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Jones CW, Smolinski D, Keogh A, Kirk TB, Zheng MH. Confocal laser scanning microscopy in orthopaedic research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 40:1-71. [PMID: 15966255 DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a type of high-resolution fluorescence microscopy that overcomes the limitations of conventional widefield microscopy and facilitates the generation of high-resolution 3D images from relatively thick sections of tissue. As a comparatively non-destructive imaging technique, CLSM facilitates the in situ characterization of tissue microstructure. Images generated by CLSM have been utilized for the study of articular cartilage, bone, muscle, tendon, ligament and menisci by the foremost research groups in the field of orthopaedics including those teams headed by Bush, Errington, Guilak, Hall, Hunziker, Knight, Mow, Poole, Ratcliffe and White. Recent evolutions in techniques and technologies have facilitated a relatively widespread adoption of this imaging modality, with increased "user friendliness" and flexibility. Applications of CLSM also exist in the rapidly advancing field of orthopaedic implants and in the investigation of joint lubrication.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomedical Engineering
- Bone and Bones/cytology
- Cartilage, Articular/chemistry
- Cartilage, Articular/cytology
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/chemistry
- Chondrocytes/cytology
- Collagen/chemistry
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Forecasting
- Humans
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Immunohistochemistry
- Joints/cytology
- Ligaments/cytology
- Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Orthopedics
- Osteoclasts/cytology
- Research
- Tendons/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Jones
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, MDBP M050, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
The present review tries to identify some trends among the multitude of ways followed by image processing developments in the field of microscopy. Nine topics were selected. They cover the fields of: signal processing, statistical analysis, artificial intelligence, three-dimensional microscopy, multidimensional microscopy, multimodality microscopy, theory, simulation and multidisciplinarity. A specific topic is dedicated to a trend towards semi-automation instead of full automation in image processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël Bonnet
- University of Reims, UMRS-INSERM 514, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 45 rue Cognacq Jay, F-51092 Reims, France.
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Cheutin T, O'Donohue MF, Beorchia A, Klein C, Kaplan H, Ploton D. Three-dimensional organization of pKi-67: a comparative fluorescence and electron tomography study using FluoroNanogold. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:1411-23. [PMID: 14566014 PMCID: PMC3957551 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (MAb) Ki-67 is routinely used in clinical studies to estimate the growth fraction of tumors. However, the role of pKi-67, the protein detected by the Ki-67 MAb, remains elusive, although some biochemical data strongly suggest that it might organize chromatin. To better understand the functional organization of pKi-67, we studied its three-dimensional distribution in interphase cells by confocal microscopy and electron tomography. FluoroNanogold, a single probe combining a dense marker with a fluorescent dye, was used to investigate pKi-67 organization at the optical and ultrastructural levels. Observation by confocal microscopy followed by 3D reconstruction showed that pKi-67 forms a shell around the nucleoli. Double labeling experiments revealed that pKi-67 co-localizes with perinucleolar heterochromatin. Electron microscopy studies confirmed this close association and demonstrated that pKi-67 is located neither in the fibrillar nor in the granular components of the nucleolus. Finally, spatial analyses by electron tomography showed that pKi-67 forms cords 250-300 nm in diameter, which are themselves composed of 30-50-nm-thick fibers. These detailed comparative in situ analyses strongly suggest the involvement of pKi-67 in the higher-order organization of perinucleolar chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christophe Klein
- Reims, France; Service Commun d'Imagerie Cellulaire et de Cytométrie, INSERM IFR58, Institut Biomédical des Cordeliers, Paris, France (CK)
| | | | - Dominique Ploton
- Unité MéDian, CNRS UMR 6142, UFR de Pharmacie (TC,M-FO,DP)
- Correspondence to: Dominique Ploton, Unité MéDian, CNRS UMR 6142, UFR de Pharmacie, 51 rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims Cedex, France. E-mail:
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Lamprecht A, Schäfer UF, Lehr C. Characterization of microcapsules by confocal laser scanning microscopy: structure, capsule wall composition and encapsulation rate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2000; 49:1-9. [PMID: 10613921 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(99)00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) has been evaluated for characterizing microcapsules. The aim was to visualize the polymer distribution within the particle wall, and to localize and to quantify the encapsulated oil phase. Microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation: the oil phase, gelatine, and arabic gum were labelled with fluorescent markers. For all compounds it was proved that fluorescence labelling did not alter physico-chemical properties critical to the encapsulation process. Labelling of the inner oil phase allowed us to identify and to localize, three-dimensionally, the encapsulated compound. A homogeneous distribution for both gelatine and arabic gum throughout the capsule wall was observed. The addition of fluorescently labelled casein as a macromolecular model compound to the coacervate resulted in an inhomogeneous distribution of casein within the wall material, the highest concentration of casein was found at the oil-wall interface. To determine the encapsulation rate, CLSM pictures of the microcapsule samples were acquired using different fluorescence labels for the microcapsule wall polymers and the incorporated oil phase, respectively. By applying computational image analysis, the volumes of the different phases were calculated. Comparing the results of non-destructive image analysis with those obtained by degradation, extraction and chemical analysis, a linear relation was found with correlation coefficients better than 0.980.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lamprecht
