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Sharifi I, Khosravi A, Aflatoonian MR, Salarkia E, Bamorovat M, Karamoozian A, Moghadam MN, Sharifi F, Afshar AA, Afshari SAK, Gharachorloo F, Shirzadi MR, Amiri B, Zainali M, Doosti S, Zamani O, Gouya MM. Cutaneous leishmaniasis situation analysis in the Islamic Republic of Iran in preparation for an elimination plan. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1091709. [PMID: 37188278 PMCID: PMC10176454 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1091709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Iran has invariably been under the growing public health threat of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a significant barrier to local development that hinders the prevention and control efforts toward eliminating the disease. So far, no comprehensive and in-depth epidemiological analysis of the CL situation has been carried out nationwide. This study aimed to employ advanced statistical models to analyze the data collected through the Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Communicable Diseases during 1989-2020. However, we emphasized the current trends, 2013-2020, to study temporal and spatial CL patterns. In the country, the epidemiology of CL is incredibly intricate due to various factors. This fact indicates that the basic infrastructure, the preceding supports, and the implementation plan related to preventive and therapeutic measures need crucial support. The leishmaniasis situation analysis is consistent with desperate requirements for efficient information on the control program in the area. This review provides evidence of temporally regressive and spatially expanding incidence of CL with characteristic geographical patterns and disease hotspots, signifying an urgent need for comprehensive control strategies. This information could be a suitable model and practical experience in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where over 80% of CL is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khosravi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Salarkia
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bamorovat
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Karamoozian
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Nekoei Moghadam
- Research Center for Health Services Management, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sharifi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Faranak Gharachorloo
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shirzadi
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Amiri
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zainali
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Doosti
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Zamani
- Universal Health Coverage for Communicable Diseases (UHC: CD), World Health Organization, Country Office, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Gouya
- Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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Control of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Success Case Based on Deltamethrin 4% Collars. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 2:502-518. [PMID: 36417213 PMCID: PMC9620925 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of employing collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% (DM4) to control canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was evaluated. as were the individual factors associated with this infection. A cohort study that included household dogs was conducted between 2002 and 2006. The presence of pathognomonic signals, peridomiciliary sleep habits and breed were the main factors associated with the infection. The use of DM4 collars contributed to the reduction of CVL with an effectiveness of 66%, and the dogs' survival rate was greater than 90% at 50 months. In conclusion, the adoption of DM4 collars reduced the number of euthanized canines and in the incidence of CVL, and this reduction was sustained for one year after discontinuing the use of the collar.
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Alves EB, Figueiredo FB, Rocha MF, Castro MC, Werneck GL. Effectiveness of insecticide-impregnated collars for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105104. [PMID: 32759025 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease widely distributed worldwide. In Brazil, the control measures adopted in the last decades have not been able to prevent the spread of the disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a population-based intervention using 4% deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars on the incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis. A community intervention study was carried out in two areas of the city of Montes Claros, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the control area, the preventive measures recommended by the Brazilian Program for Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis were implemented (culling of infected dogs and vector control with residual insecticides). In the intervention area, deltamethrin-impregnated collars were fit to domiciled dogs, in addition to the above mentioned preventive measures. At the beginning of the study, a census survey was carried out among domiciled dogs to detect the prevalence of L. infantum infection. Dogs found seronegative at recruitment were longitudinally followed-up to evaluate the incidence of infection. Monitoring of canine infection (control and intervention areas) and replacement of collars (intervention area) occurred through sequential surveys at 12, 18, and 24 months after the initial survey. At each survey, dogs were tested, and the owner answered a questionnaire about the general characteristics of the animal. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to test the effect of collars on the risk of canine infection, with households considered as aggregation units. Associations were expressed as odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalence of infection in the initial survey was 9.7% and 9.9% in the intervention and control areas, respectively (p = 0.732). Among a total of 20,477 dogs participating in the study, 9,770 were seronegative at recruitment. The cumulative incidence of infection was 4.1% in the intervention area and 7.9% in the control area (p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, the risk of infection was 52% lower in the intervention area as compared to the control area (OR = 0.48, 95%CI:0.39-0.59), after adjusting for the number of dogs in the house, period of recruitment, time of dog ownership, and age, sex, length of fur and breed. The use of 4% deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars was effective in reducing the incidence of canine leishmaniasis. Cost-effectiveness studies are recommended before the incorporation of collars in the arsenal of control measures of the Brazilian Program for Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Barretto Alves
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Saúde Mental e Saúde Coletiva, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil; Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Programa de Controle das Leishmanioses, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
| | - Guilherme L Werneck
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Lemann Visiting Scholar, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Dantas-Torres F, Nogueira FDS, Menz I, Tabanez P, da Silva SM, Ribeiro VM, Miró G, Cardoso L, Petersen C, Baneth G, Oliva G, Solano-Gallego L, Ferrer L, Pennisi MG, Bourdeau P, Maia C, Otranto D, Gradoni L, Courtenay O, Costa CHN. Vaccination against canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:171-176. [PMID: 32126240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of canine Leishmania infantum infection is critical to management of visceral leishmaniasis in people living in endemic areas of Brazil. A bill (PL 1738/11), currently under consideration, proposes to establish a national vaccination policy against canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. However, there is no solid scientific evidence supporting the idea that this could reduce transmission from infected vaccinated dogs to sand flies to a level that would significantly reduce the risk of L. infantum infection or visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Thus, we advocate that insecticide-impregnated collars should the first line protective measure for public health purposes and that vaccines are applied on a case-by-case, optional basis for individual dog protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil.
