(har) - AD(pre))/AD(pre)] ×100] was calculated and elastin and inflammatory content was scored. RESULTS All mice tolerated the treatments similarly. Control mice all developed aneurysms with a mean %ΔAD of 158.5% ± 4.3%. Treatment with all doses of XL784 and doxycycline were effective in inhibiting aortic dilatation. There was a clear dose-response relationship between XL784 and reductions in aortic dilatation at harvest (50 mg/kg 140.4% ± 3.2%; 125 mg/kg 129.3% ± 5.1%; 250 mg/kg 119.2% ± 3.5%; all Ps < .01 compared to control). This continued with the higher doses (375 mg/kg 88.6% ± 4.4%; 500 mg/kg 76.0% ± 3.5%). The highest 2 doses of XL784 tested were more effective than doxycycline (112.2% ± 2.0%, P < .05) in inhibiting maximal dilatation of the aorta after elastase perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri Ennis
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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8
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Newby AC. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition therapy for vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 56:232-44. [PMID: 22326338 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are 23 secreted or cell surface proteases that act together and with other protease classes to turn over the extracellular matrix, cleave cell surface proteins and alter the function of many secreted bioactive molecules. In the vasculature MMPs influence the migration proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, thereby affecting intima formation, atherosclerosis and aneurysms, as substantiated in clinical and mouse knockout and transgenic studies. Prominent counterbalancing roles for MMPs in tissue destruction and repair emerge from these experiments. Naturally occurring tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), pleiotropic mediators such as tetracyclines, chemically-synthesised small molecular weight MMP inhibitors (MMPis) and inhibitory antibodies have all shown effects in animal models of vascular disease but only doxycycline has been evaluated extensively in patients. A limitation of broad specificity MMPis is that they prevent both matrix degradation and tissue repair functions of different MMPs. Hence MMPis with more restricted specificity have been developed and recent studies in models of atherosclerosis accurately replicate the phenotypes of the corresponding gene knockouts. This review documents the established actions of MMPs and their inhibitors in vascular pathologies and considers the prospects for translating these findings into new treatments.
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Valvular incompetence and reflux are common features of primary varicose veins, and have long been thought to be their cause. Recent evidence, however, suggests that changes in the vein wall may precede valvular dysfunction. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed and Ovid using the keywords 'varicose vein wall changes', 'pathogenesis', 'aetiology' and 'valvular dysfunction'. Articles discussing the pathophysiology of complications of varicose veins, such as ulceration, recurrence, thrombophlebitis and lipodermatosclerosis, were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Positive family history, age, sex and pregnancy are important risk factors for varicose vein formation. Areas of intimal hyperplasia and smooth muscle cell proliferation are often noted in varicose veins, although regions of atrophy are also present. The total elastin content in varicose as opposed to non-varicose veins is reduced; changes in overall collagen content are uncertain. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7 and MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) 1 and TIMP-3 are upregulated in varicose veins. Activation of the endothelium stimulates the recruitment of leucocytes and the release of growth factors, leading to smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Dysregulated apoptosis has also been demonstrated in varicose veins. An understanding of the pathophysiology of varicose veins is important in the identification of potential therapeutic targets and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lim
- Imperial Vascular Unit, Imperial College London, 4 East, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London, UK
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Woodrum DT, Ford JW, Cho BS, Hannawa KK, Stanley JC, Henke PK, Upchurch GR. Differential effect of 17-beta-estradiol on smooth muscle cell and aortic explant MMP2. J Surg Res 2009; 155:48-53. [PMID: 19041098 PMCID: PMC2913053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present investigation tested the hypothesis that intrinsic gender-related differences exist in rat aortic smooth muscle cell matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). METHODS This investigation comprised 3 sets of experiments. Experiment I: Adult male and female rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) at passages 4-8 were stimulated in serum-free media for 48 h with interleukin(IL)1beta at doses encountered in human abdominal aortic aneurysms (2 ng/mL). Messenger RNA was extracted from the RASMCs, and gene expression of MMP2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), a major MMP2 inhibitor, was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. MMP2 protein levels in conditioned media were measured by Western blotting, and MMP2 and TIMP2 activity quantified by standard and reverse gelatin zymography. Experiment II: Male and female RASMCs were incubated for 48 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagler's medium containing IL-1beta and 17-beta-estradiol at doses from 1x10(-10) to 1x10(-6) molar. MMP2 activity in the conditioned media was then determined. Experiment III: Male rats underwent sustained 17-beta-estradiol exposure for 21 d using extended-release, subcutaneously