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López-Cano A, Bach A, López-Serrano S, Aragon V, Blanch M, Pastor JJ, Tedó G, Morais S, Garcia-Fruitós E, Arís A. Potential of Oral Nanoparticles Containing Cytokines as Intestinal Mucosal Immunostimulants in Pigs: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091075. [PMID: 35565502 PMCID: PMC9101217 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibiotics are essential compounds to cope with bacterial infections. However, their inadequate and excessive use has triggered the rapid arising of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In this scenario, immunostimulants, which are molecules that boost the immune system, open up a new approach to face this problem, enhancing treatment efficacy and preventing infections by immune system response. Cytokines are central effector molecules of the immune system, and their recombinant production and administration in animals could be an interesting immune modulation strategy. The aim of this study was the development of a highly stable nanoparticle of porcine cytokines to achieve the immunostimulation of intestinal mucosa in piglets. The outcomes of the present study prove this approach is able to stimulate swine intestinal cells and macrophages in vitro and tends to modulate inflammatory responses in vivo, although further studies are required to definitively evaluate their potential in animals. Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that is worryingly rising in the livestock sector. Among the proposed strategies, immunostimulant development appears an interesting approach to increase animal resilience at critical production points. The use of nanoparticles based on cytokine aggregates, called inclusion bodies (IBs), has been demonstrated as a new source of immunostimulants in aquaculture. Aiming to go a step further, the objective of this study was to produce cytokine nanoparticles using a food-grade microorganism and to test their applicability to stimulate intestinal mucosa in swine. Four cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) involved in inflammatory response were produced recombinantly in Lactococcus lactis in the form of protein nanoparticles (IBs). They were able to stimulate inflammatory responses in a porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2) and alveolar macrophages, maintaining high stability at low pH and high temperature. In addition, an in vivo assay was conducted involving 20 piglets housed individually as a preliminary exploration of the potential effects of IL-1β nanoparticles in piglet intestinal mucosa after a 7 d oral administration. The treated animals tended to have greater levels of TNF-α in the blood, indicating that the tested dose of nanoparticles tended to generate an inflammatory response in the animals. Whether this response is sufficient to increase animal resilience needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià López-Cano
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.B.)
| | - Alex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.B.)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi López-Serrano
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (S.L.-S.); (V.A.)
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (S.L.-S.); (V.A.)
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Blanch
- Innovation Division, Lucta S.A., Edifici Eureka, UAB Research Park, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.); (J.J.P.); (G.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Jose J. Pastor
- Innovation Division, Lucta S.A., Edifici Eureka, UAB Research Park, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.); (J.J.P.); (G.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Gemma Tedó
- Innovation Division, Lucta S.A., Edifici Eureka, UAB Research Park, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.); (J.J.P.); (G.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofia Morais
- Innovation Division, Lucta S.A., Edifici Eureka, UAB Research Park, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (M.B.); (J.J.P.); (G.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.-F.); (A.A.)
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Food Research (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; (A.L.-C.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.-F.); (A.A.)