| | | | - Ingrid Menz
- Self-employed Veterinarian, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vitor Márcio Ribeiro
- Veterinary School, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Betim, Brazil
| | - Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Christine Petersen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina, Italy
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes, France
| | - Carla Maia
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute, and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Silva SCPFE, Gomes LB, Carvalho PCFB, Santos AGRC, Borges LFNM, Oliveira CSF, Morais MHF, Pereira PLL, Amaral Haddad JP, Soares DFDM. Effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for preventing transmission of canine leishmaniasis by Lutzomyia spp.: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104770. [PMID: 31536935 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis that greatly impacts public health, especially in developing countries. The effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for preventing transmission of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) by the sand fly Lutzomyia spp. in countries with high incidence of the disease, such as Brazil, remains unknown. A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of these collars in preventing infection of dogs with Leishmania infantum. Two areas were selected in a municipality endemic for VL in Brazil: an experimental area (EA) and a control area (CA). In both areas, blood samples were collected from dogs for detection of CanL. Seronegative dogs from the EA received collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4%. After six months, the dogs were retested for CanL and the incidence of the disease, the relative risk, and the effectiveness of collaring determined. In the baseline survey, 1020 dogs from the EA and 589 from the CA were examined. The prevalence calculated for EA was 4.41% (CI95% 3.27-5.91), and 7.13% (CI95% 5.25-9.59) for CA. In the second evaluation, 454 dogs from the EA and 292 from the CA were examined. The person-time incidence calculated for EA was 3.51% (CI95% 1.30-7.48), and for CA was 11.81% (CI95% 7.03-18.23). The difference between the calculated incidences was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The relative risk was 0.2972 (CI95% 0.1204-0.7339; p = 0.009), and the efficacy of the proposed measure was estimated in 70.27%. This report evaluated the effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in areas of transmission of VL by Lutzomyia spp. Collaring was able to protect dogs and may represent an effective strategy that could be implemented to control infection in both dogs and humans in Brazil and perhaps other countries where Lutzomyia spp. is the main vector of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laiza Bonela Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paloma Carla Fonte Boa Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Stefanie Fonseca Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Lúcio Lithg Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Amaral Haddad
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Courtenay O, Bazmani A, Parvizi P, Ready PD, Cameron MM. Insecticide-impregnated dog collars reduce infantile clinical visceral leishmaniasis under operational conditions in NW Iran: A community-wide cluster randomised trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007193. [PMID: 30830929 PMCID: PMC6417739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of community-wide deployment of insecticide-impregnated collars for dogs- the reservoir of Leishmania infantum-to reduce infantile clinical visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS A pair matched-cluster randomised controlled trial involving 40 collared and 40 uncollared control villages (161 [95% C.L.s: 136, 187] children per cluster), was designed to detect a 55% reduction in 48 month confirmed VL case incidence. The intervention study was designed by the authors, but implemented by the Leishmaniasis Control Program in NW Iran, from 2002 to 2006. RESULTS The collars provided 50% (95% C.I. 17·8%-70·0%) protection against infantile VL incidence (0·95/1000/yr compared to 1·75/1000/yr). Reductions in incidence were observed across 76% (22/29) of collared villages compared to pair-matched control villages, with 31 fewer cases by the end of the trial period. In 11 paired villages, no further cases were recorded post-intervention, whereas in 7 collared villages there were 9 new clinical cases relative to controls. Over the trial period, 6,835 collars were fitted at the beginning of the 4 month sand fly season, of which 6.9% (95% C.I. 6.25%, 7.56%) were lost but rapidly replaced. Collar coverage (percent dogs collared) per village varied between 66% and 100%, with a mean annual coverage of 87% (95% C.I. 84·2, 89·0%). The variation in post-intervention clinical VL incidence was not associated with collar coverage, dog population size, implementation logistics, dog owner compliance, or other demographic variables tested. Larger reductions and greater persistence in incident case numbers (indicative of transmission) were observed in villages with higher pre-existing VL case incidence. CONCLUSION Community-wide deployment of collars can provide a significant level of protection against infantile clinical VL, achieved in this study by the local VL Control Program, demonstrating attributes desirable of a sustainable public health program. The effectiveness is not dissimilar to the community-level protection provided against human and canine infection with L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute, and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Paul D. Ready