implanted pellets prior to sacrifice and aortic explantation. Aortas from males, females, and estradiol-treated males were stimulated with IL-1beta for 48-h, and MMP2 activity in the conditioned media was determined. RESULTS Experiment I: MMP2 gene expression was 3-fold higher in male compared with female IL-1beta stimulated RASMCs (P<0.0001). MMP2:TIMP2 gene expression ratio was 7.5-fold greater in male versus female RASMCs. MMP2 protein levels were 3-fold higher (2.68 versus 0.96 o.d./mg total protein, P=0.003) in male versus female RASMCs. Gelatinolytic activity was more than 6-fold higher (15,010 versus 2,472 o.d./mg total protein, P=0.002) in male versus female RASMCs. Experiment II: MMP2 activity in male and female RASMCs was not altered by a wide range of 17-beta-estradiol concentrations. Experiment III: When pretreated with 17-beta-estradiol, MMP2 activity in the media of male rat whole-aortic explants decreased 2-fold (P=0.002). This post-17-beta-estradiol treatment male level was not different than baseline female aortic explant MMP2 levels. CONCLUSIONS MMP2 is higher in male RASMCs compared to female RASMCs. Exogenous 17-beta-estradiol did not alter MMP2 activity in vitro, but in vivo 17-beta-estradiol exposure greatly decreased male aortic MMP2 production to levels seen in the female aorta. Gender differences in MMP2 are speculated to be associated with phenotypic differences in human abdominal aortic aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T Woodrum
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0329, USA
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Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection, one of the major diseases affecting the aorta, carries a very high mortality rate. Improving our understanding of the pathobiology of this disease may help us develop medical treatments to prevent dissection and subsequent aneurysm formation and rupture. Dissection is associated with degeneration of the aortic media. Recent studies have shown increased expression and activation of a family of proteolytic enzymes-called matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-in dissected aortic tissue, suggesting that MMPs may play a major role in this disease. Inhibition of MMPs may be beneficial in reducing MMP-mediated aortic damage associated with dissection. This article reviews the recent literature and summarizes our current understanding of the role of MMPs in the pathobiology of thoracic aortic dissection. The potential importance of MMP inhibition as a future treatment of aortic dissection is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- Cardiovascular Surgery Service, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Barbour JR, Spinale FG, Ikonomidis JS. Proteinase systems and thoracic aortic aneurysm progression. J Surg Res 2007; 139:292-307. [PMID: 17292415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) are a rare but potentially devastating condition. Current surgical treatment of TAAs usually involves a major operation, which conveys many risks to the patient. Better knowledge of the cellular events that lead to aneurysm formation may elucidate less morbid treatment options for this condition. A number of recent studies have identified that the relative abundance and activity of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolytic systems are increased with TAAs. Specifically, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been linked through numerous studies to TAA formation. MMPs comprise a family of ECM-degrading proteinases. Endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) normally regulate MMP activity, and the activation of MMPs is complex and tightly controlled. Aneurysm formation may be related to relative changes in the balance between MMP/TIMP abundance favoring proteolysis. Through ECM degradation, the medial layer will undergo structural remodeling and a loss of structural integrity, leading to TAA formation. The goals of this review are to examine the structure of the normal and aneurysmal thoracic aorta and to place the new findings regarding ECM proteolysis in perspective with regard to TAA formation and progression. Through an integration of basic and clinical studies regarding the underlying molecular basis for proteolysis of the thoracic aorta, improved diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies for this disease process are likely to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Barbour
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Armani C, Curcio M, Barsotti MC, Santoni T, Di Stefano R, Dell'omodarme M, Brandi ML, Ferrari M, Scatena F, Carpi A, Balbarini A. Polymorphic analysis of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene and susceptibility to sporadic abdominal aortic aneurysm. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 61:268-71. [PMID: 17223007 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has a multifactorial aetiology and the importance of genetic components is getting increasing interest. Alteration in the structure of the vascular extracellular matrix has been described in AAA. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix proteins which alter the vessel wall stability. We evaluated two different polymorphisms, a CA repeat and a cytosine to thymidine transition in the promoter sequence of MMP-9 gene for frequency in 146 patients with AAA. We compared the results with those of 156 healthy subjects. No difference was found in the allelic distribution of either polymorphisms. We therefore found no evidence that MMP-9 is a marker of susceptibility for AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Armani
