1
|
Li Z, Zhang Q, Xiang J, Zhao M, Meng Y, Hu X, Li T, Nie Y, Sun H, Yan T, Ao Z, Han D. Novel strategy of combined interstitial macrophage depletion with intravenous targeted therapy to ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100653. [PMID: 37214554 PMCID: PMC10192919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial lung disease with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. In the process of IPF, inflammatory dysregulation of macrophages and massive fibroblast aggregation and proliferation destroy alveoli, which cause pulmonary dysfunction, and ultimately lead to death due to respiratory failure. In the treatment of IPF, crossing biological barriers and delivering drugs to lung interstitium are the major challenges. In order to avoid the side effect of macrophages proliferation, we proposed, designed, and evaluated the strategy which combined macrophage depletion by intervaginal space injection and intravenous targeted therapy on bleomycin mouse model. We found that it inhibited pulmonary macrophages, reduced macrophage depletion in non-target organs, improved pulmonary drug targeting, impeded the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, and accelerated the recovery of pulmonary function. This combination therapeutic strategy shows good biosafety and efficacy, induces a targeted response, and is promising as a practical new clinical approach towards the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Nano-biotechnology, Hebei Key Lab of Applied Chemistry, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Jiawei Xiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuhao Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Life Sciences,Bejing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yifeng Nie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huizhen Sun
- College of Life Sciences,Bejing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tun Yan
- College of Life Sciences,Bejing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhuo Ao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dong Han
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Life Sciences,Bejing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Myeloid cell-specific deletion of Capns1 prevents macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype and reduces interstitial lung disease in the bleomycin model of systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:148. [PMID: 35729674 PMCID: PMC9210712 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent thiol proteases that participate in a wide variety of biological activities. In our recent study, calpain is increased in the sera of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis (SSc). However, the role of calpain in interstitial lung disease (ILD) has not been reported. ILD is a severe complication of SSc, which is the leading cause of death in SSc. The pathogenesis of SSc-related ILD remains incompletely understood. This study investigated the role of myeloid cell calpain in SSc-related ILD. Methods A novel line of mice with myeloid cell-specific deletion of Capns1 (Capns1-ko) was created. SSc-related ILD was induced in Capns1-ko mice and their wild-type littermates by injection 0.l mL of bleomycin (0.4 mg/mL) for 4 weeks. In a separate experiment, a pharmacological inhibitor of calpain PD150606 (Biomol, USA, 3 mg/kg/day, i.p.) daily for 30 days was given to mice after bleomycin injection on daily basis. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed, skin and lung tissues were collected for the following analysis. Inflammation, fibrosis and calpain activity and cytokines were assessed by histological examinations and ELISA, and immunohistochemical analyses, western blot analysis and Flow cytometry analysis. Results Calpain activities increased in SSc-mouse lungs. Both deletion of Capns1 and administration of PD150606 attenuated dermal sclerosis as evidenced by a reduction of skin thickness and reduced interstitial fibrosis and inflammation in bleomycin model of SSc mice. These effects of reduced calpain expression or activity were associated with prevention of macrophage polarization toward M1 phenotype and consequent reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-23 in lung tissues of Capns1-ko mice with bleomycin model of SSc. Furthermore, inhibition of calpain correlated with an increase in the protein levels of PI3K and phosphorylated AKT1 in lung tissues of the bleomycin model of SSc mice. Conclusions This study for the first time demonstrates that the role of myeloid cell calpain may be promotion of macrophage M1 polarization and pro-inflammatory responses related PI3K/AKT1 signaling. Thus, myeloid cell calpain may be a potential therapeutic target for bleomycin model of SSc-related ILD.
Collapse
|
3
|
I T, Sumita Y, Yoshida T, Honma R, Iwatake M, Raudales JLM, Shizuno T, Kuroshima S, Masuda H, Seki M, Tran SD, Asahara T, Asahina I. Anti-inflammatory and vasculogenic conditioning of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reinforces their therapeutic potential for radiation-injured salivary glands. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:304. [PMID: 31623661 PMCID: PMC6798785 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are currently no effective treatments available for patients with irreversible loss of salivary gland (SG) function caused by radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. In this study, we have developed an effective culture method to enhance the anti-inflammatory and vasculogenic phenotypes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and investigated whether such effectively conditioned PBMNCs (E-MNCs) could regenerate radiation-injured SGs and ameliorate salivary secretory function in mice. METHODS Mouse PBMNCs were expanded in primary serum-free culture with five vasculogenic proteins for 5 days, and then the resulting cells (E-MNCs) were analyzed for their characteristics. Subsequently, 5 × 104 E-MNCs (labeled with EGFP in some experiments) were injected intra-glandularly into a mouse model of radiation-injured atrophic submandibular glands. After 2-3 weeks, the submandibular glands were harvested, and then the injected E-MNCs were tracked. Four, 8, and 12 weeks after irradiation (IR), salivary outputs were measured to evaluate the recovery of secretory function, and the gland tissues were harvested for histological and gene expression analyses to clarify the effects of cell transplantation. RESULTS The resulting E-MNCs contained an enriched population of definitive CD11b/CD206-positive (M2 macrophage-like) cells and showed anti-inflammatory and vasculogenic characteristics. Salivary secretory function in E-MNC-transplanted mice gradually recovered after 4 weeks post-irradiation (post-IR) and reached 3.8-fold higher than that of non-transplanted mice at 12 weeks. EGFP-expressing E-MNCs were detected in a portion of the vascular endothelium and perivascular gland tissues at 2 weeks post-IR, but mainly in some microvessels at 3 weeks. Between 4 and 12 weeks post-IR, mRNA expression and histological analyses revealed that E-MNC transplantation reduced the expression of inflammatory genes and increased the level of tissue-regenerative activities such as stem cell markers, cell proliferation, and blood vessel formation. At 12 weeks post-IR, the areas of acinar and ductal cells regenerated, and the glands had less fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS This effective conditioning of PBMNCs is a simple, rapid, and efficient method that provides a non-invasive source of therapeutic cells for regenerating radiation-injured atrophic SGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi I
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sumita
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Takako Yoshida
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ryo Honma
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Mayumi Iwatake
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Jorge Luis Montenegro Raudales
- Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | | | - Shinichiro Kuroshima
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Haruchika Masuda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | | | - Simon D Tran
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Takayuki Asahara
- Department of Applied Prosthodontics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Izumi Asahina