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary M. Cameron
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
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Gálvez R, Montoya A, Fontal F, Martínez De Murguía L, Miró G. Controlling phlebotomine sand flies to prevent canine Leishmania infantum infection: A case of knowing your enemy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:94-103. [PMID: 30366124 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to animals and humans by their vectors, blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies. To prevent canine leishmaniosis across the whole Mediterranean region, vector control is essential. Because of phlebotomine breeding sites are diverse, environmental larval controls have limited practical value. Control methods of adults are being evaluated, such as selective baits based on sugar feeding of males and females or Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB), and the indoor use of Long-Lasting-Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) treated with permethrin to prevent sand fly bites complementing the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) approach suggested by WHO. Although several strategies exist, the best control measure to prevent canine Leishmania infantum is to treat dogs using biocidal topical formulations based on legal insecticides (PTs18) or repellents (PTs19) (as collars, spot-ons and/or sprays) during the period when the vectors are active. This means we need to really know the biology and life cycle of the sand fly vector. According to available data, by mapping ambient temperatures we can already predict high risk areas where vector densities will be higher. In ongoing research, new candidates are emerging to fight against sand flies including natural plant extracts with low impacts on the environment and host animal. Other options in the future could be systemic insecticides to help reduce sand fly populations in high density areas. In parallel, health authorities and professionals involved in animal and public health (veterinarians, physicians, entomologists and epidemiologists) must work together in a One Health approach to minimize Leishmania infection. Veterinarians play a crucial role in liaising between key stake holders and dog owners to ensure the latter act responsibly in using repellents as a preventive measure against sand fly bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - A Montoya
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - F Fontal
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Ambiental Urbana, Tecnalia, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - L Martínez De Murguía
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Ambiental Urbana, Tecnalia, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - G Miró
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Cutolo AA, Galvis-Ovallos F, de Souza Neves E, Silva FO, Chester ST, Fankhauser B. Repellent efficacy of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin against Lutzomyia longipalpis. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:247. [PMID: 29661207 PMCID: PMC5902978 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum, the agent of canine and human visceral leishmaniosis in the Americas. Considering that the dog is the main domestic host of the parasite, repellent treatment is a measure that might contribute to the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniosis. The repellent efficacy of a single treatment of a new spot-on topical combination of fipronil and permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®, Merial, now part of Boehringer-Ingelheim) to repel Lu. longipalpis sand flies was evaluated. Methods Sixteen healthy Beagle dogs, eight females and eight males, weighing 8.4–14.4 kg, and 2 to 4 years-old were included in the study. Animals were blocked on decreasing body weight and randomly allocated within the blocks to one of two treatment groups of eight animals each. Dogs in Group 1 were untreated and Dogs in Group 2 were treated with a combination containing 67.6 mg/ml fipronil + 504.8 mg/ml permethrin (Frontline Tri-Act®) once on Day 0. Sand fly exposures were performed on Days 1, 14, 21 and 30 with Lu. longipalpis female sand flies. After 65 (± 15 min), sand flies were assessed for engorgement status. Results The percent repellency of the treated group compared to the untreated control group was 95.7, 94.3, 81.7 and 72.2% for exposure days 1, 14, 21 and 30, respectively. The two treatment groups were significantly different for all exposure days (P ≤ 0.016 for days 1, 14, 21 and 30). No adverse reactions were observed during the study. Conclusion A single topical administration of a new combination of fipronil and permethrin demonstrated a significant repellent effect against Lu. longipalpis bites as soon as it was applied on the dogs and its repellent efficacy lasted for 4 weeks with results greater than 80% for 3 weeks. The results suggest that in endemic areas the regular application of the new combination could contribute to protect dogs from Leishmania infection and therefore serve as an additional tool for the prevention of canine visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Antonio Cutolo
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, Fazenda S. Francisco s/n°, Paulínia, (SP), 13140-970, Brazil.