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Blatter LA. Cell volume measurements by fluorescence confocal microscopy: theoretical and practical aspects. Methods Enzymol 1999; 307:274-95. [PMID: 10506979 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)07018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Blatter
- Department of Physiology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Klein C, Cheutin T, O'Donohue MF, Rothblum L, Kaplan H, Beorchia A, Lucas L, Héliot L, Ploton D. The three-dimensional study of chromosomes and upstream binding factor-immunolabeled nucleolar organizer regions demonstrates their nonrandom spatial arrangement during mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:3147-59. [PMID: 9802903 PMCID: PMC25602 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.11.3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumic rearrangement of both chromosomes and immunolabeled upstream binding factor in entire well-preserved mitotic cells was studied by confocal microscopy. By using high-quality three-dimensional visualization and tomography, it was possible to investigate interactively the volumic organization of chromosome sets and to focus on their internal characteristics. More particularly, this study demonstrates the nonrandom positioning of metaphase chromosomes bearing nucleolar organizer regions as revealed by their positive upstream binding factor immunolabeling. During the complex morphogenesis of the progeny nuclei from anaphase to late telophase, the equal partitioning of the nucleolar organizer regions is demonstrated by quantification, and their typical nonrandom central positioning within the chromosome sets is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Klein
- Unité 314 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire Pol Bouin and IFR 53, 51092 Reims Cedex France
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Heliot L, Kaplan H, Lucas L, Klein C, Beorchia A, Doco-Fenzy M, Menager M, Thiry M, O'Donohue MF, Ploton D. Electron tomography of metaphase nucleolar organizer regions: evidence for a twisted-loop organization. Mol Biol Cell 1997; 8:2199-216. [PMID: 9362063 PMCID: PMC25702 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.8.11.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaphase nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), one of four types of chromosome bands, are located on human acrocentric chromosomes. They contain r-chromatin, i.e., ribosomal genes complexed with proteins such as upstream binding factor and RNA polymerase I, which are argyrophilic NOR proteins. Immunocytochemical and cytochemical labelings of these proteins were used to reveal r-chromatin in situ and to investigate its spatial organization within NORs by confocal microscopy and by electron tomography. For each labeling, confocal microscopy revealed small and large double-spotted NORs and crescent-shaped NORs. Their internal three-dimensional (3D) organization was studied by using electron tomography on specifically silver-stained NORs. The 3D reconstructions allow us to conclude that the argyrophilic NOR proteins are grouped as a fiber of 60-80 nm in diameter that constitutes either one part of a turn or two or three turns of a helix within small and large double-spotted NORs, respectively. Within crescent-shaped NORs, virtual slices reveal that the fiber constitutes several longitudinally twisted loops, grouped as two helical 250- to 300-nm coils, each centered on a nonargyrophilic axis of condensed chromatin. We propose a model of the 3D organization of r-chromatin within elongated NORs, in which loops are twisted and bent to constitute one basic chromatid coil.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Chromatin/ultrastructure
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- KB Cells
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
- Metaphase
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission
- Models, Molecular
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Nucleolus Organizer Region/chemistry
- Nucleolus Organizer Region/ultrastructure
- Protein Conformation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- L Heliot
- Unité 314 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Laboratoire Pol Bouin, Reims, France
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Strohmaier AR, Porwol T, Acker H, Spiess E. Tomography of cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy and computer-assisted three-dimensional image reconstruction: localization of cathepsin B in tumor cells penetrating collagen gels in vitro. J Histochem Cytochem 1997; 45:975-83. [PMID: 9212823 DOI: 10.1177/002215549704500707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We used the nondestructive procedures of confocal laser scanning microscopy in combination with computer-assisted methods to visualize tumor cells in the process of penetrating collagen gels. Three independent sets of images were collected. The image information of all data sets was combined into one image, giving a three-dimensional (3D) impression at high light microscopic resolution and sensitivity. We collected information about the extracellular matrix using the reflection mode, the cell surface/morphology by staining with the fluorescent dye DiOC6(3), and the distribution of cathepsin B by Cy-3-labeled immunolocalization. The specific aim of our study was visualization of the spatial relationship of cell organelles as far as they contain the enzyme cathepsin B to cell morphology and motility in a 3D model of extracellular matrix. The majority of the enzyme was localized pericellularly, with no visible relationship to the direction of movement. However, substantial amounts also appeared in intramatrix pseudopodia and associated with the extracellular face of the plasma membrane, which may be indicative either of secretion and/or epicellular activity. Our approach has general applicability to study of the spatial relationships of cell compartments and their possible reorganization over time. This could open new horizons in understanding cell structure and function.
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