- Cardiac and Thoracic Department, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Miyake T, Aoki M, Nakashima H, Kawasaki T, Oishi M, Kataoka K, Tanemoto K, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y, Morishita R. Prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysms by simultaneous inhibition of NFkappaB and ets using chimeric decoy oligonucleotides in a rabbit model. Gene Ther 2006; 13:695-704. [PMID: 16397509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the major vascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis. Because treatment for AAA mainly consists of surgery to prevent deaths from AAA rupture and there is a conspicuous absence of alternative therapeutic strategies, the development of minimally invasive treatment is needed. To develop a novel therapeutic approach, we examined the simultaneous inhibition of the transcription factors NFkappaB and ets, which regulate inflammation and matrix degradation, in a rabbit AAA model. In this study, we employed chimeric decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), containing the consensus sequences of both the NFkappaB- and ets-binding sites, to inhibit both the transcription factors simultaneously. Using a delivery sheet, we examined the inhibitory effect of chimeric decoy ODN on aortic dilatation. Ultrasound and angiographic analysis demonstrated that treatment with chimeric decoy ODN significantly prevented the progression of elastase-induced aortic dilatation. The inhibitory effect of chimeric decoy ODN on aortic dilatation was also confirmed by histological studies. Treatment with chimeric decoy ODN reduced the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 and markedly inhibited the proteolysis of elastin as compared to scrambled decoy ODN. Interestingly, treatment with chimeric decoy ODN also suppressed VCAM-1 and MCP-1 gene expression, leading to inhibition of macrophage infiltration in the adventitia and media. The present study in a rabbit model provides a novel strategy to treat AAA by the simultaneous inhibition of both NFkappaB and ets using chimeric decoy ODN. Further modification of chimeric decoy ODN would be useful to treat AAA as a decoy-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyake
- Division of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Keeling WB, Armstrong PA, Stone PA, Bandyk DF, Shames ML. An overview of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2006; 39:457-64. [PMID: 16382266 DOI: 10.1177/153857440503900601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent basic and clinical research has established a link between the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). The discovery of the influence of MMPs on in vitro and in vivo aneurysm development has yielded promising information that may eventually decode the pathogenetic factors affecting the initiation and growth rate of AAAs. In this review, an analysis of MMPs involved in AAA disease is presented, including the data from recent research studies and planned clinical drug trails designed to retard the AAA growth by inhibiting MMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brent Keeling
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
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Kaufmann TJ, Marx WF, Kallmes DF. A failure of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in the prevention of rat intracranial aneurysm formation. Neuroradiology 2006; 48:190-5. [PMID: 16391918 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-005-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that nonspecific matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition with doxycycline would decrease the incidence of intracranial aneurysm formation in a rat aneurysm model. We performed common carotid artery ligation on 96 Long-Evans rats. A treatment group of 48 animals was chosen at random to receive oral doxycycline (3 mg/kg) in addition to standard rat chow, and the control group of 48 animals received standard rat chow only. The major circle of Willis arteries was dissected at 1 year following carotid ligation, and the proportions of animals with aneurysms were compared between groups using Fisher's exact test. Four animals given oral doxycycline and ten control animals expired before 1 year. Of the examined animals, eight saccular intracranial aneurysms were found in 8 of 45 animals which had received doxycycline (17.8%) and seven saccular intracranial aneurysms were found in 7 of 37 control animals (18.9%). There was no significant difference in aneurysm formation between the doxycycline-treated and control groups (P=0.894). Nonspecific MMP inhibition with doxycycline is not effective in preventing intracranial aneurysm formation in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kaufmann
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Mayo Building, E2, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Bohórquez-Sierra J. Metaloproteinasas de matriz: su implicación en las enfermedades vasculares periféricas. ANGIOLOGIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3170(06)74981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miwa K, Nakashima H, Aoki M, Miyake T, Kawasaki T, Iwai M, Oishi M, Kataoka K, Ohgi S, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y, Morishita R. Inhibition of ets, an essential transcription factor for angiogenesis, to prevent the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat model. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1109-18. [PMID: 15800662 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is considered to be complicated. As matrix degradation contributes to the progression of AAA, the destruction and degradation of elastin fibers caused by an increase in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a pivotal role in the development of AAA. Although ets, an essential transcription factor for angiogenesis, regulates MMPs, the role of ets in the development of AAA has not yet been clarified. Thus, we evaluated the role of ets in a rat AAA model using a decoy strategy. Transfection of ODN into AAA was performed by transient aortic perfusion of elastase and by wrapping the AAA in a delivery sheet containing decoy ODN. The inhibitory effect of ets decoy ODN on ets binding activity was confirmed by gel mobility shift assay. MMPs expression was decreased in the aorta transfected with ets decoy ODN as compared to scrambled decoy ODN. Also, ultrasound study demonstrated that elastase-induced aneurismal dilation was significantly suppressed by transfection of ets decoy ODN at 4 weeks after treatment as compared to scrambled decoy ODN. Moreover, the destruction of elastin fibers was inhibited in the aorta transfected with ets decoy ODN, accompanied by a reduction of MMPs expression. An inhibitory effect of decoy ODN on MMP expression was confirmed by ex vivo experiments showing that transfection of decoy ODN into an organ culture of human aorta resulted in significant inhibition of the secretion of both MMP-1 and MMP-9. Here, we demonstrated that ets may play a pivotal role in the progression of AAA through the activation of MMPs in a rat model. Ets might be a potential target to develop pharmacotherapy/gene therapy to treat AAA through the inhibition of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miwa
- Division of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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van Laake LW, Vainas T, Dammers R, Kitslaar PJEHM, Hoeks APG, Schurink GWH. Systemic dilation diathesis in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms: a role for matrix metalloproteinase-9? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 29:371-7. [PMID: 15749037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accumulating evidence suggests that patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) suffer from a systemic dilating condition affecting all arteries. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), appear to be involved in aneurysm formation, as evidenced by increased aortic tissue MMP activity and plasma MMP levels in patients with AAA. Hypothesizing that an imbalance in plasma MMP/TIMP level might be associated with a systemic dilation diathesis, we studied mechanical vessel wall properties of non-affected arteries of patients with either AAA or aorto-iliac obstructive lesions in association with plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels. METHODS Twenty-two patients with AAA and 12 with aorto-iliac occlusive disease (AOD) were included. Diastolic diameter (d) and distension (Deltad) were measured at the level of the common carotid artery (CCA) and suprarenal aorta (SA) using ultrasonography. Distensibility (DC) and compliance (CC) were calculated from d, Deltad and brachial pulse pressure. Plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were determined with specific immunoassays. RESULTS The average (+/-SD) age was 72.3+/-5.6 and 65.0+/-8.2 years for the AAA and AOD patients, respectively, (P=0.005). CCA diameter was 9.1+/-1.3mm in AAA patients and AOD 7.8+/-1.4mm in AOD patients, P=0.009. This difference persisted after correction for age. Plasma MMP-9 and TIMP-1 did not differ significantly between AAA and AOD patients. In the total 34 patients, the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was correlated inversely with distensibility (r=-0.74, P=0.002) and to compliance (r=-0.58, P=0.024) of the suprarenal aorta. CONCLUSIONS The CCA diameter was larger in AAA patients compared to AOD patients. MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was associated with decreased distensibility and compliance of the suprarenal aorta. These data support the idea that AAA patients exhibit a systemic dilation diathesis, which might be attributable to MMP/TIMP imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W van Laake
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kadoglou NP, Liapis CD. Matrix metalloproteinases: contribution to pathogenesis, diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20:419-32. [PMID: 15119978 DOI: 10.1185/030079904125003143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aortic abdominal aneurysm (AAA) represents a common chronic degenerative disease of the aortic wall. Chronic inflammation and enzymatic degradation of elastic lamellae and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins constitute the most prominent characteristics of AAAs. There is mounting evidence that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the predominant proteinases in the AAA wall. These enzymes represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention to modify vascular pathology. This paper is an overview of matrix metalloproteinases and their role in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of AAA. LITERATURE SEARCH Comprehensive search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and HEAL-Link databases from 1980 to 2003. FINDINGS Increased levels of MMPs expression and activity have been demonstrated within the aortic wall of AAA, associating with histological alterations. An imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors (Tissue Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases - TIMPs), may tip the equilibrium towards matrix degradation. MMPs as systemic biochemical markers of AAAs may contribute to diagnosis of unsuspected AAAs or to the surveillance of patients with small AAAs. Evidence of variations in MMPs, TIMPs and their mediator genes promoting the increased inheritance susceptibility of AAAs is less well documented. However,a broad spectrum of pharmaceutical agents (e.g. doxycycline, statins etc.) is known to inhibit MMP activity and attenuate medial destruction. CONCLUSION Randomized clinical studies in patients in the early stages of AAA or in healthy individuals with great propensity to AAA development are required to demonstrate the causative relationship between MMPs and AAA. It still remains obscure whether long-term administration of MMP inhibitors can decelerate or even prevent the need for surgical repair.