| | - Fredy Galvis-Ovallos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, (SP), 01246-904, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano O Silva
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Saúde Animal, Fazenda S. Francisco s/n°, Paulínia, (SP), 13140-970, Brazil
| | | | - Becky Fankhauser
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA, 30096, USA
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Silva RAE, Andrade AJD, Quint BB, Raffoul GES, Werneck GL, Rangel EF, Romero GAS. Effectiveness of dog collars impregnated with 4% deltamethrin in controlling visceral leishmaniasis in Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidade: Phlebotominae) populations. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e170377. [PMID: 29590235 PMCID: PMC5868867 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information on the effect of using deltamethrin-impregnated
dog collars for the control of canine visceral leishmaniasis. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of
4% deltamethrin-impregnated collars (Scalibor®) in controlling visceral
leishmaniasis in Lutzomyia longipalpis by comparing
populations in intervention and non-intervention areas. METHODS Phlebotomine flies were captured over 30 months in four neighbourhoods with
intense visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Fortaleza and Montes Claros.
We calculated the rates of domicile infestation, relative abundance of
Lu. longipalpis, and Lu. longipalpis
distribution in each site, capture location (intra- and peridomestic
locations) and area (intervention and non-intervention areas). FINDINGS In the control area in Fortaleza, the relative abundance of Lu.
longipalpis was 415 specimens at each capture site, whereas in
the intervention area it was 159.25; in Montes Claros, the relative
abundance was 5,660 specimens per capture site in the control area, whereas
in the intervention area it was 2,499.4. The use of dog collars was
associated with a reduction in captured insects of 15% (p = 0.004) and 60%
(p < 0.001) in Montes Claros and Fortaleza, respectively. MAIN CONCLUSIONS We observed a lower vector abundance in the intervention areas, suggesting
an effect of the insecticide-impregnated collars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Albuquerque E Silva
- Universidade de Brasília, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil.,Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno Beust Quint
- Universidade de Brasília, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Brasília, DF, Brasil
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Miró G, Petersen C, Cardoso L, Bourdeau P, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Oliva G. Novel Areas for Prevention and Control of Canine Leishmaniosis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:718-730. [PMID: 28601528 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There have been multiple recent advances regarding tools for the control and prevention of canine leishmaniosis (CanL), including new preventative vaccines. In this review, these advances are evaluated based on control targets, including vector and parasite. Leishvet recommendations are provided for control practices based on the dog's risk of infection. New topical insecticide formulations have proven to be effective in preventing sand fly bites, and subsequently infection. Parasite control occurs through chemotherapeutic or immunologic means, which decrease or prevent transmission to other animals, including humans. Leishmaniosis control programs that include a combination of coordinated measures, either in individuals or for prevention across reservoir populations, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Miró
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christine Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Patrick Bourdeau
- Veterinary School of Nantes ONIRIS, University of Nantes, LUNAM, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina 98168, Italy
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Gaetano Oliva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Food Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples 80137, Italy
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11
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The Preventive Control of Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis: Efficacy and Economic Evaluation. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2017; 2017:4797051. [PMID: 28588642 PMCID: PMC5447317 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4797051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic Visceral Leishmaniasis (ZVL) is one of the world's deadliest and neglected infectious diseases, according to World Health Organization. This disease is one of major human and veterinary medical significance. The sandfly and the reservoir in urban areas remain among the major challenges for the control activities. In this paper, we evaluated five control strategies (positive dog elimination, insecticide impregnated dog collar, dog vaccination, dog treatment, and sandfly population control), considering disease control results and cost-effectiveness. We elaborated a mathematical model based on a set of differential equations in which three populations were represented (human, dog, and sandfly). Humans and dogs were divided into susceptible, latent, clinically ill, and recovery categories. Sandflies were divided into noninfected, infected, and infective. As the main conclusions, the insecticide impregnated dog collar was the strategy that presented the best combination between disease control and cost-effectiveness. But, depending on the population target, the control results and cost-effectiveness of each strategy may differ. More and detailed studies are needed, specially one which optimizes the control considering more than one strategy in activity.