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang L, Yang L, Dong C, Li L. The class D scavenger receptor CD68 contributes to mouse chronic liver injury. Immunol Res 2019; 66:414-424. [PMID: 29804196 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors, which are expressed on monocyte/macrophages, play a central role in many pathogenic processes. Here, we examined the role of the class D scavenger receptor (CD68) in bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophages (BMMs) in chronic liver injury. The expression pattern of multiple scavenger receptors in two liver injury models (methionine-choline-deficient and high fat (MCDHF), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)) were analyzed by qRT-PCR. CD68 expression was characterized by flow cytometric analysis, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR. A selective monocyte/macrophage toxicant, gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) was applied to analyze the function of CD68 in vitro and in vivo. Among the seven examined scavenger receptors (CD68, CD36, CD204, MARCO, LOX1, SREC, and CD163), the mRNA expression of CD68 first got uppermost and continuously increased throughout the entire stage of chronic liver injury, thus attracting our attention. In the injured liver, the percentage of recruited CD68+ BMM increased notably, aligning along the developing fibrotic septa, while the proportion of CD68+ KC stayed the same compared with that of control mice. In vitro CD68 was highly expressed in primary cultured BMM, and CD68 reduction was triggered by macrophage phagocytosis and apoptosis in the presence of GdCl3. In the damaged liver, the recruitment of CD68+ BMM and CD68 mRNA expression were reduced by GdCl3 administration, leading to the attenuation of liver inflammation and fibrosis. Altogether, scavenger receptor CD68 plays a key role in mouse chronic liver injury, which has important implications for the design of anti-fibrotic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Dong
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Capital Medical University, No.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim MS, Kim SH, Jeon D, Kim HY, Lee K. Changes in expression of cytokines in polyhexamethylene guanidine-induced lung fibrosis in mice: Comparison of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Toxicology 2018; 393:185-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
6
|
Morrison MI, Pither TL, Fisher AJ. Pathophysiology and classification of primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:4084-4097. [PMID: 29268419 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The term primary graft dysfunction (PGD) incorporates a continuum of disease severity from moderate to severe acute lung injury (ALI) within 72 h of lung transplantation. It represents the most significant obstacle to achieving good early post-transplant outcomes, but is also associated with increased incidence of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) subsequently. PGD is characterised histologically by diffuse alveolar damage, but is graded on clinical grounds with a combination of PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) and the presence of radiographic infiltrates, with 0 being absence of disease and 3 being severe PGD. The aetiology is multifactorial but commonly results from severe ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), with tissue-resident macrophages largely responsible for stimulating a secondary 'wave' of neutrophils and lymphocytes that produce severe and widespread tissue damage. Donor history, recipient health and operative factors may all potentially contribute to the likelihood of PGD development. Work that aims to minimise the incidence of PGD in ongoing, with techniques such as ex vivo perfusion of donor lungs showing promise both in research and in clinical studies. This review will summarise the current clinical status of PGD before going on to discuss its pathophysiology, current therapies available and future directions for clinical management of PGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morvern Isabel Morrison
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Leonard Pither
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew John Fisher
- Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Leve S, Wirsdörfer F, Cappuccini F, Schütze A, Meyer AV, Röck K, Thompson LF, Fischer JW, Stuschke M, Jendrossek V. Loss of CD73 prevents accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages and the formation of prefibrotic macrophage clusters in irradiated lungs. FASEB J 2017; 31:2869-2880. [PMID: 28325757 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601228r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While radiotherapy is a mainstay for cancer therapy, pneumonitis and fibrosis constitute dose-limiting side effects of thorax and whole body irradiation. So far, the contribution of immune cells to disease progression is largely unknown. Here we studied the role of ecto-5'-nucelotidase (CD73)/adenosine-induced changes in the myeloid compartment in radiation-induced lung fibrosis. C57BL/6 wild-type or CD73-/- mice received a single dose of whole thorax irradiation (WTI, 15 Gy). Myeloid cells were characterized in flow cytometric, histologic, and immunohistochemical analyses as well as RNA analyses. WTI induced a pronounced reduction of alveolar macrophages in both strains that recovered within 6 wk. Fibrosis development in wild-type mice was associated with a time-dependent deposition of hyaluronic acid (HA) and increased expression of markers for alternative activation on alveolar macrophages. These include the antiinflammatory macrophage mannose receptor and arginase-1. Further, macrophages accumulated in organized clusters and expressed profibrotic mediators at ≥25 wk after irradiation (fibrotic phase). Irradiated CD73-/- mice showed an altered regulation of components of the HA system and no clusters of alternatively activated macrophages. We speculate that accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages in organized clusters represents the origins of fibrotic foci after WTI and is promoted by a cross-talk between HA, CD73/adenosine signaling, and other profibrotic mediators.-De Leve, S., Wirsdörfer, F., Cappuccini, F., Schütze, A., Meyer, A. V., Röck, K., Thompson, L. F., Fischer, J. W., Stuschke, M., Jendrossek, V. Loss of CD73 prevents accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages and the formation of prefibrotic macrophage clusters in irradiated lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Leve
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Federica Cappuccini
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schütze
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alina V Meyer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katharina Röck
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Linda F Thompson
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen C, Yang S, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Hong J, Han D, Ma J, Zhang SB, Okunieff P, Zhang L. Triptolide mitigates radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibition of axis of alveolar macrophages-NOXes-ROS-myofibroblasts. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:381-9. [PMID: 27003327 PMCID: PMC4910907 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE IR-induced pulmonary fibrosis is one of the most severe late complications of radiotherapy for lung cancer. It is urgently needed to discover a new drug for anti-IR lung fibrosis. Our previous studies have indicated that TPL exhibits both anti-IR lung fibrosis and anti-tumor activities. To reveal the mechanism of TPL on anti-IR lung fibrosis, alveolar macrophages (AMs) were examined for TPL effect on their axis of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-reactive oxygen species (NOXes-ROS) and myofibroblast activation. METHODS AND MATERIALS The fibrosis-prone C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with 15 Gy on whole chest, then one day later, mice were treated without or with TPL (i.v. 0.25 mg/kg, qod for 1 month). The AMs were collected from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and studied for the production of ROS and the levels of NOXes. The effect of AMs on myofibroblast activation as labeled with F4/80 or α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) were examined using flow cytometry, Western blotting, or immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS TPL effectively reduced the IR-induced lung fibrosis as evidenced by the less myofibroblasts, less collagen deposit and less ROS in the IR-lung tissues. We found that ROS which responsible for myofibroblasts activation was mainly from AMs and was NOX2 and NOX4 dependent. TPL significantly reduced the infiltrated AMs in IR-lung tissues, and in addition, down regulated the level of NOX2 and NOX4 in AMs both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, by inhibiting NOXes dependent ROS in AMs, TPL deprived AMs' paracrine activation of myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrated that the anti-fibrotic effect of TPL on IR-induced pulmonary fibrosis was related to its inhibition on the axis of alveolar macrophages-NOXes-ROS-myofibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shanmin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jingshen Hong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Radiation Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Deping Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Radiation Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven B. Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Lab of Radiation Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Romero F, Shah D, Duong M, Penn RB, Fessler MB, Madenspacher J, Stafstrom W, Kavuru M, Lu B, Kallen CB, Walsh K, Summer R. A pneumocyte-macrophage paracrine lipid axis drives the lung toward fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:74-86. [PMID: 25409201 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0343oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-laden macrophages, or "foam cells," are observed in the lungs of patients with fibrotic lung disease, but their contribution to disease pathogenesis remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that fibrosis induced by bleomycin, silica dust, or thoracic radiation promotes early and sustained accumulation of foam cells in the lung. In the bleomycin model, we show that foam cells arise from neighboring alveolar epithelial type II cells, which respond to injury by dumping lipids into the distal airspaces of the lungs. We demonstrate that oxidized phospholipids accumulate within alveolar macrophages (AMs) after bleomycin injury and that murine and human AMs treated with oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPc) become polarized along an M2 phenotype and display enhanced production of transforming growth factor-β1. The direct instillation of oxPc into the mouse lung induces foam cell formation and triggers a severe fibrotic reaction. Further, we show that reducing pulmonary lipid clearance by targeted deletion of the lipid efflux transporter ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1 increases foam cell formation and worsens lung fibrosis after bleomycin. Conversely, we found that treatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor attenuates fibrotic responses, at least in part through its ability to decrease AM lipid accumulation. In summary, this work describes a novel mechanism leading to foam cell formation in the mouse lung and suggests that strategies aimed at blocking foam cell formation might be effective for treating fibrotic lung disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Romero
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| | - Dilip Shah
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| | - Michelle Duong
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| | - Raymond B Penn
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| | - Michael B Fessler
- 2 Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Jennifer Madenspacher
- 2 Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - William Stafstrom
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| | - Mani Kavuru
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| | - Bo Lu
- 3 Bodine Cancer Center, and
| | - Caleb B Kallen
- 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- 5 Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ross Summer
- 1 Center for Translational Medicine and Jane and Leonard Korman Lung Center
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Collins BH, Holzknecht ZE, Lynn KA, Sempowski GD, Smith CC, Liu S, Parker W, Rockey DC. Association of age-dependent liver injury and fibrosis with immune cell populations. Liver Int 2013; 33:1175-86. [PMID: 23710620 PMCID: PMC4151465 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver's response to injury is fibrosis, and when chronic, cirrhosis. Age is a critical factor impacting many immune-mediated processes, potentially including the liver's wounding response to injury. METHODS The effects of age on acute and chronic liver injury were evaluated using a carbon tetrachloride model in mice. Lymphocyte and macrophage populations were assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Acute liver injury was greater in 18-month-old (old) mice than in 9-month-old (middle-aged) mice as judged by changes in aminotransferases. Similarly, livers of 18-month-old mice had a significantly greater fibrogenic response to injury than did livers of 9-month-old mice after chronic injury (assessed by col1α1 mRNA expression, morphometric analysis and hydroxyproline measurement). Interestingly, livers from young mice (6 weeks old) also exhibited an increase in fibrogenesis compared to 9-month-old mice, albeit not to the same degree as in old mice. Consistent with a role for macrophages in fibrogenesis, the number of liver macrophages in young and 9-month-old mice increased, while in chronically injured livers of 18-month-old mice, the number of macrophages was reduced, and was less than in the livers of young and 9-month-old injured livers. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the fibrogenic response to injury varies substantially with age, and moreover that macrophage recruitment and dynamics may be an important component in differential age-associated fibrotic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kellie A. Lynn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Cathy Choy Smith
- Liver Center Laboratory and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Songling Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - William Parker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Don C. Rockey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Kim JY, Sohn JH, Choi JM, Lee JH, Hong CS, Lee JS, Park JW. Alveolar macrophages play a key role in cockroach-induced allergic inflammation via TNF-α pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47971. [PMID: 23094102 PMCID: PMC3477122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the serine protease in the German cockroach allergen is important to the development of allergic disease. The protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, which is expressed in numerous cell types in lung tissue, is known to mediate the cellular events caused by inhaled serine protease. Alveolar macrophages express PAR-2 and produce considerable amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. We determined whether the serine protease in German cockroach extract (GCE) enhances TNF-α production by alveolar macrophages through the PAR-2 pathway and whether the TNF-α production affects GCE-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effects of GCE on alveolar macrophages and TNF-α production were evaluated using in vitro MH-S and RAW264.6 cells and in vivo GCE-induced asthma models of BALB/c mice. GCE contained a large amount of serine protease. In the MH-S and RAW264.7 cells, GCE activated PAR-2 and thereby produced TNF-α. In the GCE-induced asthma model, intranasal administration of GCE increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammatory cell infiltration, productions of serum immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and TNF-α production in alveolar macrophages. Blockade of serine proteases prevented the development of GCE induced allergic pathologies. TNF-α blockade also prevented the development of such asthma-like lesions. Depletion of alveolar macrophages reduced AHR and intracellular TNF-α level in pulmonary cell populations in the GCE-induced asthma model. These results suggest that serine protease from GCE affects asthma through an alveolar macrophage and TNF-α dependent manner, reflecting the close relation of innate and adaptive immune response in allergic asthma model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Young Kim
- Ewha Womans University College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Sohn
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chein-Soo Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Shil Lee
- Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Osong, South Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song EH, Manganiello MJ, Chow YH, Ghosn B, Convertine AJ, Stayton PS, Schnapp LM, Ratner DM. In vivo targeting of alveolar macrophages via RAFT-based glycopolymers. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6889-97. [PMID: 22770567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeting cell populations via endogenous carbohydrate receptors is an appealing approach for drug delivery. However, to be effective, this strategy requires the production of high affinity carbohydrate ligands capable of engaging with specific cell-surface lectins. To develop materials that exhibit high affinity towards these receptors, we synthesized glycopolymers displaying pendent carbohydrate moieties from carbohydrate-functionalized monomer precursors via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. These glycopolymers were fluorescently labeled and used to determine macrophage-specific targeting both in vitro and in vivo. Mannose- and N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycopolymers were shown to specifically target mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro in a dose-dependent manner as compared to a galactose-containing glycopolymer (30- and 19-fold higher uptake, respectively). In addition, upon macrophage differentiation, the mannose glycopolymer exhibited enhanced uptake in M2-polarized macrophages, an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype prevalent in injured tissue. This carbohydrate-specific uptake was retained in vivo, as alveolar macrophages demonstrated 6-fold higher internalization of mannose glycopolymer, as compared to galactose, following intratracheal administration in mice. We have shown the successful synthesis of a class of functional RAFT glycopolymers capable of macrophage-type specific uptake both in vitro and in vivo, with significant implications for the design of future targeted drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ho Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Tissue phagocytes share several cell surface markers, phagocytic capability and myeloid classification; however, the factors that regulate the differentiation, homeostasis and function of macrophages and dendritic cells remain largely unknown. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the tools that are currently available and those that are under development to study the origin and function of mononuclear phagocytes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Van Hul N, Lanthier N, Español Suñer R, Abarca Quinones J, van Rooijen N, Leclercq I. Kupffer cells influence parenchymal invasion and phenotypic orientation, but not the proliferation, of liver progenitor cells in a murine model of liver injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1839-50. [PMID: 21854752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of myofibroblasts (MF) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition predispose the expansion and differentiation of liver progenitor cells (LPC) during chronic liver injury. Because Kupffer cells (KC) are active modulators of tissue response and fibrosis, we analyzed their role in a model of LPC proliferation. A choline-deficient diet, supplemented by ethionine (CDE) was administrated to C57Bl/6J mice that were depleted of KC by repeated injections of clodronate (CLO) and compared to PBS-injected mice. On CDE, massive KC activation was observed in the PBS group, but this was blunted in CLO-treated mice. The depletion of KC did not influence LPC proliferation but reduced their invasive behavior. Instead of being found far into the parenchyma, as was found in the PBS group (mean distance from portal vein: 209 μm), LPC of CLO mice remained closer to the portal area (138 μm), forming aggregates and phenotypically resembling cells of biliary lineage. Notably, removal of KC was also associated with a significant decrease in amount of MF and ECM and in the expression of profibrotic factors. Thus, besides ECM and MF, KC are also a significant component of the microenvironmental changes preceding LPC expansion. Depletion of KC may limit the LPC parenchymal invasion through a deficiency in chemoattracting factors, reduced activation of MF, and/or a paucity of the ECM framework necessary for cell motility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Van Hul
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Peterson TC, Peterson MR, Raoul JM. The effect of pentoxifylline and its metabolite-1 on inflammation and fibrosis in the TNBS model of colitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 662:47-54. [PMID: 21554874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
TNBS-induced colitis has characteristics resembling human Crohn's disease including transmural inflammation, ulceration, and fibrosis. Current treatments target acute symptoms but do not necessarily prevent fibrotic complications of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pentoxifylline and its primary metabolite (M-1) on fibrosis in the TNBS-induced colitis model. Myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin-18 are indicators of inflammation and were elevated in the TNBS model. The morphology damage score assesses colon damage and was also elevated in the TNBS model. Collagen as the indicator of fibrosis was quantified and visualized by the Sirius Red/Fast Green staining technique and collagen type I was assessed by Western analysis. Collagen was elevated in the TNBS-induced model. Pentoxifylline and M-1 treatment significantly attenuated colon damage and inflammation in TNBS-colitis (P<0.05). M-1 treatment significantly reduced the TNBS-induced increase in colon weight, colon thickness and total collagen content (P<0.05). Results suggest that pentoxifylline and M-1 inhibit intestinal fibrosis in this experimental model and may prove beneficial in the treatment of intestinal fibrosis associated with human Crohn's disease with the added benefit of inhibiting inflammation and ulceration. This is the first study to examine the effects of racemic M-1 in vivo and one of the few studies to examine the effect of drugs on both inflammation and fibrosis in an experimental model of colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang X, Walton W, Cook DN, Hua X, Tilley S, Haskell CA, Horuk R, Blackstock AW, Kirby SL. The chemokine, CCL3, and its receptor, CCR1, mediate thoracic radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:127-35. [PMID: 20870892 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0265oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving thoracic radiation often develop pulmonary injury and fibrosis. Currently, there are no effective measures to prevent or treat these conditions. We tested whether blockade of the chemokine, CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 3, and its receptors, CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 1 and CCR5, can prevent radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis. C57BL/6J mice received thoracic radiation, and the interaction of CCL3 with CCR1 or CCR5 was blocked using genetic techniques, or by pharmacologic intervention. Lung inflammation was assessed by histochemical staining of lung tissue and by flow cytometry. Fibrosis was measured by hydroxyproline assays and collagen staining, and lung function was studied by invasive procedures. Irradiated mice lacking CCL3 or its receptor, CCR1, did not develop the lung inflammation, fibrosis, and decline in lung function seen in irradiated wild-type mice. Pharmacologic treatment of wild-type mice with a small molecule inhibitor of CCR1 also prevented lung inflammation and fibrosis. By contrast, mice lacking CCR5 were not protected from radiation-induced injury and fibrosis. The selective interaction of CCL3 with its receptor, CCR1, is critical for radiation-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis, and these conditions can be largely prevented by a small molecule inhibitor of CCR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pechkovsky DV, Prasse A, Kollert F, Engel KMY, Dentler J, Luttmann W, Friedrich K, Müller-Quernheim J, Zissel G. Alternatively activated alveolar macrophages in pulmonary fibrosis-mediator production and intracellular signal transduction. Clin Immunol 2010; 137:89-101. [PMID: 20674506 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated macrophages have been characterized as M1 and M2 according to their inflammatory response pattern. Here we analyzed the M2 marker expression and intracellular signal transduction in the course of cytokine-driven differentiation. We found elevated spontaneous production of the chemokines CCL17, CCL18 and CCL22 and increased expression of CD206 by alveolar macrophages from patients with lung fibrosis. Stimulation of normal human AM with Th2 cytokines IL-4 and/or IL-10 in vitro revealed IL-4 as the most powerful inducer of M2-phenotype in AM and monocytes. Importantly, IL-10 enhanced IL-4-induced expression of CCL18 and IL-1RA in a synergistic fashion. IL-4/IL-10 stimulation induces a strong activation of STAT3 in AM from fibrosis patients. These results suggest an important role for M2 polarized AM in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and indicate that both IL-4 and IL-10 account for human AM phenotype shift to M2, as seen in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Pechkovsky
- Department of Pneumology, Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bottoms SE, Howell JE, Reinhardt AK, Evans IC, McAnulty RJ. Tgf-Beta isoform specific regulation of airway inflammation and remodelling in a murine model of asthma. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9674. [PMID: 20300191 PMCID: PMC2837347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β family of mediators are thought to play important roles in the regulation of inflammation and airway remodelling in asthma. All three mammalian isoforms of TGF-β, TGF-β1–3, are expressed in the airways and TGF-β1 and -β2 are increased in asthma. However, there is little information on the specific roles of individual TGF-β isoforms. In this study we assess the roles of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in the regulation of allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodelling associated with asthma, using a validated murine model of ovalbumin sensitization and challenge, and isoform specific TGF-β neutralising antibodies. Antibodies to both isoforms inhibited TGF-β mediated Smad signalling. Anti-TGF-β1 and anti-TGF-β2 inhibited ovalbumin-induced sub-epithelial collagen deposition but anti-TGF-β1 also specifically regulated airway and fibroblast decorin deposition by TGF-β1. Neither antibody affected the allergen-induced increase in sub-epithelial fibroblast-like cells. Anti- TGF-β1 also specifically inhibited ovalbumin-induced increases in monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Whereas, both TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 were involved in regulating allergen-induced increases in eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers. These data show that TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 exhibit a combination of specific and shared roles in the regulation of allergen-induced airway inflammation and remodelling. They also provide evidence in support of the potential for therapeutic regulation of specific subsets of cells and extracellular matrix proteins associated with inflammation and remodelling in airway diseases such as asthma and COPD, as well as other fibroproliferative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Bottoms