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Beaudeux JL, Giral P, Bruckert E, Foglietti MJ, Chapman MJ. Matrix metalloproteinases, inflammation and atherosclerosis: therapeutic perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:121-31. [PMID: 15061349 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also called matrixins, are proteinases that participate in extracellular matrix remodelling and degradation. Under normal physiological conditions, the activities of MMPs are precisely regulated at the level of transcription, of activation of the pro-MMP precursor zymogens and of inhibition by endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; TIMPs). Alteration in the regulation of MMP activity is implicated in diseases such as cancer, fibrosis, arthritis and atherosclerosis. The pathological effects of MMPs and TIMPs in cardiovascular diseases involve vascular remodelling, atherosclerotic plaque instability and left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction. Since excessive tissue remodelling and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity have been demonstrated during atherosclerotic lesion progression (including plaque disruption), MMPs represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention aimed at modification of vascular pathology by restoring the physiological balance between MMPs and TIMPs. This review describes the members of the MMP and TIMP families and discusses the structure, function and regulation of MMP activity; finally, pharmacological approaches to MMP inhibition are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Beaudeux
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Nakashima H, Aoki M, Miyake T, Kawasaki T, Iwai M, Jo N, Oishi M, Kataoka K, Ohgi S, Ogihara T, Kaneda Y, Morishita R. Inhibition of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm in the rat by use of decoy oligodeoxynucleotides suppressing activity of nuclear factor kappaB and ets transcription factors. Circulation 2003; 109:132-8. [PMID: 14662712 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000105725.61763.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two phenomena, inflammation and matrix degradation, contribute to the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Importantly, the inflammation is regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, whereas the destruction and degradation of elastin fibers by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are regulated by ets. Thus, we developed a novel strategy to treat AAA by simultaneous inhibition of both NF-kappaB and ets by using chimeric decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). METHODS AND RESULTS AAA was induced in rats by transient aortic perfusion with elastase, whereas transfection of decoy ODN was performed by wrapping a delivery sheet containing decoy ODN around the aorta. Gel-mobility shift assay at 7 days after treatment demonstrated that both NF-kappaB and ets binding activity were simultaneously inhibited by chimeric decoy ODN. Transfection of chimeric decoy ODN resulted in significant inhibition of the progression of AAA such as aneurysmal dilation at 4 weeks after treatment as compared with control, accompanied by a reduction of MMP expression. Moreover, the destruction of elastin fibers was inhibited in the aorta transfected with chimeric decoy ODN. Importantly, transfection of chimeric decoy ODN demonstrated potent inhibition of aneurysmal dilatation compared with NF-kappaB decoy ODN alone, whereas scrambled decoy ODN had no effects. Interestingly, the migration of macrophages was significantly inhibited by chimeric decoy ODN. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that inhibition of the progression of AAA was achieved by a novel strategy with chimeric decoy ODN used against NF-kappaB and ets in rat model. NF-kappaB and ets are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakashima
- Division of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ailawadi G, Knipp BS, Lu G, Roelofs KJ, Ford JW, Hannawa KK, Bishop K, Thanaporn P, Henke PK, Stanley JC, Upchurch GR. A nonintrinsic regional basis for increased infrarenal aortic MMP-9 expression and activity. J Vasc Surg 2003; 37:1059-66. [PMID: 12756355 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2003.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This investigation was undertaken to determine whether intrinsic or regional factors at different anatomic sites of the aorta affect expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). METHODS Aortas from Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 22) were divided into arch, descending thoracic, and infrarenal abdominal segments. Specimens were stimulated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) (2 ng/mL) for 72 hours. In separate experiments, syngeneic aortic segments were transplanted from the thoracic or abdominal aortas of donor rats into the infrarenal aortic position of recipient rats (n = 12 each). At 4 weeks, aortas from rats who had received transplants were harvested, sectioned into arch, thoracic, and transplanted thoracic or transplanted abdominal segments, and stimulated with IL-1beta. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, zymography, and reverse zymography were performed to assess MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 in all aortic segments. Differences were assessed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey test. RESULTS In control rats, abdominal segments had significantly higher MMP-9 expression compared with arch and thoracic segments (P <.002). Total MMP-9 activity was also higher in abdominal segments (P <.02). In rats who received transplants, transplanted thoracic (P <.004) and transplanted abdominal (P <.05) segments demonstrated upregulation of MMP-9 expression, compared with control arch and thoracic segments. Zymography documented increased total MMP-9 activity in transplanted thoracic (P <.03) and transplanted abdominal (P <.04) segments versus arch and thoracic segments. No significant difference in MMP-9 expression was found between control abdominal, transplanted thoracic, or transplanted abdominal segments. No significant differences in MMP-2 or TIMP-1 expression or activity were demonstrated in either control or transplanted segments. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that variations in aortic MMP-9 expression and activity result from regional factors affecting the aorta rather than intrinsic aortic wall differences. Increases in abdominal aortic MMP-9 may contribute to the predilection for aneurysm to develop in the infrarenal aorta.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/drug effects
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/transplantation
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/transplantation
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/surgery
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Chelating Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Edetic Acid/pharmacology
- Gelatin/drug effects
- Gelatin/metabolism
- Gelatinases/drug effects
- Gelatinases/metabolism
- Heart Rate/physiology
- Leupeptins/pharmacology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/drug effects
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/drug effects
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/drug effects
- Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorav Ailawadi