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Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. The prevention of canine leishmaniasis and its impact on public health. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:339-45. [PMID: 23746747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne disease of great veterinary and medical significance. Prevention of CanL requires a combined approach including measures focused on dogs and the environment where the vectors perpetuate. Over past decades, considerable effort has been put towards developing novel and cost-effective strategies against CanL. Vaccination is considered among the most promising tools for controlling CanL, and synthetic pyrethroids are useful and cost-effective in reducing risk of L. infantum infection in dogs. The effectiveness of the use of vaccines plus repellents in preventing L. infantum infection and subsequent disease development should be assessed by means of large-scale, randomized controlled field trials because this combined strategy may become the next frontier in the control of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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13
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Chelbi I, Bray DP, Hamilton JGC. Courtship behaviour of Phlebotomus papatasi the sand fly vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:179. [PMID: 22935092 PMCID: PMC3480941 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi is an Old World vector of Leishmania major, the etiologic agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. This study describes the courtship behaviour of P. papatasi and compares it with that of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the New World vector of visceral leishmaniasis. Understanding the details of courtship behaviour in P. papatasi may help us to understand the role of sex pheromones in this important vector. Results P. papatasi courtship was found to start with the female touching the male, leading him to begin abdomen bending and wing flapping. Following a period of leg rubbing and facing, the male flaps his wings while approaching the female. The female then briefly flaps her wings in response, to indicate that she is willing to mate, thereby signaling the male to begin copulation. Male P. papatasi did not engage in parading behaviour, which is performed by male L. longipalpis to mark out individual territories during lekking (the establishment and maintenance of mating aggregations), or wing-flap during copulation, believed to function in the production of audio signals important to mate recognition. In P. papatasi the only predictor of mating success for males was previous copulation attempts and for females stationary wing-flapping. By contrast, male L. longipalpis mating success is predicted by male approach-flapping and semi-circling behaviour and for females stationary wing-flapping. Conclusions The results show that there are important differences between the mating behaviours of P. papatasi and L. longipalpis. Abdomen bending, which does not occur in L. longipalpis, may act in the release of sex pheromone from an as yet unidentified site in the male abdomen. In male L. longipalpis wing-flapping is believed to be associated with distribution of male pheromone. These different behaviours are likely to signify significant differences in how pheromone is used, an observation that is consistent with field and laboratory observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifhem Chelbi
- Chemical Ecology Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
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14
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Molina R, Espinosa-Góngora C, Gálvez R, Montoya A, Descalzo M, Jiménez M, Dado D, Miró G. Efficacy of 65% permethrin applied to dogs as a spot-on against Phlebotomus perniciosus. Vet Parasitol 2012; 187:529-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Otranto D, de Caprariis D, Lia R, Tarallo V, Lorusso V, Testini G, Dantas-Torres F, Latrofa S, Diniz P, Mencke N, Maggi R, Breitschwerdt E, Capelli G, Stanneck D. Prevention of endemic canine vector-borne diseases using imidacloprid 10% and permethrin 50% in young dogs: A longitudinal field study. Vet Parasitol 2010; 172:323-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Mascari T, Foil L. Oral treatment of rodents with ivermectin for the control of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) under laboratory conditions. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Maroli M, Gradoni L, Oliva G, Castagnaro M, Crotti A, Lubas G, Paltrinieri S, Roura X, Zini E, Zatelli A. Guidelines for prevention of leishmaniasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:1200-6. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.11.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Courtenay O, Kovacic V, Gomes PAF, Garcez LM, Quinnell RJ. A long-lasting topical deltamethrin treatment to protect dogs against visceral leishmaniasis. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 23:245-256. [PMID: 19712155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To develop long-lasting, topical pour-on insecticides for dogs to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, two deltamethrin-based formulations (emulsifiable concentrate [EC] and suspension concentrate [SC]) were tested for their efficacy against the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva (Diptera: Psychodidae), vector of Leishmania infantum Nicolle (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). The entomological outcomes tested were anti-feeding effect (proportion of female sandflies unfed), lethal effect (24-h female sandfly mortality) and these two effects combined, and the insecticide persistence time at 50% (residual activity, RA50) and 80% (RA80) efficacy. On initial application, the proportions of female flies that demonstrated anti-feeding activity or were killed were similar for both formulations, at 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.856-0.977) vs. 0.81 (95% CI 0.763-0.858) (anti-feeding) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.787-0.920) vs. 0.76 (95% CI 0.698-0.817) (24-h mortality) for EC and SC, respectively. The RA(50) rates for anti-feeding and mortality caused by the EC formulation were 4.7 months (95% CI 4.18-5.84) and 2.5 months (95% CI 2.25-2.90), respectively, compared with 1.1 months (95% CI 0.96-1.15) and 0.6 months (95% CI 0.50-0.61), respectively, for the SC formulation. The RA(50) for the combined anti-feeding and mortality effects of EC was 5.2 months (95% CI 4.73-5.96), compared with only 0.9 months (95% CI 0.85-1.00) for the SC formulation. The four- to six-fold superior residual activity of the EC formulation was attributed to the addition of a solvent-soluble resin in the formulation which improved fur adhesion and acted as a reservoir for the slow release of the active ingredient. These results identify the potential of such a low-cost formulation to reduce the inter-intervention interval to 5-6 months, similar to that recommended for deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars or for re-impregnation of conventional bednets, both of which are currently used to combat Leishmania transmission. Finally, a novel bioassay was developed in which sandflies were exposed to fur from treated dogs, revealing no detectable tolerance (24-h mortality) in wild-caught sandflies to the insecticide formulations up to 8 months after the initiation of communitywide application of the insecticides to dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Courtenay
- Populations and Disease Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Solano-Gallego L, Koutinas A, Miró G, Cardoso L, Pennisi MG, Ferrer L, Bourdeau P, Oliva G, Baneth G. Directions for the diagnosis, clinical staging, treatment and prevention of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:1-18. [PMID: 19559536 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) due to Leishmania infantum is a life threatening zoonotic disease with a wide distribution in four continents and importance also in non-endemic regions. The purpose of this report is to present a consensus of opinions on the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of CanL in order to standardize the management of this infection. CanL is a disease in which infection does not equal clinical illness due to the high prevalence of subclinical infection among endemic canine populations. The most useful diagnostic approaches include serology by quantitative techniques and PCR. High antibody levels are associated with severe parasitism and disease and are diagnostic of clinical leishmaniosis. However, the presence of lower antibody levels is not necessarily indicative of disease and further work-up is necessary to confirm CanL by other diagnostic methods such as cytology, histopathology and PCR. We propose a system of four clinical stages, based on clinical signs, clinicopathological abnormalities and serological status. Suitable therapy and expected prognosis are presented for each of the stages. The combination of meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol constitutes the first line pharmaceutical protocol. However, although most dogs recover clinically after therapy, complete elimination of the parasite is usually not achieved and infected dogs may eventually relapse. Follow-up of treated dogs with blood counts, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, serology and PCR is essential for prevention of relapses. Protection against sand fly bites by topical insecticides is effective in reducing infection, and recent development of vaccines has indicated that prevention by vaccination is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Solano-Gallego
- Dept. Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts, UK.
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20
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Ferroglio E, Poggi M, Trisciuoglio A. Evaluation of 65% Permethrin Spot-on and Deltamethrin-impregnated Collars for Canine Leishmania infantum Infection Prevention. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:145-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Dantas-Torres F. Leishmune vaccine: the newest tool for prevention and control of canine visceral leishmaniosis and its potential as a transmission-blocking vaccine. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:1-8. [PMID: 16750885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniosis is a life-threatening disease caused by Leishmania infantum. For quite some time, specialists in leishmaniosis have tried to develop more affordable and effective control measures against this disease. In this search, the first vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniosis was recently licensed in Brazil. In the light of recent research, the Leishmune vaccine might be seen as the newest tool for prevention and control of canine visceral leishmaniosis. Moreover, the potential of the Leishmune as a transmission-blocking vaccine has recently been demonstrated, indicating its usefulness in the control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Caixa Postal 7472, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP, Brazil.