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E. Howell
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair K. Reinhardt
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iona C. Evans
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J. McAnulty
- Lung Pathobiology Group, Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: *
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee Y, Friedman SL. Fibrosis in the Liver. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 97:151-200. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385233-5.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
21
|
Thatcher TH, Sime PJ, Barth RK. SENSITIVITY TO BLEOMYCIN-INDUCED LUNG INJURY IS NOT MODERATED BY AN ANTIGEN-LIMITED T-CELL REPERTOIRE. Exp Lung Res 2009; 31:685-700. [PMID: 16203623 DOI: 10.1080/01902140591007218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive scarring disease of the lung. It has been suggested that fibrosis is an inflammatory process, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta have been shown to play key roles in the pathogenesis of fibrotic lung disease. However, the source of these cytokines remains in question and there is controversy over the role that infiltrating inflammatory cells play in fibrosis. T cells could play a key role by releasing cytokines upon engaging autoantigens revealed as a result of necrosis or apoptosis following epithelial injury. Some studies have shown that disrupting T-cell function leads to more severe disease, whereas others have shown that T-cell deficiency protects against fibrotic injury. To investigate whether specific antigen engagement by T cells is required for the development of fibrosis, bleomycin was instilled into the lungs of mice expressing a transgenic T-cell receptor beta (TCRbeta) gene. Expression of the TCRbeta transgene prevents effective recognition of antigens other than a single epitope of hen egg lysozyme. These mice therefore have defective antigen-specific responses but a normal representation of mature T-cell subsets. If antigen-specific T-cell engagement is required for the development of lung fibrosis, bleomycin-induced fibrosis should be reduced in the TCRbeta transgenic mice. In fact, there is no difference in the inflammatory or fibrotic response to bleomycin between TCRbeta transgenic and control mice. Thus, if T cells are required for fibrogenesis, it must involve an antigen-independent mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Garbuzenko E, Berkman N, Puxeddu I, Kramer M, Nagler A, Levi-Schaffer F. MAST CELLS INDUCE ACTIVATION OF HUMAN LUNG FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO. Exp Lung Res 2009; 30:705-21. [PMID: 15700548 DOI: 10.1080/01902140490517809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are able to induce proliferation of skin fibroblasts; however, their effect on lung fibroblasts has not been clearly established. Using in vitro cocultures of rat or human mast cells with lung fibroblasts, the authors determined whether mast cells alter proliferation, collagen synthesis, and metalloproteinase production from lung fibroblasts. Mast cells enhanced the proliferation of human fibroblasts (mean +/- SEM: 90% +/- 4.7% increase, P < .001) while inhibiting fibroblast collagen synthesis (48.1% +/- 4.2% decrease, P < .001). Histamine, but not tryptase, significantly enhanced fibroblast proliferation: 92% +/- 5.8% (P < .001) and 39.2% +/- 4.3% (P > 0.05), respectively. Rat mast cell sonicate added to lung fibroblasts induced the activation of metalloproteinase-9 while inhibiting that of metaloproteinase-2. The addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated lung macrophage supernatant further enhanced the poliferative effect of mast cells on fibroblasts (by 60% +/- 7.8%, P < .001) and induced synthesis of collagen from these cells (190% +/- 28% increase versus control, P < .05). This study demonstrates that mast cells influence several aspects of lung fibroblast function in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Garbuzenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Hadassah-Hebrew, University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abnormal lymphangiogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3958-63. [PMID: 19237567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813368106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, debilitating respiratory disease whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. In IPF, the lung parenchyma undergoes extensive remodeling. We hypothesized that lymphangiogenesis is part of lung remodeling and sought to characterize pathways leading to lymphangiogenesis in IPF. We found that the diameter of lymphatic vessels in alveolar spaces in IPF lung tissue correlated with disease severity, suggesting that the alveolar microenvironment plays a role in the lymphangiogenic process. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from subjects with IPF, we found short-fragment hyaluronic acid, which induced migration and proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), processes required for lymphatic vessel formation. To determine the origin of LECs in IPF, we isolated macrophages from the alveolar spaces; CD11b(+) macrophages from subjects with IPF, but not those from healthy volunteers, formed lymphatic-like vessels in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that in the alveolar microenvironment of IPF, soluble factors such as short-fragment hyaluronic acid and cells such as CD11b(+) macrophages contribute to lymphangiogenesis. These results improve our understanding of lymphangiogenesis and tissue remodeling in IPF and perhaps other fibrotic diseases as well.
Collapse
|
24
|
Nacu N, Luzina IG, Highsmith K, Lockatell V, Pochetuhen K, Cooper ZA, Gillmeister MP, Todd NW, Atamas SP. Macrophages produce TGF-beta-induced (beta-ig-h3) following ingestion of apoptotic cells and regulate MMP14 levels and collagen turnover in fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5036-44. [PMID: 18354229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages is an essential part in the resolution of inflammation. It coincides with activation of repair mechanisms, including accumulation of extracellular matrix. A possible link between clearance of apoptotic debris and accumulation of extracellular matrix has not been investigated. Production of collagen was measured in primary fibroblasts cocultured with macrophages. Ingestion of apoptotic cells by monocyte-derived macrophages led to up-regulation of collagen. Direct contact between macrophages and fibroblasts was not required for collagen up-regulation. Macrophages produced TGF-beta following ingestion of apoptotic cells, but the levels of this cytokine were lower than those required for a significant up-regulation of collagen. Simultaneously, the levels of TGF-beta-induced (TGFBI), or keratoepithelin/BIGH3, mRNA and protein were increased. In contrast, primary alveolar macrophages stimulated collagen production without exposure to apoptotic cells; there was no further increase in the levels of TGFBI, mRNA or protein, or collagen after ingestion of apoptotic cells. Stimulation of fibroblasts with TGFBI down-regulated MMP14 levels, decreased DNA binding by p53, increased DNA binding by PU.1, and up-regulated collagen protein but not mRNA levels. Overexpression of MMP14 or p53, or small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of PU.1 led to an increase in MMP14 and a decline in collagen levels, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated inhibition of MMP14 led to elevation of collagen levels. In conclusion, monocyte-derived but not alveolar macrophages produce TGFBI following ingestion of apoptotic cells, leading to the down-regulation of MMP14 levels in fibroblasts through a mechanism involving p53 and PU.1, and to subsequent accumulation of collagen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Nacu