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Wang X, Meng D. Innate endogenous adjuvants prime to desirable immune responses via mucosal routes. Protein Cell 2014; 6:170-84. [PMID: 25503634 PMCID: PMC4348248 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent infectious or immune related diseases, which has made remarkable contribution in human history. Recently increasing attentions have been paid to mucosal vaccination due to its multiple advantages over conventional ways. Subunit or peptide antigens are more reasonable immunogens for mucosal vaccination than live or attenuated pathogens, however adjuvants are required to augment the immune responses. Many mucosal adjuvants have been developed to prime desirable immune responses to different etiologies. Compared with pathogen derived adjuvants, innate endogenous molecules incorporated into mucosal vaccines demonstrate prominent adjuvanticity and safety. Nowadays, cytokines are broadly used as mucosal adjuvants for participation of signal transduction of immune responses, activation of innate immunity and polarization of adaptive immunity. Desired immune responses are promptly and efficaciously primed on basis of specific interactions between cytokines and corresponding receptors. In addition, some other innate molecules are also identified as potent mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on innate endogenous mucosal adjuvants, hoping to shed light on the development of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,
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3
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Bovine adenovirus-3 as a vaccine delivery vehicle. Vaccine 2014; 33:493-9. [PMID: 25498212 PMCID: PMC7115382 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of vaccines is an effective and relatively inexpensive means of controlling infectious diseases, which cause heavy economic losses to the livestock industry through animal loss, decreased productivity, treatment expenses and decreased carcass quality. However, some vaccines produced by conventional means are imperfect in many respects including virulence, safety and efficacy. Moreover, there are no vaccines for some animal diseases. Although genetic engineering has provided new ways of producing effective vaccines, the cost of production for veterinary use is a critical criterion for selecting the method of production and delivery of vaccines. The cost effective production and intrinsic ability to enter cells has made adenovirus vectors a highly efficient tool for delivery of vaccine antigens. Moreover, adenoviruses induce both humoral and cellular immune responses to expressed vaccine antigens. Since nonhuman adenoviruses are species specific, the development of animal specific adenoviruses as vaccine delivery vectors is being evaluated. This review summarizes the work related to the development of bovine adenovirus-3 as a vaccine delivery vehicle in animals, particularly cattle.
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Kumar P, Ayalew LE, Godson DL, Gaba A, Babiuk LA, Tikoo SK. Mucosal immunization of calves with recombinant bovine adenovirus-3 coexpressing truncated form of bovine herpesvirus-1 gD and bovine IL-6. Vaccine 2014; 32:3300-6. [PMID: 24731813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested an important role of the cytokine adjuvant IL-6 in the induction of mucosal immune responses in animals, including mice. Here, we report the in vivo ability of bovine adenovirus (BAdV)-3 expressing bovine (Bo) IL-6, to influence the systemic and mucosal immune responses against bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 gDt in calves. To co-express both antigen and cytokine, we first constructed a recombinant BAdV-3 expressing chimeric gDt.BoIL-6 protein (BAV326). Secondly, we constructed another recombinant BAdV-3 simultaneously expressing gDt and BoIL-6 using IRES containing a bicistronic cassette gDt-IRES.IL-6, (BAV327). Recombinant proteins expressed by BAV326 and BAV327 retained antigenicity (gDt) and biological activity (BoIL-6). Intranasal immunization of calves with recombinant BAV326, BAV327 or BAV308 (gDt alone) resulted in demonstrable levels of gDt-specific IgG responses in sera and IgA response in nasal secretions, in all animals. In addition, all calves developed complement-independent neutralizing antibody responses against BHV-1. However, no significant difference could be observed in the induction of systemic or mucosal immune response in animals immunized with recombinant BAV326 or BAV327 co-expressing BoIL-6. Moreover, there was no difference in the protection against BHV-1 challenge particularly in the amount of virus excretion in the nasal cavity in calves immunized with BAV326, BAV327 or BAV308. These data suggest that the BoIL-6 had no modulating effect on the induction of gDt specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lisanework E Ayalew
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Dale L Godson
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Amit Gaba
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lorne A Babiuk
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Vaccinology & Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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5