- Jobst Vascular Research Laboratories, Section of Vascular Surgery, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA
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Axisa B, Loftus IM, Naylor AR, Goodall S, Jones L, Bell PRF, Thompson MM. Prospective, randomized, double-blind trial investigating the effect of doxycycline on matrix metalloproteinase expression within atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Stroke 2002; 33:2858-64. [PMID: 12468782 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000038098.04291.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly MMP-1 and MMP-9, have been implicated in plaque rupture. It has been suggested that inhibition of MMPs may stabilize vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and improve clinical outcome. The aim of the study was to investigate the ability of doxycycline, a nonspecific MMP inhibitor, to reduce MMP concentration in carotid atheroma. METHODS The study design was a prospective, double-blind randomized trial. One hundred patients requiring carotid endarterectomy were randomized to receive 200 mg/d doxycycline or placebo for 2 to 8 weeks before surgery. During endarterectomy, carotid plaques were retrieved. The concentrations of MMPs and doxycycline were determined in the atherosclerotic tissue by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Clinical events were recorded, as was the rate of preoperative embolization (transcranial Doppler). RESULTS Analysis of endarterectomized specimens demonstrated a mean doxycycline concentration of 6.0 micro g/g wet weight in treated patients. Administration of doxycycline significantly reduced the concentration of MMP-1 in carotid plaques from a mean of 14.8 to 10.3 ng/100g wet weight (P=0.038). This difference was due to decreased MMP-1 transcript (P<0.001). There was no difference in any other MMP (MMP-2, -3, or -9) or tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 or -2. CONCLUSIONS Doxycycline penetrated atherosclerotic plaques with acceptable tissue levels. This resulted in a reduction in MMP-1 concentration because of decreased expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Axisa
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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26
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Margolin L, Fishbein I, Banai S, Golomb G, Reich R, Perez LS, Gertz SD. Metalloproteinase inhibitor attenuates neointima formation and constrictive remodeling after angioplasty in rats: augmentative effect of alpha(v)beta(3) receptor blockade. Atherosclerosis 2002; 163:269-77. [PMID: 12052473 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) from smooth muscle and foam cells following arterial injury facilitates cell migration, neointimal hyperplasia, and vessel wall remodeling. Inhibition of MMP activity using the hydroxamate, zinc-chelating mimicers of collagen, Batimastat and Marimastat, has shown efficacy in reducing constrictive vascular remodeling 6 weeks after experimental angioplasty but not intimal hyperplasia. Vitronectin receptor (alpha(v)beta(3)) blockade interferes with binding of this integrin to MMP-2 and proteolyzed collagen, thereby reducing cell invasion. This study tests the effect of MMP inhibition, with and without vitronectin receptor (alpha(v)beta(3)) blockade, on neointima formation and arterial remodeling in a long-term model (up to 212 months) of balloon injury in vivo. Male Sabra rats were treated with Batimastat (BB-94, British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd., 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) and/or the alpha(v)beta(3) receptor inhibiting RGD peptide, G-Pen-GRGDSPCA (GIBCO BRL, 0.1 micromol), administered as a perivascular gel to the common carotid artery after balloon injury. Animals were sacrificed 3, 14, 25, and 75 days (n=21, 23, 22, and 21) after injury. Animals treated with BB-94, peptide, or both had markedly increased absolute luminal area with markedly reduced luminal cross-sectional-area narrowing by neointima and intima-to-media area ratio at all time points except for 3 days after balloon injury versus non-treated, ballooned animals. Combined treatment was significantly more effective than either one alone. Constrictive remodeling, most marked 212 months after balloon injury, was prevented at this time point in all treated animals. The pattern of reduction in luminal narrowing, neointimal formation, and constrictive remodeling across treatment groups correlated very significantly with the reduction in tissue MMP activity as determined by zymography at 3 days. Confirmation of the efficacy of this strategy in larger animals should be the next step toward testing the applicability of this novel approach to the interventional setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Margolin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Loftus IM, Naylor AR, Bell PRF, Thompson MM. Matrix metalloproteinases and atherosclerotic plaque instability. Br J Surg 2002; 89:680-94. [PMID: 12027977 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the role of matrix metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis. Excessive tissue remodelling and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity have been demonstrated during atherosclerotic plaque disruption, a frequent predeterminant of ischaemic cardiac events and stroke. These enzymes represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention to modify vascular pathology. METHODS The core of this review is derived from a Medline database literature search. RESULTS There is convincing evidence of increased matrix metalloproteinase activity during acute plaque disruption. Evidence for an imbalance promoting increased matrix degradation is less well documented. However, studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in models of vascular disease suggest a potential therapeutic benefit. CONCLUSION In vivo studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition are required to study the potential for reversal or deceleration of the excessive tissue remodelling that accompanies acute plaque disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Leicester University, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, PO Box 65, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of matrix metalloproteinases in vascular diseases. These conditions are often characterized by excessive tissue remodelling, and increased matrix metalloproteinase activity has been demonstrated in aneurysms, intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerotic plaque disruption. These enzymes represent a potential target for therapeutic intervention to modify vascular pathology. The core of this review is derived from a MEDLINE database literature search. The review found that there is convincing evidence of increased matrix metalloproteinase activity in a spectrum of vascular disease. Evidence for an imbalance promoting increased matrix degradation is less well documented. However, studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in vascular disease models suggest potential therapeutic benefit. In conclusion, in vivo studies of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition are required to further study the potential for reversal or deceleration of the excessive tissue remodelling that accompanies vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Leicester University, UK.