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hays PL, Kawamura S, Deng XH, Dagher E, Mithoefer K, Ying L, Rodeo SA. The role of macrophages in early healing of a tendon graft in a bone tunnel. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90:565-79. [PMID: 18310707 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.f.00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages accumulate following tendon-to-bone repair and may contribute to the formation of a scar-tissue interface rather than to the reformation of a normal insertion site. We hypothesized that macrophage depletion may lead to improved insertion site regeneration, in a form of "scar-less" healing rather than reactive scar-tissue formation. METHODS One hundred and ninety-two Sprague-Dawley rats underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with use of a flexor tendon autograft and were divided into a control group (ninety-six rats) and a liposomal clodronate-injected group (ninety-six rats). Clodronate is a bisphosphonate that selectively induces macrophage apoptosis. Animals in the liposomal clodronate group received weekly intraperitoneal injections of liposomal clodronate (1.33 mL/100 g of body weight). Rats were killed at serial time points from three to forty-two days. Immunostaining identified macrophages and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) at the tendon-bone interface. Fibrous interface width, osteoid formation, and collagen fiber continuity were evaluated with use of histomorphometry. Serial fluorochrome labeling was used to measure mineral apposition rate. Additional rats were killed for biomechanical testing at seven, fourteen, twenty-eight, and forty-two days. RESULTS Liposomal clodronate significantly decreased macrophages and TGF-beta accumulation at the tendon-bone interface (p < 0.05). Specimens from rats that received liposomal clodronate exhibited a significantly narrower fibrous tissue interface between tendon and bone at all time points compared with specimens from controls (p < 0.05). In specimens from the liposomal clodronate group, healing proceeded at an accelerated rate, characterized by enhanced collagen fiber continuity and a greater degree of interface remodeling between tendon and bone. There were significant increases in osteoid formation (p < 0.05) and mineral apposition rates (p < 0.05) among experimental specimens. At forty-two days, the specimens from the liposomal clodronate group had significantly greater increases than the control specimens with respect to load to failure (mean and standard deviation, 13.5 +/- 4.2 N and 9.7 +/- 3.9 N, respectively; p < 0.05) and stiffness (mean, 11.5 +/- 5.0 N/mm and 7.5 +/- 3.2 N/mm; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Macrophage depletion following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction resulted in significantly improved morphologic and biomechanical properties at the healing tendon-bone interface, which we hypothesize are due to diminished macrophage-induced TGF-beta production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peyton L Hays
- The Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ebeling C, Lam T, Gordon JR, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 promotes allergic sensitization to an inhaled antigen through a TNF-mediated pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2910-7. [PMID: 17709505 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.5.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reason why particular inhaled Ags induce allergic sensitization while others lead to immune tolerance is unclear. Along with a genetic predisposition to atopy, intrinsic characteristics of these Ags must be important. A common characteristic of many allergens is that they either possess proteinase activity or are inhaled in particles rich in proteinases. Many allergens, such as house dust mite and cockroach allergens, have the potential to activate the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2. In this study, we report that PAR-2 activation in the airways at the same time as exposure to inhaled Ags induces allergic sensitization, whereas exposure to Ag alone induces tolerance. BALB/c mice were administered OVA with a PAR-2 activating peptide intranasally. Upon allergen re-exposure mice developed airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, as well as OVA-specific T cells with a Th2 cytokine profile when restimulated with OVA in vitro. Conversely, mice given OVA alone or OVA with a PAR-2 control peptide developed tolerance. These tolerant mice did not develop airway inflammation or airway hyperresponsiveness, and developed OVA-specific T cells that secreted high levels of IL-10 when restimulated with OVA in vitro. Furthermore, pulmonary dendritic cell trafficking was altered in mice following intranasal PAR-2 activation. Finally, we showed that PAR-2-mediated allergic sensitization was TNF-dependent. Thus, PAR-2 activation in the airways could be a critical factor in the development of allergic sensitization following mucosal exposure to allergens with serine proteinase activity. Interfering with this pathway may prove to be useful for the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory Ebeling
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, 550 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tasci I, Mas MR, Vural SA, Deveci S, Comert B, Alcigir G, Mas N, Akay C, Bozdayi M, Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Uzunalimoglu O, Isik AT, Said HM. Pegylated interferon-alpha plus taurine in treatment of rat liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3237-44. [PMID: 17589904 PMCID: PMC4436611 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i23.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the antifibrotic effects of peginterferon-alpha 2b and taurine on oxidative stress markers and hepatocellular apoptosis.
METHODS: Sixty rats with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis were divided into 4 groups (n = 15). Group 1 was left for spontaneous recovery (SR). Groups 2-4 received peginterferon-alpha 2b, taurine, and their combination, respectively, for four weeks. Histological fibrosis scores, histomorphometric analysis, tissue hydroxyproline, tissue MDA, GPx and SOD activities were determined. Activated stellate cells and hepatocellular apoptosis were also evaluated.
RESULTS: The degree of fibrosis decreased in all treatment groups compared to spontaneous recovery group. Taurine alone and in combination with peginterferon-alpha 2b reduced oxidative stress markers, but peginterferon-alpha 2b alone did not. Apoptotic hepatocytes and activated stellate cells were higher in groups 2-4 than in group 1. Combined taurine and peginterferon-alpha 2b further reduced fibrosis and increased activated stellate cell apoptosis, but could not improve oxidative stress more than taurine alone.
CONCLUSION: Peginterferon-alpha 2b exerts anti-fibrotic effects on rat liver fibrosis. It seems ineffective against oxidative stress in vivo. Peginterferon-alpha 2b in combination with taurine seems to be an antifibrotic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Tasci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gulhane School of Medicine Etlik 06018 Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ren P, Rosas IO, Macdonald SD, Wu HP, Billings EM, Gochuico BR. Impairment of alveolar macrophage transcription in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:1151-7. [PMID: 17332483 PMCID: PMC1899274 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200607-958oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Alveolar macrophages are inflammatory cells that may contribute to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is characterized by excessive alveolar aggregation of cells and extracellular matrix proteins. OBJECTIVES To identify potential molecular mechanisms of IPF. METHODS To examine large-scale gene expression, messenger RNA isolated from alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with IPF and normal volunteers was hybridized to cDNA filters. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We showed that in IPF there is global down-regulation of gene expression in alveolar macrophages but not in blood monocytes. Nuclear run-on and pulse-chase studies showed that alveolar macrophages had significantly reduced transcription (p < 0.01). No significant difference in RNA degradation was found between subjects with IPF and normal volunteers. Western blot analyses revealed that concentrations of transcription factor II-H, a general transcription factor, were significantly lower in alveolar macrophages from subjects with IPF than in those from normal volunteers (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS Impaired transcription in IPF is associated with decreased concentrations of transcription factor II-H in alveolar macrophages and may alter the intraalveolar milieu in IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Pulmonary--Critical Care Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fallowfield JA, Mizuno M, Kendall TJ, Constandinou CM, Benyon RC, Duffield JS, Iredale JP. Scar-associated macrophages are a major source of hepatic matrix metalloproteinase-13 and facilitate the resolution of murine hepatic fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5288-95. [PMID: 17404313 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both the identity and source of the rodent collagenase(s) that mediates matrix remodeling in liver fibrosis remain elusive. We have recently demonstrated an unequivocal role for scar-associated macrophages (SAMs) in the spontaneous resolution of liver fibrosis and sought to determine whether SAMs are the source of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 13 (collagenase 3), considered to be the primary interstitial collagenase in rodents. In this study, we demonstrate an association between MMP13 expression and the presence of SAMs in the regression of experimental liver fibrosis. mmp13 gene expression was restricted to regions of fibrosis that were rich in SAMs. Both MMP13 mRNA and protein colocalized to large phagocytes within and directly apposed to hepatic scars. Using the CD11b-DTR-transgenic mouse to deplete SAMs in a model of chronic CCl(4) injury, we found that SAM depletion resulted in a 5-fold reduction in mmp13 message (p = 0.005). Furthermore, resolution of CCl(4)-induced fibrosis was retarded in MMP13-deficient mice. Thus, SAMs selectively, during resolution of fibrosis induce and use the major collagenase MMP13 to mediate the resorption of interstitial matrix and successfully remodel the fibrotic liver.