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22
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Fèvre EM, Bronsvoort BMDC, Hamilton KA, Cleaveland S. Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases. Trends Microbiol 2006; 14:125-31. [PMID: 16460942 PMCID: PMC7119069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 11/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Domestic and wild animal population movements are important in the spread of disease. There are many recent examples of disease spread that have occurred as a result of intentional movements of livestock or wildlife. Understanding the volume of these movements and the risks associated with them is fundamental in elucidating the epidemiology of these diseases, some of which might entail zoonotic risks. The importance of the worldwide animal trade is reviewed and the role of the unregulated trade in animals is highlighted. A range of key examples are discussed in which animal movements have resulted in the introduction of pathogens to previously disease-free areas. Measures based on heightened surveillance are proposed that mitigate the risks of new pathogen introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Fèvre
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
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Reithinger R, Coleman PG, Alexander B, Vieira EP, Assis G, Davies CR. Are insecticide-impregnated dog collars a feasible alternative to dog culling as a strategy for controlling canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil? Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:55-62. [PMID: 14711590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL)-endemic area in Brazil, deltamethrin-impregnated collars (DMC) were fitted to 136 dogs for 5 months and significantly reduced the odds of increasing their anti-Leishmania antibody titer during this period by 50% (95% confidence interval 29-87%, P=0.01), as compared with a population of 97 uncollared dogs with pre-intervention prevalence within the same town. Mathematical modeling suggests that under typical Brazilian ZVL-endemic conditions, the epidemiological impact of community-wide DMC application should be greater than the currently practiced dog culling strategy, but that its impact will be dependent on collar coverage and loss rate. Both interventions should have a higher proportional impact in regions of lower endemicity, but the relative advantage of DMC over culling increases with transmission rate. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the impact of either intervention is not significantly affected by variation in the biology of the sandfly vector, but is greatly influenced by variation in dog mortality and serorecovery rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Reithinger
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control and Vector Biology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi, in America) and is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Infected dogs constitute the main domestic reservoir of the parasite and play a key role in transmission to humans, in which the parasite produces visceral leishmaniasis. The increasing awareness that control of the human disease depends on effective control of canine leishmaniasis has promoted, in the last few years, research into leishmanial infection in dogs. Newly available specific reagents and molecular tools have been applied to the detailed investigation of canine leishmaniasis and important advances have been made in elucidating the epidemiology and pathology of the disease. These new findings have led to better understanding of the disease, and have also helped in the development of new diagnostic methods and control measures against the infection, such as insecticide-impregnated collars for dogs, new drugs and treatment protocols, and second generation vaccines, with the hope of not only reducing the heavy burden of the disease among dogs but also reducing the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvar
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Rosypal AC, Zajac AM, Lindsay DS. Canine visceral leishmaniasis and its emergence in the United States. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2003; 33:921-37, viii. [PMID: 12910750 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an important zoonotic disease that accounts for approximately 57,000 deaths among people each year. Dogs are reservoirs for the disease, and dog ownership is a risk factor in endemic areas. This article discusses insect vectors for this disease, as well as diagnosis and treatment for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa C Rosypal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, 1410 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Abstract
Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) transmit many zoonotic diseases (arboviruses, bartonelloses and especially leishmaniases) of importance to human health in at least 80 countries. Measures used to control adult sandflies (Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus) include the use of insecticides (mostly pyrethroids) for residual spraying of dwellings and animal shelters, space-spraying, insecticide-treated nets, impregnated dog-collars and personal protection through application of repellents/insecticides to skin or fabrics. Because the breeding-sites of sandflies are generally unknown, control measures that act specifically against immatures are not feasible, although the effectiveness of a few biological and chemical agents has been demonstrated in laboratory evaluations. Reports of insecticide-resistance refer to only three sandfly species (P. papatasi, P. argentipes and S. shorttii) against DDT in one country (India), although there are reports of DDT-tolerance in several countries. Current knowledge of sandfly susceptibility to various insecticides is summarized. Constraints and advantages of different compounds, formulations and delivery methods for sandfly control under different environmental conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alexander
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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27
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Abstract
Most insecticides used against pests and vectors of human disease (e.g. fleas, flies and mosquitoes) are spin-offs from agrochemical research and development. The arsenal of safe and cost-effective public health insecticides is being depleted by restrictions for various reasons (e.g. insecticide resistance, unacceptable side effects and non re-registration) and the number of new products launched is dwindling. Mobilizing public resources and establishment of partnerships to support research and development of public health insecticides is crucial in the post-DDT and post-pyrethroid era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Zaim