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Annabi B, Shédid D, Ghosn P, Kenigsberg RL, Desrosiers RR, Bojanowski MW, Beaulieu E, Nassif E, Moumdjian R, Béliveau R. Differential regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activities in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35:539-46. [PMID: 11877705 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2002.121124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is thought to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), but the functional regulation and the activation states of these MMPs remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the expression levels and the functional regulation of several MMPs in the pathogenesis of AAAs. METHODS Human healthy aorta and AAA specimens were homogenized, and the proteolytic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and of the macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) were assessed with zymography. Protein expression of MMP-1, MMP-12, membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP), tissue inhibitor of MMP 1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, TIMP-3, alpha-actin, and beta-actin was analyzed with electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels and immunoblotting. RESULTS MMP-1, MMP-9, and MMP-12 zymogen levels and proteolytic activities were increased in AAAs when compared with healthy aorta. A severe reduction in alpha-actin--positive vascular SMCs was observed in all the AAA specimens and was correlated with an increase in TIMP-3 but not TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 potential activities. Although pro--MMP-2 activity was decreased, the extent of activated MMP-2 remained unaffected in the AAAs. In accordance with this result, a highly activated MT1-MMP form was also observed in AAAs. CONCLUSION These data suggest that chronic aortic wall inflammation is mediated by macrophage infiltration, which may account for the destruction of medial elastin, as reflected by SMC down regulation, through increased levels of active MMP-1 and MMP-12. Moreover, altered MT1-MMP proteolytic turnover and differential regulation of TIMP expression in AAAs suggest that tight regulatory mechanisms are involved in the molecular regulation of MMP activation processes in the pathogenesis of AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire de Médecine Moléculaire, Centre de Cancérologie Charles-Bruneau, Hôpital Sainte-Justine-UQAM, Montreal, PQ, Canada
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Sierevogel MJ, Velema E, de Jaegere PP, de Kleijn DP, Borst C, Pasterkamp G. Minimal duration of oral matrix metalloproteinase inhibition to prevent constrictive arterial remodeling after balloon dilation in the pig. Radiology 2002; 222:468-73. [PMID: 11818615 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2222010570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the minimal duration of oral matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition to prevent constrictive remodeling after balloon dilation. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 37 nonatherosclerotic pigs, balloon dilation was performed in 145 peripheral arteries. Pigs were treated with an MMP inhibitor for 2, 7, 14, 28, or 42 days, or they served as controls and were killed 42 days after intervention. Arteries were visualized with angiography and intravascular ultrasonography. RESULTS A 69% reduction in late vessel area (VA) loss was achieved after 14 days of treatment: 1.27 mm(2) +/- 0.55 (standard error of the mean [SEM]) versus 4.04 mm(2) +/- 0.93 (SEM) in the control group (P =.1). A consistent inhibition of late VA loss was observed in the 28-day (0.89 mm(2) +/- 0.83 [SEM], P =.03) and 42-day (0.74 mm(2) +/- 0.66 [SEM], P =.02) groups treated with the MMP inhibitor. After 14 and 28 days of treatment, late lumen area loss was 65% and 55% of control values, and it decreased to 41% (P =.04) after 42 days of treatment. CONCLUSION MMP inhibition for 14-28 days is sufficient to inhibit constrictive remodeling after balloon dilation. This implies that an essential MMP-dependent initiator of constrictive remodeling was mainly active in the first 2 weeks after intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion J Sierevogel
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, University Medical Center, Heidelberglaan 100, Room G02.523, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Carrell TWG, Burnand KG, Wells GMA, Clements JM, Smith A. Stromelysin-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-3) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 are overexpressed in the wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 2002; 105:477-82. [PMID: 11815431 DOI: 10.1161/hc0402.102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) but more often causes aortic occlusive disease (AOD). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) degrade extracellular matrix and may play a central role in the pathogenesis of AAA. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the patterns of MMP and MMP inhibitor expression between AAA and AOD. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of mRNA for 14 MMPs and 4 tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) was estimated in samples of aortic wall from 8 patients with AAA and 8 with AOD using the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with a synthetic multicompetitor standard. AAA wall expressed significantly more stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) (mean log(10) ratio [copy enzyme cDNA/copy GAPDH cDNA], -1.9; range, -3.3 to -0.7) than the AOD wall (mean, 4; range, -5.7 to -2.4), P<0.005. TIMP-3 expression was significantly higher in AAA (mean, -1.7; range, -2.9 to -1.0) than AOD (mean, -3.6; range, -5.7 to -1.8), P<0.01. Expression of 8 other MMPs (1, 2, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 17) was detected and was similar in AAA and AOD. Expression of the remaining 5 MMPs (-8, -10, -13, -15, and -16) was not detected in any of the samples. CONCLUSIONS Both AAA and AOD walls express similar levels of a wide range of MMPs, including cell membrane-bound MT-MMPs. Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and TIMP-3 were, however, over expressed in the AAA samples and may be involved aneurysm pathogenesis. Stromelysin-1 could provide a target for pharmacological inhibition.