Collapse
|
30
|
Henderson NC, Iredale JP. Liver fibrosis: cellular mechanisms of progression and resolution. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112:265-80. [PMID: 17261089 DOI: 10.1042/cs20060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a major worldwide health care burden. The last 15 years have seen a rapid growth in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this clinically relevant model of inflammation and repair. This work is likely to inform the design of effective antifibrotic therapies in the near future. In this review, we examine how the innate and adaptive immune response interacts with other key cell types in the liver, such as the myofibroblast, regulating the process of hepatic fibrosis and, where relevant, resolution of fibrosis with remodelling. Emphasis is placed on the increasing knowledge that has been generated by the use of transgenic animals and animals in which specific cell lines have been deleted. Additionally, we review the increasing evidence that, although significant numbers of wound-healing myofibroblasts are derived from the hepatic stellate cell, significant contributions may occur from other cell lineages, including those from distant sites such as bone marrow stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Henderson
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Benoit A, Huang Y, Proctor J, Rowden G, Anderson R. Effects of alveolar macrophage depletion on liposomal vaccine protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:147-54. [PMID: 16792685 PMCID: PMC1941998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the identities and roles of antigen-presenting cells upon exposure to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Here, we focused on elucidating the importance of alveolar macrophages in conferring protective immunity in mice administered a liposome-encapsulated recombinant fragment of the RSV G protein. Mice were depleted of alveolar macrophages by intranasal inoculation of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylenediphosphonic acid (DMDP). Mice depleted of alveolar macrophages prior to immunization developed reduced levels of serum RSV-neutralizing antibody and showed dramatically impaired protection against RSV challenge. The severity of interstitial inflammation was also markedly reduced in macrophage-depleted mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a pivotal role for alveolar macrophages during exposure to liposome-encapsulated RSV antigen in initiating both protective and histopathological responses against RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Benoit
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mura M, Belmonte G, Fanti S, Contini P, Pacilli AMG, Fasano L, Zompatori M, Schiavina M, Fabbri M. Inflammatory activity is still present in the advanced stages of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respirology 2006; 10:609-14. [PMID: 16268914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of active inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is controversial. A gallium-67 citrate (Ga(67) scan) is a sensitive indicator of inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to assess the Ga(67) uptake and other markers of inflammation at different stages of IPF and to investigate its prognostic role. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two patients (aged 66 +/- 11 years, 18 males) with IPF were monitored for a period of 6-20 months (mean 13 months). At presentation (T0), high resolution CT (HRCT) scans showed reticular opacities and traction bronchiectasis with bi-basilar and peripheral distribution in all cases. At both T0 and follow-up (T1), we measured pulmonary function (PaO(2), FVC, DLco), overall radiographic extent of fibrosis (HRCT visual score), Ga(67) uptake, serum concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). RESULTS All parameters showed a significant deterioration during the T0-T1 interval, though the increase in Ga(67) uptake and serum markers was not significant. Patients with Ga(67) uptake indices graded as normal or mildly increased (group I), and graded as considerably or severely increased (group II) at presentation, were compared. There was no significant difference with respect to lung function or HRCT score between the two groups at T1. Ga(67) uptake, LDH, CRP and ESR at presentation did not correlate significantly with the interval change in pulmonary function and disease extent. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that inflammatory activity in the advanced stage of IPF is still relevant, although a Ga(67) scan is not predictive of the clinical course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mura
- UO Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Policlinico Sant'Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Inflammation and fibrosis are two inter-related conditions with many overlapping mechanisms. Three specific cell types, macrophages, T helper cells, and myofibroblasts, each play important roles in regulating both processes. Following tissue injury, an inflammatory stimulus is often necessary to initiate tissue repair, where cytokines released from resident and infiltrating leukocytes stimulate proliferation and activation of myofibroblasts. However, in many cases this drive stimulates an inappropriate pro-fibrotic response. In addition, activated myofibroblasts can take on the role of traditional APCs, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, and recruit inflammatory cells to fibrotic foci, amplifying the fibrotic response in a vicious cycle. Moreover, inflammatory cells have been shown to play contradictory roles in initiation, amplification, and resolution of fibrotic disease processes. The central role of the macrophage in contributing to the fibrotic response and fibrotic resolution is only beginning to be fully appreciated. In the following review, we discuss the fibrotic disease process from the context of the immune response to injury. We review the major cellular and soluble factors controlling these responses and suggest ways in which more specific and, hopefully, more effective therapies may be derived.
Collapse
|
34
|
Duffield JS, Forbes SJ, Constandinou CM, Clay S, Partolina M, Vuthoori S, Wu S, Lang R, Iredale JP. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J Clin Invest 2005. [PMID: 15630444 DOI: 10.1172/jci200522675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1120] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform both injury-inducing and repair-promoting tasks in different models of inflammation, leading to a model of macrophage function in which distinct patterns of activation have been proposed. We investigated macrophage function mechanistically in a reversible model of liver injury in which the injury and recovery phases are distinct. Carbon tetrachloride---induced liver fibrosis revealed scar-associated macrophages that persisted throughout recovery. A transgenic mouse (CD11b-DTR) was generated in which macrophages could be selectively depleted. Macrophage depletion when liver fibrosis was advanced resulted in reduced scarring and fewer myofibroblasts. Macrophage depletion during recovery, by contrast, led to a failure of matrix degradation. These data provide the first clear evidence that functionally distinct subpopulations of macrophages exist in the same tissue and that these macrophages play critical roles in both the injury and recovery phases of inflammatory scarring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Duffield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Duffield JS, Forbes SJ, Constandinou CM, Clay S, Partolina M, Vuthoori S, Wu S, Lang R, Iredale JP. Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:56-65. [PMID: 15630444 PMCID: PMC539199 DOI: 10.1172/jci22675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages perform both injury-inducing and repair-promoting tasks in different models of inflammation, leading to a model of macrophage function in which distinct patterns of activation have been proposed. We investigated macrophage function mechanistically in a reversible model of liver injury in which the injury and recovery phases are distinct. Carbon tetrachloride---induced liver fibrosis revealed scar-associated macrophages that persisted throughout recovery. A transgenic mouse (CD11b-DTR) was generated in which macrophages could be selectively depleted. Macrophage depletion when liver fibrosis was advanced resulted in reduced scarring and fewer myofibroblasts. Macrophage depletion during recovery, by contrast, led to a failure of matrix degradation. These data provide the first clear evidence that functionally distinct subpopulations of macrophages exist in the same tissue and that these macrophages play critical roles in both the injury and recovery phases of inflammatory scarring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Duffield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Okuma T, Terasaki Y, Kaikita K, Kobayashi H, Kuziel WA, Kawasuji M, Takeya M. C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) deficiency improves bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by attenuation of both macrophage infiltration and production of macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinases. J Pathol 2005; 204:594-604. [PMID: 15538737 DOI: 10.1002/path.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration is implicated in various types of pulmonary fibrosis. One important pathogenetic process associated with pulmonary fibrosis is injury to basement membranes by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are produced mainly by macrophages. In this study, C-C chemokine receptor 2-deficient (CCR2-/-) mice were used to explore the relationship between macrophage infiltration and MMP activity in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, using the bleomycin-induced model of this disease process. CCR2 is the main (if not only) receptor for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/C-C chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2), which is a critical mediator of macrophage trafficking, and CCR2 -/- mice demonstrate defective macrophage migration. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced in CCR2-/- and wild-type (CCR2+/+) mice by intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. No significant differences in the total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, or in the degree of histological lung inflammation, were observed in the two groups until day 7. Between days 3 and 21, however, BAL fluid from CCR2-/- mice contained fewer macrophages than BAL fluid from CCR2+/+ mice. Gelatin zymography of BAL fluid and in situ zymography revealed reduced gelatinolytic activity in CCR2-/- mice. Immunocytochemical staining showed weaker expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in macrophages in BAL fluid from CCR2-/- mice at day 3. Gelatin zymography of protein extracted from alveolar macrophages showed reduced gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in CCR2-/- mice. At days 14 and 21, lung remodelling and the hydroxyproline content of lung tissues were significantly reduced in CCR2-/- mice. These results suggest that the CCL2/CCR2 functional pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and that CCR2 deficiency may improve the outcome of this disease by regulating macrophage infiltration and macrophage-derived MMP-2 and MMP-9 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Okuma