- Strategy Development and Monitoring for Parasitic Diseases and Vector Control, Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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28
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Maroli M, Mizzon V, Siragusa C, D'Oorazi A, Gradoni L. Evidence for an impact on the incidence of canine leishmaniasis by the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in southern Italy. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 15:358-363. [PMID: 11776454 DOI: 10.1046/j.0269-283x.2001.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are the domestic reservoir of Leishmania infantum Nicolle (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the agent of zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis. In southern Europe, where canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is widespread due to L. infantum, killing seropositive dogs is considered unacceptable and drug treatment has low efficacy in preventing transmission. We made a field evaluation of the efficacy of deltamethrin dog collars in a CanL focus of southern Italy, Mount Vesuvius area of Campania region, where the vector is Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead (Diptera: Psychodidae), by assessing their impact on the incidence of CanL in an intervention town, compared to that in dogs of control towns where no collars were fitted. During two consecutive transmission seasons, collars were fitted to 350 (1998) and 354 (1999) dogs from San Sebastiano al Vesuvio (70% of the canine population). Control dogs (371 and 264 in the 2 years, respectively) were from four towns of the same area. Before each transmission season, the CanL seroprevalence in the intervention and control towns was evaluated by cross-sectional surveys and found to be similar (about 15% in 1998 and 10% in 1999, respectively). After each transmission period, incidence rates of seroconversions were determined in adult dogs that were serologically negative before the season under evaluation, and in puppies. After the 1998 season, 2.7% of the dogs in the intervention town seroconverted compared to 5.4% in the control towns (50% protection, P = 0.15). After the 1999 season, 3.5% of collared dogs seroconverted compared to 25.8% of control dogs (86% protection, P < 0.001). The increase in seroconversion rates recorded in control dogs suggests an increase in the Leishmania force of infection in the canine reservoir during the 1999 sandfly season, as supported by the concomitant increase of human cases in control towns and in the whole Campania region. Our results suggest that the impact of mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars on the incidence of CanL may be negligible during low transmission seasons, or probably in low endemic foci, but can be very strong when the force of transmission is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maroli
- Department of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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29
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David JR, Stamm LM, Bezerra HS, Souza RN, Killick-Kendrick R, Lima JW. Deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars have a potent anti-feeding and insecticidal effect on Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:839-47. [PMID: 11562713 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deltamethrin-impregnated PVC dog collars were tested to assess if they were effective in protecting dogs from sand fly bites of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. migonei. A protective effect against Old World species Phlebotomus perniciosus was demonstrated before. Four dogs wearing deltamethrin collars and three dogs wearing untreated collars (not impregnated with deltamethrin) were kept in separate kennels for over eight months in a village on the outskirts of Fortaleza in Ceará, Brazil. Periodically, a dog from each group was sedated, placed in a net cage for 2 h in which 150 female sand flies had been released 10-15 min before. Lu. longipalpis were used 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 27, and 35 weeks after the attachment of the collars. Lu. migonei were used 3, 7, 11, 15, 22, 26, and 36 weeks after attachment. During 35 weeks, only 4.1% (81 of 2,022) Lu. longipalpis recovered from the nets with the deltamethrin collared dogs were engorged, an anti-feeding effect of 96%. Mortality initially was over 90% and at 35 weeks was 35% with half of the sand flies dying in the first 2 h. In contrast, 83% of the 2,094 Lu. longipalpis recovered from the nets containing the untreated collared dogs were engorged and the mortality ranged from zero to 18.8% on one occasion with 1.1% dying in the first 2 h. Similar findings were found with Lu. migonei: of 2,034 sand flies recovered over this period, only 70 were engorged, an anti-feeding effect of 96.5%, and mortality ranged from 91% initially to 46% at 36 weeks. In contrast, engorgement of controls ranged from 91 to71% and a mortality ranged from 3.5 to 29.8%. These studies show that deltamethrin impregnated collars can protect dogs against Brazilian sand flies for up to eight months. Thus, they should be useful in a program to control human and canine visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R David
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Reithinger R, Teodoro U, Davies CR. Topical insecticide treatments to protect dogs from sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:872-6. [PMID: 11747701 PMCID: PMC2631889 DOI: 10.3201/eid0705.017516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the susceptibility of sand fly vectors to four topical insecticide treatments applied to domestic dogs, a reservoir of human leishmaniasis. Dogs were exposed to sand flies pretreatment and at 1 week, 1 month, and 2 months posttreatment. Sand fly bloodfeeding and survival rate of both fed and unfed flies were significantly reduced by the permethrin, deltamethrin, and fenthion treatments, but diazinon had no effect. The survival rate of bloodfed sand flies was reduced by up to 86% with deltamethrin collars. The antifeeding effect suggests that deltamethrin collars may be recommended to dog owners to protect their pets from sandfly- borne diseases. The combined effects on sand fly feeding and survival indicate that epidemiologic, community-based trials are warranted to test whether deltamethrin collars could reduce the incidence of canine and, hence, human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reithinger
- Disease Control & Vector Biology, Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene &Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
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