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Stone PJ, Morris SM, Griffin S, Mithieux S, Weiss AS. Building Elastin. Incorporation of recombinant human tropoelastin into extracellular matrices using nonelastogenic rat-1 fibroblasts as a source for lysyl oxidase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:733-9. [PMID: 11415939 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.6.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of crosslinking exogenously produced tropoelastin, the precursor of insoluble elastin, into existing elastin. Tritiated recombinant human tropoelastin (rhTE) was added to neonatal rat aorta smooth-muscle cell (NNRSMC) cultures. As much as 12% of the added rhTE was incorporated into the NNRSMC-derived insoluble elastin with the formation of the elastin crosslinks desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDES) in a time-dependent fashion. The ratio of radioactivity found in DES and IDES crosslinks to that found in lysyl residues increased from 0.18 immediately after incubation with rhTE to 0.76 after 14 d. Crosslinking of rhTE into elastin and the accompanying formation of tritiated water was inhibited by beta-aminoproprionitrile, a potent inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme critical for the post-translational processing of elastin and collagen. Acellular NNRSMC matrices were produced and replated with Rat-1 fibroblasts, cells that were found to express lysyl oxidase but not tropoelastin. At 14 d after incubation with rhTE, the ratio of DES and IDES radioactivity to that of lysine in the insoluble elastin was 0.38. We show for the first time that cells expressing lysyl oxidase, but not elastin, as well as elastogenic cells can incorporate rhTE into insoluble elastin with the formation of elastin crosslinks. This novel approach might be used to augment elastin repair in certain pathologic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Kunecki M, Nawrocka A. Elastin-laminin receptor and abdominal aortic aneurysms. New subject to study? A review. PATHOLOGIE-BIOLOGIE 2001; 49:333-8. [PMID: 11428169 DOI: 10.1016/s0369-8114(01)00142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms and their management remain a significant health problem that is likely to assume greater importance with the expansion of the elderly population. Elastin fibres degradation and extracellular matrix remodelling seems to be the basic process in aneurysm formation. Recent investigations revealed the principal role of elastin-laminin receptor in extracellular matrix remodelling in aging and atherosclerosis. The correlation between events observed in animal aneurysm models, human aneurysms and in experiments on elastin-laminin receptor properties was discussed to propose the hypothesis about the role of elastin peptides and elastin-laminin receptor in aortic aneurysm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kunecki
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Sierevogel MJ, Pasterkamp G, Velema E, de Jaegere PP, de Smet BJ, Verheijen JH, de Kleijn DP, Borst C. Oral matrix metalloproteinase inhibition and arterial remodeling after balloon dilation: an intravascular ultrasound study in the pig. Circulation 2001; 103:302-7. [PMID: 11208693 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.103.2.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity after balloon angioplasty by intraperitoneal injection of batimastat reduces late lumen loss by inhibition of constrictive remodeling. In the present study, we investigated whether the oral MMP inhibitor marimastat inhibits constrictive remodeling in favor of neutral or expansive remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS In 26 pigs, balloon dilation was performed in 101 peripheral arteries. Pigs were treated with marimastat or served as controls and were euthanized 42 days after intervention. Intravascular ultrasound was performed at all time points. Vessel area (VA) loss was assessed by calculating the change in VA at termination relative to after intervention. Arteries were divided in 3 categories: expansive remodeling (VA loss < -5%), neutral (-5% <or= VA loss <or= +5%), and constrictive remodeling (VA loss > +5%). In the marimastat group, a significant reduction (53%) of late lumen loss was observed that was fully explained by impaired constrictive remodeling. In the marimastat group, the prevalence of constrictive remodeling was reduced (38% versus 75% in the control group) in favor of not only neutral but also expansive remodeling (21% and 42% versus 4% and 21% in the control group, respectively, P:<0.01). In contrast to the control group, acute luminal gain in the marimastat group did not correlate with late VA loss. CONCLUSIONS Irrespective of the acute luminal gain by balloon dilation, the oral MMP inhibitor marimastat inhibited constrictive arterial remodeling in favor of both neutral and expansive remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Sierevogel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
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