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sunderkötter C, Nikolic T, Dillon MJ, Van Rooijen N, Stehling M, Drevets DA, Leenen PJM. Subpopulations of mouse blood monocytes differ in maturation stage and inflammatory response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:4410-7. [PMID: 15034056 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 848] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Blood monocytes are well-characterized precursors for macrophages and dendritic cells. Subsets of human monocytes with differential representation in various disease states are well known. In contrast, mouse monocyte subsets have been characterized minimally. In this study we identify three subpopulations of mouse monocytes that can be distinguished by differential expression of Ly-6C, CD43, CD11c, MBR, and CD62L. The subsets share the characteristics of extensive phagocytosis, similar expression of M-CSF receptor (CD115), and development into macrophages upon M-CSF stimulation. By eliminating blood monocytes with dichloromethylene-bisphosphonate-loaded liposomes and monitoring their repopulation, we showed a developmental relationship between the subsets. Monocytes were maximally depleted 18 h after liposome application and subsequently reappeared in the circulation. These cells were exclusively of the Ly-6C(high) subset, resembling bone marrow monocytes. Serial flow cytometric analyses of newly released Ly-6C(high) monocytes showed that Ly-6C expression on these cells was down-regulated while in circulation. Under inflammatory conditions elicited either by acute infection with Listeria monocytogenes or chronic infection with Leishmania major, there was a significant increase in immature Ly-6C(high) monocytes, resembling the inflammatory left shift of granulocytes. In addition, acute peritoneal inflammation recruited preferentially Ly-6C(med-high) monocytes. Taken together, these data identify distinct subpopulations of mouse blood monocytes that differ in maturation stage and capacity to become recruited to inflammatory sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cord Sunderkötter
- Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang-Hoover J, Stein-Streilein J. Tolerogenic APC Generate CD8+ T Regulatory Cells That Modulate Pulmonary Interstitial Fibrosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 172:178-85. [PMID: 14688324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta2-treated Ag-pulsed APC mimic APC from the immune privileged eye, and provide signals that generate regulatory T (Tr) cells and mediate peripheral tolerance. We postulated that TGF-beta2-treated Ag-pulsed APC (tolerogenic APC (tol-APC)) might also orchestrate regulation of immune mediated pathogenesis in nonimmune privileged tissues such as the lung. We used an adoptive transfer model of autoimmune pulmonary interstitial fibrosis called hapten immune pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (ADT-HIPIF) in this study. Mice that received 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-sensitized cells and challenged (intratracheally) with the hapten developed pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. However, transfer (i.v.) of TGF-beta2-treated 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-pulsed bone marrow-derived APC (tol-APC) to experimental mice 1 day after intratracheal challenge reduced the collagen deposition in the interstitium of the lung that usually follows challenge. Furthermore, ADT-HIPIF mice that received tol-APC developed Ag-specific efferent CD8+ Tr cells. Adoptive transfer of the Tr cells to another set of presensitized mice mediated suppression of the efferent phase of Th1 immune response and the subsequent immune dependent pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Thus, tol-APC induced efferent CD8+ Tr cells in immune mice, and the regulation of the immune response limited the development of autoimmune pulmonary fibrosis in sensitized and pulmonary-challenged mice. Because ADT-HIPIF shares etiological and pathological characteristics with a variety of human immune inflammatory conditions in the lung that eventuate into interstitial fibrosis, these studies provide insight into potential therapy to alter the course of pulmonary fibrosis in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang-Hoover
- Schepens Eye Research Institute and Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maus UA, Koay MA, Delbeck T, Mack M, Ermert M, Ermert L, Blackwell TS, Christman JW, Schlöndorff D, Seeger W, Lohmeyer J. Role of resident alveolar macrophages in leukocyte traffic into the alveolar air space of intact mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L1245-52. [PMID: 12003780 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00453.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratracheal instillation of the monocyte chemoattractant JE/monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in mice was recently shown to cause increased alveolar monocyte accumulation in the absence of lung inflammation, whereas combined JE/MCP-1/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge provoked acute lung inflammation with early alveolar neutrophil and delayed alveolar monocyte influx. We evaluated the role of resident alveolar macrophages (rAM) in these leukocyte recruitment events and related phenomena of lung inflammation. Depletion of rAM by pretreatment of mice with liposomal clodronate did not affect the JE/MCP-1-driven alveolar monocyte accumulation, despite the observation that rAM constitutively expressed the JE/MCP-1 receptor CCR2, as analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, depletion of rAM largely suppressed alveolar cytokine release as well as neutrophil and monocyte recruitment profiles upon combined JE/MCP-1/LPS treatment. Despite this strongly attenuated alveolar inflammatory response, increased lung permeability was still observed in rAM-depleted mice undergoing JE/MCP-1/LPS challenge. Lung leakage was abrogated by codepletion of circulating neutrophils or administration of anti-CD18. Collectively, rAM are not involved in JE/MCP-1-driven alveolar monocyte recruitment in noninflamed lungs but largely contribute to the alveolar cytokine response and enhanced early neutrophil and delayed monocyte influx under inflammatory conditions (JE/MCP-1/LPS deposition). Loss of lung barrier function observed under these conditions is rAM independent but involves circulating neutrophils via beta(2)-integrin engagement.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- CD18 Antigens/drug effects
- Cell Count
- Chemokine CCL2/administration & dosage
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/physiology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Instillation, Drug
- Lipopolysaccharides/administration & dosage
- Macrophages, Alveolar/cytology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Monocytes/cytology
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Pneumonia/chemically induced
- Pneumonia/immunology
- Pneumonia/pathology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/cytology
- Pulmonary Alveoli/drug effects
- Pulmonary Alveoli/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR2
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Trachea/drug effects
- Trachea/physiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich A Maus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang-Hoover J, Sutton A, Stein-Streilein J. CD40/CD40 ligand interactions are critical for elicitation of autoimmune-mediated fibrosis in the lung. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:3556-63. [PMID: 11207316 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis (PIF), associated with persistent inflammation and increased collagen deposition in the interstitium, is often considered an autoimmune disease. Hapten immune PIF (HIPIF), a model for PIF, is elicited in the lung by a single intratracheal (i.t.) challenge in mice sensitized with hapten (2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, TNBS). In this study, we characterized the role of CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions in the elicitation of secondary cell-mediated immune responses that lead to development of fibrosis in the lung using an adoptive transfer model of HIPIF. The expression of CD40 was detected on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells 1-3 days after i.t. challenge with hapten in the HIPIF lung, but not lungs from the control mice. The CD40(bright) BAL cells morphologically resembled infiltrating monocytes. Furthermore, blocking CD40/CD40L interactions with blocking Ab decreased BAL production of Th1-mediators (IL-12 and TNF-alpha). Moreover, either blocking CD40/CD40L interactions with the Ab or using IL-12 knockout recipient mice prevented the increased collagen deposition (accumulation of hydroxyproline) in the lungs during HIPIF induction. We conclude that second signals (CD40/CD40L interactions) are required for elicitation of secondary immune responses that lead to PIF in vivo. The results support the notion that CD40/CD40L interactions are involved in the pathogenesis of an ongoing autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang-Hoover
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|