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Measurement of systemic and local respiratory cell-mediated immunity after influenza infection in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thompson AL, Staats HF. Cytokines: the future of intranasal vaccine adjuvants. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:289597. [PMID: 21826181 PMCID: PMC3150188 DOI: 10.1155/2011/289597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its potential as an effective, needle-free route of immunization for use with subunit vaccines, nasal immunization continues to be evaluated as a route of immunization in both research and clinical studies. However, as with other vaccination routes, subunit vaccines often require the addition of adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Unfortunately, many commonly used experimental vaccine adjuvants, such as cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin, are too toxic for use in humans. Because new adjuvants are needed, cytokines have been evaluated for their ability to provide effective adjuvant activity when delivered by the nasal route in both animal models and in limited human studies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the potential of cytokines as nasal vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton L. Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 3712, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Zhao C, Crews CJ, Derdeyn CA, Blackwell JL. Lac-regulated system for generating adenovirus 5 vaccine vectors expressing cytolytic human immunodeficiency virus 1 genes. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:101-10. [PMID: 19409930 PMCID: PMC2704014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been developed as human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1) vaccine vectors because they consistently induce immune responses in preclinical animal models and human trials. Strong promoters and codon-optimization are often used to enhance vaccine-induced HIV-1 gene expression and immunogenicity. However, if the transgene is inherently cytotoxic in the cell line used to produce the vector, and is expressed at high levels, it is difficult to rescue a stable Ad HIV-1 vaccine vector. Therefore we hypothesized that generation of Ad vaccine vectors expressing cytotoxic genes, such as HIV-1 env, would be more efficient if expression of the transgene was down-regulated during Ad rescue. To test this hypothesis, a Lac repressor-operator system was applied to regulate expression of reporter luciferase and HIV-1 env transgenes during Ad rescue. The results demonstrate that during Ad rescue, constitutive expression of the Lac repressor in 293 cells reduced transgene expression levels to approximately 5% of that observed in the absence of regulation. Furthermore, Lac-regulation translated into more efficient Ad rescue compared to traditional 293 cells. Importantly, Ad vectors rescued with this system showed high levels of transgene expression when transduced into cells that lack the Lac repressor protein. The Lac-regulated system also facilitated the rescue of modified Ad vectors that have non-native receptor tropism. These tropism-modified Ad vectors infect a broader range of cell types than the unmodified Ad, which could increase their effectiveness as a vaccine vector. Overall, the Lac-regulated system described here (i) is backwards compatible with Ad vector methods that employ bacterial-mediated homologous recombination, (ii) is adaptable for the engineering of tropism-modified Ad vectors, and (iii) does not require co-expression of regulatory genes from the vector or the addition of exogenous chemicals to induce or repress transgene expression. This system therefore could facilitate the development of Ad-based vaccine candidates that otherwise would not be feasible to generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States
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Zhu Q, Thomson CW, Zhang G, Stämpfli M, McDermott MR, Collins SM, Gauldie J. Eosinophilia is induced in the colon of Th2-sensitized mice upon exposure to locally expressed antigen. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G383-90. [PMID: 17431215 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophilic inflammation is a feature of a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including eosinophil-associated GI disorder, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, and parasite infection. Elucidating the mechanisms of eosinophil infiltration into the GI tract is important to the understanding of multiple disease processes. We hypothesize that eosinophilia in the large intestine (colon) can be induced by an antigen in a host that is associated with Th2-skewed antigen-specific immune responses. To investigate the importance of antigenic triggering, we established polarized antigen-specific Th2 type responses in BALB/c mice, using ovalbumin in conjunction with aluminum hydroxide. Upon challenge at the colonic mucosa through transient (3-4 days) expression of the antigen gene encoded in an adenovirus vector, sensitized animals developed significant subepithelial colonic inflammation, characterized by marked eosinophilic infiltration, and the presence of enlarged and increased numbers of lymphoid follicles. The alterations peaked around day 5 and resolved over the next 5-10 days, and no epithelial cell damage was detected through the entire course. Administration of a control (empty) adenovirus vector did not lead to any pathological changes. These data suggest that colonic eosinophilia can be induced by exposure to an antigen associated with preexisting Th2-skewed responses. Thus the model established here may provide a useful tool to study GI and, in particular, colonic inflammation with respect to underlying mechanisms involved in the recruitment and the immediate function of eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Center for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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de Larrea CF, de Waard JH, Giampietro F, Araujo Z. The secretory immunoglobulin A response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a childhood population. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 39:456-61. [PMID: 17160323 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822006000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the measurement of saliva anti-Purified Protein Derivative sIgA and 38kDa antibodies from 127 children, of whom 31 were strong tuberculosis suspects and 96 were healthy contact children. The results concerning the percentage of children with antibody reactivity to PPD and 38kDa antigens showed that, of these 2 antigens, 38kDa induced higher reactivity in patients positive and negative for the Tuberculin Skin Test (28% and 16.6%, respectively) in comparison to controls positive and negative for the TST (11.7% and 7.1%, respectively). There was a statistically significant difference between patients positive and controls negative for the TST. In relation to the Purified Protein Derivative antigen, while 14.2% of patients positive for the TST showed antibody reactivity to the PPD antigen, no patients negative for the TST had reactivity to this antigen. The findings suggest that these two antigens seem be associated with a different development of the mucosal defence mechanisms mediated by sIgA against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Rosenthal KL. Recombinant Live Viral Vectors as Vaccines for Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang X, Hillemeyer P, Pascual DW. Segregation of Mechanisms for Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Killing between Lungs and Regional Lymph Nodes Subsequent to Intratracheal Delivery of Adenovirus 2 Vector. Viral Immunol 2003; 16:525-39. [PMID: 14733739 DOI: 10.1089/088282403771926346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vectors, highly effective for targeting the respiratory epithelium, have been investigated for proposed application in mucosal immunization. For rendering successful use of Ad vectors, it is imperative to understand the host immune responses in affected organs. We investigated the mechanisms of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) killing following intratracheal instillation with recombinant Ad2/betagal-2 vector. From the analysis of CTL responses, it became apparent that the lung CTLs were more Fas-dependent, whereas pulmonary lymph nodes (LN) and splenic CTLs were more perforin-dependent. Although there was a segregation in the mode of CTL killing, both mechanisms of cytolysis were used in the described tissues, and the observed dominance in CTL killing was maintained irrespective of the target evaluated. Restimulation of LN and spleen cells did not change dominance in the CTL mechanism utilized. Absence or blockage of perforin or Fas did not result in reciprocal compensation by the other effector mechanism except in Fas ligand-deficient LN and spleens. In vitro restimulation of immune lymphocytes from each mouse group tested showed segregation in the types of cytokines generated. Ad2-restimulated cells showed bias toward IL-2 and IFN-gamma, while betagal-restimulated cells showed bias toward IL-4 and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Wang
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3610, USA
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Abstract
Signaling through lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaR) initiates the unfolding of a host of developmental programs ranging from the organogenesis of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (PPs) to the coordination of splenic microarchitecture. While investigating an alternative pathway to immunoglobulin A (IgA) production, it was uncovered that LTbetaR signaling in the lamina propria (LP) stroma orchestrates the coordinated expression of key chemokines and adhesion molecules, creation of a cytokine milieu, and stroma development that facilitates robust IgA production independent of secondary lymphoid structures. Simultaneously, this same infrastructure can be commandeered by autoreactive T cells to organize both the acute destruction of the intestinal mucosa and chronic intestinal inflammation via the ligands for LTbetaR. The ability to modulate LTbetaR signaling may alternatively permit the suppression of autoimmune responses and augmentation of gut defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chin
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Braciak TA, Pedersen B, Chin J, Hsiao C, Ward ES, Maricic I, Jahng A, Graham FL, Gauldie J, Sercarz EE, Kumar V. Protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis generated by a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the V beta 8.2 TCR is disrupted by coadministration with vectors expressing either IL-4 or -10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:765-74. [PMID: 12517939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus vectors are increasingly being used for genetic vaccination and may prove highly suitable for intervention in different pathological conditions due to their capacity to generate high level, transient gene expression. In this study, we report the use of a recombinant adenovirus vector to induce regulatory responses for the prevention of autoimmune diseases through transient expression of a TCR beta-chain. Immunization of B10.PL mice with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the TCR Vbeta8.2 chain (Ad5E1 mVbeta8.2), resulted in induction of regulatory type 1 CD4 T cells, directed against the framework region 3 determinant within the B5 peptide (aa 76-101) of the Vbeta8.2 chain. This determinant is readily processed and displayed in an I-A(u) context, on ambient APC. Transient genetic delivery of the TCR Vbeta8.2 chain protected mice from Ag-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, when the Ad5E1 mVbeta8.2 vector was coadministered with either an IL-4- or IL-10-expressing vector, regulation was disrupted and disease was exacerbated. These results highlight the importance of the Th1-like cytokine requirement necessary for the generation and activity of effective regulatory T cells in this model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/chemical synthesis
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunodominant Epitopes/toxicity
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin Basic Protein/toxicity
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Braciak
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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